The pearled solar eclipse of 1912.04.17 occurred 60 hours after the TITANIC disaster had cast its shadow upon this exciting event. The data collected during this most elusive eclipse are compared to those generated by Xavier JUBIER's 5MCSE, the most up-to date ergonomical solar eclipse simulation freeware, which allows the choice of the DeltaT parameter, as well as the exact GPS Coordinates of the observation site such as the balloon Globule at 900 meter over Rethondes.
The document describes a program developed to model the trajectory of a satellite leaving low Earth orbit and exiting Earth's sphere of influence. The program allows the user to input the initial orbit height and thruster angle and outputs the trajectory plot and time taken. Testing various initial conditions revealed that a thrust directed along the satellite's velocity vector provided the fastest exit time from Earth's sphere of influence.
This document presents equations to compute the efficiency of a parabolic-trough solar collector using solar position coordinates. The equations account for factors like universal time, day, month, year, longitude, latitude, and heliocentric and geocentric coordinates to determine the sun's position. The collector efficiency considers the direct and reflected solar energy incident on its glass cover as well as thermal losses. The developed equations can predict collector performance using meteorological and radiative data for any location.
1) The document describes a mathematical model for predicting the reentry and impact of satellites into Earth's atmosphere. It uses Newton's second law of motion and models the forces of gravity and drag.
2) By solving the resulting differential equation numerically, the model can determine the impact time and velocity of a satellite. This allows estimates of the damage caused and time for evacuation if the satellite were to impact a populated area.
3) The document provides an example application of the model to Sputnik 1 and graphs the results, showing a impact time of about 5.5 minutes and velocity of 47 m/s.
Gaussian Orbital Determination of 1943 AnterosMatthew Li
Paper detailing the theory, methods, calculations, and results regarding the investigation of the orbit of asteroid 1943 Anteros through approximately six weeks of celestial observation and data collection.
This document analyzes the nonlinear dynamics of the pitch equation of motion for a gravity-gradient satellite in an elliptical orbit. It finds that the motion can be periodic, quasiperiodic, or chaotic depending on the eccentricity, satellite inertia ratio, and initial conditions. Numerical techniques like Poincare maps, bifurcation plots, Lyapunov exponents, and chaos diagrams are used to characterize the different types of motion. Chaotic motion is found to be more likely at higher orbital eccentricities.
Karakterisasi Letusan Merapi menggunakan Data SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)Achmad Darul
The document summarizes research using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and other remote sensing data to characterize eruptions of Mount Merapi volcano in Indonesia over the last decade. SAR data from 1996-2006 was used to detect and analyze pyroclastic flow deposits from each eruption. ALOS/PALSAR SAR data observed the large 2010 eruption, detecting pyroclastic deposits 7 times larger than 2006. Interferometric SAR, thermal infrared data, and field measurements were used to analyze ground deformation, lava dome growth, and surface temperatures as precursors to the 2010 eruption. Inflation was detected in 2008 and 2010 via SAR interferometry.
1) High-dispersion spectroscopy was used to observe the young exoplanet Beta Pictoris b, detecting a blueshifted radial velocity of -15±1.7 km/s and rotational broadening of 25±3 km/s, indicating it spins faster than any planet in the solar system.
2) Beta Pictoris b's high spin velocity is consistent with an extrapolation of the trend of increasing spin velocity with planet mass seen in the solar system.
3) At an estimated age of 11±5 Myr, Beta Pictoris b is expected to cool and shrink over time, which would cause it to spin up further to a rotation velocity of around 40 km/s.
1) Lunar Orbiter tracking data revealed large mass concentrations (mascons) beneath the lunar maria.
2) The largest mascons were found beneath Mare Imbrium, Mare Serenitatis, Mare Crisium, Mare Humorum, and Mare Nectaris.
3) The mascons suggest a relationship between the formation of the maria and large impact events on the lunar surface.
The document describes a program developed to model the trajectory of a satellite leaving low Earth orbit and exiting Earth's sphere of influence. The program allows the user to input the initial orbit height and thruster angle and outputs the trajectory plot and time taken. Testing various initial conditions revealed that a thrust directed along the satellite's velocity vector provided the fastest exit time from Earth's sphere of influence.
This document presents equations to compute the efficiency of a parabolic-trough solar collector using solar position coordinates. The equations account for factors like universal time, day, month, year, longitude, latitude, and heliocentric and geocentric coordinates to determine the sun's position. The collector efficiency considers the direct and reflected solar energy incident on its glass cover as well as thermal losses. The developed equations can predict collector performance using meteorological and radiative data for any location.
1) The document describes a mathematical model for predicting the reentry and impact of satellites into Earth's atmosphere. It uses Newton's second law of motion and models the forces of gravity and drag.
2) By solving the resulting differential equation numerically, the model can determine the impact time and velocity of a satellite. This allows estimates of the damage caused and time for evacuation if the satellite were to impact a populated area.
3) The document provides an example application of the model to Sputnik 1 and graphs the results, showing a impact time of about 5.5 minutes and velocity of 47 m/s.
Gaussian Orbital Determination of 1943 AnterosMatthew Li
Paper detailing the theory, methods, calculations, and results regarding the investigation of the orbit of asteroid 1943 Anteros through approximately six weeks of celestial observation and data collection.
This document analyzes the nonlinear dynamics of the pitch equation of motion for a gravity-gradient satellite in an elliptical orbit. It finds that the motion can be periodic, quasiperiodic, or chaotic depending on the eccentricity, satellite inertia ratio, and initial conditions. Numerical techniques like Poincare maps, bifurcation plots, Lyapunov exponents, and chaos diagrams are used to characterize the different types of motion. Chaotic motion is found to be more likely at higher orbital eccentricities.
Karakterisasi Letusan Merapi menggunakan Data SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)Achmad Darul
The document summarizes research using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and other remote sensing data to characterize eruptions of Mount Merapi volcano in Indonesia over the last decade. SAR data from 1996-2006 was used to detect and analyze pyroclastic flow deposits from each eruption. ALOS/PALSAR SAR data observed the large 2010 eruption, detecting pyroclastic deposits 7 times larger than 2006. Interferometric SAR, thermal infrared data, and field measurements were used to analyze ground deformation, lava dome growth, and surface temperatures as precursors to the 2010 eruption. Inflation was detected in 2008 and 2010 via SAR interferometry.
1) High-dispersion spectroscopy was used to observe the young exoplanet Beta Pictoris b, detecting a blueshifted radial velocity of -15±1.7 km/s and rotational broadening of 25±3 km/s, indicating it spins faster than any planet in the solar system.
2) Beta Pictoris b's high spin velocity is consistent with an extrapolation of the trend of increasing spin velocity with planet mass seen in the solar system.
3) At an estimated age of 11±5 Myr, Beta Pictoris b is expected to cool and shrink over time, which would cause it to spin up further to a rotation velocity of around 40 km/s.
1) Lunar Orbiter tracking data revealed large mass concentrations (mascons) beneath the lunar maria.
2) The largest mascons were found beneath Mare Imbrium, Mare Serenitatis, Mare Crisium, Mare Humorum, and Mare Nectaris.
3) The mascons suggest a relationship between the formation of the maria and large impact events on the lunar surface.
Mapping spiral structure on the far side of the Milky WaySérgio Sacani
Little is known about the portion of the Milky Way lying beyond the Galactic center at distances
of more than 9 kiloparsec from the Sun. These regions are opaque at optical wavelengths
because of absorption by interstellar dust, and distances are very large and hard to measure.
We report a direct trigonometric parallax distance of 20:4þ2:8
2:2 kiloparsec obtained with the Very
Long Baseline Array to a water maser source in a region of active star formation. These
measurements allow us to shed light on Galactic spiral structure by locating the ScutumCentaurus
spiral arm as it passes through the far side of the Milky Way and to validate a
kinematic method for determining distances in this region on the basis of transverse motions.
Advances in Satellite Conjunction Analysis with OR.A.SIAntonios Arkas
As the number of the manmade objects increases in space, so does the interest and the research effort on the critical and interesting issues of collision probability assessment and decision making for cases of close approach events.
New interesting theoretical analysis has been recently published by Michael Scott Balch, Ryan Martin and Scott Ferson, on the mathematical subtleties connecting the phenomenon of probability dilution with the fundamental difference between frequentist and Bayesian approaches in statistical inference, and inspirational work has been presented from CNES by F.Laporte through his papers which describe JAC software and his approach to covariance realism.
