Thyroid gland presentation by Prof. Irfana Mulla
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This document provides an overview of the thyroid gland and its functions and disorders. It discusses the anatomy of the thyroid gland, how it produces thyroid hormones, and their roles in regulating metabolism, development, and other bodily functions. Some common thyroid disorders are also outlined, along with their symptoms. The document notes that women are 3-10 times more likely than men to have problems with the thyroid gland, which may be due to women's greater sensitivity to hormonal changes. Tests for diagnosing thyroid disorders and treatment approaches involving levothyroxine are also summarized.
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Female sex hormones
This document discusses female sex hormones and their mechanisms of action. It describes the natural estrogens and progestins produced in the body, including estradiol and progesterone. It explains the menstrual cycle and how estrogens and progestins regulate growth, development, and the female reproductive system. The document also covers the clinical uses of estrogens, progestins, and their synthetic analogs in contraception, hormone replacement therapy, osteoporosis, and other conditions. It provides details on combination oral contraceptives containing estrogens and progestins and progestin-only contraceptive methods.
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The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate the body and maintain homeostasis. Key glands include the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, which produce many hormones including those for growth, blood pressure, and body temperature regulation. The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels, while the thyroid helps regulate metabolism. Reproductive glands like the testes and ovaries also produce important sex hormones.
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The document summarizes estrogens and progesterone. It discusses the three major estrogens - estradiol, estriol, and estrone. It describes estrogen levels in men and women throughout the menstrual cycle and after menopause. It also outlines the sites of estrogen production, mechanisms of action, physiological effects, routes of administration, uses, and adverse effects of estrogens. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) like tamoxifen are also mentioned.
Cretinsm
The thyroid gland is located in the neck and secretes thyroid hormones T3 and T4. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The thyroid follicles contain colloid and principle follicular cells that secrete thyroid hormones. Congenital hypothyroidism is caused by inadequate thyroid hormone production in newborns and can lead to cretinism if untreated. Early treatment with levothyroxine replacement therapy prevents intellectual disability and growth issues.
Sex hormones
This document discusses the major sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. It describes their roles and importance in the male and female bodies, including mediating sexual development and characteristics. The modes of action, physiological effects, potential pathologies associated with high and low levels, diseases related to hormone imbalance, and normal ranges are outlined for each hormone.
Sex hormones
This document discusses several sex hormones:
- Testosterone is the main male sex hormone, promoting male sexual development and secondary sex characteristics at puberty. It also contributes to muscle growth and bone growth in males.
- Estrogen exists in three forms and is important for female sexual development and fertility. It promotes breast development, feminine traits, and thickening of the uterine lining.
- Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy and supports pregnancy maintenance by thickening the uterine lining and allowing implantation.
- Inhibin inhibits FSH production and is involved in gamete production and embryonic development. High inhibin-A levels may indicate Down syndrome in pregnancy screening tests.
- Relaxin relaxes the uterus, prepares
39. sex hormone (1)
Sex hormones are steroid hormones produced by the testes or ovaries that control reproductive functions and sexual development. The major sex hormones are testosterone and estrogen. Testosterone, produced by the testes, promotes male secondary sex characteristics and sperm production. Estrogen and progesterone, produced by the ovaries, bring about changes during female puberty like breast growth and prepare the uterus for pregnancy. Hormones act through the bloodstream to have effects throughout the body.
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The endocrine gland system is a group of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream and work closely with the nervous system. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" as it controls the functions of the adrenal, thyroid, and gonads by secreting hormones. Abnormal functions of the endocrine glands can affect behavior, such as dwarfism from pituitary deficiencies or hypothyroidism causing cretinism. Hormones from the adrenal glands and gonads also influence behaviors related to stress responses and sexual development.
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Growth hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and regulates body growth and metabolism. It works by stimulating the liver and other tissues to produce insulin-like growth factors. Growth hormone secretion is regulated by hormones like growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin produced by the hypothalamus. Abnormal growth hormone levels can cause diseases like gigantism in children or acromegaly in adults. While somatostatin and octreotide inhibit growth hormone secretion and are used to treat conditions caused by excess growth hormone levels like acromegaly.
