To Forgive Or Not To Forgive Essay
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- Debt service payments are estimated to decline by an average of 1.6% of GDP per year for these countries, providing substantial savings.
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THE NEW SCHOOL
Milano School of International Affairs, Management and Urban Policy
โPublic Finance and Debt in Developmentโ
Fall 2014
Final Exam
Ground rules: you are allowed, even encouraged, to study together and talk to each other in preparing your responses but please write your own answers. I will be available for email and personal consultation. Donโt hesitate to ask questions.
I. The debt situation of Grenada
The Caribbean island of Grenada is in a sovereign debt crisis. It has been working with the IMF to resolve its crisis. Grenada is in default on its obligations to most of its creditors. A year ago October, the Conference of Churches of Grenada met with the government and presented a set of four recommendations, which are attached. Your assignment is to analyze them using the latest IMF Grenada report and what you know about public finance and debt from the course; donโt waste time searching for other materials on the Internet (the IMF report is on line at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2014/cr14196.pdf; the โbackgroundโ and โrecent developmentsโ sections will give you context, but you will also need to look deeper into the report). In particular, please answer the following:
A. [40 points] The churches called for a reduction of the governmentโs debt to 50% of GDP, requiring a two-thirds reduction of the debt. Referring to the IMF report, let us examine the situation and the outlook for Grenadaโs debt ratio without debt reduction (hint: the debt sustainability analysis begins on page 58).
a. [10 points] How much did Grenada owe to its domestic and foreign creditors at the end of 2013 (measured as share of GDP) and what classes of foreign creditors were the main lenders to Grenada?
b. [10 points] IMF undertakes its Grenadian sustainability analysis in terms of the present value of the governmentโs external debt relative to GDP; how much does that differ from the nominal external debt to GDP ratio? The difference does not seem large. Why?
c. [20 points] Describe how the ratio of the present value of external debt to GDP is projected by the IMF Staff to change over the projection period, mentioning first the โbaselineโ, how it differs from the โhistoricalโ scenario and why. Then, identify the stress test with the most extreme impact (shocks are referred to as โbound testsโ in table A3a) and what that shock would do to worsen the debt ratio.
d. Are you convinced the country needs debt reduction? You should be!
B. [20 points] In their second recommendation, the churches proposed the government take a different approach to the debt workout from the standard processes. In fact, Grenada is following the standard approach. Briefly describe what negotiations will be required to restructure its external sovereign debts.
C. [20 points] The third recommendation seeks transparency and public approval of the package of economic reform measures that are expected to accompany the debt restructuring. The fourth recommendat.
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Current African debt is the lowest in decades, with the fastest decline posted by the most indebted countries thanks to debt relief and accompanying policies that made relief possible. Shortly after being hit by the global financial crisis in 2009, Africa staged a robust economic recovery and is now one of the fastest growing regions in the world. The continentโs performance is projected to remain strong despite the fragile and tepid global recovery. As several studies and scholars have now pointed out, Africa has the potential to become a global growth pole over the longer term.
However, vast infrastructure and human capital gaps constrain Africaโs development. Balancing the need to scale up growth-enhancing public outlays and debt sustainability is therefore a key policy challenge ahead. What constitutes sustainable levels of public debt may need to be reconsidered in the context of Africaโs high economic growth rates, reduced risk premia, low interest rates, and strengthened debt management capacity. During the past decade, debt sustainability has improved markedly and in the aftermath of the global financial crisis Africaโs debt-to-GDP today is lower than it has been in decades. Still, the global financial crisis has left some countries with looming fiscal challenges and deteriorating public debt sustainability.
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Edgar Allan Poe was a complex figure who used his life experiences to revolutionize American literature. While he faced immense personal struggles, including the early deaths of his parents and wife, Poe channeled his pain into his writing and helped establish new genres such as detective fiction and science fiction. Through his innovative use of symbolism, themes of darkness and the macabre, and mastery of suspenseful storytelling, Poe broke conventions and pushed creative boundaries in a way that cemented his legacy as one of America's most influential authors. His works, which were often misunderstood during his lifetime, have endured and continue to inspire authors today through their psychological depth and
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2) The Brady Plan of 1989 which encouraged debt reduction by private banks and used new IMF/World Bank funding to collateralize remaining debts into bonds.