OR.A.SI, the Flight Dynamics software for GEO and LEO that I’ve been developing for the last 17 years in C++, has been endowed since 2012 with early close approach detection based on the TLE files released from JSpOC, calculation of collision probability (S.Alfano method) based on the secondary object details found in CDM (Conjunction Data Message), Middle Man features (processing and analysis of CDM batches released for the same event) and evasive manoeuvre computation.
This new presentation exposes the latest enhancements, of the already powerful OR.A.SI routines, with all these new exiting advances. In brief the contents of the attached presentation are the following:
1. CASI (Close Approach Simulator) – Development of an analytic simulator which produces close approach events for whatever regime (LEO, MEO and GEO), and renders the probabilistic study and analysis of such events independent from the need of a CDM.
2. Computation and visualization of the probability dilution area in the two dimensional space of Kp and Ks scale factors used for the computation of the scaled probability of collision.
3. Computation of the scale factor interval in order to increase covariance realism, based on hypothesis testing with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (F.Laporte - CNES).
4. Computation of the effect of evasive manoeuvres, parametrized in time and velocity increment, on the scaled probability of collision.
I welcome you to the subtle but beautiful world of probabilities and inferential statistics or else how we managed to harness our ignorance to precise science!
Presentation for the 19th EUROSTAR Users Conference June 2011Antonios Arkas
This document discusses the capabilities of the OR.A.SI (Orbit and Attitude Simulator) software. It describes new features such as a multistep numerical integrator, visualization of IRES blindings, relocation maneuver calculation for GEO spacecraft, and theoretical longitude window breakdown. It also covers orbit determination, localization measurements simulation, and consider covariance analysis case studies using the software. The case studies assess the impact of neglecting to estimate parameters like antenna biases on the accuracy of orbit determination.
•Lunar laser telemetry consists in determining the round-trip travel time of the light between a transmitter on the Earth and a reflector on the Moon, which is an equivalent measurement of the distance between these two points
The document describes how to locate an earthquake's epicenter using data from three seismograph stations. For each station, the difference in arrival times between the P and S waves is calculated and plotted on a travel-time graph to determine the distance to the epicenter. Triangulation is then used to pinpoint the exact epicenter location where the distance circles from each station intersect.
Further analysis of the References- part 2. Some further analyses about directional recoil, cross sections, galaxy Physics and experiment-optimizations techniques.
VIA Forum Astroparticle Physics Forum COSMOVIA
Author: O.M. Lecian.
Title: LHAASO Further references- part2.
28/03/2020
http://viavca.in2p3.fr/2010c_o_s_m_o_v_i_a__forum_sd24fsdf4zerfzef4ze5f4dsq34sdteerui45788789745rt7yr68t4y54865h45g4hfg56h45df4h86d48h48t7uertujirjtiorjhuiofgrdsqgxcvfghfg5h40yhuyir/viewtopic.php?f=73&t=3705&sid=c56cbf76f87536fc4c3ff216d9edaba2
An unusual white dwarf star may be a surviving remnant of a subluminous Type ...Sérgio Sacani
Subluminous Type Ia supernovae, such as the Type Iax–class prototype SN 2002cx, are
described by a variety of models such as the failed detonation and partial deflagration
of an accreting carbon-oxygen white dwarf star or the explosion of an accreting, hybrid
carbon-oxygen-neon core. These models predict that bound remnants survive such
events with, according to some simulations, a high kick velocity.We report the discovery
of a high proper motion, low-mass white dwarf (LP 40-365) that travels at a velocity
greater than the Galactic escape velocity and whose peculiar atmosphere is dominated
by intermediate-mass elements. Strong evidence indicates that this partially burnt
remnant was ejected following a subluminous Type Ia supernova event. This supports the
viability of single-degenerate supernova progenitors.
Trilateration is a process used by GPS to determine location based on distance measurements from three or more satellites. GPS satellites follow elliptical orbits around the Earth, with the shape defined by parameters like the semi-major and semi-minor axes, eccentricity, inclination, argument of perigee, and true anomaly. These orbital specifications are used to calculate the position of the satellites and determine a receiver's location on Earth.
Locating a satellite precisely is important for altimetry data quality. The Doris system uses the Doppler effect to determine a satellite's position by calculating the difference between emitted and received signal frequencies from ground beacons. Precise orbit determination requires processing measurements over time while accounting for forces like gravity, as the accuracy improves from 10 cm after 3 hours to 2.5 cm after 30 days. Doris positioning can also locate ground beacons outside the reference network for temporary monitoring of objects like volcanoes.
TH1.L09 - GEODETICALLY ACCURATE INSAR DATA PROCESSOR FOR TIME SERIES ANALYSISgrssieee
The document describes a new geodetically accurate InSAR data processor for time series analysis. The processor uses precise satellite orbits and a reference orbit to align Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images with sub-meter accuracy. It employs a motion compensation algorithm to account for differences between the actual satellite position and reference orbit. The processor achieves accurate geolocation and is computationally efficient, processing interferograms for large areas in only a few minutes on a desktop computer. Validation tests using corner reflectors and SRTM elevation data demonstrate the processor's improved geodetic accuracy compared to existing tools.
TH1.L09 - GEODETICALLY ACCURATE INSAR DATA PROCESSOR FOR TIME SERIES ANALYSISgrssieee
The document describes a new geodetically accurate InSAR data processor for time series analysis. The processor uses precise satellite orbits and a reference orbit to align Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images with sub-meter accuracy. It employs a motion compensation algorithm to account for differences between the actual satellite position and reference orbit. The processor achieves accurate geolocation and orthorectification of SAR data efficiently on a desktop computer, enabling improved InSAR and time series analysis methods.
To locate an earthquake epicenter using triangulation, seismologists determine the S-P interval from seismograms of at least three seismic stations. This interval is converted to epicentral distance and circles are drawn on a map with radii equal to these distances. The intersection of these circles identifies the epicenter. Triangulation is suitable for local quakes, while distance-time graphs are used for more distant quakes. Locating epicenters helps identify active fault lines and areas at risk for future major quakes due to long periods of inactivity on certain faults.
The document discusses methods for characterizing the global environment using satellite data to help overcome challenges posed by weather effects on missile defense sensors. It describes adjusting infrared imagery thresholds to approximate radar observations, extracting weather event boundaries, projecting 3D shapes onto a model Earth, and using an existing satellite constellation to provide continuous coverage. The goal is to determine visibility and sensor performance to optimize sensor selection and placement for missile defense.
Do Impact Craters on Mars Serve as a Good Proxy for the Age of The Martian Su...Christian Garvey
Poster presented at Durham University's Annual Earth Science Conference June 2015.
It was created as part of the Level 2 Geoinformatics module, and aims to demonstrate my skill with ArcGIS.
Assessment and evaluation of solar resources adb courseIrSOLaV Pomares
This document discusses the assessment and evaluation of solar resources. It covers topics like solar geometry, interaction of solar radiation with the atmosphere, measurement of solar radiation, and databases of solar radiation. Key points include how solar position varies daily and yearly due to Earth's orbit and rotation, atmospheric effects on solar irradiance like scattering, absorption and reflection, and parameters used to characterize solar resources like extraterrestrial and global irradiance. The goal is to provide tools to help evaluate solar power projects.
This research uses different weighting strategies with a least squares collocation algorithm to model sea surface topography (SST) at observed and unobserved locations, combining satellite altimetry and tide gauge data. The objectives are to evaluate SST under different weights and analyze how SST varies with conditions. Results show interpreted SST values conform to accuracy standards except along one axis, and SST is sensitive to the algorithm and no single weighting works best as SST varies. This research can model SST in inaccessible areas by combining altimetry and tide gauge data.
Simulation of Interplanetary Trajectories Using Forward Euler Numerical Integ...Christopher Iliffe Sprague
The document discusses simulating interplanetary trajectories using forward Euler numerical integration. It summarizes the Ulysses mission, which utilized a gravity assist from Jupiter to achieve a solar polar orbit. The objectives are to validate Euler's method for modeling gravity-influenced motion and study how a spacecraft's velocity and position upon entering a body's sphere of influence affect its trajectory. MATLAB code is presented to model trajectories. Results show the spacecraft's velocity and anomaly change over its hyperbolic path, and that decreasing entry position or increasing entry velocity decrease trajectory deflection.
