This document discusses work study and time and motion study. It describes work study as a way to systematically examine work processes to develop alternatives to solve problems. The goals are improvements to workplace layout, equipment, working environment, planning/control, staffing levels, and health and safety. Benefits include reduced fatigue and more cost-effective resource use. Time and motion study involves systematically recording and examining work methods to develop easier and more effective methods that reduce costs. Reasons for conducting such studies include labor-intensive or repetitive work, bottlenecks, high turnover or accidents, unsatisfactory work, or missing deadlines. The document outlines the process for conducting such studies.

1. WORK STUDY

2. TIME AND
MOTION STUDY
WORK STUDY
OR

3. WORK STUDY
A way to systematically
examine a problem or area of
work in order to develop
objective alternatives for the
solution of particular problems

4. Work place layout improvement
Equipment design improvement
Working environment
improvement
Planning & control improvement
Staff levels correctly determined
Better control data available
Health & safety of guests & staff

5. RESULTING IN:
Reduction in fatigue
Cost effective use of resources

6. A systematic recording &
critical examination of existing
& proposed ways of doing
work as a means of developing
and applying easier & more
effective methods and
reducing costs

7. METHOD STUDY MAY BE REQUIRED WHEN
THERE IS :
 Labour intensive, repetitive work
 Bottlenecks
 High labour turnover
 High accident rate
 Frequent unsatisfactory work
 Work not completed in time
 Non-emergency overtime
 Guest complaints

8. SYMBOL ACTIVITY
OPERATION
The main stages in a procedure during
which the material or product is modified or
changed

9. COMMONLY USED SYMBOLS
SYMBOL ACTIVITY
INSPECTION
A check for quality and/or quantity. The
material or product is not changed

10. SYMBOL ACTIVITY
TRANSPORT
Movement of operatives, materials, goods or
equipment.
But not those movements which occur naturally
within an operation or inspection

11. COMMONLY USED SYMBOLS
SYMBOL ACTIVITY
Delay or Temporary
Storage
A delay in the sequence of events or the
temporary setting aside of an object without
record

12. SYMBOL ACTIVITY
Permanent Storage
Materials issued or received into storage with
some form of requisition

13. COMMONLY USED SYMBOLS
SYMBOL ACTIVITY
Combined Activities
Where activities occur simultaneously, the symbols
of the activities are combined

14.  SELECT WORK
 DEFINE PROBLEM
 RECORD FACTS
 EXAMINE FACTS
 DEVELOP IMPROVED METHOD
 DEFINE IMPROVED METHOD
 INSTALL NEW METHOD
 MAINTAIN NEW METHOD

15. METHOD STUDY MAY BE REQUIRED WHEN
THERE IS :
 Labour intensive, repetitive work
 Bottlenecks
 High labour turnover
 High accident rate
 Frequent unsatisfactory work
 Work not completed in time
 Non-emergency overtime
 Guest complaints

16. To assess the value of the study:
 Background details are studied:
How much work is done?
Will there be any variations in work?
How many staff are engaged?
What is the required work standard?

17. Outline process charts
Flow process charts
String diagrams
Travel charts
Multiple activity charts etc

18. Questioning technique designed to:
 Eliminate activities
 Combine activities
 Rearrange or simplify activities

19. Analysis
Purpose
QUESTIONS:
Primary: What is achieved?
Why is the step necessary?
Secondary: What could be done?
What should be done?
AIM: To eliminate unnecessary stages of work

20. Place
QUESTIONS:
Primary: Where is it done?
Why is it done there?
Secondary: Where else could be done?
Where else should it be done?
AIM: To combine where possible or to
rearrange the sequence of activities for more
effective results

21. Analysis
Sequence
QUESTIONS:
Primary: When is it done?
Why is it done then?
Secondary: When could be done?
When should it be done?
AIM: To combine where possible or to
rearrange the sequence of activities for more
effective results

22. Analysis
Person
QUESTIONS:
Primary: Who is doing it?
Why is it being done by that person?
Secondary : Who else could do it?
Who else should do it?
AIM: To combine where possible or to rearrange the
sequence of activities for more effective results

23. Means
QUESTIONS:
Primary: How is it being done?
Why is it being done that way?
Secondary: How else could it be done?
How should it be done?
AIM: To simplify the operation

24. QUESTION PRIMARY AIM SECONDARY
Purpose
What is achieved?
Why is the activity
necessary
To eliminate
unnecessary
stages of work
What could be done?
What should be done?
Place Where is it done?
Why is it done there?
To combine
where possible
or to rearrange
the sequence
of activities for
more effective
results
Where else could it be done?
Where should it be done?
Sequence When is it done?
Why is it done then?
When could it be done?
When should it be done?
Person Who is doing it?
Why is it being done
by that person?
Who else could do it?
Who else should do it?
Means How is it being done?
Why is it being done
that way?
To simplify the
operation
How else could it be done?
How should it be done?

25. DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMPROVED METHOD
 Alternative methods developed
 Alternative methods charted
 Alternative/proposed methods compared with original
 Summarize savings

26. DEFINITION OF IMPROVED METHOD
A concise report comparing the two methods for
approval from the management is prepared
OUTLINE OF REPORT
Objective of study
Details of the two methods with charts etc
Justification of proposal
 Reduction in labour cost and time
 Balancing of work load

27. Installation Of New Method
Staff retraining
Staff rescheduling
Reallocation of work

28. MAINTENANCE OF NEW METHOD
 Proper documentation
 Sufficient training
 Efficient supervision & control of standards

29. WORK MEASUREMENT
INVOLVES THE MEASUREMENT OF
HUMAN EFFORT & IS CONCERNED WITH
THE INVESTIGATION, REDUCTION AND
ELIMINATION OF INEFFECTIVE TIME

30. WORK MEASUREMENT MAY BE USED TO:
 FORM THE BASIS OF COST CONTROL
 FORM THE BASIS OF TIME CONTROL
 BALANCE WORK LOAD
 FORM THE BASIS OF PRODUCTION PLANNING
 COMPARE EFFECIENCY OF ALTERNATIVE
METHODS OF WORK

31.  SELECT THE WORK
 RECORD RELEVANT INFORMATION
 EXAMINE INFORMATION CRITICALLY
 MEASURE (TIME) EACH ELEMENT
 CALCULATE STANDARD TIME
 DEFINE PRECISELY