- Approximately 650,000 to 900,000 people in the US are living with HIV, many unaware of their infection status. HIV is most easily transmitted through exposure to contaminated blood, especially through needle sharing and unprotected sex while under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
- Substance use can interfere with HIV medication effectiveness and damage the immune system, worsening health outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach is needed to effectively address both substance abuse and HIV.
- HIV testing and counseling helps people understand their risks, make behavioral changes to reduce transmission, and seek medical care if infected. However, some myths persist about transmission and many people engage in high risk behaviors.
Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a disregard for others, impulsive behavior, lack of guilt or remorse. It begins in childhood as antisocial conduct disorder and continues into adulthood. The causes are thought to include abnormal brain function, unstable childhood environments, and smoking during pregnancy which can cause fetal brain damage. Treatment includes psychotherapy, institutionalization, incarceration, group therapy, medications, and cognitive behavioral therapy.
The document discusses changes in diagnoses of common childhood disorders in the DSM-5. It notes that the DSM-IV grouped several disorders together, but the DSM-5 eliminates this approach. Specific changes include intellectual disability replacing mental retardation, social communication disorder being added to autism spectrum disorder, autism spectrum disorder encompassing four previously separate diagnoses, modifications to ADHD criteria and subtypes, and alterations to conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and other diagnoses.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Kavita Sahmey for the degree of Master of Arts in Development Studies. It examines factors underlying juvenile delinquency and positive youth development programs in India. The dissertation aims to study the causes of juvenile delinquency and measures taken for positive development of children in conflict with the law. It analyzes the socio-economic profiles and rehabilitative mechanisms for 50 inmates at a government observation home in Rourkela, Odisha through interviews and questionnaires. Five case studies of juvenile offenses are also examined in detail using the case study method. The results indicate that juvenile offenses stem from a combination of individual and environmental factors like family issues, peer influence, poverty, and lack of proper
This is a project for a high school AP Psychology course. This is a fictionalized account of having a psychological ailment. For questions about this blog project or its content, please email the teacher, Laura Astorian: laura.astorian@cobbk12.org
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects 3-7% of school-aged children, with boys being affected 4-9 times more than girls. Genetics play a role in about 75% of cases. Symptoms include difficulty paying attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The first line treatment is stimulant medication along with behavioral therapies to help children develop routines and skills to manage their behavior. Nursing care involves ensuring a safe environment and adequate supervision to prevent injury due to impulsive behaviors.
Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by pervasive distrust and suspicion of others. Individuals with this disorder assume that others will exploit, harm, or deceive them even without evidence. They are preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty of friends and associates. The disorder may first appear in childhood as solitariness, poor social skills, and feelings of hypersensitivity. While prevalence is estimated around 2-4%, individuals with this disorder rarely seek treatment. Psychotherapy is generally recommended but little research exists on effective treatment approaches due to low treatment rates.
Substance Abuse, Psychiatric Nursing, B. Sc (N) PPTNithiy Uday
The document discusses substance abuse and alcohol dependence. It defines key terms like substance abuse, addiction, dependence, and withdrawal. It covers the ICD-10 classification of substance use disorders and commonly abused substances. It discusses the etiology of substance abuse from biological, behavioral, psychological, and social perspectives. It provides details on the stages of alcoholism, clinical features of alcohol dependence, and psychiatric disorders caused by alcohol like acute intoxication, withdrawal syndrome, amnestic disorders, and mood disorders. It also covers relapse in alcohol dependence and complications of long-term alcohol abuse.
Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a disregard for others, impulsive behavior, lack of guilt or remorse. It begins in childhood as antisocial conduct disorder and continues into adulthood. The causes are thought to include abnormal brain function, unstable childhood environments, and smoking during pregnancy which can cause fetal brain damage. Treatment includes psychotherapy, institutionalization, incarceration, group therapy, medications, and cognitive behavioral therapy.
The document discusses changes in diagnoses of common childhood disorders in the DSM-5. It notes that the DSM-IV grouped several disorders together, but the DSM-5 eliminates this approach. Specific changes include intellectual disability replacing mental retardation, social communication disorder being added to autism spectrum disorder, autism spectrum disorder encompassing four previously separate diagnoses, modifications to ADHD criteria and subtypes, and alterations to conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and other diagnoses.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Kavita Sahmey for the degree of Master of Arts in Development Studies. It examines factors underlying juvenile delinquency and positive youth development programs in India. The dissertation aims to study the causes of juvenile delinquency and measures taken for positive development of children in conflict with the law. It analyzes the socio-economic profiles and rehabilitative mechanisms for 50 inmates at a government observation home in Rourkela, Odisha through interviews and questionnaires. Five case studies of juvenile offenses are also examined in detail using the case study method. The results indicate that juvenile offenses stem from a combination of individual and environmental factors like family issues, peer influence, poverty, and lack of proper
This is a project for a high school AP Psychology course. This is a fictionalized account of having a psychological ailment. For questions about this blog project or its content, please email the teacher, Laura Astorian: laura.astorian@cobbk12.org
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects 3-7% of school-aged children, with boys being affected 4-9 times more than girls. Genetics play a role in about 75% of cases. Symptoms include difficulty paying attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The first line treatment is stimulant medication along with behavioral therapies to help children develop routines and skills to manage their behavior. Nursing care involves ensuring a safe environment and adequate supervision to prevent injury due to impulsive behaviors.
Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by pervasive distrust and suspicion of others. Individuals with this disorder assume that others will exploit, harm, or deceive them even without evidence. They are preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty of friends and associates. The disorder may first appear in childhood as solitariness, poor social skills, and feelings of hypersensitivity. While prevalence is estimated around 2-4%, individuals with this disorder rarely seek treatment. Psychotherapy is generally recommended but little research exists on effective treatment approaches due to low treatment rates.
