The document discusses rainfall variability over East Africa and its relationship to climate phenomena like ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). It notes that while East African rainfall has traditionally been linked to ENSO, some studies also find connections to the IOD. During positive IOD events, cooler waters develop in the southeast Indian Ocean, creating atmospheric conditions that produce above-average rainfall over East Africa. The document explores how ENSO and IOD events interact and influence each other to impact East African precipitation patterns.

1. Rainfall Essay
Currently a number of studies have been focused on OND rainfall variability over East African region since it has shown more inter–annual variability
than long rainy season in MAM (Hastenrath et al., 1993; Black et al., 2003). It was considered that rainfall in East Africa was influenced by ENSO
(Indeje et al., 2000). However, in some extent Black, 2005 noted that East African rainfall is connected with ENSO and IOD. Previously it was
assumed that the Indian Ocean did not have an inter–annual ocean–atmosphere coupling cycle, it was being forced primarily by the annual monsoon
cycle and connection with global scale oceanic circulations systems such as ENSO and Tropical Atlantic Variability (TVA). But the work done by Saji
et al., 1999...show more content...
This causes low–level convergence and upper–level divergence over East Africa, producing anomalously wet 'short–rains' in most of the region. By
expanding this idea Mutai and Ward, (2000) explained that during El NiГ±o events are associated warming of the Indian Ocean and that anomalous
cold SSTs are introduced to the south Indian Ocean around the Maritime Continent via the Indonesian through flow. These cold SST anomalies are
responsible to southerly winds along–shore causing upwelling of colder waters (Xie and Annamalai, 2002). This generates an east–west sea–level
pressure gradient that drives moist easterly wind across the Indian Ocean towards East Africa and hence precipitation over the region. Furthermore,
Behera et al. 2006 noted that ENSO could delay the formation of the IOD until boreal summer, and IOD events independent from ENSO would form
as early as the boreal spring. It is found that ENSO variability affects the periodicity, strength, and the formation processes of the IOD. Indian Ocean
Dipole is a coupled ocean–atmosphere phenomenon over the Indian Ocean; it occurs inter–annually in the tropical parts of the Indian Ocean with a
periodic oscillation of sea–surface temperatures between negative and positive phases across the Indian Ocean which initiates in summer (around
May–June), intensify through July–September, peak in the boreal
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2. Essay about Rain
Stepping outside, I instantly notice the fresh, wet scent of earth. As I continue walking, I willingly allow the sprinkling droplets to envelop my entire
body. My shoes are soon soaked; with each step I take, I feel a puddle of water move beneath my feet. The rain hurls itself violently on the dark,
slippery pavement. My hair is dripping with ice–cold raindrops which plummet to the earth with every movement I make. The numbing effect of the
icy downpour is finally setting in. Fierce thunder clouds sneak into the murderous sky and flashing lightning strikes begin. The rain falls faster and
heavier. My feet move quickly as I run down the road. I rush into my house and proceed to stare out the window and observe the vicious storm that is
only...show more content...
As a person lets the cool rain wash over them, a feeling of renewal and cleanliness is created.
Depression rates skyrocket during the dark and dreary seasons. This condition is known as Seasonal Affective Disorder. About 5
–percent of adults in
the United States live with this condition. The loss of sunlight and increase of poor weather – snow, rain, wind– contribute to the severity of the
disorder. During the fall and winter months, it often rains. This is one contributing factor to SAD. Although rain can be light and happy, it can also
be extremely harsh. Thunderstorms are often present during heavy rainstorms. The electric flashes of light bring about nothing but fear; the
pounding rain only intensifies the storm. It is easy to see why the mere sight of rain depresses some people. When rain is mentioned, I think of
light ecstatic sprinkling. However, because of the different experiences each individual has, the opposite conclusion could be made. Rain drops
strongly resemble teardrops. Because of this astounding resemblance, a connection between sad teardrops and rain is made. During a rain storm,
the sky is not clear and blue; it is murky and gray. Colors have feelings associated with them. Blue is happy and bubbly while gray is sad and dull. A
depressed person will take a quick look at the rain and jump back in their beds.
