New centres of power class 12

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT Ms. SIMIRAN OF
CLASS XIIE HAS SUCCESFULLY COMPLETED THE
PROJECT ON NEW CENTERS OF POWERS UNDER
THE GUIDANCE OF MR.T.NARASIMHAM (PGT
HISTORY).
AS PER THE GUIDELINES ISSUED BY CENTRAL BOARD
OF SECONDARY EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR 2020-21

EUROPEAN UNION
ASEAN
BRICS
I. BRAZIL
II. RUSSIA
III. INDIA
IV. CHINA
V. SOUTH AFRICA
SAARC
ISRAEL

INTRODUCTION
AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21st CENTURY
THE INTERNATIONAL WORLD WITTNESSED
THE EMERGENCE OF NEW CENTERS OF
POWERS NAMELY ASEAN, EU, SAARC, BRICS,
INDIA, CHINA, RUSSIA AND ISRAEL.

EUROPEAEUROPEAN
UNIONEUROPEAN
EUROPEAN UNIONN

AS THE SECOND WORLD WAR CAME TO
AN END MANY OF THE EUROPE’s LEADERS
GRAPPLED WITH THE ‘QUESTION OF
EUROPE’.

 THE SECOND WORLD WAR HAS SHATTERED
MANY OF THE ASSUMPTIONS AND STRUCTURE
ON WHICH EUROPEAN STATE HAS BASED THEIR
RELATIONS.
 IN 1945,THE EUROPEAN STATES CONFRONTED
THE RUIN OF THEIR ECONOMIES AND THE
DESTRUCTION OF THE ASSUMPTIONS AND
STRUCTURES ON WHICH EUROPE HAS BEEN
FOUNDED.

The European Union: 446 million people – 27 countries

European integration is the process
of industrial, economic, political,
legal, social and
cultural integration of states wholly
or partially in Europe or
nearby. European integration has
primarily come about through
the European Union and its policies.

MARSHALL PLAN
Marshall Plan; Long title: An act to promote
world peace and the general welfare,
national interest, and foreign policy of the
United States through economic, financial,
and other measures necessary to the
maintenance of conditions abroad in which
free institutions can survive and consistent
with the maintenance of the strength and
stability of the United States.

MARSHALL PLAN DEVELOPMENTS
 The Marshall Plan is also considered a key catalyst for the
formation of the NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
ORGANIZATION (NATO), a military alliance between
North American and European countries established in
1949.
 Under The Marshall Plan The ORGANISATION FOR
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COOPERATION (OEEC), Was
Established To Channel Aid To The West European States.
 The Marshall Plan is also considered a key catalyst for the
formation of the NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
ORGANIZATION (NATO), a military alliance between
North American and European countries established in
1949.
 Under The Marshall Plan The ORGANISATION FOR
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COOPERATION (OEEC), Was
Established To Channel Aid To The West European States.

 THE CONCIL OF EUROPE ESTABLISHED IN 1949 WAS
ANOTHER STEP FORWARD IN POLITICAL COOPERATION.
 IN 1957 EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (EEC)
WAS FORMED.
 THE COLLAPSE OF SOVIET BLOC PUT EUROPE ON A FAST
TRACK AND RESULTED IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
EUROPEAN UNION (EU) IN 1992.

FEATURES OF EUOPEAN UNION (EU)
 THE EUROPEAN UNION HAS EVOLVED OVER TIME
FROM AN ECONOMIC UNION TO AN INCREASING
POLITICAL ONE.
 THE EU HAS STARTED TO ACT MORE AS NATION
STATE .WHILE THE ATTEMPTS TO HAVE A
CONSTITUTION FOR THE EU HAVE FAILED, IT
HAVE ITS OWN FLAG, ANTHEM, FOUNDING DATE
AND CURRENCY.