Substance Abuse, Psychiatric Nursing, B. Sc (N) PPTNithiy Uday
The document discusses substance abuse and alcohol dependence. It defines key terms like substance abuse, addiction, dependence, and withdrawal. It covers the ICD-10 classification of substance use disorders and commonly abused substances. It discusses the etiology of substance abuse from biological, behavioral, psychological, and social perspectives. It provides details on the stages of alcoholism, clinical features of alcohol dependence, and psychiatric disorders caused by alcohol like acute intoxication, withdrawal syndrome, amnestic disorders, and mood disorders. It also covers relapse in alcohol dependence and complications of long-term alcohol abuse.
This document summarizes a webinar on co-occurring risk behaviors during adolescence. The webinar objectives were to describe how youth risk behaviors are correlated, identify factors that place youth at risk for multiple outcomes, consider how teen pregnancy programs address overlapping risk factors, and discuss implications for partnerships and sustainability. The webinar included an overview of youth risk behaviors, lessons from a teen pregnancy prevention program in New Orleans that addressed trauma and mental health needs, and implications for considering common and unique risk factors in programming.
This document discusses several key topics regarding adolescent development:
1) It explores the development of identity and self-esteem in adolescents, and how factors like gender, socioeconomic status, and race can influence this.
2) Adolescent mental health issues like depression and suicide are examined, noting their prevalence among this age group.
3) Relationships with family, peers, and romantic partners are covered, along with social influences and challenges during this life stage.
4) Sexual development milestones, orientations, and health issues are overviewed.
case presentation on mania presented by ajay morajaymor33
This document presents the case of a 23-year-old male patient presenting with symptoms of mania including irritability, wandering behavior, muttering to self, suspiciousness, loud speech, auditory hallucinations, and grandiosity. The patient has a 4-year history of untreated psychiatric illness with similar symptoms in the past requiring hospitalization. A family history of psychiatric illness is denied. The document defines mania and provides classification, etiology, clinical features, and objective/subjective symptoms of mania based on this patient's presentation and ICD-10 criteria.
The presentation mainly focus about the negative and positive behaviour of the adolescents. This also shows the causes of there behaviour and their solutio too.
Anxiety Disorders in Kids...An Overview for Parents and TeachersStephen Grcevich, MD
Anxiety disorders are common in children and teens, affecting around 8% of adolescents. Left untreated, anxiety can interfere with daily functioning and academic or social performance. Cognitive behavioral therapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are both effective treatments, with the best results seen from a combination of the two. Common anxiety disorders in youth include separation anxiety disorder, specific phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, and social anxiety disorder.
Teen dating violence is defined as physical, sexual, psychological or emotional violence within a dating relationship between a current or former partner. More than 20% of adolescents experience violence from an intimate partner. Young women between 16-24 experience the highest rates. Unhealthy relationships can have severe short and long term negative consequences on a developing teen, including depression, anxiety, unhealthy behaviors like substance abuse, antisocial behaviors, and thoughts of suicide. Education about healthy relationships and support resources can help prevent dating violence.
Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others. Individuals with this disorder tend to interpret others' actions as threatening and hold grudges. They are highly sensitive and believe that others are out to harm them. The disorder is defined by traits such as suspiciousness, tendency to bear grudges, belief that others' actions are hostile, and preoccupation with unsubstantiated conspiracies. It has been described since the 19th century and is currently defined by diagnostic criteria involving suspiciousness and distorted beliefs about others' intentions.
This document discusses eating disorders in children and adolescents. It begins by defining eating disorders and their core characteristics, noting they have high mortality risks. Early intervention is key to recovery. Family-based treatment has the best evidence and leads to higher remission rates than individual treatment. The document urges knowing signs like weight loss, rigidity around food, and withdrawal from friends. It suggests bringing concerns compassionately to professionals, avoiding fat talk, and allowing open discussion of emotions. Schools can help through pastoral care, staff training, and specific eating disorder policies.
Conduct disorder is a psychological disorder diagnosed in childhood or adolescence that involves persistent antisocial behavior violating the rights of others. It affects around 1-10% of children globally. Symptoms are grouped into aggressive conduct, deceitful behavior, violation of rules, and destructive behavior. Risk factors include child abuse, family dysfunction, and peer pressure. Treatment involves family therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, parenting skills training, and sometimes medication. About 25-40% of those diagnosed may develop antisocial personality disorder as adults if conduct disorder is not effectively treated.
Conduct disorder is a childhood disorder characterized by aggressive, destructive, deceitful, and rule-violating behaviors. It typically appears between the ages of 10-16 and is more common in boys than girls. Symptoms fall into four categories and include fighting, bullying, cruelty, fire-setting, vandalism, lying, and rule-breaking. The causes are believed to involve biological, genetic, environmental, psychological, and social factors. Treatment typically includes psychotherapy, family therapy, parent management training, and sometimes medication. Without treatment, children with conduct disorder are at risk for problems like academic failure, substance abuse, legal issues, injuries, and mental health disorders as adults.
Mental health issues such as depression and anxiety are NOT a normal part of aging and are hard to discuss, diagnose and treat. The good news is that there are innovative programs, tools and resources that can help.
This document discusses emerging adulthood, which refers to the transition period from adolescence to adulthood between ages 18-25. It describes key features of emerging adulthood including identity explorations, instability, self-focus, feeling "in-between" adolescence and adulthood, and maintaining an optimistic view of future possibilities. Physical and health-related changes during this period are also outlined such as declining physical performance after age 30, increased health risks, issues around weight and eating habits, benefits of regular exercise, and risks of substance abuse. Sexual development including attitudes, behaviors, and sexually transmitted infections are also covered.
