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This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the concept of inclusive fitness, which is made up of individual survival and reproduction (direct fitness) and any impact that an individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives (indirect fitness). The elements of kin selection (that is, direct fitness and indirect fitness) lead directly to the concept now known as Hamilton’s rule, which states that aid-giving behaviour can evolve when the indirect fitness benefits of helping relatives compensate the aid giver for any losses in personal reproduction it incurs by helping. thats why it is most elegant solution to the problem of explaining self- sacrificing behaviors that had troubled evolutionists ever since Darwin. Hamilton\'s proposal of the importance of haplodiploidy in the evolution of eusociality reigned supreme amongst scientists who studied social hymenoptera for the rest of the century. The social insects provide good examples of organisms with what appear to be kin selected traits. The workers of some species are sterile, a trait that would not occur if individual selection was the only process at work. The relatedness coefficient r is abnormally high between the worker sisters in a colony of Hymenoptera due to haplodiploidy. Hamilton\'s rule is presumed to be satisfied because the benefits in fitness for the workers are believed to exceed the costs in terms of lost reproductive opportunity, though this has never been demonstrated empirically. There are competing hypotheses, as well, which may also explain the evolution of social behaviour in such organisms Solution This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the concept of inclusive fitness, which is made up of individual survival and reproduction (direct fitness) and any impact that an individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives (indirect fitness). The elements of kin selection (that is, direct fitness and indirect fitness) lead directly to the concept now known as Hamilton’s rule, which states that aid-giving behaviour can evolve when the indirect fitness benefits of helping relatives compensate the aid giver for any losses in personal reproduction it incurs by helping. thats why it is most elegant solution to the problem of explaining self- sacrificing behaviors that had troubled evolutionists ever since Darwin. Hamilton\'s proposal of the importance of haplodiploidy in the evolution of eusociality reigned supreme amongst scientists who studied social hymenoptera for the rest of the century. The social insects provide good examples of organisms with what appear to be kin selected traits. The workers of some species are sterile, a trait that would not occur if individual selection was the only process at work. The relatedness coefficient r is abnormally high between the worker sisters in a colony of Hymenoptera due to haplodiploidy. Hamilton\'s rule is presumed to be satisfied because the benefits in fitness for the wo.
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Hamilton's Rule explains--- how altruists will sacrifice themselves wi.pdf
Hamilton's Rule explains... how altruists will sacrifice themselves with no clear benefit to
themselves, for the good of the group. how kin selection favors traits where an animal helps
close relatives, even if costly to that animal. the way social groups of animals will include both
relatives and non-relatives, working together. how sexual selection favors traits that otherwise
would seem to be a liability to that organism. Question 4 (1 point) Which of the following might
be the result of a common garden experiment? finding that two different plant species are
genetically distinct from each other concluding that both biotic and abiotic factors shape the
phenotype of a plant finding that differences in a widely dispersed species of animal are due to
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Presentation on Selection
Natural and artificial selection both involve the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits compared to others in a population. In natural selection, traits that help organisms survive and reproduce are passed on more often, while in artificial selection humans choose which traits to promote or reduce in domesticated species. Both processes can lead to changes in the traits of a population over multiple generations through the selective reproduction of organisms with favorable characteristics.
Altruism is an oddity in the animal world. How does altruism from co.pdf
Altruism is an oddity in the animal world. How does altruism from colony insects make the
colony more apt to survive and thrive? Do you see any applications of altruism to human
society?