The document discusses advances in SAR interferometry over the past 20 years for measuring millimeter-scale land motion. Key points include:
1) Revisit times have decreased from 35 days with ERS-1 to 12 days with Sentinel-1 constellations, improving ground motion recovery.
2) Persistent scatterer interferometry techniques like SqueeSAR can now measure motions to the millimeter by using all available interferograms.
3) Atmospheric phase screens still limit accuracy but can be estimated and removed using numerical weather models, GPS, and other independent datasets.
4) Future opportunities include using wide Doppler bandwidths from satellites to achieve high-resolution azimuth measurements of ground motion.
This document discusses orbital elements and parameters related to satellites and orbits. It defines key orbital characteristics like eccentricity, inclination, ascending node, and true anomaly. It also summarizes Kepler's laws of planetary motion and explains how Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation describe orbits. Perturbations from various sources that affect satellite orbits over time are outlined as well.
Three events occur:
1) An airplane carrying an atomic clock flies back and forth for 15 hours at an average speed of 140 m/s.
2) The time on the clock is compared to an atomic clock kept on the ground.
3) Using time dilation, the elapsed time on the ground clock is calculated to be 9.5 nanoseconds longer than the time on the airplane clock.
Science Express Paper by: Kevin B. Stevenson et al.GOASA
- Spectroscopic phase curve observations of the exoplanet WASP-43b using the Hubble Space Telescope revealed a distinct increase in flux as the dayside rotated into view, peaking prior to secondary eclipse.
- Analysis of the spectrally resolved phase curves showed wavelength-dependent amplitudes, phase shifts, and eclipse depths, allowing inference of the temperature structure and molecular abundances at 15 orbital phases.
- Atmospheric modeling found water to be the dominant absorber influencing the phase-resolved emission spectra. The data showed large day-night temperature variations at all measured altitudes and a monotonically decreasing temperature with pressure.
Mapping spiral structure on the far side of the Milky WaySérgio Sacani
Little is known about the portion of the Milky Way lying beyond the Galactic center at distances
of more than 9 kiloparsec from the Sun. These regions are opaque at optical wavelengths
because of absorption by interstellar dust, and distances are very large and hard to measure.
We report a direct trigonometric parallax distance of 20:4þ2:8
2:2 kiloparsec obtained with the Very
Long Baseline Array to a water maser source in a region of active star formation. These
measurements allow us to shed light on Galactic spiral structure by locating the ScutumCentaurus
spiral arm as it passes through the far side of the Milky Way and to validate a
kinematic method for determining distances in this region on the basis of transverse motions.
Advances in Satellite Conjunction Analysis with OR.A.SIAntonios Arkas
As the number of the manmade objects increases in space, so does the interest and the research effort on the critical and interesting issues of collision probability assessment and decision making for cases of close approach events.
New interesting theoretical analysis has been recently published by Michael Scott Balch, Ryan Martin and Scott Ferson, on the mathematical subtleties connecting the phenomenon of probability dilution with the fundamental difference between frequentist and Bayesian approaches in statistical inference, and inspirational work has been presented from CNES by F.Laporte through his papers which describe JAC software and his approach to covariance realism.
OR.A.SI, the Flight Dynamics software for GEO and LEO that I’ve been developing for the last 17 years in C++, has been endowed since 2012 with early close approach detection based on the TLE files released from JSpOC, calculation of collision probability (S.Alfano method) based on the secondary object details found in CDM (Conjunction Data Message), Middle Man features (processing and analysis of CDM batches released for the same event) and evasive manoeuvre computation.
This new presentation exposes the latest enhancements, of the already powerful OR.A.SI routines, with all these new exiting advances. In brief the contents of the attached presentation are the following:
1. CASI (Close Approach Simulator) – Development of an analytic simulator which produces close approach events for whatever regime (LEO, MEO and GEO), and renders the probabilistic study and analysis of such events independent from the need of a CDM.
2. Computation and visualization of the probability dilution area in the two dimensional space of Kp and Ks scale factors used for the computation of the scaled probability of collision.
3. Computation of the scale factor interval in order to increase covariance realism, based on hypothesis testing with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (F.Laporte - CNES).
4. Computation of the effect of evasive manoeuvres, parametrized in time and velocity increment, on the scaled probability of collision.
I welcome you to the subtle but beautiful world of probabilities and inferential statistics or else how we managed to harness our ignorance to precise science!
Presentation for the 19th EUROSTAR Users Conference June 2011Antonios Arkas
This document discusses the capabilities of the OR.A.SI (Orbit and Attitude Simulator) software. It describes new features such as a multistep numerical integrator, visualization of IRES blindings, relocation maneuver calculation for GEO spacecraft, and theoretical longitude window breakdown. It also covers orbit determination, localization measurements simulation, and consider covariance analysis case studies using the software. The case studies assess the impact of neglecting to estimate parameters like antenna biases on the accuracy of orbit determination.
•Lunar laser telemetry consists in determining the round-trip travel time of the light between a transmitter on the Earth and a reflector on the Moon, which is an equivalent measurement of the distance between these two points
The document describes how to locate an earthquake's epicenter using data from three seismograph stations. For each station, the difference in arrival times between the P and S waves is calculated and plotted on a travel-time graph to determine the distance to the epicenter. Triangulation is then used to pinpoint the exact epicenter location where the distance circles from each station intersect.
Further analysis of the References- part 2. Some further analyses about directional recoil, cross sections, galaxy Physics and experiment-optimizations techniques.
VIA Forum Astroparticle Physics Forum COSMOVIA
Author: O.M. Lecian.
Title: LHAASO Further references- part2.
28/03/2020
http://viavca.in2p3.fr/2010c_o_s_m_o_v_i_a__forum_sd24fsdf4zerfzef4ze5f4dsq34sdteerui45788789745rt7yr68t4y54865h45g4hfg56h45df4h86d48h48t7uertujirjtiorjhuiofgrdsqgxcvfghfg5h40yhuyir/viewtopic.php?f=73&t=3705&sid=c56cbf76f87536fc4c3ff216d9edaba2
An unusual white dwarf star may be a surviving remnant of a subluminous Type ...Sérgio Sacani
Subluminous Type Ia supernovae, such as the Type Iax–class prototype SN 2002cx, are
described by a variety of models such as the failed detonation and partial deflagration
of an accreting carbon-oxygen white dwarf star or the explosion of an accreting, hybrid
carbon-oxygen-neon core. These models predict that bound remnants survive such
events with, according to some simulations, a high kick velocity.We report the discovery
of a high proper motion, low-mass white dwarf (LP 40-365) that travels at a velocity
greater than the Galactic escape velocity and whose peculiar atmosphere is dominated
by intermediate-mass elements. Strong evidence indicates that this partially burnt
remnant was ejected following a subluminous Type Ia supernova event. This supports the
viability of single-degenerate supernova progenitors.
Trilateration is a process used by GPS to determine location based on distance measurements from three or more satellites. GPS satellites follow elliptical orbits around the Earth, with the shape defined by parameters like the semi-major and semi-minor axes, eccentricity, inclination, argument of perigee, and true anomaly. These orbital specifications are used to calculate the position of the satellites and determine a receiver's location on Earth.
Locating a satellite precisely is important for altimetry data quality. The Doris system uses the Doppler effect to determine a satellite's position by calculating the difference between emitted and received signal frequencies from ground beacons. Precise orbit determination requires processing measurements over time while accounting for forces like gravity, as the accuracy improves from 10 cm after 3 hours to 2.5 cm after 30 days. Doris positioning can also locate ground beacons outside the reference network for temporary monitoring of objects like volcanoes.
TH1.L09 - GEODETICALLY ACCURATE INSAR DATA PROCESSOR FOR TIME SERIES ANALYSISgrssieee
The document describes a new geodetically accurate InSAR data processor for time series analysis. The processor uses precise satellite orbits and a reference orbit to align Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images with sub-meter accuracy. It employs a motion compensation algorithm to account for differences between the actual satellite position and reference orbit. The processor achieves accurate geolocation and is computationally efficient, processing interferograms for large areas in only a few minutes on a desktop computer. Validation tests using corner reflectors and SRTM elevation data demonstrate the processor's improved geodetic accuracy compared to existing tools.