Luteinizing Hormone Function
The document discusses luteinizing hormone (LH), its function, and questions received from various users about LH and related reproductive topics. It provides answers to questions about LH function, the corpus luteum, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and reproductive system terms. The advisor clarifies misconceptions and helps evaluate diagnoses.
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This document summarizes key hormones and their roles in homeostasis:
- Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels, while thyroxine regulates metabolism and body temperature. Leptin inhibits appetite and is secreted by adipose tissue. Melatonin controls circadian rhythms and is secreted by the pineal gland.
- Testosterone and estrogen influence sexual development and characteristics. The menstrual cycle is regulated by feedback between ovarian and pituitary hormones.
- Examples of clinical applications include diabetes treatment, obesity research, and assisted reproduction techniques. Historical studies on deer reproduction are also mentioned.
Female sex hormones
This document provides information about estrogens including their biosynthesis, mechanisms of action, pharmacological actions, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. It discusses natural and synthetic estrogens as well as selective estrogen receptor modulators. Key points include that estradiol is mainly produced in the ovaries and adrenals and acts by binding to nuclear estrogen receptors. Estrogens have various effects in the female reproductive system as well as secondary sex characteristics, bone, brain, liver, and cardiovascular system. Therapeutic uses include hormone replacement therapy and contraception, while adverse effects include an increased risk of certain cancers.
Gonadil f prestatation final
The endocrine system is a network of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions. It works more slowly than the nervous system but has prolonged effects lasting hours to weeks. Hormones produced by endocrine glands control metabolism, growth, tissue function, and mood. The study of the endocrine system and its disorders is called endocrinology.
Endocrine regulation of reproduction
This document discusses the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction. It begins by defining endocrinology and neuroendocrinology. It then describes the hormones involved in metabolic and reproductive processes and their roles. The hypothalamus and pituitary glands secrete hormones that regulate the reproductive system, including gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), oxytocin, and prolactin. FSH stimulates follicle development and estrogen production. LH induces ovulation and luteinization. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and milk let-down. Prolactin promotes mammary growth and lactation. The document provides details on the
Growth hormone and thyroid hormone (endocrine pharmacology)
This document summarizes growth hormone and thyroid hormone. It discusses that these hormones are regulated by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus in the endocrine system. Growth hormone is secreted to support growth and is regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin. Thyroid hormone is synthesized in the thyroid gland and regulates metabolism. Both growth hormone and thyroid hormone levels can be treated through drugs or surgery if levels become abnormal.
Reproductive hormones
Anabolic steroids mimic the effects of testosterone in the body. By taking supraphysiological doses, it disrupts the body's natural production of testosterone through a negative feedback loop. This can lead to infertility and other side effects by interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The high levels of steroids also put stress on organs like the liver and can increase risks of certain cancers. The mood and behavioral changes are also side effects of the unnatural hormone fluctuations.
estrogen hormone and its function
Estrogen is the primary female reproductive hormone produced by the ovaries and placenta during pregnancy. It stimulates the growth and development of female secondary sex characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle. Estrogen promotes endometrial growth, ovulation, calcium absorption, and mammary gland development. It also assists in maintaining bone density and cardiovascular health. Levels fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle, under the influence of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland.
Hormones of pancreas,gonads,pineal,thymus gland & other endocrine cells
This document summarizes the key endocrine glands and hormones in the human body. It describes the pancreas as both an endocrine and exocrine gland, noting its location and components. It then details the different cell types in the pancreatic islets and their hormone products, focusing on the regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion in response to blood glucose levels. Other endocrine glands discussed include the gonads and their sex hormones, the pineal gland and its hormone melatonin, the thymus gland, and hormones from other tissues like the kidneys, adipose tissue, heart, and placenta.
Molecular mechanism of sex hormone action
What is sex hormone ?
Sex hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and secreted throughout a person's lifetime
at different levels.
Male gonads (testes) produce sperm.
Female gonads (ovaries) produce egg.
