The document discusses plant tissue. There are two types of plant tissue: meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue is dividing tissue found at tips of roots and stems that helps in growth. It differentiates into permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Xylem and phloem are complex permanent tissues that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

1. TISSUE
BY: MISS RITIMA
APS RAKHMUTHI

2. TISSUE
THE CELL IS THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL
UNIT OF LIFE. EVERY ORGANISM IS MADE UP OF
CELLS.
CELLS COMBINE TO FORM TISSUE.
THE TERM TISSUE WAS COINED BY BICHAT IN
1792.
THE STUDY CELL IS CALLED AS HISTOLOGY.
THE PLANTS AND ANIMALS ARE MADE UP OF
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS WHICH COMBINE TO
FORM TISSUE.

3. PLANT TISSUE
THE TISSUE PRESENT IN THE PLANTS IS CALLED
PLANT TISSUE. THE PLANT TISSUE IS OF TWO
TYPES:
a. MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
b. PERMANENT TISSUE.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT TISSUE

5. MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
THE MERISTEMATIC TISSUE DIVIDE
CONTINIOUSLY AND HELP IN INCREASING THE
LENGTH AND GIRTH OF THE PLANT.
CHRACTERSTICS OF MRISTEMATIC TISSUE
THEY ARE SIMILAR IN STRUCTURE HAVING A
THIN WALL OF CELLULOSE.
THEY MAY BE SPHERICAL , OVAL , POLYGONAL
RECTANGULAR IN SHAPE.
THEY ARE COMPACTLY ARRANGED.
THE MERISTEMATIC CELLS CONTAIN SINGLE
LARGE NUCLEUS AND ABUNDANT CYTOPLASM.

6. TYPES OF MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
ON BASIS OF POSITION
APICAL MERISTEMS
LATERAL MERISTEM
INTERCALARY MERISTEM

7. TYPES OF MERISTEMATIC TISSUE ON
BASIS OF POSITION

8. APICAL MERISTEM
 IT IS SITUATED AT THE TIP OF STEM AND ROOT.
THE APICAL MERISTEM WHICH IS PRESENT AT THE
TIP OF STEM CONSTITUTE SHOOT APEX. THE APICAL
MERISTEM WHICH IS PRESENT AT THE TIP OF ROOT
CONSTITUTE ROOT APEX.
APICAL MERISTEM IS ALSO FOUND IN THE APICES OF
THE LEAVES.
LATERAL MERISTEM
IT IS FOUND BENEATH BARK AND VASCULAR
BUNDLES OF DICOT ROOTS AND STEM.
IT OCCURS IN THIN LAYERS.
CAMBIUM IS THE REGION WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE
FOR GROWTH IN THICKNESS.

9. INTERCALARY MERISTEM
ITS MAIN FUNCTION IS TO PROVIDE
ELONGATION AND GROWTH TO THAT PART OF
PLANT WHERE THEY ARE PRESENT.
 INTERCALARY OCCUR AT THE BASE OF
INTERNODES OR AT THE BASE OF NODES OR
LEAVES.

10. FUNCTIONS OF MERISTEMATIC
TISSUE
THE MERISTEMATIC TISSUE ACT AS A PARENT
TISSUE FROM WHICH OTHER TISSUE DEVELOPS.
THE MERISTEMATIC TISSUE TAKES PART IN
GROWTH BY THE FORATION OF NEW CELLS.
WITH THE HELP OF MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
PLANTS CONTINUE TO PRODUCE NEW LEAVES,
BRANCHES, ROOTS , FLOWERS etc.
THE PLACE OF INJURY IN PLANTS IS HEALED UP
BY THE FORMATION OF NEW CELLS BY THE
MERISTEMS.

11. PERMANENT TISSUE
THE CELLS FORMED BY THE MERISTEMATIC
TISSUE TAKES UP THE SPECIFIC ROLE AND LOSES
ITS ABILITY TO DIVIDE . THUS THEY FORM A TYPE
OF NEW TISSUE CALLED AS PERMANENT TISSUE.
THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE MERISTEMATIC
TISSUE IS TRANSFORMED INTO PERMANENT
TISSUE IS CALLED AS CELL DIFFRENTIATION.
TYPES OF PERMANENT TISSUE:
a. SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
b. COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE

12. SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
THE SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE ARE
COMPOSED OF CELLS WHICH ARE STRUCTURALLY
AND FUNCTIONALLY SIMILAR.
THE SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE HAS ONE TYPE
OF CELLS.
THE SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE IS FURTHER
CATEGORISED INTO FOLLOWING TYPES:
a. PARENCHYMA
b. COLLENCHYMA
c. SCLERENCHYMA

13. -
PARENCHYMA
 THEY ARE LIVING AND HAVE A POWER OF
DIVISION.
FOUND IN BULK IN PLANT BODY.
THESE CELLS ARE ISODIAMETRIC ( EQUALLY
EXPANDS ON ALL SIDES)
IT IS WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN PLANT BODIES
SUCH AS STEMS , LEAVES , FLOWERS AND FRUITS.
THE PARENCHYMA TISSUE IS FOUND IN THE SOFT
PARTS OF THE PLANTS SUCH AS ROOT CORTEX ,
GROUND TISSUE IN STEMS , MESOPHYLL OF
LEAVES.