TH1.L09 - GEODETICALLY ACCURATE INSAR DATA PROCESSOR FOR TIME SERIES ANALYSISgrssieee
The document describes a new geodetically accurate InSAR data processor for time series analysis. The processor uses precise satellite orbits and a reference orbit to align Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images with sub-meter accuracy. It employs a motion compensation algorithm to account for differences between the actual satellite position and reference orbit. The processor achieves accurate geolocation and orthorectification of SAR data efficiently on a desktop computer, enabling improved InSAR and time series analysis methods.
To locate an earthquake epicenter using triangulation, seismologists determine the S-P interval from seismograms of at least three seismic stations. This interval is converted to epicentral distance and circles are drawn on a map with radii equal to these distances. The intersection of these circles identifies the epicenter. Triangulation is suitable for local quakes, while distance-time graphs are used for more distant quakes. Locating epicenters helps identify active fault lines and areas at risk for future major quakes due to long periods of inactivity on certain faults.
The document discusses methods for characterizing the global environment using satellite data to help overcome challenges posed by weather effects on missile defense sensors. It describes adjusting infrared imagery thresholds to approximate radar observations, extracting weather event boundaries, projecting 3D shapes onto a model Earth, and using an existing satellite constellation to provide continuous coverage. The goal is to determine visibility and sensor performance to optimize sensor selection and placement for missile defense.
Do Impact Craters on Mars Serve as a Good Proxy for the Age of The Martian Su...Christian Garvey
Poster presented at Durham University's Annual Earth Science Conference June 2015.
It was created as part of the Level 2 Geoinformatics module, and aims to demonstrate my skill with ArcGIS.
Assessment and evaluation of solar resources adb courseIrSOLaV Pomares
This document discusses the assessment and evaluation of solar resources. It covers topics like solar geometry, interaction of solar radiation with the atmosphere, measurement of solar radiation, and databases of solar radiation. Key points include how solar position varies daily and yearly due to Earth's orbit and rotation, atmospheric effects on solar irradiance like scattering, absorption and reflection, and parameters used to characterize solar resources like extraterrestrial and global irradiance. The goal is to provide tools to help evaluate solar power projects.
This research uses different weighting strategies with a least squares collocation algorithm to model sea surface topography (SST) at observed and unobserved locations, combining satellite altimetry and tide gauge data. The objectives are to evaluate SST under different weights and analyze how SST varies with conditions. Results show interpreted SST values conform to accuracy standards except along one axis, and SST is sensitive to the algorithm and no single weighting works best as SST varies. This research can model SST in inaccessible areas by combining altimetry and tide gauge data.
Simulation of Interplanetary Trajectories Using Forward Euler Numerical Integ...Christopher Iliffe Sprague
The document discusses simulating interplanetary trajectories using forward Euler numerical integration. It summarizes the Ulysses mission, which utilized a gravity assist from Jupiter to achieve a solar polar orbit. The objectives are to validate Euler's method for modeling gravity-influenced motion and study how a spacecraft's velocity and position upon entering a body's sphere of influence affect its trajectory. MATLAB code is presented to model trajectories. Results show the spacecraft's velocity and anomaly change over its hyperbolic path, and that decreasing entry position or increasing entry velocity decrease trajectory deflection.
The document discusses advances in SAR interferometry over the past 20 years for measuring millimeter-scale land motion. Key points include:
1) Revisit times have decreased from 35 days with ERS-1 to 12 days with Sentinel-1 constellations, improving ground motion recovery.
2) Persistent scatterer interferometry techniques like SqueeSAR can now measure motions to the millimeter by using all available interferograms.
3) Atmospheric phase screens still limit accuracy but can be estimated and removed using numerical weather models, GPS, and other independent datasets.
4) Future opportunities include using wide Doppler bandwidths from satellites to achieve high-resolution azimuth measurements of ground motion.
This document discusses orbital elements and parameters related to satellites and orbits. It defines key orbital characteristics like eccentricity, inclination, ascending node, and true anomaly. It also summarizes Kepler's laws of planetary motion and explains how Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation describe orbits. Perturbations from various sources that affect satellite orbits over time are outlined as well.
Three events occur:
1) An airplane carrying an atomic clock flies back and forth for 15 hours at an average speed of 140 m/s.
2) The time on the clock is compared to an atomic clock kept on the ground.
3) Using time dilation, the elapsed time on the ground clock is calculated to be 9.5 nanoseconds longer than the time on the airplane clock.
Science Express Paper by: Kevin B. Stevenson et al.GOASA
- Spectroscopic phase curve observations of the exoplanet WASP-43b using the Hubble Space Telescope revealed a distinct increase in flux as the dayside rotated into view, peaking prior to secondary eclipse.
- Analysis of the spectrally resolved phase curves showed wavelength-dependent amplitudes, phase shifts, and eclipse depths, allowing inference of the temperature structure and molecular abundances at 15 orbital phases.
- Atmospheric modeling found water to be the dominant absorber influencing the phase-resolved emission spectra. The data showed large day-night temperature variations at all measured altitudes and a monotonically decreasing temperature with pressure.
Astronomy from the Moon: From Exoplanets to Cosmology and Beyond in Visible L...Sérgio Sacani
We review what could be astronomy from the Moon in the next decades in the visible domain.
After a short review observational approaches, from photometry to high contrast and high angular
resolution imaging, We essentially focus on some promising scientific objectives, from Solar
System to the extragalactic domain. At the end, I add a proposal to use the Earth-Moon system to
test fundamental physics. Since this meeting is dedicated to the next decades of Astronomy from
the Moon, we consider projects and science objectives for several decades from now.
A particle moves with speed 0.800c relative to a frame S'', which itself moves at 0.800c relative to frame S'. Frame S' moves at 0.800c relative to frame S.
(a) The speed of the particle relative to frame S' is calculated to be 0.976c by applying the inverse velocity transformation equation.
(b) The speed of the particle relative to the lab frame S is calculated to be 0.997c by applying the inverse velocity transformation equation to express the speed in terms of the speed relative to S'.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Galaxies have spiral shapes because the universe rotates at a rate of 0.86/0.4, causing the radial acceleration that forms the spiral arms. An asteroid could potentially collide with Earth every 65 million years if it was located between Neptune and Jupiter. Solar flares can be modeled using Bernoulli's equation from fluid mechanics, where the pressure at the sun's surface must be zero, like the end of a fire hose, in order to cause solar flares.
Galaxies have spiral shapes because the universe rotates at a rate of 0.86/0.4, causing the radial acceleration that pulls the galaxy arms out from the center. An asteroid could potentially collide with Earth every 65 million years if it was located between Neptune and Jupiter. Solar flares can be modeled using Bernoulli's equation from fluid mechanics, where the pressure at the sun's surface would be zero, like at the end of a fire hose, causing the solar flare.
New Post-DART Collision Period for the Didymos System: Evidence for Anomalous...Sérgio Sacani
On September 26, 2022, NASA’s DART spacecraft impacted Dimorphos, the secondary asteroid in
the (65803) Didymos system, so that the efficiency with which a satellite could divert an asteroid
could be measured from the change in the system’s period. We present new data from the Thacher
Observatory and measure a change in period, ∆P = −34.2 ± 0.1 min, which deviates from previous
measurements by 3.5 σ. This suggests that the system period may have decreased by ∼ 1 minute in
the 20 to 30 days between previous measurements and our measurements. We find that no mechanism
previously presented for this system can account for this large of a period change, and drag from impact
ejecta is an unlikely explanation. Further observations of the (65803) Didymos system are needed to
both confirm our result and to further understand this system post impact.
This student conducted an experiment to estimate the mass of Jupiter by measuring the orbital characteristics of its four Galilean moons over several nights of observation. Photographs were taken of Jupiter and the moons and their orbital radii and periods were calculated from the pixel measurements. These values were used in an equation relating the orbital motion to Jupiter's mass. The estimated masses were all lower than the known value, suggesting a systemic error in the pixel measurements, likely due to difficulties focusing the telescope.
1) The document is an open letter from Le Van Cuong to scientists and professors suggesting they correct Einstein's theory of special relativity before teaching it to students.
2) Cuong argues that Einstein's postulate that the speed of light is constant is incorrect and has confused science for over a century. He believes light speed depends on the motion of the light source.