Fusion of egg and sperm occur via fertilization to produce a zygote.
The zygote undergoes division to become an embryo, which eventually becomes a fetus.
Menstrual
The menstrual cycle involves hormones that regulate the development of eggs and the lining of the uterus. During the first two weeks, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone cause an egg follicle to mature and estrogen levels to rise. Around day 14, a surge in luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down and progesterone and estrogen levels fall, causing menstruation.
The endocrine emergencies most commonly discussed by EMS provi.docx
The endocrine emergencies most commonly discussed by EMS providers typically deal with diabetes mel-litus, a condition associated with malfunction of the pancreas or its hormones and improper regulation of the blood glucose level. It is important to recognize that there are many other emergencies that may be related to
malfunctioning endocrine glands or hormones. These emergencies may produce acute life-threatening conditions that
exhibit a wide variety of clinical presentations based on the gland or hormones involved. Some patients may not readily
recognize, or may ignore, the slow and progressive clinical changes that are occurring and allow the disease to create an
acute life-threatening condition.
Since EMS providers may be called upon to manage the patient experiencing this acute and potentially life-threatening
condition, it is prudent for them to possess an awareness and understanding of other potential life-threatening endocrine
emergencies, such as those involving the thyroid gland and its related hormones.
By Joseph J. Mistovich, MEd, NREMT-P,
William S. Krost, BSAS, NREMT-P,
& Daniel D. Limmer, AS, EMT-P
Part 1: Hyperthyroidism and Thyroid Storm
This CE activity is approved
by EMS Magazine, an
organization accredited by
the Continuing Education
Coordinating Board
for Emergency Medical
Services (CECBEMS), for
1.5 CEUs.
OBJECTIVES
• Review anatomy of the
thyroid gland
• Discuss metabolic
disturbances
• Review emergency
management of
endocrine emergencies
Sponsored by
CONTINUING
EDUCATION FROM EMS
endocrine emergencies
This article is the first in a two-part series addressing endocrine emergencies involving thyroid hormone
disorders. The second part will follow in next month’s issue and cover conditions related to hypothyroid-
ism. The section below on anatomy and physiology of the thyroid gland pertains to both articles. It will be
important to review this section prior to reading the next article to completely understand the hypothyroid-
ism conditions covered in part two.
BEYOND THE BASICS:BEYOND THE BASICS:
Part 1: Hyperthyroidism and Thyroid Storm
This CE activity is approve
by EMS Magazine, an
organization accredited by
the Continuing Education
Coordinating Board
for Emergency Medical
Services (CECBEMS), for
1.5 CEUs.
OBJECTIVESJ
• Review anatomy of the
thyroid gland
• Discuss metabolic
disturbances
• Review emergencyThis article is the first in a two part series addressing endocrine emergencies involving thyroid hormoneThis article is the first in a two part series addressing endocrine emergencies involving thyroid hormone
ENDOCRINEENDOCRINE
EMERGENCIESEMERGENCIES
P
h
o
to
s
b
y
D
an
L
im
m
e
r
www.emsresponder.com ■ EMS ■ OCTOBER 2007 123
123-127 ce article.indd 123123-127 ce article.indd 123 9/18/2007 3:38:33 PM9/18/2007 3:38:33 PM
ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE
THYROID GLAND
The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped
endocrine gland l.
Thyroid hormones and thyroid inhibitors drdhriti
A power point presentation on thyroid hormones and thyroid inhibitors on subject of pharmacology suitable for reading by undergraduate medical students.
Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy
A normal pregnancy results in a number of important reversible physiological and hormonal changes that alter thyroid structure and more importantly function.
Understanding these change are important to interpreting, identifying and managing of thyroid disease in pregnancy.
Thyroid Hormones
1. The document discusses thyroid hormones, the thyroid gland, and thyroid disease. It describes how the thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones like T3 and T4 which regulate metabolism.
2. Symptoms of thyroid disease include changes in heart rate, weight, and mood. Hypothyroidism is caused by insufficient hormone production while hyperthyroidism is caused by excessive hormones.