14. FUNCTIONS OF PARENCHYMA
THE MAIN FUNCTION OF THE PARENCHYMA IS TO
STORE AND ASSIMILATE FOOD . THUS IT ACT AS A
FOOD STORAGE TISSSUE.
IT SERVES AS A PACKING TISSUE .
IT TRANSPORTS MATERIAL.
THESE CELLS ARE METABOLICALLY ACTIVE , THEIR
INTERCELLULAR SPACES ALLOW GASEOUS EXCHANGE.
IF THE CHLOROPLAST IS PRESENT IN THE
PARENCHYMA IT IS CALLED AS CHLORENCHYMA AND
IT PERDORMS PHOTOSYNTHETIC FUNCTION.
IN HYDROPHYTES ,IT GIVES BUOYANCY TO PLANT.
IN XEROPHYTES , IT ACT AS WATER STORAGE
TISSUE.

15. COLLENCHYMA
COLLENCHYMA ALSO CONSIST OF LIVING CELLS.
THE CHRACTERISTIC FEATURE OF THE
COLLENCHYMA IS THE DEPOSITION OF EXTRA
CELLULOSE AT THE CORNERS OF THE CELLS.
THERE IS NO INTERCELLULAR SPACES BETWEEN
CELLS AND THEY ARE ELONGATED IN SHAPE.
FUNCTION OF COLLENCHYMA
IT PROVIDE MECHANICAL SUPPORT AND
STRENGTH. THUS IT IS A MECHANICAL TISSUE.
IT PROVIDE STRENGTH AND FLEXIBILITY.

16. SCLERENCHYMA
 SCLERENCHYMA CELLS ARE DEAD AND THEY ARE
DEVOID OF THE PROTOPLASM.
THE CELL WALLS ARE LIGNIFIED.
DUE TO EXCESSIVE THICKENING OF THE
SCLERENCHYMA CELL WALL, THE CELL CAVITY OR
LUMEN IS ABSENT.
IN BETWEEN SCLERENCHYMA CELLS THERE EXIST A
MIDDLE LAMELLA (CEMENTING MATERIAL)
FUNCTION
IT IS MECHANIC AND PROTECTIVE IN FUNCTION.
IT PROVIDES ELASTICITY TO PLANT BODY AND HELP
TO STAND IN VARIOUS STRAINS.

18. COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE
 THE COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE CONSIST OF
MORE THAN ONE TYPE OF TISSUE HAVING A
COMMON ORIGIN.
COMPLEX TISSUE TRANSPORT WATER , MINERAL ,
SALT AND FOOD MATERIAL TO VARIOUS PARTS OF THE
PLANT BODY.
 COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE CONSIST OF :
a. XYLEM b. PHLOEM
XYLEM AND PHLOEM BOTH ARE CONDUCTING TISSUE
AND KNOWN AS VASCULAR TISSUE. TOGETHER
BOTH OF THEM CONSIST OF VASCULAR BUNDLES.

19. XYLEM
XYLEM IS A CONDUCTING TISSUE .
XYLEM COMPOSED OF CELLS OF FOUR
DIFFERENT TYPES :
a. TRACHEIDS
b. VESSELS
c. XYLEM PARENCHY,MA
d. XYLEM SCLERENCHYMA
EXCEPT THE XYLEM PARENCHYMA, ALL ELEMENTS
ARE DEAD AND BOUNDED BY THE THICK
LIGNIFIED CELL WALLS.

20. -TRACHEIDS
 THESE ARE SINGLE CELLED.
THE ENDS REMAIN ENACTED.
THE WALS OF THE TRACHEIDS ARE VERY THICK WITH
NARROW LUMEN .
THEY CONDUCT WATER.
VESSELS
THESE WALLS OF THESE ARE MADE OF ROWS OF CELLS.
THE END WALLS GET DISSOLVED AND BECOME
PERFORATED.
THE WALLS OF VESSEL ARE LESS THICK . YHEY HAVE
WIDER LUMEN.
XYLEM PARENCHYMA
IT STORES FOOD AND HELP IN LATERAL CONDUCTION OF
WATER

21. PHLOEM
THE PHLOEM CONDUCT ORGANIC SOLUTE OR
FOOD MATERIAL .
COMPONENTS OF PHLOEM ARE:
a. SIEVE TUBES
b. COMPANION CELLS
c. PHLOEM PARENCHYMA
d. PHLOEM FIBRES

22. -
SIEVE TUBES
 THE SIEVE TUBES ARE SLENDER TUBES LIKE
STRUCTURE COMPOSED OF ELONGATED THIN
WALLED CELLS, PLACED END TO END.
THEIR END WALLS ARE PERFORATED.
THE NUCLEUS IN EACH SIEVE CELL DEGENRATE
AT MATURITY. THUS NUCLEI IS ABSENT IN MATURE
CELL.
COMPANION CELL
THE COMPANION CELLS ARE THIN WALLED
CELLS AND CONTAIN VERY ACTIVE CYTOPLASM
WITH LARGE ELONGATED NUCLEUS.

23. -PHLOEM PARENCHYMA
 THESE ARE THIN WALLED LIVING CELLS.
 THE FUNCTION OF PHLOEM PARENCHYMA IS
STORAGE AND LATERAL CONDUCTION OF FOOD.
PHLOEM FIBRES
 THESE ARE THICK WALLED ELONGATED SPINDLE
SHAPED DEAD CELLS.
THEY HAVE NARROW LUMEN.
THEY PROVIDE MECHANICAL STRENGTH.
BLAST FIBRES OBTAINED FROM SOME PLANTS
SUCH AS JUTE , HEMP , FLEX HAVE ECNOMIC
IMPORTANCE.

24. FUNCTION OF PHLOEM
PHLOEM TRANSPORTS PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY
PREPARED FOOD MATERIAL FROM LEAVES TO THE
STORAGE ORGAN AND LATER FROM STORAGE
ORGANS TO THE GROWING REGIONS OF THE
PLANT BODY.