This document discusses adolescent development from physical, cognitive, social, and emotional perspectives. It describes the transitions from childhood to adulthood, including puberty and its physical changes. Key developmental tasks are outlined for early, middle, and late adolescence, such as developing identity, independence, social skills, sexuality, and career choices. Cognitive advancements like abstract thinking and decision making are also reviewed. Challenges adolescents may face include school, family, or mental health issues. Theories on moral, social, and language development are summarized as well.
ADHD is a neurological disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, and sometimes hyperactivity. It is more common in boys than girls and symptoms often emerge around age 4. Biological factors like genetics and biochemical imbalances are associated with ADHD. Environmental factors such as prenatal toxic exposure, birth complications, and lead poisoning may also play a role. Diagnosis involves medical evaluation, observation of behaviors, and reports from parents and teachers. Treatment includes stimulant medication, behavioral therapies, education supports, and developing coping strategies.
1) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), also known as hyperkinetic disorder, is characterized by inattention and hyperactivity more severe than typical for a child's age of development.
2) ADHD prevalence is approximately 1.7% among primary school children and is four times more common in boys than girls.
3) ADHD is influenced by both biological factors like genetics and biochemistry as well as environmental factors like prenatal exposure, family stress, and diet.
Adjustment disorder is characterized by an emotional or behavioral response to a stressful life event. It is diagnosed when symptoms begin within 3 months of the stressor and resolve within 6 months of its removal. Common subtypes include depressed mood, anxiety, mixed anxiety and depression, and disturbances in conduct. Adjustment disorder is often seen in primary care and general hospital settings in response to physical illness, interpersonal problems, or life changes. Treatment involves psychotherapy, crisis intervention, and sometimes brief use of medication to target specific symptoms. The diagnosis is criticized for lacking specificity in criteria defining the stressor and symptoms.
This document discusses suicide prevention and provides statistics about suicide globally and in India and Kerala. It outlines risk factors for suicide like mental illness, precipitating factors, warning signs, and protective factors. It recommends community-level strategies like controlling access to lethal means, sensitization through media, and institutional efforts like counseling centers and training. Psychological first aid principles are described to help those considering suicide or after a suicide attempt.
Dear students its a simple presentation of substance abuse or alcoholic withdrawal and treatment. the substance abuse its a common problem of Young generations today, so health prevention and what is the cause of substance abuse in day today life. its only knowledge purpose.
NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions and CEUs available at http://www.allceus.com
This document summarizes a webinar on co-occurring risk behaviors during adolescence. The webinar objectives were to describe how youth risk behaviors are correlated, identify factors that place youth at risk for multiple outcomes, consider how teen pregnancy programs address overlapping risk factors, and discuss implications for partnerships and sustainability. The webinar included an overview of youth risk behaviors, lessons from a teen pregnancy prevention program in New Orleans that addressed trauma and mental health needs, and implications for considering common and unique risk factors in programming.
This document discusses several key topics regarding adolescent development:
1) It explores the development of identity and self-esteem in adolescents, and how factors like gender, socioeconomic status, and race can influence this.
2) Adolescent mental health issues like depression and suicide are examined, noting their prevalence among this age group.
3) Relationships with family, peers, and romantic partners are covered, along with social influences and challenges during this life stage.
4) Sexual development milestones, orientations, and health issues are overviewed.
case presentation on mania presented by ajay morajaymor33
This document presents the case of a 23-year-old male patient presenting with symptoms of mania including irritability, wandering behavior, muttering to self, suspiciousness, loud speech, auditory hallucinations, and grandiosity. The patient has a 4-year history of untreated psychiatric illness with similar symptoms in the past requiring hospitalization. A family history of psychiatric illness is denied. The document defines mania and provides classification, etiology, clinical features, and objective/subjective symptoms of mania based on this patient's presentation and ICD-10 criteria.
The presentation mainly focus about the negative and positive behaviour of the adolescents. This also shows the causes of there behaviour and their solutio too.
Anxiety Disorders in Kids...An Overview for Parents and TeachersStephen Grcevich, MD
Anxiety disorders are common in children and teens, affecting around 8% of adolescents. Left untreated, anxiety can interfere with daily functioning and academic or social performance. Cognitive behavioral therapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are both effective treatments, with the best results seen from a combination of the two. Common anxiety disorders in youth include separation anxiety disorder, specific phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, and social anxiety disorder.
Teen dating violence is defined as physical, sexual, psychological or emotional violence within a dating relationship between a current or former partner. More than 20% of adolescents experience violence from an intimate partner. Young women between 16-24 experience the highest rates. Unhealthy relationships can have severe short and long term negative consequences on a developing teen, including depression, anxiety, unhealthy behaviors like substance abuse, antisocial behaviors, and thoughts of suicide. Education about healthy relationships and support resources can help prevent dating violence.
Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others. Individuals with this disorder tend to interpret others' actions as threatening and hold grudges. They are highly sensitive and believe that others are out to harm them. The disorder is defined by traits such as suspiciousness, tendency to bear grudges, belief that others' actions are hostile, and preoccupation with unsubstantiated conspiracies. It has been described since the 19th century and is currently defined by diagnostic criteria involving suspiciousness and distorted beliefs about others' intentions.
This document discusses eating disorders in children and adolescents. It begins by defining eating disorders and their core characteristics, noting they have high mortality risks. Early intervention is key to recovery. Family-based treatment has the best evidence and leads to higher remission rates than individual treatment. The document urges knowing signs like weight loss, rigidity around food, and withdrawal from friends. It suggests bringing concerns compassionately to professionals, avoiding fat talk, and allowing open discussion of emotions. Schools can help through pastoral care, staff training, and specific eating disorder policies.