3. Thyroid disease is diagnosed through blood tests measuring TSH, T3, and T4 levels. Treatment for hypothyroidism involves thyroid hormone replacement medication while hyperthyroidism may be treated with anti-thyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, surgery, or beta blockers.
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E&p
The document summarizes estrogens and progesterone. It discusses the three major estrogens - estradiol, estriol, and estrone. It describes estrogen levels in men and women throughout the menstrual cycle and after menopause. It also outlines the sites of estrogen production, mechanisms of action, physiological effects, routes of administration, uses, and adverse effects of estrogens. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) like tamoxifen are also mentioned.
Cretinsm
The thyroid gland is located in the neck and secretes thyroid hormones T3 and T4. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The thyroid follicles contain colloid and principle follicular cells that secrete thyroid hormones. Congenital hypothyroidism is caused by inadequate thyroid hormone production in newborns and can lead to cretinism if untreated. Early treatment with levothyroxine replacement therapy prevents intellectual disability and growth issues.
Sex hormones
This document discusses the major sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. It describes their roles and importance in the male and female bodies, including mediating sexual development and characteristics. The modes of action, physiological effects, potential pathologies associated with high and low levels, diseases related to hormone imbalance, and normal ranges are outlined for each hormone.
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This document discusses several sex hormones:
- Testosterone is the main male sex hormone, promoting male sexual development and secondary sex characteristics at puberty. It also contributes to muscle growth and bone growth in males.
- Estrogen exists in three forms and is important for female sexual development and fertility. It promotes breast development, feminine traits, and thickening of the uterine lining.
- Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy and supports pregnancy maintenance by thickening the uterine lining and allowing implantation.
- Inhibin inhibits FSH production and is involved in gamete production and embryonic development. High inhibin-A levels may indicate Down syndrome in pregnancy screening tests.
- Relaxin relaxes the uterus, prepares
39. sex hormone (1)
Sex hormones are steroid hormones produced by the testes or ovaries that control reproductive functions and sexual development. The major sex hormones are testosterone and estrogen. Testosterone, produced by the testes, promotes male secondary sex characteristics and sperm production. Estrogen and progesterone, produced by the ovaries, bring about changes during female puberty like breast growth and prepare the uterus for pregnancy. Hormones act through the bloodstream to have effects throughout the body.
Endocrine gland system psuchology
The endocrine gland system is a group of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream and work closely with the nervous system. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" as it controls the functions of the adrenal, thyroid, and gonads by secreting hormones. Abnormal functions of the endocrine glands can affect behavior, such as dwarfism from pituitary deficiencies or hypothyroidism causing cretinism. Hormones from the adrenal glands and gonads also influence behaviors related to stress responses and sexual development.
GROWTH HORMONE - PITUITARY GLAND
Growth hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and regulates body growth and metabolism. It works by stimulating the liver and other tissues to produce insulin-like growth factors. Growth hormone secretion is regulated by hormones like growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin produced by the hypothalamus. Abnormal growth hormone levels can cause diseases like gigantism in children or acromegaly in adults. While somatostatin and octreotide inhibit growth hormone secretion and are used to treat conditions caused by excess growth hormone levels like acromegaly.
Luteinizing Hormone Function
The document discusses luteinizing hormone (LH), its function, and questions received from various users about LH and related reproductive topics. It provides answers to questions about LH function, the corpus luteum, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and reproductive system terms. The advisor clarifies misconceptions and helps evaluate diagnoses.
6.6 homeostasis and hormones
This document summarizes key hormones and their roles in homeostasis:
- Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels, while thyroxine regulates metabolism and body temperature. Leptin inhibits appetite and is secreted by adipose tissue. Melatonin controls circadian rhythms and is secreted by the pineal gland.
- Testosterone and estrogen influence sexual development and characteristics. The menstrual cycle is regulated by feedback between ovarian and pituitary hormones.
- Examples of clinical applications include diabetes treatment, obesity research, and assisted reproduction techniques. Historical studies on deer reproduction are also mentioned.