Solution
1- Reciprocity is another evolutionary factor that can favor altruism. The basic theory was
introduced by Trivers (1971) and refined by Axelrod and Hamilton (1980). One organism has a
net gain by helping another if the other reciprocates with benefits (simultaneous or delayed) that
balance the donor\'s cost. Cleaning symbiosis between a large fish and a small one of a different
species may provide simultaneous reciprocal benefits: the large fish gets rid of parasites; the
small one gets food. This reciprocation implies that the small fish is more valuable as a cleaner to
the large fish than it would be as food. Reciprocity is a pervasive factor in the socioeconomic
lives of many species, especially our own. It requires safeguards, often in the form of evolved
adaptations for the detection of cheating Manipulation is another source of altruism. The
donation results from actual or implied threat or deception by the recipient. In any social
hierarchy, individuals of lower rank will often yield to the higher by abandoning a food item or
possible mate, thereby donating the coveted resource to the dominant individual. Deception often
works between species: a snapper may donate its body to an anglerfish that tempts it with its
lure; some orchids have flowers that resemble females of an insect species, so that deceived
males donate time and energy transporting pollen with no payoff to themselves. The nest
parasitism discussed above is another example. Our own donations of money or labor or blood to
public appeals can be considered manipulation of donors by those who make the appeals.
2-
More recently attention has been given to selection among temporary social groupings or trait
groups (Wilson 1980), such as fish schools or flocks of birds. Trait groups with more benign and
cooperative members may feed more efficiently and avoid predators more effectively. The more
selfish individuals still thrive best within each group, and the evolutionary result reflects the
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Hamilton's Rule explains--- how altruists will sacrifice themselves wi.pdf
Hamilton's Rule explains... how altruists will sacrifice themselves with no clear benefit to
themselves, for the good of the group. how kin selection favors traits where an animal helps
close relatives, even if costly to that animal. the way social groups of animals will include both
relatives and non-relatives, working together. how sexual selection favors traits that otherwise
would seem to be a liability to that organism. Question 4 (1 point) Which of the following might
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phenotype of a plant finding that differences in a widely dispersed species of animal are due to
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society?
Solution
1- Reciprocity is another evolutionary factor that can favor altruism. The basic theory was
introduced by Trivers (1971) and refined by Axelrod and Hamilton (1980). One organism has a
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balance the donor\'s cost. Cleaning symbiosis between a large fish and a small one of a different
species may provide simultaneous reciprocal benefits: the large fish gets rid of parasites; the
small one gets food. This reciprocation implies that the small fish is more valuable as a cleaner to
the large fish than it would be as food. Reciprocity is a pervasive factor in the socioeconomic
lives of many species, especially our own. It requires safeguards, often in the form of evolved
adaptations for the detection of cheating Manipulation is another source of altruism. The
donation results from actual or implied threat or deception by the recipient. In any social
hierarchy, individuals of lower rank will often yield to the higher by abandoning a food item or
possible mate, thereby donating the coveted resource to the dominant individual. Deception often
works between species: a snapper may donate its body to an anglerfish that tempts it with its
lure; some orchids have flowers that resemble females of an insect species, so that deceived
males donate time and energy transporting pollen with no payoff to themselves. The nest
parasitism discussed above is another example. Our own donations of money or labor or blood to
public appeals can be considered manipulation of donors by those who make the appeals.
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groups (Wilson 1980), such as fish schools or flocks of birds. Trait groups with more benign and
cooperative members may feed more efficiently and avoid predators more effectively. The more
selfish individuals still thrive best within each group, and the evolutionary result reflects the
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differences. It should be noted that any form of group selection can only produce modifications
that benefit the sorts of groups among which selection takes place. It need not produce benefits
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It is simple Using map object key as x and value as the calculation .pdf
It is simple Using map object key as x and value as the calculation of function
% adding initial value to create map object
mapObject=containers.Map({-5},{-5*-5+3*-5-2});
% using for loop to calculate the value of function
for x=-4.5:0.5:5
% adding to map
mapObject(x)=x*x+3*x-2;
%end of for loop
end
Now you have the values and keys as x values in the map
Solution
It is simple Using map object key as x and value as the calculation of function
% adding initial value to create map object
mapObject=containers.Map({-5},{-5*-5+3*-5-2});
% using for loop to calculate the value of function
for x=-4.5:0.5:5
% adding to map
mapObject(x)=x*x+3*x-2;
%end of for loop
end
Now you have the values and keys as x values in the map.