3) Debt-equity swaps and debt-for-nature swaps which exchanged debt for assets or environmental protections.
4) The HIPC initiative starting in 1996 to provide debt relief to heavily indebted poor countries and alleviate poverty.
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Financialization and economic downturns have increased issues of debt forgiveness for struggling countries. Debt relief initiatives aim to partially or fully cancel debts owed by developing nations to external creditors. Key institutions like the World Bank and IMF, as well as initiatives like HIPC and MDRI, have provided over $130 billion in debt cancellation to 35 countries. However, there are counterarguments that debt relief may encourage moral hazard and that sustainable growth requires economic reforms rather than just debt forgiveness.
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The document summarizes the purpose and history of the World Bank and IMF. The World Bank provides low-interest loans and grants to developing countries for projects to reduce poverty, while the IMF provides short-term loans to countries facing currency crises. Both were created at Bretton Woods in 1944 to help rebuild Europe after WWII. While the World Bank lends for development projects, the IMF aims to stabilize global economies and prevent financial crises. The document also discusses the large external debts Pakistan has accumulated from World Bank and IMF loans and how this has negatively impacted the country's economy.
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This is a presentation on debt relief, climate and nature in COVID-19 recovery by Stephany Griffith-Jones emeritis fellow at the Institute for Development Studies, and financial markets director at the Initiative for Policy Dialogue in New York.
It was given as part of an online webinar on 30 March 2021 that explored emerging research into sustainable and innovative post-pandemic debt management with outcomes for nature and climate.
This event was part of the IIED Debates series and was hosted by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) in partnership with the International Development Research Centre (IDRC).
More details: https://www.iied.org/triple-win-managing-debt-climate-nature-pandemic-recovery
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This document discusses debt relief efforts in the context of promoting a green and inclusive economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that public debt levels have increased significantly due to the crisis and calls for timely and sufficient debt relief for low-income countries and vulnerable middle-income countries. The debt structure in Africa has changed, with less bilateral and more commercial and Chinese creditors. Debt relief efforts should treat all creditors equally and could be linked to sustainable development programs. Reforms are needed to ensure the global debt relief framework supports comprehensive debt relief for a green and inclusive recovery.
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The IMF staff paper examines macroeconomic developments in low-income developing countries (LIDCs) between 2000-2014. It finds that while most LIDCs experienced strong economic growth, it was primarily driven by factor accumulation rather than productivity. About half of LIDCs are assessed as medium to highly vulnerable to external shocks, with weakened fiscal positions being a key vulnerability. Looking ahead, LIDCs face economic headwinds from slow growth in advanced economies. To strengthen resilience, policy actions to rebuild fiscal buffers and strengthen debt management are priorities.
Baker plan and brady plan different from each
The Baker Plan and Brady Plan differed in their effectiveness for relieving developing world debt. The Baker Plan, introduced in 1985, proposed commercial banks lend more and governments use agencies like the IMF to provide fresh loans to heavily indebted countries in return for market reforms. It was not implemented due to lack of consensus. The Brady Plan, introduced in 1989, offered debt restructuring by allowing creditors to exchange debt for instruments providing stock reduction and interest relief. It was more flexible than the Baker Plan in dealing with individual country characteristics and creditor desires. The IMF and World Bank continued assisting governments' economic policy programs.
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2THE NEW SCHOOL Milano School of International Affairs, Mana.docx
2
THE NEW SCHOOL
Milano School of International Affairs, Management and Urban Policy
โPublic Finance and Debt in Developmentโ
Fall 2014
Final Exam
Ground rules: you are allowed, even encouraged, to study together and talk to each other in preparing your responses but please write your own answers. I will be available for email and personal consultation. Donโt hesitate to ask questions.