Female sex hormones
This document provides information about estrogens including their biosynthesis, mechanisms of action, pharmacological actions, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. It discusses natural and synthetic estrogens as well as selective estrogen receptor modulators. Key points include that estradiol is mainly produced in the ovaries and adrenals and acts by binding to nuclear estrogen receptors. Estrogens have various effects in the female reproductive system as well as secondary sex characteristics, bone, brain, liver, and cardiovascular system. Therapeutic uses include hormone replacement therapy and contraception, while adverse effects include an increased risk of certain cancers.
Gonadil f prestatation final
The endocrine system is a network of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions. It works more slowly than the nervous system but has prolonged effects lasting hours to weeks. Hormones produced by endocrine glands control metabolism, growth, tissue function, and mood. The study of the endocrine system and its disorders is called endocrinology.
Endocrine regulation of reproduction
This document discusses the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction. It begins by defining endocrinology and neuroendocrinology. It then describes the hormones involved in metabolic and reproductive processes and their roles. The hypothalamus and pituitary glands secrete hormones that regulate the reproductive system, including gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), oxytocin, and prolactin. FSH stimulates follicle development and estrogen production. LH induces ovulation and luteinization. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and milk let-down. Prolactin promotes mammary growth and lactation. The document provides details on the
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Reproductive hormones
Anabolic steroids mimic the effects of testosterone in the body. By taking supraphysiological doses, it disrupts the body's natural production of testosterone through a negative feedback loop. This can lead to infertility and other side effects by interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The high levels of steroids also put stress on organs like the liver and can increase risks of certain cancers. The mood and behavioral changes are also side effects of the unnatural hormone fluctuations.
estrogen hormone and its function
Estrogen is the primary female reproductive hormone produced by the ovaries and placenta during pregnancy. It stimulates the growth and development of female secondary sex characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle. Estrogen promotes endometrial growth, ovulation, calcium absorption, and mammary gland development. It also assists in maintaining bone density and cardiovascular health. Levels fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle, under the influence of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland.
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This document summarizes the key endocrine glands and hormones in the human body. It describes the pancreas as both an endocrine and exocrine gland, noting its location and components. It then details the different cell types in the pancreatic islets and their hormone products, focusing on the regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion in response to blood glucose levels. Other endocrine glands discussed include the gonads and their sex hormones, the pineal gland and its hormone melatonin, the thymus gland, and hormones from other tissues like the kidneys, adipose tissue, heart, and placenta.
Molecular mechanism of sex hormone action
What is sex hormone ?
Sex hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and secreted throughout a person's lifetime
at different levels.
Male gonads (testes) produce sperm.
Female gonads (ovaries) produce egg.
Fusion of egg and sperm occur via fertilization to produce a zygote.
The zygote undergoes division to become an embryo, which eventually becomes a fetus.
Menstrual
The menstrual cycle involves hormones that regulate the development of eggs and the lining of the uterus. During the first two weeks, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone cause an egg follicle to mature and estrogen levels to rise. Around day 14, a surge in luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down and progesterone and estrogen levels fall, causing menstruation.
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Similar to Thyroid gland presentation by Prof. Irfana Mulla
The endocrine emergencies most commonly discussed by EMS provi.docx
The endocrine emergencies most commonly discussed by EMS providers typically deal with diabetes mel-litus, a condition associated with malfunction of the pancreas or its hormones and improper regulation of the blood glucose level. It is important to recognize that there are many other emergencies that may be related to
malfunctioning endocrine glands or hormones. These emergencies may produce acute life-threatening conditions that
exhibit a wide variety of clinical presentations based on the gland or hormones involved. Some patients may not readily
recognize, or may ignore, the slow and progressive clinical changes that are occurring and allow the disease to create an
acute life-threatening condition.
Since EMS providers may be called upon to manage the patient experiencing this acute and potentially life-threatening
condition, it is prudent for them to possess an awareness and understanding of other potential life-threatening endocrine
emergencies, such as those involving the thyroid gland and its related hormones.