ECONOMIC INFLUENCE OF EU
 THE EU IS THE WORLDS LARGEST ECONMY WITH A
GDP OF MORE THAN $118.8 TRILLION (NOMINAL) IN
2018 REPRESENTING ABOUT 22% OF GLOBAL
ECONMY.
 ITS CURRENCY EURO (€) CAN POSE A THREAT TO
THE DOMINANCE OF US DOLLAR.
 ITS SHARE OF WORLD TRADE IS MUCH LARGER
THAN USA ALOOWING IT TO BE MORE ASSERTIVE IN
TRADE DISPUTE WITH USA AND CHINA.

POLITICAL INFLUENCE
• FRANCE IS A PERMANENT
MEMBER OF UNITED
NATIONS SECQURITY
COUNCIL (UNSC) .
• THERE ARE OTHER EU
COUNTRIES ALSO WHICH
ARE PART OF UNSC NON-
PERMANENT MEMBERS.

MILITARY ⚔ INFLUENCE
 THE EU’s COMBINED FORCES ARE THE SECOND LARGEST
IN THE WORLD.
 ITS TOTAL SPENDING ON DEFENCE IS SECOND AFTER US.
 IT IS ALSO THE WORLDS SECOND MOST IMPORTANT
SOURCE OF SPACE AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY.

ESTABLISHMENT AND MEMBERSHP
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations or ASEAN
was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok by the
five original Member Countries, namely, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Brunei
Darussalam joined on 8 January 1984 Vietnam on 28
July 1995 Laos and Myanmar on 23 July 1997
Cambodia on 30 April 1999.

The Establishment of ASEAN
Bangkok Declaration, 8 August 1967

Goals of ASEAN
• To accelerate the economic growth, social
progress and cultural development in the region
through joint endeavors; and
• To promote regional peace and stability
based on the rule of law & the principles of the
United Nations Charter.

THREE PILLARS OF ASEAN
 In 2003, the group agreed on the pursuit
of three pillars or “communities”.
 ASEAN Security Community
 ASEAN Economic Community
 ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community

ASEANSecurityCommunity
 Based on the conviction that outstanding territorial
disputes should not escalate into armed
confrontation.
 The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), which was
established in 1994, is the organization that carries
out coordination of security & foreign policy.

ASEAN Economic Community
 To create a common market & production base within
ASEAN states & to aid social & economic development
in the region.
 ASEAN has focused on creating a Free Trade Area
(FTA) for investment, labor & services.

ASEAN Free Trade Area
Launched in January 1992
 Eliminating tariff barriers among the Southeast
Asian countries
 Integrating the ASEAN economies into a single
production base
 Creating a regional market of over 500 million
people
 ASEAN cooperation has resulted in greater
regional integration.

The ASEAN Journey to Community Building

ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community
To combat the pitfalls of capitalism & free trade,
namely, disparity in wealth & job loss.
 This community focuses on disadvantaged
groups such as rural workers, women & children

ASEAN SYMBOLS
MOTTO
ONE VISION,ONE
IDENTITY,ONE
COMMUNITY
ASEAN
FLAG
ASEAN
ANTHEM

ABOUT BRICS
 BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, China, and South Africa.
 Came into existence in 2001 as BRICS nation
 It is the fastest growing and emerging economics
 BRICS is the international political organization of leading
emerging economies. Its five members are all developing
industrialized countries
 The term BRICS was used for the first time in the Goldman
Sachs report 2003.

FROM BRIC TO BRICS
 The BRIC became a mechanism through which the
countries can exchange opinions, seek convergence,
identify areas of cooperation and influence the
international agenda.
 Officially it was admitted as a BRIC nation on 24
December 2010
 With the entrance of South Africa, at the 3rd BRICS
Summit, in April 2011, the BRIC became BRICS, with
capital "S".

 To achieve regional development
 To remove trade barriers
 Economic development
 Optimum use of resources
 Building relationship

KEY ADVANTAGES:
 One of the fastest growing economies in the last
centuries
 Brazilian economy becoming less dependent on
imports
 Extremely rich in resources such as coffee,
sugarcane, crude oil and iron etc.
 Focus on equitable development has resulted in
significant poverty reduction.