It seems like in every good love story there is always a passionate kissing scene. A couple gets into a fight, splits
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3. Reasons for Seasons Essay
Season and the planets, that's been a question that's has limited answers because of the limited research. In this essay we will discuss the common
misconceptions that students have when understand the seasons of the earth, Along with identifying the other planets and if they have season or not.
Also we will explain the aphelion, the perihelion and how it affects planet seasons.
There are few common misconceptions that students think are true regarding the reasons for seasons on earth. Students usually believe that because of
the earth's distance and its orbits around the sun causes the seasons. That is because students believe that the earth is in an elongated elliptical path that
causes the season depending on the distance. When all...show more content...
When mars is ion the perihelion, which is the closest point to the sun; mars is at its fastest point. This in turn creates varying seasons on mars, than it
does on earth. On mars every six months the seasons change on mars, for example winter lasts 146 days, summer lasting 199 days, and fall and
spring last 171 days. The sun its self is not on a elliptical orbit, the planet gets nearer towards and away from the Sun as it moves around. When the
planet is closest to the Sun it is at the perihelion. When the planet is the farthest from the sun, then it is at aphelion
Jupiter has an atmospheric pressure which is 10x greater that earths. With atmospheric pressure that great, causes the temperature from below the
clouds causes the temperature to rise to a nice 70 degrees. As you go deeper into Jupiter reaching the core, it becomes hotter that the sun its self.
Saturn is simple because its seasons are long lasting, for fall in Saturn lasted 2 years in 2002. Also in 2004 when the spacecraft Cassini started reached
its destination to Saturn it started the season of winter.
Uranus orbits the same distance from the sun consistently and has had long winters which could last decades, when the sun's rays reach far latitudes
that hit Uranus. This causes the atmosphere to start an enormous storm which starts the beginning of spring. Because Uranus is tilted 98 degrees it
causes 21 year seasons. Neptune is a slow planet, because its
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4. Rain Man Essay
Released in 1988, writers Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow created a compelling story by introducing many to the world of autism. These two writers
brilliantly plotted the dramatic story of a brother's greed developing into love in the 1988 Oscar winning movie Rain Man. Charlie Babbitt, the first
main character played by Tom Cruise, is an arrogant, selfish businessman, striving to be wealthy, but his business is failing. The second main character
in the film is Raymond Babbitt, played by Dustin Hoffman, who is an autistic savant who lives and is cared for at a mental institution. Charlie receives
word that his father, whom he hasn't had contact with in years, has deceased. His father left an inheritance to Charlie and his unknown (or...show more
content...
In the end Charlie did receive part of the trust money, but he no longer was concerned with the money as much as he was concerned with his "rain
man." I thoroughly enjoyed this film and only hated it when it had to end. 1) The change of setting allows the viewers to see and understand the
autistic behaviors of Raymond. 2) The character, Raymond, is realistic because the portrayal of autism was thoroughly researched by Hoffman
studying autism and shadowing several autistics prior to making the film. The change of setting allows the viewers to see and understand the autistic
behaviors of Raymond. One of the first scenes showing Raymond's autistic behaviors is when they stopped at a diner for lunch. The night before,
Raymond was given a phone book to read at the hotel to pass some time. The next day at the diner, Raymond notices the waitress' name on her
nametag and recites her phone number. By this, the viewer can see that Raymond has an incredible memory. During this scene, Charlie roughly
squeezes the back of Raymond's neck. Raymond then pulls out his injury notebook and logs the date and injury of "squeezing the neck." This shows
the odd behavior of Raymond. A box of toothpicks was dropped and Raymond could immediately tell there were 246 toothpicks on the floor. This
demonstrates the mathematical abilities Raymond possesses. The next scene that clearly shows the autistic mannerisms of Raymond is when Charlie
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