By Joseph J. Mistovich, MEd, NREMT-P,
William S. Krost, BSAS, NREMT-P,
& Daniel D. Limmer, AS, EMT-P
Part 1: Hyperthyroidism and Thyroid Storm
This CE activity is approved
by EMS Magazine, an
organization accredited by
the Continuing Education
Coordinating Board
for Emergency Medical
Services (CECBEMS), for
1.5 CEUs.
OBJECTIVES
• Review anatomy of the
thyroid gland
• Discuss metabolic
disturbances
• Review emergency
management of
endocrine emergencies
Sponsored by
CONTINUING
EDUCATION FROM EMS
endocrine emergencies
This article is the first in a two-part series addressing endocrine emergencies involving thyroid hormone
disorders. The second part will follow in next month’s issue and cover conditions related to hypothyroid-
ism. The section below on anatomy and physiology of the thyroid gland pertains to both articles. It will be
important to review this section prior to reading the next article to completely understand the hypothyroid-
ism conditions covered in part two.
BEYOND THE BASICS:BEYOND THE BASICS:
Part 1: Hyperthyroidism and Thyroid Storm
This CE activity is approve
by EMS Magazine, an
organization accredited by
the Continuing Education
Coordinating Board
for Emergency Medical
Services (CECBEMS), for
1.5 CEUs.
OBJECTIVESJ
• Review anatomy of the
thyroid gland
• Discuss metabolic
disturbances
• Review emergencyThis article is the first in a two part series addressing endocrine emergencies involving thyroid hormoneThis article is the first in a two part series addressing endocrine emergencies involving thyroid hormone
ENDOCRINEENDOCRINE
EMERGENCIESEMERGENCIES
P
h
o
to
s
b
y
D
an
L
im
m
e
r
www.emsresponder.com ■ EMS ■ OCTOBER 2007 123
123-127 ce article.indd 123123-127 ce article.indd 123 9/18/2007 3:38:33 PM9/18/2007 3:38:33 PM
ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE
THYROID GLAND
The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped
endocrine gland l.
Thyroid hormones and thyroid inhibitors drdhriti
A power point presentation on thyroid hormones and thyroid inhibitors on subject of pharmacology suitable for reading by undergraduate medical students.
Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy
A normal pregnancy results in a number of important reversible physiological and hormonal changes that alter thyroid structure and more importantly function.
Understanding these change are important to interpreting, identifying and managing of thyroid disease in pregnancy.
Thyroid Hormones
1. The document discusses thyroid hormones, the thyroid gland, and thyroid disease. It describes how the thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones like T3 and T4 which regulate metabolism.
2. Symptoms of thyroid disease include changes in heart rate, weight, and mood. Hypothyroidism is caused by insufficient hormone production while hyperthyroidism is caused by excessive hormones.
3. Thyroid disease is diagnosed through blood tests measuring TSH, T3, and T4 levels. Treatment for hypothyroidism involves thyroid hormone replacement medication while hyperthyroidism may be treated with anti-thyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, surgery, or beta blockers.
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The document discusses thyroid disease and its implications for dental care. It begins with background on the thyroid gland and thyroid diseases. It then reviews the literature on thyroid disease and dental care, finding few articles that specifically address the topic. The conclusions state that dental professionals should screen for undiagnosed thyroid disease and understand how thyroid conditions can impact dental treatment. Modifications to dental care may be needed for patients with thyroid disease.
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Thyroid gland
The document summarizes the structure and function of the thyroid gland. It discusses that the thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck and is butterfly shaped with two lobes connected by an isthmus. It produces important hormones like thyroxine and triiodothyronine which regulate metabolism. The thyroid takes up iodine and uses it to produce the hormones through a series of steps in a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hormones have wide-ranging effects on growth, development, and metabolic processes in nearly all tissues of the body. Diseases like hypothyroidism and Graves' disease can disrupt the thyroid's normal functioning.