Conduct disorder is a psychological disorder diagnosed in childhood or adolescence that involves persistent antisocial behavior violating the rights of others. It affects around 1-10% of children globally. Symptoms are grouped into aggressive conduct, deceitful behavior, violation of rules, and destructive behavior. Risk factors include child abuse, family dysfunction, and peer pressure. Treatment involves family therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, parenting skills training, and sometimes medication. About 25-40% of those diagnosed may develop antisocial personality disorder as adults if conduct disorder is not effectively treated.
Conduct disorder is a childhood disorder characterized by aggressive, destructive, deceitful, and rule-violating behaviors. It typically appears between the ages of 10-16 and is more common in boys than girls. Symptoms fall into four categories and include fighting, bullying, cruelty, fire-setting, vandalism, lying, and rule-breaking. The causes are believed to involve biological, genetic, environmental, psychological, and social factors. Treatment typically includes psychotherapy, family therapy, parent management training, and sometimes medication. Without treatment, children with conduct disorder are at risk for problems like academic failure, substance abuse, legal issues, injuries, and mental health disorders as adults.
Mental health issues such as depression and anxiety are NOT a normal part of aging and are hard to discuss, diagnose and treat. The good news is that there are innovative programs, tools and resources that can help.
This document discusses emerging adulthood, which refers to the transition period from adolescence to adulthood between ages 18-25. It describes key features of emerging adulthood including identity explorations, instability, self-focus, feeling "in-between" adolescence and adulthood, and maintaining an optimistic view of future possibilities. Physical and health-related changes during this period are also outlined such as declining physical performance after age 30, increased health risks, issues around weight and eating habits, benefits of regular exercise, and risks of substance abuse. Sexual development including attitudes, behaviors, and sexually transmitted infections are also covered.
This document discusses adolescent development from physical, cognitive, social, and emotional perspectives. It describes the transitions from childhood to adulthood, including puberty and its physical changes. Key developmental tasks are outlined for early, middle, and late adolescence, such as developing identity, independence, social skills, sexuality, and career choices. Cognitive advancements like abstract thinking and decision making are also reviewed. Challenges adolescents may face include school, family, or mental health issues. Theories on moral, social, and language development are summarized as well.
ADHD is a neurological disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, and sometimes hyperactivity. It is more common in boys than girls and symptoms often emerge around age 4. Biological factors like genetics and biochemical imbalances are associated with ADHD. Environmental factors such as prenatal toxic exposure, birth complications, and lead poisoning may also play a role. Diagnosis involves medical evaluation, observation of behaviors, and reports from parents and teachers. Treatment includes stimulant medication, behavioral therapies, education supports, and developing coping strategies.
1) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), also known as hyperkinetic disorder, is characterized by inattention and hyperactivity more severe than typical for a child's age of development.
2) ADHD prevalence is approximately 1.7% among primary school children and is four times more common in boys than girls.
3) ADHD is influenced by both biological factors like genetics and biochemistry as well as environmental factors like prenatal exposure, family stress, and diet.
Adjustment disorder is characterized by an emotional or behavioral response to a stressful life event. It is diagnosed when symptoms begin within 3 months of the stressor and resolve within 6 months of its removal. Common subtypes include depressed mood, anxiety, mixed anxiety and depression, and disturbances in conduct. Adjustment disorder is often seen in primary care and general hospital settings in response to physical illness, interpersonal problems, or life changes. Treatment involves psychotherapy, crisis intervention, and sometimes brief use of medication to target specific symptoms. The diagnosis is criticized for lacking specificity in criteria defining the stressor and symptoms.
This document discusses suicide prevention and provides statistics about suicide globally and in India and Kerala. It outlines risk factors for suicide like mental illness, precipitating factors, warning signs, and protective factors. It recommends community-level strategies like controlling access to lethal means, sensitization through media, and institutional efforts like counseling centers and training. Psychological first aid principles are described to help those considering suicide or after a suicide attempt.
Dear students its a simple presentation of substance abuse or alcoholic withdrawal and treatment. the substance abuse its a common problem of Young generations today, so health prevention and what is the cause of substance abuse in day today life. its only knowledge purpose.
NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions and CEUs available at http://www.allceus.com
Alcohol can disrupt the delicate balance of chemical systems in the brain that stimulate and inhibit functions. With regular heavy drinking, the brain adapts and develops dependence on alcohol. When drinking stops, withdrawal symptoms like tremors, nausea, and seizures can occur. Long-term heavy drinking damages major organs like the liver and increases risks of diseases like heart disease and cancer. Alcohol use during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, which are the leading known cause of intellectual disabilities in the United States. Complete abstinence from alcohol is recommended for those in recovery from substance use disorders due to high risks of relapse.
Part of a 12 part series of courses at AllCEUs.com resulting in the receipt of a certificate in eating disorders counseling. Addresses bulimia, binge eating, anorexia, obesity. Uses The Body Betrayed by Zerbe and Brief Therapy with Eating Disorders by McDonald in addition to Dr. Snipes clinical experiences.
This document provides an overview of several theories of child development, including psychoanalytic theory, behaviorism, social learning theory, cognitive development theory, attachment theory, and ecological systems theory. It discusses key aspects of each approach, such as Freud's concepts of the id, ego and superego; Pavlov's classical conditioning; Bandura's social learning theory; Piaget's stages of cognitive development; Bowlby's attachment theory; and Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. The document emphasizes that no single theory can fully explain child development and that an integrated understanding of the influences of nature, nurture and environment are needed.