I. The debt situation of Grenada
The Caribbean island of Grenada is in a sovereign debt crisis. It has been working with the IMF to resolve its crisis. Grenada is in default on its obligations to most of its creditors. A year ago October, the Conference of Churches of Grenada met with the government and presented a set of four recommendations, which are attached. Your assignment is to analyze them using the latest IMF Grenada report and what you know about public finance and debt from the course; donโt waste time searching for other materials on the Internet (the IMF report is on line at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2014/cr14196.pdf; the โbackgroundโ and โrecent developmentsโ sections will give you context, but you will also need to look deeper into the report). In particular, please answer the following:
A. [40 points] The churches called for a reduction of the governmentโs debt to 50% of GDP, requiring a two-thirds reduction of the debt. Referring to the IMF report, let us examine the situation and the outlook for Grenadaโs debt ratio without debt reduction (hint: the debt sustainability analysis begins on page 58).
a. [10 points] How much did Grenada owe to its domestic and foreign creditors at the end of 2013 (measured as share of GDP) and what classes of foreign creditors were the main lenders to Grenada?
b. [10 points] IMF undertakes its Grenadian sustainability analysis in terms of the present value of the governmentโs external debt relative to GDP; how much does that differ from the nominal external debt to GDP ratio? The difference does not seem large. Why?
c. [20 points] Describe how the ratio of the present value of external debt to GDP is projected by the IMF Staff to change over the projection period, mentioning first the โbaselineโ, how it differs from the โhistoricalโ scenario and why. Then, identify the stress test with the most extreme impact (shocks are referred to as โbound testsโ in table A3a) and what that shock would do to worsen the debt ratio.
d. Are you convinced the country needs debt reduction? You should be!
B. [20 points] In their second recommendation, the churches proposed the government take a different approach to the debt workout from the standard processes. In fact, Grenada is following the standard approach. Briefly describe what negotiations will be required to restructure its external sovereign debts.
C. [20 points] The third recommendation seeks transparency and public approval of the package of economic reform measures that are expected to accompany the debt restructuring. The fourth recommendat.
World bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and other financial assistance to developing countries. It was established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference. The World Bank aims to reduce poverty through loans, policy advice, technical assistance, and knowledge sharing. It is made up of five institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). The World Bank focuses on long-term projects to promote economic development and reduce poverty.
Unsgsa annual report-2012
This document summarizes the annual report of the UN Secretary-General's Special Advocate for Inclusive Finance for Development. It discusses the progress made in advancing financial inclusion globally through national commitments and strategies, private sector innovation in financial products for the poor, and improved data and understanding of client needs. Key highlights include the G20 launching a financial inclusion peer learning program with 17 country commitments and the growing role of mobile banking in expanding access to financial services.
Ensuring Public Debt Sustainability in Africa Prospects and Policies
Sustainable levels of public debt may need to be reconsidered in the context of Africaโs high economic growth rates and improved debt management among other factors. There is scope for debt management strategies to emphasise growth - for countries with borrowing space, this includes prudent borrowing for growth-enhancing outlays. African policymakers need to adopt sound fiscal policies and complementary monetary policies, while seizing opportunities for growth-enhancing investment.
Current African debt is the lowest in decades, with the fastest decline posted by the most indebted countries thanks to debt relief and accompanying policies that made relief possible. Shortly after being hit by the global financial crisis in 2009, Africa staged a robust economic recovery and is now one of the fastest growing regions in the world. The continentโs performance is projected to remain strong despite the fragile and tepid global recovery. As several studies and scholars have now pointed out, Africa has the potential to become a global growth pole over the longer term.
However, vast infrastructure and human capital gaps constrain Africaโs development. Balancing the need to scale up growth-enhancing public outlays and debt sustainability is therefore a key policy challenge ahead. What constitutes sustainable levels of public debt may need to be reconsidered in the context of Africaโs high economic growth rates, reduced risk premia, low interest rates, and strengthened debt management capacity. During the past decade, debt sustainability has improved markedly and in the aftermath of the global financial crisis Africaโs debt-to-GDP today is lower than it has been in decades. Still, the global financial crisis has left some countries with looming fiscal challenges and deteriorating public debt sustainability.
This article considers the public debt legacy of the crisis in Africa. The following section summarises the recent fiscal and external indicators for African countries. We then present and discuss the varied fiscal outcomes among African countries as well as their impact on fiscal space four years after the global financial crisis.
The World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to low and middle income countries for development projects. It was established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference and currently has 189 member countries. The World Bank aims to reduce poverty and boost shared prosperity through financing projects in areas like health, education, infrastructure, agriculture and more. It has responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by making $160 billion available for testing, medical supplies, vaccine distribution and economic relief.