Vibrio cholerae is bacteria present in aquatic environment.It causes.pdf
Vibrio cholerae is bacteria present in aquatic environment.It causes cholera,a diarrhoel disease.it
is usually occur in developing countries.There are more than 200 serotypes are identified but two
serotypes are more dangerous i.e.serotype O1 and serotype O139.The disease is endemic to
certain regions where contaminated food and water are used for consumption purposes.The
disease becomes epidemic due to the above two serotypes.
Vibrio cholerae and zooplankton shows commensalism mainly with copepods,water
fleas,daphnia,rotifers,ostracods etc. Zooplanktons are microscopic organism normally found in
sea ,river,ponds.
In Bakerganj and Mathbaria (Bangladesh) the population of zooplanktons were analysed and it
was found that Mathbaria\'s river and ponds were actually reservoir for vibrio cholerae. In this
areas the environment plays significant role in colonization of zooplankton by pathogenic strains.
In these areas the water is used for drinking purposes without any treatment. Cholera is depend
on doses.So increase in their numbers increases the chances of endemic or epidemic sometimes
pandemics. In these areas flood comes regularly due to which sea water mixes with pond, river
water that is also a major factor for the spread of disease.
By using molecular genetics and genomic methods for the detection of zooplankton species and
determination of selected association of V.cholerae may allow early warning warning of
pathogenic strain of V.cholerae and treatment of water by just simple filtration can also helps in
its prevention.
Solution
Vibrio cholerae is bacteria present in aquatic environment.It causes cholera,a diarrhoel disease.it
is usually occur in developing countries.There are more than 200 serotypes are identified but two
serotypes are more dangerous i.e.serotype O1 and serotype O139.The disease is endemic to
certain regions where contaminated food and water are used for consumption purposes.The
disease becomes epidemic due to the above two serotypes.
Vibrio cholerae and zooplankton shows commensalism mainly with copepods,water
fleas,daphnia,rotifers,ostracods etc. Zooplanktons are microscopic organism normally found in
sea ,river,ponds.
In Bakerganj and Mathbaria (Bangladesh) the population of zooplanktons were analysed and it
was found that Mathbaria\'s river and ponds were actually reservoir for vibrio cholerae. In this
areas the environment plays significant role in colonization of zooplankton by pathogenic strains.
In these areas the water is used for drinking purposes without any treatment. Cholera is depend
on doses.So increase in their numbers increases the chances of endemic or epidemic sometimes
pandemics. In these areas flood comes regularly due to which sea water mixes with pond, river
water that is also a major factor for the spread of disease.
By using molecular genetics and genomic methods for the detection of zooplankton species and
determination of selected association of V.cholerae may allow early warning warning of
path.
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temp.pdf
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain
boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. This process is one aspect
of homeostasis: a dynamic state of stability between an animal\'s internal environment and its
external environment (the study of such processes in zoology has been called ecophysiology or
physiological ecology). If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it increases
significantly above normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs. For humans, this occurs
when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55 °C (131 °F), and any
prolonged exposure (longer than a few hours) at this temperature and up to around 75 °C (167
°F) death is almost inevitable.[citation needed] Humans may also experience lethal hyperthermia
when the wet bulb temperature is sustained above 35 °C (95 °F) for six hours.[1][2] The opposite
condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia.
Whereas an organism that thermoregulates is one that keeps its core body temperature within
certain limits, a thermoconformer is subject to changes in body temperature according to changes
in the temperature outside of its body. It was not until the introduction of thermometers that any
exact data on the temperature of animals could be obtained. It was then found that local
differences were present, since heat production and heat loss vary considerably in different parts
of the body, although the circulation of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the
internal parts. Hence it is important to identify the parts of the body that most closely reflect the
temperature of the internal organs. Also, for such results to be comparable, the measurements
must be conducted under comparable conditions. The rectum has traditionally been considered to
reflect most accurately the temperature of internal parts, or in some cases of sex or species, the
vagina, uterus or bladder. Occasionally the temperature of the urine as it leaves the urethra may
be of use. More often the temperature is taken in the mouth, axilla, ear or groin.
