This document discusses titration, which is used in food processing, education, medical diagnosis, and other areas. It provides the equation for calculating concentrations from titration data and explains how to perform a titration of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide. The procedure involves using a burette to slowly add HCl to a flask containing NaOH until the solution changes color. Student groups reported their results, and the document analyzes the data to calculate the concentration of HCl compared to NaOH.

1. By: Felipe De la Garza
Titrations

2. Uses of titration:
• Food processing
• Acid number
• Acid-base
• Education
• Bio-fuel
• Urine exams
• Diagnosis for diabetes

3. Av x Ac = Bv x Bc
Volume in the Erlenmeyer x Concentration (molarity)
in Erlenmeyer = Volume used up in Burette x
concentration of substance in Burette
Av x Ac = Bv x Bc
(Acid volume x acid concentration = base volume
x base concentration)
V1 x C1 = V2 x C2

4. Background knowledge
An acid-base titration is a neutralization reaction that is
performed in the lab in order to determine an unknown
concentration of acid or base. The moles of acid will equal
the moles of base at the equivalence point. Here's how to
perform the calculation to find your unknown.
For example, if you are titrating hydrochloric acid with
sodium hydroxide:
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O→

5. You can see from the equation there is a 1:1 molar ratio between HCl and
NaOH. If you know that titrating 50.00 ml of an HCl solution requires 25.00
ml of 1.00 M NaOH, you can calculate the concentration of hydrochloric
acid, [HCl]. Based on the molar ratio between HCl and NaOH you know
that at the equivalence point:
moles HCl = moles NaOH
MHCl x volumeHCl = MNaOH x volumeNaOH
MHCl = MNaOH x volumeNaOH / volumeHCl
MHCl = 25.00 ml x 1.00 M / 50.00 ml
MHCl = 0.50 M HCl

6. Materials
• Burette
• Erlenmeyer Flask
• HCl
• NaOH
• PTH (phenolphthalein)
• Stand
• Burette Clamps
• Funnel

9. Procedure:
• Clip the burette to the burette
stand, using the burette clamps
• Fill the burette till the zero (0)
mark, with HCl
• Fill the Erlenmeyer Flask with
250ml of NaOH, and add ten
(10) drops of PTH

10. • Slowly, let the HCl from the
burette pour down into the
Erlenmeyer with the NaOH
• Stir constantly
• Drop by drop, wait until the
reaction turns transparent. 1
drop will change the
reaction.
• Stop the flow of the burette

19. V
I
D
E
O

20. Results
Vargas, Villary, Alvarez, Zheng, Fiedler 24.1 and 24.8
Ignacio, Mariana F, Carolina, Mariana Cortés 24.3
María Cristina Lara, Kopper, Cristina Mariana Corella 24.3
Fumero, Priscila, Felipe García, Fourger, Paula Madrigal 23.9 and 23.3
Sofía Soley, Valentina, Miranda, Adrián, de la Garza, Natalia Barrantes 23.2
Average: 23.98
SD: 0.5831

21. Standard Deviation
How far where the results from the actual
answer? Standard deviation shows how much
variation exists from the average to the
expected value.

23. 68% of the data collected fall one (1) SD from the mean
95% of the data collected fall two (2) SD from the mean

24. Av x Ac = Bv x Bc
23.98ml x 1.0m/L = 250ml x m/Lb
23.98/250 = Mb
0.09592 = Mb
Ratio:
HCl : NaOH
10.4253 : 1

25. Conclution:
The HCl is 10.4253 times stronger than NaOH