KEY ADVANTAGES:
 Russia has capability in high-technology sectors
Accounts for around 20% of the world’s oil and gas
reserves
 fall in the number of people living below the poverty
line
CHALLENGES FOR FUTURE
 Labour shortages and poorly developed infrastructure
 Corruption

KEY ADVANTAGES
 1.15 billion people
 2nd largest labour force
 Approximately 2.5 million college graduates per
year
CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE
 Improving basic educational achievement
 Improving infrastructure and electrical capacity
 Expanding technological industry

KEY ADVANTAGES
 Broad expansion of educational achievement
 Rapid economic growth
 Third largest country in land size.
CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE
 support to rural areas and less-developed
regions
 Bank of China sees inflation as a bigger risk
 Need to improve the investment

KEY ADVANTAGE:
 The South African economy is now the 23rd largest
in the world.
 Inflation is now below 5% and falling.
 25% of goods produced in South Africa are for
export .
CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE:
 The economy is growing but not fast enough
 Lack of skills, particularly in IT.
 48% of the population is living below the poverty
line.

• SAARC was established with the signing of
the SAARC Charter in Dhaka on 8 December
1985.
• SAARC comprises of eight Member States:
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

 To promote the welfare of the peoples of South Asia
and to improve their quality of life.
 To accelerate economic growth, social progress and
cultural development in the region.
 To promote and strengthen collective self reliance
among the countries of South Asia.

SOUTH ASIAN FREE TRADE
AGREEMENT (SAFTA)
 SAARC members signed the SAFTA which
promised the formation of a free trade zone for
the whole of south Asia.
 The Agreement was signed in 2004 and came
into effect on 1 January 2006.
 SAFTA aims at lowering trade tariffs by 20%
by 2007

1. Some of our neighbours fear that SAFTA is a way
for India to ‘invade’ their markets and to influence
their societies and politics through commercial
ventures and a commercial presence in their
countries.
2. India thinks that there are real economic benefits
for all from SAFTA and that a region that trades
more freely will be able to cooperate better on
political issues.

3. Some in India think that SAFTA is not worth
the trouble since India already has bilateral
agreements with Bhutan, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
4. India-Pakistan relations seem to be a story of
endemic conflict and violence, there have been a
series of efforts to manage tensions and build
peace.

Israel has emerged as one of the most powerful nations
in the 21st century world in terms of science and
technology, defence, intelligence besides economy.
Situated in the middle of the burning politics of West
Asian countries, Israel has reached to the new heights of
global political standing by virtue of its indomitable
defence prowess, technological innovations,
industrialization and agricultural development.
Sustaining against adversity is the principle with which a
small Jewish-Zionist nation, i.e., Israel is placed in the
contemporary global politics in general and the Arab-
dominated West Asian politics in particular.

 Israel is a developed country and an OECD member,
with the 43rd-largest economy in the world by
nominal gross domestic product as of 2012.
 The country has the highest standard of living in
the Middle East and the fifth highest in Asia , and
has the fourteenth highest life expectancy in the
world.
 In 1996, Turkey and Israel signed a free-trade
agreement. In 1997, a double-taxation prevention
treaty went into effect. A bilateral investment treaty
was signed in 1998.

 Israeli-Turkish trade rose 26% to $2 billion in first half
of 2011 from $1.59 billion in the first half of 2010.
According to the Israeli Chamber of Commerce, Israeli
exports to Turkey rose 39% to $950 million, and
imports from Turkey rose 16% to $1.05 billion.

 Turkey is Israel's sixth-largest export destination.
Chemicals and oil distillates are the primary exports.
 Turkey purchases high-tech defense equipment from
Israel, whereas Turkey supplies Israel with military
boots and uniforms.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Mapsofworld.com
 Wikipedia
 Jastor.com
 Slideshare.com
 Mycbseguide.com

New centres of power class 12