This course provides training and CEUs for addicitons counselors and LPCs working in Addictions, Mental Health and Co-Occurring Disorders will help counselors, social workers, marriage and family therapists, alcohol and drug counselors and addictions professionals get continuing education and certification training to aid them in providing services guided by best practices. AllCEUs is approved by the california Association of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselors (CAADAC), NAADAC, the Association for Addictions Professionals, the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counseling Board of Georgia (ADACB-GA), the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) and most states.
There are approximately 650,000-900,000 people living with HIV in the US, many of whom do not know they are infected. HIV is most easily transmitted through exposure to contaminated blood, and drug use can result in poor judgment and unprotected sex or needle sharing. Alcohol and drug use can interfere with HIV medications and damage the immune system. Addressing HIV requires a collaborative approach among medical, mental health, substance abuse, and social support professionals. Clinicians aim to help clients understand the need for behavior change and develop skills to sustain it.
NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions and CEUs available at http://www.allceus.com
Review best practices for working with persons with addictions and mental health issues. NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions and CEUs available at http://www.allceus.com
NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions and CEUs available at http://www.allceus.com
NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions available at http://www.allceus.com
This document provides information about health, life, and supplemental insurance products. It discusses helping clients protect their health, income, and family through various insurance solutions tailored to their needs and budget. Sample products discussed include health, life, Medicare, and supplemental policies. The document also covers topics like health care reform, the metal tier plans, and qualifying life events as they relate to insurance.
10 Reasons Why You May Need A Patient AdvocateMetis Advantage
The healthcare industry is complex and confusing. A patient advocate can help you navigate it efficiently and effectively. "We turn the healthscare system into the healthcare system."
This document discusses how healthcare organizations can build online communities and engage with patients through social media. It provides examples of healthcare organizations that are using blogs, social networks, videos and podcasts to connect with patients and provide health information. The key benefits mentioned are empowering patients, increasing trust and credibility, and creating word-of-mouth evangelists. It encourages healthcare providers to start engaging online through low-risk pilot projects and baby steps.
This document discusses adolescent development and treatment approaches for substance use disorders. It covers cognitive development in early and late adolescence. It also outlines developmental tasks like developing independence from family, importance of peers, developing identity and self-esteem. The document provides guidance on screening, assessing and treating adolescents for substance use issues. It emphasizes the importance of a developmentally appropriate approach that involves family and addresses the unique needs of adolescents.
Rethinking and Retooling Brain Health and Mental HealthSharpBrains
8–8.45. Rethinking and Retooling Brain Health and Mental Health
Dr. Tom Insel, Co-founder and President of Mindstrong Health and former Director of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
9–10.30. How to detect problems early: Examples in Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s, anxiety and PTSD
Dr. Srijan Sen, Professor of Depression and Neurosciences at University of Michigan
Jan Samzelius, Co-Founder and Chief Scientist of NeuraMetrix
Dr. Tony Chang, Associate at Merck Ventures
Chaired by: Dr. Deanna Belsky, Associate at Dolby Family Ventures
Slidedeck supporting presentation and discussion during the 2019 SharpBrains Virtual Summit: The Future of Brain Health (March 7-9th). Learn more at:
https://sharpbrains.com/summit-2019/
We’re creating a home blood testing device that with one finger prick, tells you:
(1) What your major health indicators are
(2) Whether they’re at healthy levels or not
(3) If they’re problematic, then recommendations on how to improve your health, and the option to send those results to a doctor
Instant and accurate results for you, your family, and those you care about.
The document discusses various psychosocial issues related to living with HIV/AIDS, including grief, psychological suffering, caregiving challenges, and the impact on special populations. It notes that people with HIV may experience chronic grief from multiple losses of friends and family. Caregivers also often experience feelings that mirror those of the infected individual. The document provides guidance on self-care for caregivers. It examines how men who have sex with men, injecting drug users, and other groups are uniquely affected by stigma and challenges related to HIV/AIDS.
The document provides global statistics on HIV/AIDS as of 2018. It states that approximately 37.9 million people are living with HIV globally, including 36.2 million adults and 1.7 million children under 15. In 2017, there were around 1.8 million newly infected with HIV, down from 3.4 million in 1996. The annual deaths from AIDS have also declined, with around 940,000 deaths in 2017. The document then shifts to discussing HIV/AIDS in India, providing statistics on people living with HIV and new cases in India in 2017. It outlines some of the main risk groups and transmission modes in India.
This document is a health journal that allows the user to track important health information including medical history, test results, family health history, health goals, and lifestyle factors that impact health. It contains sections to document checkups, exams, screening tests, vaccinations, reproductive health, emotional health, domestic violence concerns, and emergency contacts. The overall purpose is to have a single place for a person to keep their medical records and health information to share with healthcare providers.
The Braich Group plans to open 8-10 luxury addiction treatment centers in the US within 4 months. The centers will utilize equine therapy and a wide range of other treatments tailored to each patient's needs. Each center expects to generate $55 million annually in revenue and $20-25 million in pre-tax profits. The centers will be part of the Braich Group's existing EB-5 immigrant investor program, with each center resold to entities of 60-80 EB-5 investors for $60-80 million. This will provide funding while allowing foreign investors to gain US citizenship.
Wall of Protection: Health, Income, and Life InsuranceAlanna Russell
Discover how insurance can be customized and used as a financial tool to protect ALL of your life. Take control of your assets, plan your course, protect your empire.
People always ask, "what the heck is a chronic cow?" Here's the answer. And here's how we deliver a different approach to living well with a chronic health condition!
This document summarizes and promotes critical illness insurance. It describes how such insurance provides financial protection for people diagnosed with serious illnesses by paying lump sums that can be used flexibly. The summary highlights that critical illness rates are increasing in the US, that most health insurance does not cover all costs of treatment and recovery, and that critical illness insurance helps allow patients to focus on recovery rather than financial stresses. It also shares one example of a policyholder who received benefits to pay medical bills following a brain tumor diagnosis.