3) Cuong provides a proof using equations and diagrams showing that when an object emitting light is in motion, the observed speed of the light (c') is not actually equal to the constant speed of light (c) and is given by c' = (c^2 + v^2)^1/2, where v is the velocity
Experimental study of evaporation in a tubular solar stillIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental study on evaporation in a tubular solar still. The study aims to determine the heat transfer coefficients in the still and their relationship to variables like temperature. An outdoor experiment is conducted using a prototype tubular solar still constructed with a PVC cover. Temperature readings are recorded. Theoretical models are analyzed to predict evaporation rate based on factors like humidity and vapor pressure. Constants C and n are evaluated using experimental data to better model heat transfer rate equations for this still design compared to previous models.
Experimental study of evaporation in a tubular solar stillIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental study on evaporation in a tubular solar still. The study aims to determine heat transfer coefficients in the still and develop a model to predict evaporation. Experiments were conducted on a prototype tubular solar still in April 2012. Temperature and distillate output data were collected. Heat transfer coefficients were calculated using a modified Nusselt number approach. The constants C and n were determined through regression analysis of experimental data. The developed model was found to provide closer results to experiments compared to an existing Dunkle model. The tubular solar still design was found to improve distillate yield by 166% over a double slope solar still of the same basin area.
Saturns fast spin_determined_from_its_gravitational_field_and_oblatenessSérgio Sacani
ARtigo descreve o novo método usado para determinar com precisão o período de rotação do planeta Saturno. Uma das grandes questões da astronomia. De acordo com o artigo o período de rotação de Saturno é de 10 horas 32 minutos e 45 segundos (+/- 46 segundos).
Discovery of a relation between the decay rate of the Sun’s magnetic dipole a...Sérgio Sacani
Sunspots have been observed for over four centuries and the magnetic nature of sunspot cycles has been known for about
a century; however, some of its underlying physics still remain elusive. It is known that the solar magnetic cycle involves a
recycling of magnetic flux between the poloidal and toroidal components of the magnetic field, that manifests as the solar dipole
and sunspots, respectively. Here, we report the discovery of a new relationship between the rise rate of the sunspot cycle and the
decay rate of the solar (axial) dipole moment. This provides an extension to the Waldmeier effect in sunspot cycles and points to
the existence of a causal connection between the aforementioned physical quantities, which can be succinctly stated as the decay
rate of the Sun’s dipole moment is related to the rate of rise of the following sunspot cycle. We demonstrate how one may take
advantage of this new relationship to predict the timing of the sunspot cycle. Our analysis indicates solar cycle 25 is expected to
be a weak-moderate cycle, peaking in 2024.00+0.68 −0.49.
This document provides an overview of orbital perturbations and methods for modeling them. It introduces Cowell's method and Encke's method for numerically integrating the equations of motion with perturbations. It then discusses atmospheric drag as a perturbation, describing how drag causes orbits to decay over time. It provides the US Standard Atmosphere 1976 model for atmospheric density with altitude.
Bright features have been recently discovered by Dawn on Ceres, which extend
previous photometric and Space Telescope observations. These features should produce
distortions of the line profiles of the reflected solar spectrum and therefore an apparent
radial velocity variation modulated by the rotation of the dwarf planet. Here we report
on two sequences of observations of Ceres performed in the nights of 31 July, 26-
27 August 2015 by means of the high-precision HARPS spectrograph at the 3.6-m
La Silla ESO telescope. The observations revealed a quite complex behaviour which
likely combines a radial velocity modulation due to the rotation with an amplitude of
⇡ ±6 m s
This dissertation project examines the oscillation properties of coronal streamers after collisions with shock waves from coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The author developed an IDL program to calculate properties like wave speed, Alfvén speed, magnetic field, and magnetic tension force using electron density data from two CME/streamer collision events observed by the LASCO C2 coronagraph on SOHO. Results showed wave speed and Alfvén speed increased with height while density, magnetic field, and tension decreased with height. The study aimed to provide a method for calculating streamer wave properties to further understanding of coronal structures.
Why Does the Atmosphere Rotate? Trajectory of a desorbed moleculeJames Smith
As a step toward understanding why the Earth's atmosphere "rotates" with the Earth, we use using Geometric (Clifford) Algebra to investigate the trajectory of a single molecule that desorbs vertically upward from the Equator, then falls back to Earth without colliding with any other molecules. Sample calculations are presented for a molecule whose vertical velocity is equal to the surface velocity of the Earth at the Equator (463 m/s) and for one with a vertical velocity three times as high. The latter velocity is sufficient for the molecule to reach the Kármán Line (100,000 m). We find that both molecules fall to Earth behind the point from which they desorbed: by 0.25 degrees of latitude for the higher vertical velocity, but by only 0.001 degrees for the lower.
Atmospheric flows are governed by the equations of fluid dynamics. These equations are nonlinear. But because atmospheric flows are inhomogeneous and anisotropic, the nonlinearity may manifest itself only weakly through interactions of non-trivial mean flows with disturbances or eddies. In such situations, the quasi-linear (QL) approximation, that retains eddy-mean flow interactions but neglect eddy-eddy interactions, hold promise in resolving large-scale atmospheric dynamics. The statistics of the QL system corresponds to closing the hierarchy of statistical moments at the second order.
Hence, exploring QL dynamics paves the way for the development of direct statistical simulations of geophysical flows.
Using a hierarchy of idealized general circulation models, we identify when the QL approximation captures large-scale dynamics. We show that the QL dynamics fails to capture the flow when the dissipation of large-scale eddies occurs through strongly nonlinear eddy-eddy interactions in upper tropospheric surf zones, as it is often the case on Earth. But we demonstrate that the QL approximation captures eddy absorption when it arises from the shearing by the mean flow, for example when the eddy amplitude is small enough or the planetary rotation rate is large enough.
These results illustrate different classes of nonlinear processes that can control wave dissipation in the upper troposphere and show that in some parameter regimes the QL approximation is accurate to resolve large-scale dynamics.
This document describes software modules developed for analyzing low Earth orbit (LEO) missions. It discusses modules for detecting node crossings, acquisition and loss of signal events, and eclipse transitions. It also presents a reference orbit module that calculates the initial state for a sun-synchronous repeat ground track orbit with minimum altitude variance. Validation of the sun-synchronous and repeat ground track properties are shown through the stability of local solar time at nodes and consistency of the ground track pattern over multiple periods. The impact of perturbations like tesseral harmonics on the ground track regularity is also demonstrated.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
Titanic
1. 1
Eppure si muove
….despite tidal braking
Léo DUBAL
dubal @ archaeometry.org
Abstract:
The pearled solar eclipse of 1912.04.17 occurred 60 hours after the TITANIC disaster had cast its
shadow upon this exciting event. The data collected during this most elusive eclipse are compared
to those generated by Xavier JUBIER's 5MCSE, the most up-to date ergonomical solar eclipse
simulation freeware, which allows the choice of the DeltaT parameter, as well as the exact GPS
Coordinates of the observation site such as the balloon Globule at 900 meter over Rethondes,
see with Firefox
http://xjubier.free.fr/site_pages/solar_eclipses/xSE_GoogleMapFull.php?Ecl=+19120417&Acc=2&Umb=1
&Lmt=1&Mag=0&Lat=49.41497&Lng=2.93697&Elv=900.0&LC=1&Zoom=15&DdT=1
This kind of comparison will be extended to dozens of other solar eclipses spread over four
millennia.
For the last 4'000 years, the Earth's spin slowdown key-parameter ∆ T(t) will be assumed to
behave
as ∆ T(t) = 30.65 * t2
[s], where t is expressed in centuries.
An appropriate ephemeris SI day, as origin of the time axis, appears to be Julian Day 2'398'000.5.
Excellent agreement has been found between our Geo-Chronological Model and the records
described in World Annals of all reliable candidates of ancient solar eclipses. Those data are
compiled in the Table SAROS, see http://www.archaeometry.org/saros.pdf .
One might speculate if the seconds in excess of this Model compared to actual DeltaT values is the
consequence of recent global warming.
2. 2
Content
1. Time Scale
2. Slowdown of Earth' Spin
3. VLA' Canon of Solar Eclipses
4. Geo-Chronological Model vs. Solar Eclipses
5. Conclusion
1. Time Scale
The accuracy in retrodiction of past Solar Eclipses is bound to an adequate Modeling of
the slowing-down of the Earth's spin. The central parameter is the Length of the Day.