Thyroid gland,Adrenal gland and Gonads
The document provides information about the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and gonads. It discusses the thyroid gland's hormones including thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin. It describes diseases of the thyroid such as hypothyroidism, myxedema, goiter, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and exophthalmic goiter. It also briefly discusses the adrenal gland's hormones and parts as well as diseases of the adrenal gland and functions. Finally, it mentions the gonads including the testis and ovary along with their hormones.
Pharmacology of the endocrine system
The document discusses the pharmacology of the endocrine system. It begins by introducing hormones and how they regulate metabolic processes more slowly than the autonomic nervous system. It then discusses specific endocrine glands and hormones. A large portion focuses on the thyroid gland, its hormones, and drugs used to treat thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. These include thyroid hormone preparations, iodides, thionamides, radioactive iodine, and more. The document provides details on the mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects of drugs related to the thyroid and endocrine system.
Thyroid gland disorders hyper and hypo0110017 (2)
The thyroid gland is located in the neck and produces the hormones T4 and T3, which facilitate growth, metabolism, and other functions. Hypothyroidism occurs when there is underproduction of thyroid hormones, while hyperthyroidism is overproduction. Common causes include Graves' disease, multinodular goiter, or toxic adenoma. Treatment depends on the specific condition but may involve antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, or surgery to control thyroid hormone levels. Precise diagnosis and ongoing monitoring are important for effective management of thyroid disorders.
COMPILED-POWERPOINT-GROUP-01-Peptide-Hormones-and-the-Endocrine-System.pptx
The endocrine system consists of glands that produce hormones which regulate processes throughout the body. The pituitary gland and thyroid gland are important endocrine glands. The pituitary gland has an anterior and posterior lobe; the posterior lobe produces vasopressin and oxytocin which regulate water balance and labor. The thyroid gland regulates metabolism and uses iodine to produce important hormones like thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Hormone replacement therapies exist for treating hypo- and hyperactive endocrine glands like the thyroid, and involve replacing missing hormones or reducing overactive hormone levels.
Thyroid hormones
The thyroid gland secretes three hormones: T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 regulate metabolism, while calcitonin regulates calcium levels. The thyroid is located in the neck below the Adam's apple. T3 and T4 are synthesized from tyrosine and stored bound to thyroglobulin. They are regulated by TSH from the pituitary and feedback to decrease TSH secretion. The main actions of thyroid hormones are to increase growth, metabolism, and heart rate. Hypothyroidism is treated with thyroxine replacement therapy.
Introduction to Endocrine.pptx
The document summarizes the major endocrine glands and their hormones. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland which secretes six important peptide hormones. It also discusses the thyroid gland which produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine, regulating cellular metabolism. The parathyroid glands contain four glands which secrete parathyroid hormone regulating calcium levels. The pancreas has endocrine functions secreting insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar. The adrenal glands are composed of an outer cortex secreting glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, and an inner medulla secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine. The gonads are the testes and ovaries which produce sex
Introduction to Endocrine.pptx
The document summarizes the major endocrine glands and their hormones. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland which secretes six important peptide hormones. It also discusses the thyroid gland which produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine, regulating cellular metabolism. The parathyroid glands contain four glands which secrete parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels. The pancreas has endocrine functions secreting insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar. The adrenal glands are composed of an outer cortex secreting glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, and an inner medulla secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine. The gonads are the testes and ovaries which se
Thyroid disorders
The document discusses thyroid disorders and provides information about:
1) The thyroid gland, its location and functions including producing thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism.
2) Types of thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, their causes, symptoms and treatment options.
3) Diagnostic tests for thyroid disorders including thyroid function tests and scans.
4) Specific conditions like Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroid storm and their characteristics.
Hypothyroidism pathology presentation2
The document discusses hypo and hyperthyroidism. It defines the thyroid gland and its role in regulating metabolism, growth, and other physiological functions through production of thyroid hormones T4 and T3. Hypothyroidism is caused by deficiency of these hormones and can be treated effectively with levothyroxine supplementation. The treatment section provides dosing guidelines for levothyroxine based on patient age and cardiovascular risk, and discusses alternatives including liothyronine and combination T4/T3 therapies.