This document discusses dementia case management. It begins by outlining the objectives of reviewing dementia symptoms, differentiating dementia from normal aging, examining types of dementia, identifying causes and preventative factors, and exploring needs of people with dementia and their caregivers. It then provides extensive details on dementia symptoms, types, causes, progression, prevention strategies, and the roles of a multidisciplinary care team.
This document discusses different types of anger such as irritation, resentment, envy, and guilt. It explores the function of anger as a response to threats and identifies common threat themes. Different activities are provided to help identify triggers of anger and the threats underlying resentment, envy, guilt, and regret in order to address them in a way that promotes well-being. Forgiveness is presented as a means of letting go of anger and reclaiming one's power.
This document discusses anxiety, its causes, symptoms, and interventions. It begins by reviewing the objectives of exploring anxiety symptoms, impacts, and prevention/intervention strategies. It then discusses how anxiety can be debilitating and a trigger for addiction relapse, depression, and other issues. The document outlines biological, psychological, and social factors that can contribute to anxiety. It provides details on symptoms of generalized anxiety in adults and children. Finally, it discusses various biological, psychological, and social intervention strategies to reduce anxiety, including improving sleep, nutrition, cognitive restructuring, relaxation techniques, and developing supportive relationships.
Counselor Toolbox Podcast with Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes produces 2 episodes each week in the form of live webinars (https://allceus.com/webinar ) and offers CEUs based on the podcast at AllCEUs.com/counselortoolbox
Counselor Toolbox Podcast with Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes produces 2 episodes each week in the form of live webinars (https://allceus.com/webinar ) and offers CEUs based on the podcast at AllCEUs.com/counselortoolbox
This document provides an overview of kink and discusses topics relevant for therapists working with clients involved in kink. It defines kink, explores various kink activities and dynamics, discusses prevalence and models of treatment. The PLISSIT model and Johari window are presented as frameworks for therapists. Guidelines are provided for assessing clients in a kink-aware and non-judgmental manner. Countertransference, disclosure processes, and community resources are also reviewed.
Counselor Toolbox Podcast with Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes produces 2 episodes each week in the form of live webinars (https://allceus.com/webinar ) and offers CEUs based on the podcast at AllCEUs.com/counselortoolbox
Counselor Toolbox Podcast with Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes produces 2 episodes each week in the form of live webinars (https://allceus.com/webinar ) and offers CEUs based on the podcast at AllCEUs.com/counselortoolbox
This document discusses 20 ways to nurture children's mental health. It covers physical, environmental, interpersonal, emotional, and cognitive strategies. Specifically, it recommends ensuring children get enough sleep, exercise, nutrition, and relaxation. It also stresses the importance of structure, safety, communication skills, problem solving, and identifying cognitive distortions. The overall goal is to help children feel safe, competent, and confident.
This document outlines 13 brief interventions that can be used in counseling sessions to help clients. It begins by discussing the benefits of brief interventions such as reducing no-shows, increasing treatment engagement and compliance. It then describes goals and target symptoms for brief interventions before detailing each of the 13 interventions. The interventions include techniques like backward chaining, cognitive restructuring, mindfulness, guided imagery and distress tolerance. In under 3 sentences, the document provides an overview of research-based brief therapy techniques counselors can use to efficiently help clients meet treatment goals.
This document discusses elements of motivational interventions and principles of motivational interviewing. It defines motivation as a dynamic state influenced by emotional, cognitive, social and environmental factors. The document outlines six characteristics of motivation and identifies the three critical elements of motivation as willingness, ability and readiness. It reviews five principles of motivational interviewing and five elements of motivational approaches, including the FRAMES model. Various activities and techniques for enhancing client motivation are provided, such as decisional balance exercises, developing discrepancies between goals and behavior, and maintaining personal contact.
The document examines the biopsychosocial impact of addiction and mental health disorders. It discusses how these issues affect individuals biologically through imbalances in neurotransmitters leading to issues like disrupted sleep and fatigue, psychologically through feelings of hopelessness and guilt, and socially through isolation and loss of relationships. A holistic approach is needed to address the biological, psychological, and social aspects, as it is difficult to address one area when others are impacted.
Counselor Toolbox Podcast with Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes produces 2 episodes each week and offers CEUs based on the podcast at AllCEUs.com/counselortoolbox
Counselor Toolbox Podcast with Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes produces 2 episodes each week and offers CEUs based on the podcast at AllCEUs.com/counselortoolbox
Counselor Toolbox Podcast with Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes produces 2 episodes each week and offers CEUs based on the podcast at AllCEUs.com/counselortoolbox
Sally, a 49-year-old woman, has experienced increasing anxiety, sleep difficulties, and panic attacks over the past 6 months. She was prescribed Xanax by her doctor but stopped taking it due to rebound anxiety. Her sleep, nutrition, pain levels, libido, and cognitive patterns were assessed using the PACER method. She reports stress, worry, and difficulty concentrating associated with family, health, and financial concerns. Recommendations included improving sleep hygiene, managing stress and anxiety, and following up with her primary care doctor.