The secular length of the day λ is defined as:
λ = (36524.24)-1
[cy]
while the circadian length of the day L(D) :
L(D) = 24 [h] x 60 [m/h] x 60 [s/m] = 86'400 [s]
Since the introduction of Atomic clocks and of the SI seconds, one has to introduce an ideal
Do-Day which length is
Lo (Do) = 86'400 [s SI]
In obvious divergence with commonly accepted timing for Do
we suggest to choose for the ephemeris SI day
Do = JD 2’398’000.5 i.e. 1853.05.27 / 00:00 UT, JD meaning Julian Day.
In 1583, the year Galileo GALILEI observed that a pendulum could be used for keeping time
reliably, Joseph-Juste SCALIGER, the chronologist born in Agen, published in Lutecia "De
emendatione temporum" [On the Correction of Chronology], the genial dating system he conceived
after his lucky escape to Geneva from the St Bartholomew' massacre. SCALIGER named this first
linear time scale Julian Day in honor to his father Julius Caesar de L'ESCALLE. The introduction
of such a Reform for Chronology represents a deep paradigmatic change.
Let us underline that our empirical choice for the origin of the time-axis differs by half a century
from, e.g.: 1800.01.01, the origin picked-up by Kevin D. PANG, K.K. YAU & H.H. CHOU in
Geo.Res.For. 3-4, 1998, pp. 459-488, for their analysis of Ancient Chinese Solar Eclipses.
The time of occurrence of a solar eclipse will hereafter be referred as :
t = λ
.
(JD - Do) [cy]
From the cumulative Geophysical difference ∆Τ
∆T(t) = UT - AT [s]
between the Atomic Time defining Lo , and Universal Time defining L = L(t)
follows the difference in " LOD", the length of the day:
∆ L = L(t) - Lo = λ .
d∆T / dt [s]
3. 3
The rate of change of L(t) is therefore :
dL /dt = λ d2
∆T/dt2
[s . cy-1
]2
The average, fortnightly rate of change of secular lod is minute (ppm) compared to the rate of
change of the fortnightly lod ups & downs due to lunar tidal, see http://www.archaeometry.org/timetale.htm
2. Slow-down of Earth' Spin
The secular Earth's rotation rate
ω = 47.34
.
10
9
[ " / cy] might be expressed in terms of the L(t)
ω = 2
.
π / L [ rad . s
-1
] and its time variation, as:
dω/dt = - 2π.
L-2 .
dL/dt [ rad . s-1
.cy-1
] whence:
= - L-1 .
λ .
d2
∆T/dt2
[cy-1
]
Our Geo-Chronological Model assumes a parabolic time dependence for ∆T(t):
∆ T(t) = c.
t2
[s], whence
= - L-1 .
λ .
2 .
c = - 0.63377 .
10-9 .
c [ cy-1
]
According to J.G. WILLIAMS ("Diurnal and semidiurnal tidal contribution to lunar secular
acceleration" , EOS Trans Am. Geoph.Un. 73,43,126, 1992 ) the LLR (lunar laser ranging) data
indicates a secular acceleration of the Moon
= - 25.88 ± 0.5 [ " / cy2
]
According to K. LAMBECK (The Earth's Variable Rotation", Oxford Univ. Press, 1980)
the secular acceleration of the Moon induces a tidal braking of the Earth:
= + 1.07.10-9
. = - 27.7 . 10-9
[cy-1
]
Over the last four millennia, the sea-level around the Earth seems to have not exceeded
1% in fluctuation; t , the tidal braking might therefore be considered as constant,
at least in 1
st
approximation.
= - 0.63377 .
10-9 .
ct [ cy-1
] , with
ct = - 27.7 . 10-9
/ - 0.63377 .
10-9
= 43.7 [ s . cy -2
]
Tidal Braking is NOT the only force in action. As established by PANG et al. (op.cit.) for Ancient
Chinese Solar Eclipses, c lies within two boundaries : 27.5 < c < 32.5 [ s . cy
-2
]
As the results presented farther suggest, for the time laps of the last 4'000 years, an unique c-value,
well inside Pang's criterion, suffices to retrodict satisfactorily all available data.
This value is :
c = 30.65 [ s . cy
-2
] .
4. 4
The observed secular rate of change of the Earth's spin is therefore
= - 19.6 .
10-9
[cy-1
]
leading to an overall secular non-tidal acceleration
= -
= + 8.1 .
10-9
[cy-1
]
The combined effect ctr of Tidal Braking and post-glacial Rebound (or change of oblatness) is
ctr = 35.0 [ s . cy
-2
] . Those results are shown in the de REYFF-Chart ΔT(t = λ [JD-Do])
for 1/ tidal braking; 2/ post-glacial rebound; 3/ Solar eclipses data.
Post-glacial Rebound is not the only Non-Tidal forces at work. For other smaller components,
J.O. DICKEY listed, from core outwards: viscous torque, topographic coupling of the mantle to the
core, electromagnetic coupling, continental drift, earth-quakes, sea level loading, tsunami, ocean
currents, ground water, winds, and atmospheric loading. For the last 4'000 years, the stability of the
sea-level let one suggest that there has been, no change in the overall secular Non-Tidal
acceleration of the Earth (see http://www.archaeometry.org/helios.htm ).
5. 5
The limit of validity of this hypothesis is provided by the occurrence, over the last decade of a
decrease of the actual ΔT, (possibly an effect of global warming ?). In the graph the experimental
values of LOD measured since 1962 against extragalactic sources are compared with the continuous
slow-down Model.
The software used in the present analysis is 5MCSE of Xavier JUBIER. To introduce into 5MCSE
the DeltaT of our Model, one should add into the url: &DdT=1 e.g, for the Hipparchus eclipse,
of -128.11.20, the url is:
http://xjubier.free.fr/site_pages/solar_eclipses/xSE_GoogleMapFull.php?Ecl=01281120&Acc=2&
Umb=1&Lmt=1&Mag=0&Lat=40.146&Lng=26.398&Elv=10.0&Zoom=10&LC=1&DdT=1
3. VLA Canon of Observed Solar Eclipses
Our Geo-Chronological Model has been applied to both, more recent and older solar eclipses,
resulting in a new Canon of Solar Eclipses. On Table SAROS http://www.archaeometry.org/saros.pdf
will be downloaded (PDF 63 ko) the output data generated by 5MCSE for dozen of relevant solar
eclipses: timed according to the Geo-Chronological Model and precisely located thanks to
GoogleEarth.
"Relevant" means here for which Annals Records are not - at least too obviously - apocryphal, and
provide sufficient information to make a qualified guess :
i) a fair estimate of the location of the observation site,
ii) a convincing date for the eclipse,
iii) a plausible order of magnitude of the eclipse at the observation site.
6. 6
Such criteria have not been used in the other CANONS available on the web, such as the
monumental Ancient & Medieval Eclipses in European Sources of F.K.GINZEL, originally
published in Berlin, in 1899.
With the solar eclipse SAROS 26/40 (-1301.06.05) which, we supposed, see
http://www.archaeometry.org/dating.htm, to be described on a SHANG turtle bone oracle, excavated
in Xiaotun, near Anyang (Henan), one has an interesting example how, a Geo-Chronological
Model, could comfort a linguistic interpretation or another. Instead of adjusting Delta T in order to
produce a 6 [m] long totality over Xiaotun, the Magnitude retrodicted is a mere Magnitude of
0.83...i.e.: does not qualify to be listed in Table SAROS.
SAROS 118/43 (1560.08.21), discussed in the next Chapter, is another example not qualifying for
an entrance in the Table, due to the partial unreliability of the Annals.
One should notice that, prior to year 840 Common Era, solar eclipses have been used to date
Annals, with the uncertainty associated to such a guess-work. Those proto-historical eclipses are
marked in the Table SAROS with grey background. A graphical presentation of those results is
given in the above de Reyff'- Chart.
4. Geo-Chronological Model vs. Solar Eclipses
Table SAROS http://www.archaeometry.org/saros.pdf presents a formatted, compact version of the
data studied so far. One will note the surprisingly high degree of coherence between the available
records of all those solar eclipses and their retrodicted values. So far the classical empirical
approach has been to attempt best-fitting of the solar eclipses records, at the cost of assuming
reliability of the available, often dubious, information.
With our Model, one has a tool to pin-point deviant behaviour of the Earth, if any...
For completeness, about the wide range of interpretation of solar eclipses, let us remember that, in
1929, N.A.MOROZOV suggested that the "THUCYDIDES Triad" was the "contribution" of
J. KEPLER, to proof scientifically the date of the Peloponnesus War...
To demonstrate the interest of this Geo-Chronological Model, let us cross-examine both
retrodictions, and Annals reports for a few dozen of solar eclipses:
1) SAROS 134/43 on 2005.10.03
According to Bulletin de l'IERS, the Delta T-value for this day was 65 seconds.