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Edgar Allan Poe was a complex figure who used his life experiences to revolutionize American literature. While he faced immense personal struggles, including the early deaths of his parents and wife, Poe channeled his pain into his writing and helped establish new genres such as detective fiction and science fiction. Through his innovative use of symbolism, themes of darkness and the macabre, and mastery of suspenseful storytelling, Poe broke conventions and pushed creative boundaries in a way that cemented his legacy as one of America's most influential authors. His works, which were often misunderstood during his lifetime, have endured and continue to inspire authors today through their psychological depth and
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Descriptive Essay About Sunsets
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Descriptive Essay About Sunsets
Sunsets: a time when daylight fades and the sun is no longer visible. It s not the most extravagant definition to represent all of the beauty the sky beholds. The glamour lies within the effervescent sky during a sunset. It combines the serenity of the auburn sun, pale pink hues, and the rich light radiating from the ends of the sky to the last grain of sand in the ocean to achieve absolute perfection.
Children resemble sunsets, not only from their beaming smiles, but in their hearts. One child in particular used to exemplify these characteristics. The redness in the sun resembled the innocent child s cheeks when she was laughing extremely hard; the sound echoed for miles. Her sandy blonde hair blew freely in the wind as her eyes...show more content...A few minutes past before the father and mother finished the race. The two adults gave the older daughter words of affirmation for how incredible her talent for running was. Later that day, when they announced the winners of each age group a golden trophy was placed in the older sister s hand, but it wasn t near as gleaming as her smile.
During the ride home, all the attention was on the older sister, whereas the other sister sat quietly not paying attention to the conversation taking place. Inside the younger daughter was empty. Her mind swarmed with questions, Why would they not talk to me? What did I do wrong? Was I too much to handle or more importantly was I not worthy enough to receive the attention?
As the older sister grew stronger, the younger sibling suffered in silent pain. When asked a question, Miss Princess Talks A Lot, who now goes by Katlynn, didn t have much to say, rather, her answers b
Essay About China
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Essay about China
The World is forever in debt to China for its innovations. Ancient China was extreme advance and many of its discoveries are still in use today. This is what Robert
Temple, the author of The Genius of China 3000 years of science, discovery and invention. The book is based on 11 main parts of Chinese innovation. Within these 11 categories, there are 3 main parts that contain the most significant inventions. Robert
Temple concentrates the bulk of his examples in these three categories, agriculture, domestic and industrial technology , and engineering. Temple s examples were not limited to these fields of innovation. The Chinese excelled in many other areas, including mathematics, warfare and transportation, to name a few. Although...show more content...But then, no one else could have done so at the time, since iron existed nowhere else but in China.
The Chinese invented the chain pump in the first century AD The chain pump allows water to the pumped from lower to higher elevations. The chain pumps were used for draining and pumping in civil engineering, but what is more important is it was used for irrigation. Irrigation allows for greater and more intense farming, thus resulting in a better crop yield. With the greater crop yields larger populations can be supported. The chain pump was exported to all parts of the world by way of visiting ambassadors and dignitaries. The first European chain pump appeared in the sixteenth century, and was a direct copy of the Chinese version.
The second area of great Chinese achievement is in domestic and industrial technology. The most recognized Chinese invention is in the field of domestic and industrial technology, p
Chinese Culture Essay
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Chinese Culture Essay
China has about five thousand years history which is a very long period of time. Also, the Chinese civilization was growing with these periods of time and it will continues greater than ever. Many wars and unhappinesses were happening during this period. Although, the time has passed, the histories and the civilizations have not passed. These family virtues, serious, working attitudes, sense of justice and the great Confucian tradition have been deeply assimilated into the Chinese people. Some Chinese traditions are different from North American s. The Chinese culture has many special characteristics which are very interesting for people to learn. The family life is very important for every Chinese. Chinese families are very...show more content...They will live with the old people because they could like to look after them. This is quite important for Chinese family. Chinese believe that life goes b turn. The old people take care and raise the, when they are young. They should look after them when they are old. The Traditional Chinese houses have many differences in comparison with the North American houses. The building materials used in construction is the most distinct difference from North American s. A typical Chinese farmhouse is built of sun dried bricks or pounded earth, because wood is too expensive and scarce to use. On the other hand, many typical Northern American houses are built of wood. In addition to the variations of building materials used in constriction, the architectural planning of a traditional Chinese houses is also unique. A traditional Chinese house is built according to the Court yard System ; where by houses are built around a courtyar
No Exit Existentialism
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No Exit Existentialism
The drama, No Exit by Jean Paul Sartre, is about three characters, who made ruthless decisions during their time on earth and are now left in hell to torture one another. The anecdote s setting takes place in hell, where the three characters reveal their horrendous crimes which led to their eternal suffering at the hands of one another. The drama portrays existentialism, which is the idea that the existence of an individual as being free and responsible in determining their own choices whose consequences they must face.