Counselor Toolbox Podcast with Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes produces 2 episodes each week and offers CEUs based on the podcast at AllCEUs.com/counselortoolbox
Counselor Toolbox Podcast with Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes produces 2 episodes each week and offers CEUs based on the podcast at AllCEUs.com/counselortoolbox
Infographic is based on Counselor Toolbox Podcast which can be subscribed to on any podcast player like Apple Podcasts, Castbox or Google Play. Counseling and Social Work CEUs are available on this topic at AllCEUs.com
Infographic is based on Counselor Toolbox Podcast which can be subscribed to on any podcast player like Apple Podcasts, Castbox or Google Play. Counseling and Social Work CEUs are available on this topic at AllCEUs.com
More from Dr. DawnElise Snipes ★AllCEUs★ Unlimited Counselor Training (20)
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
2. 650,000 to 900,000 people in the U.S. are
living with HIV
Many people who are infected don’t
know it
HIV is most easily transmitted by exposure
to contaminated blood
Drug use can result in poor
judgment, unprotected sex and to
sharing needles
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3. Alcohol and drug use can:
› interfere with HIV medications
› inhibit the body’s immune system
› lead to poor health behaviors further
compromising immunity
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4. Medical providers
Mental health
Substance abuse
Public health
Social support groups
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
5. Myth: If you are HIV positive, it does not
matter what you do.
Myth: You can avoid HIV if you are careful
and avoid repeated risky behaviors.
Myth: You can tell whether your sex (or
injection) partners are infected.
Myth: As long as you get treated for any
sexually transmitted diseases, you won’t get
HIV.
Myth: Washing after sex will prevent HIV.
Myth: If you don’t share syringes, you can’t
catch HIV.
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
6. Within the past 3 to 6 months, have you
had unprotected:
Vaginal sex?
›
Anal sex?
›
Oral sex?
›
Sex for money or drugs?
›
Sex with more than three people?
›
Sex with an injection drug user?
›
Sex with someone you think has HIV/AIDS?
›
When you have sex, do you sometimes
or never use condoms?
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
7. Do you use drugs before or after sex?
When you use drugs, do you:
Use syringes?
›
Share syringes?
›
Clean your works?
›
Use crack or powder cocaine?
›
Use several drugs at the same time?
›
If your client answers positively for half or
more of these questions, then your client
has a high risk of having HIV or getting
HIV.
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
8. Use condoms
Don’t share syringes
Use new syringes
Disinfect drug paraphernalia
Get proper medical care before, during
and after pregnancy
Elect to have cesarean delivery
Avoid reinfection
Observe universal precautions as directed
If exposed, begin postexposure prophylaxis
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
9. In promoting risk reduction, the clinician’s
goals are to:
› Help and support the client in understanding
the need for behavior change
› Assist the client in addressing cultural
practices or beliefs that might contribute to
resisting change
› Assist the client in developing skills to sustain
behavior change
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
11. Pre- and posttest counseling should be
performed by a trained HIV clinician
Counseling should:
› Explain the limitations of HIV tests
› Help clients assess their risks
› Encourage and reinforce behavior change
› Refer infected clients for medical care
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
12. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
› typically used as a first test
Western blot
› typically a second test
Rapid HIV tests
Home sample collection tests
Positive result
› a second test is needed to confirm
Negative result
› a second test is needed in about 6 months to
make rule out a false-negative
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
13. All States require AIDS cases to be
reported
Some States also require that new cases
of HIV infection be reported
Reports are forwarded to the CDC
State laws vary regarding whether
reports must include client-identifying
information
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
14. Testing is needed to determine the
disease progression
› The CD4+ T cell count (More info)
› The viral load count
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
16. First combination of medications
prescribed for the patient will be the
most effective
Adherence leads to:
› a healthier, longer life
› prevention of the development of drug-
resistant strain(s) of HIV
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
17. Addiction or mental health relapse
Living in an institution
Side effects
Affordability
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
18. Write down instructions
Use a timer to ensure proper dosing
Use a check-sheet to notate dosage
Provide positive feedback
Empathize and advocate regarding
medication side effects
Use visual cues for persons with impaired
language/cognitive abilities
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
19. Take all medications as prescribed
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
21. Socioeconomic status
› level
› whether it impacts client’s illness
Degree of acculturation
Heterogeneity of cultural, racial and
ethnic groups
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
22. Role of the family in treatment
Importance of spirituality in treatment
Degree of trust in the health care system
Views toward injection drug use and
unprotected sex
Reliance on verbal communication in
medical treatment
Ways in which safer sex practices are
negotiated
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
23. Identity as caregiver is a powerful factor
in her reluctance to seek testing
Reproductive decision making
Gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender
clients deal with the social stigma
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
24. Listen with empathy and understanding
Elicit cultural information from the client
Acknowledge and discuss differences
and similarities between cultures
Recommend action, treatment and
intervention that incorporate cultural
knowledge
Negotiate agreements and differences
with the client
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
26. Events which may initiate client relapse:
› Taking an HIV test
› Receiving HIV test results
› Experiencing the first symptoms of HIV
› Experiencing the first AIDS-related hospitalization
› Being diagnosed with AIDS
› A friend or significant other dying from AIDS
› Beginning the medication regimen for HIV
› Experiencing little or no response to various
medications
› Decreasing CD4+ T cell count or increasing viral
load
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
27. Peer support
Medical intervention for pain
Relaxation and stress management
Recreation
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
28. Consider organizing separate groups for:
› Clients who are newly aware of their positive
HIV status
› Clients who are asymptomatic or mildly
symptomatic
› Clients with more advanced disease
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