The Geo-Chronological Model generates, though, a higher value, i.e. ∆ T= 71 [s].
If this rebound trend (induced by global warming?) would go on in the future, this might signal the
end of the past "quiet" 4000 years long period.
With the value ∆ T= 71 [s], 5MCSE predicts @ E1.41887 / N38.7347 (Pitiüses Islands.)
C2 at 09:02:08 UT Max at 09:03:47 UT C3 at 09:05:25 UT
with a magnitude of 0.960, a height of 34° and a duration 3m 17s.
In comparison, with the measured value (intergalactic Quasars), ∆T= 65 [s], one predicts
C2 at 09:02:18 Max at 09:03:55 C3 at 09:05:31
with a magnitude of 0.960, a height of 34° and a duration 3m 14s.
Those last results agree with VLA's photographical records (with filter 10
-5
)
7. 7
09:02:27 UT 09:03:43 UT 09:04:13 UT 09:05:23 UT
The indicated UT-time is the one of the GPS-calibrated clock of the camera
As documented by VLA at 09:04:07 UT, one can observe the maximum of an annular eclipse,
using, here, one Ø1mm & one Ø2 mm holes in a foil,
with a resulting four-fold intensity difference in the images projected onto a wall.
On 2005.10.03 @ E1.4 / N38.7 at 08:50 UT, we took a picture without any artificial filter in front
of the camera, the light of the solar crescent being naturally filtered by the clouds.
Those most exciting conditions of observation lasted for about 3 minutes.
Before the invention of protective glasses, the occurrence of such conditions allowed nearly optimal
naked eye observation of partial solar eclipses ...
2) SAROS 137/30 on 1912.04.17
In the Annals 1912 of the Société Astronomique Française, published by Camille FLAMMARION,
one finds precious data on this exceptional eclipse. A special page is devoted to this event, please
click on http://www.archaeometry.org/19120417.htm
8. 8
3) SAROS 126/41 on 1900.05.28
The drawing of the corona due to Fr. MOREUX at site @ W 0.72 / N 38.27 is particularly
interesting : "..couronne tissées de fils...presque irréels"
It is corroborated @ E3.1 / N 36.7 by the drawing of A.C. CROMMELIN
and the one of E.W. MAUNDER
4) SAROS 133/29 on 1724.05.22
@ E2.107 / N48.81, in the Trianon from Versailles, Jacques CASSINI & LOUIS XV proceeded
to the first chronometric observation of a solar eclipse, comforted by the measurements of
DESLILE at the Observatory of Paris. DE REYFF, see http://www.archaeometry.org/trianon.pdf ,
discussed the consequences of this important scientific event (though optimistic concerning
CASSINI's skill to
5) SAROS 133/25 on 1652.04.08
@ W5.806 / N54.713, the duration of totality was 21 seconds. The observation of Dr WYBERG
http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SENL/SENL200404.pdf on the Northern border of the Belfast Lough are most
precious, because Carrickfergus was also just at the Northern border of the totality
path. ". . . [ the Sun was reduced to] a very slender crescent of light, the Moon all at once threw herself within the
margin of the solar disc with such agility that she seemed to revolve like an upper millstone, affording a pleasant
spectacle of rotatory motion." This eclipse represents therefore a most important test of our Model.
9. 9
6) SAROS 137/13 on 1605.10.12
The so-called "Noirceur" @ E5.37 / N43.29, over Marseille leads one to presume that, on an
October afternoon, a magnitude of 0.985 looks particularly dark. For comparison, let us note that
the pictures taken in Geneva on 1912.04.17 with a magnitude of 0.889 look already pretty grim.
7) SAROS 112/58 on 1567.04.09
For this pearled eclipse @ E12.457 / N41.902, 5MCSE retrodicts M= 0.997. The Vatican was
slightly North of the narrow totality path. CLAVIUS (1537-1612) claims to have witnessed two
Eclipses of the Sun in the space of 7 years. CLAVIUS reported in 1593, a quarter of century after
SAROS 112/58, http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SENL/SENL200404.pdf , in Sphaeram Ioannis de Sacrobosco,
Commentarius, p.508, reads: The other I saw at Rome in the year 1567 also about midday in which although the
Moon was placed between my sight and the Sun it did not obscure the whole Sun as previously (i.e. in Lusitania) but a
narrow circle was left on the Sun, surrounding the whole Moon on all sides.
One might guess, that, he saw the FLAMMARION partial corona.
8) SAROS 118/43 on 1560.08.21:
This eclipse was total over Granada and OPorto. while in Coimbra, @ W8.412/N40.221, the
retrodicted Magnitude was 0.996, In the report previously quoted, CLAVIUS said: "One of these I
observed about midday at Coimbra in Lusitania in the year 1559, in which the Moon was placed between my sight and
the Sun with the result that it covered the whole Sun for a considerable length of time." Obviously, after such a
long time he could not remember well the year, because in Portugal, around 1559, the only solar
eclipse occurred a year later. If he saw himself the eclipse at all, did he remember his site of
observation correctly ?
9) SAROS 121/28 on 1431.02.12
This eclipse was total over Perugia @ E12.39/N43.11 at 14:38UTAntonio dei Veghi, in Diario
dall'anno 1423 al 1491. http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SENL/SENL200402.pdf wrote:
"On February 12 at about the 21st or 22nd hour, the Sun was completely obscured and in front of the Sun was placed a
black circle like a little wheel. It became as dark as night and the sky revealed the stars. The birds went to roost as
they usually do at night. Everyone was feeling ill at ease as a result of this event.It began half an hour before the Sun
was covered over. It gradually lost its light even to the hour stated above. . ." Time here was obviously counted since
sunset the day before.
10) SAROS 115/33 on 1239.06.03:
In Arrezzo 250 paces long…. In Mende, totality with 98%....!!!!
At least nine different Annals, relate the event, i.e:
Coimbra (Chronicon Conimbricensis)
Toledo (Anales Toledanos)
Mende (Arch. Gévaudaises, 1913)
Montpellier (Zurita, Anales de la Corona de Aragon)
Firenze (Storie Fiorentina)
Siena (Archivo de Duomo di Siena)
Arezzo (RISTORO d'Arezzo: Della composizione del mondo )
Cesena (Annales Caesenates)
Split (Thomae Historia Pontificum Salonitanorum et Spalatinorum)
10. 10
RISTORO d'Arezzo’s report is most interesting: the totality there was the longest, i.e. 350 seconds:
“while I was in the city of Arezzo, where I was born, and in which I am writing this book,in our monastery, a building which is
situated towards the end of the fifth latitude zone, whose latitude from the equator is 42 and a quarter degrees (vs GPS
N43.46), and whose westerly longitude is 32 and a third (vs GPS E11.87), one Friday, at the 6 th hour of the day (vs
12:15UT), when the Sun was 20 deg in Gemini and the weather was calm and clear, the sky began to turn yellow and I
saw the whole body of the Sun covered step by step and it became night. I saw Mercury close to the Sun, and all the
animals and birds were terrified; and the wild beasts could easily by caught. There were some people who caught birds
and animals, because they were bewildered. The air and the ground began to become cold; and it began to be
covered and uncovered from the west.”I saw the Sun entirely covered for the space of time in which a man could
walk fully 250 paces. This early chronometry exercise reveals that the paces in a monastery are twice
slower than mine... This multi-site solar eclipse observation represents a unique opportunity to
represents a unique opportunity to audit medieval Annals. Translating Arch. Gévaudaises, 1913
http://www.archaeometry.org/mende.pdf gives: "A.D. 1239,...the 3rd of nones of June,...between nones
(i.e.:3 p.m.)and noon,...there was a total solar eclipse". While at the 8 other observation sites,
totality lasted between 3 to 6 minutes, in Mende, the magnitude did not reached 98%,
see http://www.archaeometry.org/saros.pdf
11) SAROS 121/14 on 1178.09.13
The information given in Arch. Gévaudaises, 1913, is minimal. It is based on "Chronicle and custom of
Bishop GUILLAUME IV de Peyre" (1194), quoting ADELBERT III, his predecessor in Mende. The site is
therefore supposed to be @ E 3.50 / N44.52 . The report reads: "Eleven hundred after seventy eight, the
Moon hid the Sun in its 21st day". Only the year is mentioned, what is already most precious, but "its 21st
day" is a weird way of describing the new Moon.