Thyroid Hormones
Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are produced by the thyroid gland and regulate metabolism. T4 is converted to the more active T3 in tissues. Their production requires iodine and is regulated by TSH from the pituitary which is inhibited by thyroid hormone feedback. Thyroid hormones act through nuclear receptors to increase gene transcription and metabolism. Deficiency causes hypothyroidism while excess causes hyperthyroidism, and both can impact growth, development and multiple body systems.
Thyroid & antithyroid drugs
The document summarizes the key aspects of thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation. It discusses:
1) The thyroid gland secretes the hormones triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4), and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are synthesized from tyrosine residues within the thyroglobulin molecule through iodination and coupling reactions.
2) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary stimulates thyroid hormone production and release, forming a negative feedback loop with T3 and T4.
3) Thyroid hormones regulate growth, development, metabolism and have wide-ranging effects in the body through nuclear receptors that control gene expression.
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Thyroid gland presentation by Prof. Irfana Mulla
- 1. Topic-Thyroid Functions And Disorders Presented By, Department Of Biology Prof. Irfana Mulla -M.Sc B.Ed (Zoology) Mob-9145267210
- 2. Introduction Anatomy Hormone synthesis/secretion Functions & control Disorders of thyroid gland Investigation Treatment of thyroidal disease Gender percentage
- 3. The thyroid gland-is the largest single endocrine gland in the body(15-20g in weight) It produces hormone thyroxin and calcitonin Thyroid hormone are critical in regulating body metabolism, neurulogical , developmental and body functions Calcitonin involved in calcium homeostasis i.e calcium phosphate disorders
- 4. It consists of 2 lobes and a central Isthumus anterior to the trachea(looks like a bow-tie) Posteriorly parathyroid gland present Originates from Rathe’s pouch at the base of a tongue at 4-8wks IUL, and secretes hormone by 11wk-critical to neurologic development Consist of many small spherical follicles surrounded by basement membrane , containing colloid and interspersed by parafollicular C cell.
- 5. The thyroid secretes thyroxin and calcitonin hormone Thyroid hormone T4 acts throughout the body influencing Metabolism Growth and development Body temperature During infancy and childhood ,adequate thyroid hormone is crucial for brain development.
- 6. Tiredness weakness,dry skin,feeling cold , Hair loss,difficulty,concentrating and feeling memory. constipation ,weight gain with pure appetite , dyspnea , hourse voice. Menorrhagia,hairfall,hair dryness, puffy dull face with dry skin,dry hands and feets i.e myxoedema. Bulging of eyes,muscle weakness,joint pains. Enlarged thyroid gland.
- 7. As per ATA/AACE guidelines,patients with autoimmune thyroiditis can be diagnosed by following tests:Thyroid antibodies- 1. Anti-thyroglobuline antibodies(positive in 20-25% patients) 2. Anti-microsomal/anti thyroid peroxidase antibodies( TPOAb) 3. TSH receptor antibodies.
- 8. If there is no residual thyroid functioning ,the daily replacement dose of levothyroxine is usually 1.6- 1.8µg/kg body weight , ideally taken at least 30minbefore breakfast. Adult patients under 60years old without evidence of heart disease may be started on 50-100glevothyroxine (T4) daily. The dose is adjusted on the basis of TSH levels with the goals of treatment being a normal TSH ideally in the lower help of the reference range. TSH responses are gradual & should be measured about 2 months after instituting treatment or after any subsequent change in levothyroxine dose.
- 9. According to the different research women’s are having problems with thyroid gland 3-10 times more than men. As women’s are more succeptible to different hormonal leaps, their body is more sensitive to any hormonal changes and react to them sharper than the ‘calm’ male body , that is why iodine deficiency aften causes complications in the female reproductive system and not in men. The research finding show that thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland protect the body from carcino-genes and the risk of breast cancer in women increases , when there is a shortage of these hormones. Pregnant women are he more sensitive to iodine deficiency,as during this period the womens hormonal system changes , besides by 16- 17th week the fetus be own thyroid gland and it begins to take iodine from mother.
- 10. Thank you