29. Issues:
› Loss
› Unfinished business
› Pain management
› Religious and cultural traditions
Clients can be encouraged to:
› Make a will
› Arrange for child custody
› Decide about health care directives
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
30. 5 stages when coping with death or loss
1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance
Normalize their reactions
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
31. Acknowledge deaths
› attendance at memorial services, if appropriate
Encourage the expression of grief both
verbally and nonverbally
› art therapy
Provide grief group support
› for clients and significant others
Help clients leave a legacy of living
memories
› video or cassette recordings for others
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
32. Medical
Dental
Hospice
HIV organizations and support groups
Local health departments
Legal assistance providers
Agencies providing housing, financial
assistance, medical care funding
Mental health providers
Members of the criminal justice community
Spiritual caregivers
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
33. Equal access to health care and
substance abuse treatment is
guaranteed
State laws regulate the disclosure of
patient information related to HIV/AIDS
which differ from other health
information
If in doubt, always consult your legal
counsel
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
34. HIV/AIDS as a second, third or fourth
diagnosis to be integrated into
comprehensive treatment
HIV/AIDS counseling and education
should be available at every treatment
facility or detoxification unit
Patients who receive adequate early
intervention can live longer, healthier
lives
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
35. The Ryan White CARE Act
› HRSA Grant Application Center
(877) 477-2123
http://www.hrsa.gov
› Title I Information (301) 443-9086
› Title II Information (301) 443-6745
› Title III Information (301) 443-0735
› Title IV Information (301) 443-9051
› See TIP 37 Appendix F for further information
Copyright 2008-2012 AllCEUs.com A subsidiary of CDS Ventures, LLC
CD4 (T-CELL) TESTSWHAT ARE CD4 CELLS?WHY ARE CD4 CELLS IMPORTANT IN HIV?WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE A CD4 CELL COUNT?HOW ARE THE TEST RESULTS REPORTED?WHAT DO THE NUMBERS MEAN?WHAT ARE CD4 CELLS?CD4 cells are a type of lymphocyte (white blood cell). They are an important part of the immune system. CD4 cells are sometimes called T-cells. There are two main types of T-cells. T-4 cells, also called CD4+, are \"helper\" cells. They lead the attack against infections. T-8 cells, (CD8+), are \"suppressor\" cells that end the immune response. CD8+ cells can also be ?killer? cells that kill cancer cells and cells infected with a virus. Researchers can tell these cells apart by specific proteins on the cell surface. A T-4 cell is a T-cell with CD4 molecules on its surface. This type of T-cell is also called ?CD4 positive,? or CD4+. WHY ARE CD4 CELLS IMPORTANT IN HIV?When HIV infects humans, the cells it infects most often are CD4 cells. The virus becomes part of the cells, and when they multiply to fight an infection, they also make more copies of HIV.When someone is infected with HIV for a long time, the number of CD4 cells they have (their CD4 cell count) goes down. This is a sign that the immune system is being weakened. The lower the CD4 cell count, the more likely the person will get sick.There are millions of different families of CD4 cells. Each family is designed to fight a specific type of germ. When HIV reduces the number of CD4 cells, some of these families can be totally wiped out. You can lose the ability to fight off the particular germs those families were designed for. If this happens, you might develop an opportunistic infection (See Fact Sheet 500). WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE A CD4 CELL COUNT?The CD4 cell value bounces around a lot. Time of day, fatigue, and stress can affect the test results. It's best to have blood drawn at the same time of day for each CD4 cell test, and to use the same laboratory.Infections can have a large impact on CD4 cell counts. When your body fights an infection, the number of white blood cells (lymphocytes) goes up. CD4 and CD8 counts go up, too. Vaccinations can cause the same effects. Don't check your CD4 cells until a couple of weeks after you recover from an infection or get a vaccination.HOW ARE THE TEST RESULTS REPORTED?CD4 cell tests are normally reported as the number of cells in a cubic millimeter of blood, or mm3. There is some disagreement about the normal range for CD4 cell counts, but normal CD4 counts are between 500 and 1600, and CD8 counts are between 375 and 1100. CD4 counts drop dramatically in people with HIV, in some cases down to zero.The ratio of CD4 cells to CD8 cells is often reported. This is calculated by dividing the CD4 value by the CD8 value. In healthy people, this ratio is between 0.9 and 1.9, meaning that there are about 1 to 2 CD4 cells for every CD8 cell. In people with HIV infection, this ratio drops dramatically, meaning that there are many times more CD8 cells than CD4 cells.Because the CD4 counts are so variable, some health care providers prefer to look at the CD4 percentages. These percentages refer to total lymphocytes. If your test reports CD4% = 34%, that means that 34% of your lymphocytes were CD4 cells. This percentage is more stable than the number of CD4 cells. The normal range is between 20% and 40%. A CD4 percentage below 14% indicates serious immune damage. It is a sign of AIDS in people with HIV infection. A recent study showed that the CD4% is a predictor of HIV disease progression. WHAT DO THE NUMBERS MEAN?The meaning of CD8 cell counts is not clear, but it is being studied.The CD4 cell count is a key measure of the health of the immune system. The lower the count, the greater damage HIV has done. Anyone who has less than 200 CD4 cells, or a CD4 percentage less than 14%, is considered to have AIDS according to the US Centers for Disease Control.CD4 counts are used together with the viral load to estimate how long someone will stay healthy. See Fact Sheet 125 for more information on the viral load test.CD4 counts are also used to indicate when to start certain types of drug therapy:When to start antiretroviral therapy (ART):When the CD4 count goes below 350, most health care providers begin ART (see Fact Sheet 403). Also, some health care providers use the CD4% going below 15% as a sign to start aggressive ART, even if the CD4 count is high. More conservative health care providers might wait until the CD4 count drops to near 200 before starting treatment. A recent study found that starting treatment with a CD4% below 5% was strongly linked to a poor outcome.When to start drugs to prevent opportunistic infections:Most health care providers prescribe drugs to prevent opportunistic infections at the following CD4 levels:Less than 200: pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)Less than 100: toxoplasmosis and cryptococcosisLess than 75: mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Because they are such an important indicator of the strength of the immune system, official treatment guideline in the US suggest that CD4 counts be monitored every 3 to 4 months. See Fact Sheet 404 for more information on the treatment guidelines.