12) SAROS 102/43 on 1133.08.02 :
Honorii Augustodunensis: Summa Totius et Imagine Mundi.
"Duke Frederick . . . set fire to the town of Augsburg and killed many of its citizens . . .An eclipse of the Sun occurred
on the 4th day before the Nones of August at midday for about an hour, such as is not seen in a thousand years.
Eventually the whole sky was dark like night, and stars were seen over almost the whole sky. At length the Sun,
emerging from the darkness, appeared like a star, afterwards in the form of a new Moon; finally it assumed its original
form."
Distinguished researchers have confused Honoré d'Autun, with the city of Augsburg !
Our Model restores the truth... The totality over Regensburg, @E12.0886/ N49.0188 ,
the residence of the famous author of Imagine Mundi, lasted 2m 45s.
13) SAROS 111/29 on 1033.06.29
For the eclipse @ E 4.659 / N 46.434: with a retrodicted magnitude 0.985 over Cluny, the Annals
mention the appreciation:... "truly frightening": La même année, la millième après la Passion du Seigneur,
le troisième jour des calendes de juillet, un vendredi vingt-huitième jour de la lune, se produisit une éclipse
ou obscurcissement du soleil, qui dura depuis la sixième heure de ce jour jusqu'à la huitième et fut vraiment
terrible. Le soleil prit la couleur du saphir, et il portait à sa partie supérieure l'image de la lune à son
premier quartier. Les hommes, en se regardant entre eux, se voyaient pâles comme des morts...». The time
mentioned between the 6 and 8th hours after dawn is consistent with the retrodicted time of the first
& last penumbra contacts, i.e.09:42 & 12:45 UT. The date, mentioned as the 3rd day before the July
Calendars, is indeed June 29th. The depiction of the maximum: i.e. the Sun was carrying on his
upper part the image of the Moon at its 1st quarter, is consistent with retrodiction time of 11:13 UT.
11. 11
14) SAROS 115/18 on 968.12.22
The solar corona @ E29. / N41. is described in Leo DEACONIS Historiae as: a narrow headband,
shining around the edge of the disk.
15 ) SAROS 90/55 on 840.05.05
With the description of this eclipse @E9.37 /N47.42, in the Annales Sangallenses,
http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/de/csg/0915/204 one has the very first Chronicle description of an
eclipse. Previous annals’ reports were themselves dated on the basis of eclipses! Year 840 is, in this
sense, the beginning of modern History of solar eclipses.
The year, here, is explicitly given: ω.xl. with the abbreviation ω standing for 800 This Chronic is
corroborated by the Chronicon Andreas Presbyter Bergomas, saec. IX, Historia 620, 255 line 9 in webpage
http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/fr/vad/0317/82r/medium .
This Chronicon of ANDREAS Bergomatis is available on the web since June 2009. The death of
LOUIS I, just mentioned in CSG, is usually assumed to occur on 840.06.20. It is described in
ANDREAS B. Chronicon in relation to this long eclipse over Bergamo, and the 3rd year of
indiction: May 840 matches the 3rd year of the 35th indiction (indiction is the 15 years long
ecclesiastical fiscal period introduced by CONSTANTIN on 312.09.01). For the precise day ,
both Chronicles indicate 3 days before the None's of May, which, is indeed May 5th, and for
the hour, the Chronicon mentions totalitythat
whBergamo,
in3:55UT0sunrise,after½8atoccured
ich gives 12:25 UT while 5MCSE
retrodicts 12:36 UT. For a more in-depth discussion, see http://www.archaeometry.org/timetale.htm
12. 12
16) SAROS 79/29 on 71.03.20
This eclipse was total for half a minute over the city of Athens, while it is believed that the poet
PLUTARCH spent most of his life in his city of Chaeronea.In De facie in orbe lunae, PLUTARCH
lets an Athenian (friend of his ?) called Lucius, describe a solar eclipse: ...beginning just after
noonday Later, Lucius described "...a kind of light visible about the rim, keeping the shadow from
being profound.." what corresponds well to the partial corona, as coined by FLAMMARION
17) SAROS 62/54 on 65.12.16
For the eclipse over the Kingdom of CHU, with magnitude of 0.997 over the capital Xuzhou @
E117.15/ N34.25 one might ask if it has not been instrumental in enforcing Buddhism.
18) SAROS 79/18 on -128.11.29 The totality path crossed over the Hellespont, e.g. 17 s
duration @ E26.398/N40.146 while 1/5 of the sun disk was still visible in Alexandria @E29.9
/N31.2: this matches exactly with the description given by PAPPUS and CLEOMEDRE of the
characteristics of the eclipse used by the Greek astronomer HIPPARCHUS in his evaluation of
DE-M, the Distance Earth-Moon, in terms of RE, the Earth Radius.
We do not know how HIPPARCHUS actually proceeded. A qualified guess has been 90 Earth
Radii http://www.phy6.org/stargaze/Shipparc.htm .
Another approach is: as the height of the sun was only 12° over the horizon, it must have been easy
to remember its position over the landscape and then to estimate the azimuths of the two
observation sites, i.e. 233° and 239° as retrodicted by 5MCSE.
The ratio RE / DE-M equals the ratio of a 1/5 of the sun apparent angle 0.5°/5 and of the 6°
difference in azimuth, i.e. 0.1° / 6° = 1/60, The distance from Alexandria to the Moon is then 60
Earth Radii. As expected, there exist other opinions on HIPPARCHUS... e.g.: On the web-site of
the School of Mathematics, Uni. St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hipparchus.html
forwarding the claims of G J TOOMER, HIPPARCHUS on the distances of the Sun and Moon,
Arch. History Exact Sci. 14 (1974), 126-142 it is boldly stated that HIPPARCHUS used the eclipse
on -189.03.14,on his birthday so to speak...
19) SAROS 75/27 ON -135.04.15
Totality path crossed over Babylon. Full discussion is at http://www.archaeometry.org/chronographic.html
20) SAROS 69/24 on -309.08.15
The totality zone with its southern border at the bay of Syracusa @E15.29 /N37.07,makes the tale
of the escape of AGATHOCLES to sounds plausible.
21) SAROS 50/42 on -462.04.30
Out of the eclipse @ E10.32 /N36.83 emerged, in 1995, http://www.archaeometry.org/cdz.htm the
hypothesis that this event might have been instrumental in the institution of the cult of the Goddess
TANIT http://www.archaeometry.org/tanit.htm in Carthage. 5MCSE retrodicts M=0.985 at 12:39 UT.
13. 13
22) SAROS 42/62 on -477.02.17
For this annular eclipse @ E23.38 / N38.36 the Theban poet PINDAR, while 40 years, old, wrote an
Ode (Paens, IX) to the citizens of his city, evoking the long annular eclipse: ....star supreme, reft
from us in the daytime !and the threats of the Theban winter: ...an unspeakably violent snow-storm
23) SAROS 44/42 on -708.07.17
This eclipse @E116.576 /N35.401 is the first reported in Chinese Annals, see:
http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/iaucomm41/meetings/ga2000/as_li.html .
This stele, photographied by Li CiYuan, is now at Xian. It is a later copy of earlier Annals from
Jining @E116.576/ N35.401, what became 150 years later the native place of Confucius.
One reads 7th month (counted from winter solstice) and Renchen, the 29th day of the Jiazi, the
"60 days Chinese week". Taking into account the algorithm for the Jiazi (JD-10)/60, one obtains
(1'462'659-10)/60=24'377 with a rest of 29. Associated with the name of LU HuangGong, the chief
of the kingdom of Lu provides unmistakably the date of this nearly 2 minutes long solar
eclipse, i.e., a very strong argument for the Geo-Chronological Model.
24) SAROS 26/38 on -1337.05.14
During the eclipse @ E30.90 /N27.67 the totality over the site, where two years later
AKHENATEN, see http://www.archaeometry.org/nefertiti.htm, will inaugurate his capital Akhet-Aten,
25) SAROS 23/14 on -1911.09.24
For the annular eclipse @E111.7° / N27.67, one deals with the oldest solar eclipse ever mentioned.
This "Double Sunset" which took place at sun dawn over Chande, in western part of the San Miao
Kingdom, has first been described by PANG et al in GeoRes Forum pp 479-481.