A particular scene from the drama, which defines existentialism effectively is, when Estelle was seeking a mirror. Upon not finding one, Inez volunteered to be her personal mirror. Repeatedly, Inez kept on flirting with Estelle, who in return wanted Garcin s affection. Meanwhile, Estelle explained that she had six mirrors in her bedroom that she constantly needed to look at to remind herself of her existence. Finally, Estelle allowed Inez to be her mirror. Inez teased Estelle, who worried if they shared the same taste or whether her lipstick was on correctly....show more content...If a man does not know what he looks like, how can he be sure he is not someone else? It is our self image that separates us from the others. What terrifies us the most is the prospect of that which has no image, like Estelle s vision of the man without a face, the victim of her callousness in life. The absence of an image signifies an absence of identity. And without identity, what becomes of existence? And, in existentialism, without existence, what becomes of
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General Wolfe Unity And Diversity
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General Wolfe Unity And Diversity
Unity and Variety: All the figures create a unity while, their stance and motion creates variety
Balance: The painting is well balanced with figures from left to right, however, it can also be seen as asymmetrical balance.
Emphasis: The central figure is the focal point, which is General Wolfe dying.
Directional Forces: All the figures are focusing on General Wolfe, leading all viewers to look in the same direction.
Contrasts: The bright color clothing and how the figures are a sharp contrasts to the dark background.
Repetition and Rhythm: The repetition of figures and their body stance.
Scale and Proportion: Correct proportions for figures used.
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West Side Story The Musical Essay
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West Side Story The Musical Essay
West Side Story The Musical
*No Works Cited
West Side Story is one of the most influential musicals of all time. It s integration of dance and song into the plot was very innovative, because even though it had been done before, it had never been done this well. Jerome Robbins had thought of an adaptation of Romeo and Juliet to a Broadway musical in 1949. He began discussions with librettist Arthur Laurents and composer Leonard Bernstein of a musical called East Side Story, with a plot concentrating on a Catholic girl and a Jewish boy. Other projects forced the work aside for six years, and when they returned to it, times had changed. Their idea became West Side Story, (another early title was Gangway!) and the Montague Capulet...show more content...The Latin American rhythms gave Bernstein a good musical base to start from, and the whole score benefited from a jazzy Manhattan feel, which had been inherited from Gershwin, as well as Copland s romantic Americana feel. Robbins choice of a cast was very meticulously done. He wanted a real feeling that had never been reached before in Musical history. He wanted actors that were not well known, and that would get his theme of reality across to the audience. During rehearsals he actually separated the Jets and the Sharks and didn t allow them to socialize or even talk to one another. He also didn t allow the actress playing Anybodys to eat lunch with anyone at all. The show opened on Broadway on September 16, 1957. At first, the critics were not able to fully appreciate the magnitude of the achievement, but one critic, Brooks Atkinson wrote that the ballets convey the things that Laurents is inh
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6- ุชุญุชูู ุงูู
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ุฉ ูู ุงูู ุณูุงูุฏ ุนูู ุฎุงุฑุทุฉ ุชุชุถู
ู ุฌู
ูุน ุชูุฑูุนุงุช ู
ุนููู
ุงุช ุงูุฌูุงุฒ ุงูููููู ุงูู
ุฐููุฑุฉ ูู ูุฐูู ุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ
ูุงุฎูุฑุงู ูุฐูู ุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ ุญูุงูู ุนูููู
ูุฅุชู
ูู ู
ููู
ุฅู ุชุฏุนููู ุจุงูุฎูุฑ ูุงูุตุญุฉ ูุงูุนุงููุฉ ููุท
ูู ุงูุชูููู ุฒู
ูุงุฆู ูุฒู
ููุงุชู ุ ุฒู
ูููู
ู
ุญู
ุฏ ุงูุฐูุจู ๐๐
๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ
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