As in other mammals, thermoregulation is an important aspect of human homeostasis. Most body
heat is generated in the deep organs, especially the liver, brain, and heart, and in contraction of
skeletal muscles. Humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates, including hot
humid and hot arid. High temperatures pose serious stresses for the human body, placing it in
great danger of injury or even death. For humans, adaptation to varying climatic conditions
includes both physiological mechanisms as a byproduct of evolution, and the conscious
development of cultural adaptations.
There are four avenues of heat loss: convection, conduction, radiation, and evaporation. If skin
temperature is greater than that of the surroundings, the body can lose heat by radiation and
conduction. But if the temper.
There are many reasons that web- based cameras to study animal behav.pdf
There are many reasons that web- based cameras to study animal behavior are better and more
convenient than studying animal behavior in person. Web-based cameras provide realtime
visuals of the animal under study with reduced disturbance, to many observers.
It is less time consuming in the sense that the camera can be kept rolling for long hours, and the
observer can study them at a time that is convenient for him. This is not an option if the
observation is aimed at immediate action. For example. if an injured animal (under medical care)
is kept under surveillance and it expresses distress.
The person studying the species does not necessarily need to be in the same place.
They can be placed in areas that are difficult to reach, uncomfortable or dangerous to be in.
Many specimens can be studied at the same time.
The animals can be seen in their natural environment without the risk of a person’s presence
influencing their behavior
There are special cameras designed to aid better visibility suitable for a particular environment.
Color and black and white cameras, combination of these with infrared lighting (used in low
light conditions), water resistant cameras and more.
Using a camera makes documentation easier and maintains record.
Solution
There are many reasons that web- based cameras to study animal behavior are better and more
convenient than studying animal behavior in person. Web-based cameras provide realtime
visuals of the animal under study with reduced disturbance, to many observers.
It is less time consuming in the sense that the camera can be kept rolling for long hours, and the
observer can study them at a time that is convenient for him. This is not an option if the
observation is aimed at immediate action. For example. if an injured animal (under medical care)
is kept under surveillance and it expresses distress.
The person studying the species does not necessarily need to be in the same place.
They can be placed in areas that are difficult to reach, uncomfortable or dangerous to be in.
Many specimens can be studied at the same time.
The animals can be seen in their natural environment without the risk of a person’s presence
influencing their behavior
There are special cameras designed to aid better visibility suitable for a particular environment.
Color and black and white cameras, combination of these with infrared lighting (used in low
light conditions), water resistant cameras and more.
Using a camera makes documentation easier and maintains record..
The following survival strategies were employed by the birds if thei.pdf
The following survival strategies were employed by the birds if their food source was destroyed:
1. Adaptation : If the food source is destroyed, birds adapt to the locally available food source
which is found to be plenty in their living habitat by changing their nature of food.
2. Migration : Birds migrate or move from one region to the other region( except endemic
species) where they can find the better related food source.
Solution
The following survival strategies were employed by the birds if their food source was destroyed:
1. Adaptation : If the food source is destroyed, birds adapt to the locally available food source
which is found to be plenty in their living habitat by changing their nature of food.
2. Migration : Birds migrate or move from one region to the other region( except endemic
species) where they can find the better related food source..
SavingsAccount.javapublic class SavingsAccount{ .pdf
//SavingsAccount.java
public class SavingsAccount
{
private double balance;
private double interest;
public SavingsAccount()
{
balance = 0;
interest = 0;
}
public SavingsAccount(double initialBalance, double initialInterest)
{
balance = initialBalance;
interest = initialInterest;
}
public void deposit(double amount)
{
balance = balance + amount;
}
public void withdraw(double amount)
{
balance = balance - amount;
}
public void addInterest()
{
balance = balance + balance * interest;
}
public double getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
}
Solution
//SavingsAccount.java
public class SavingsAccount
{
private double balance;
private double interest;
public SavingsAccount()
{
balance = 0;
interest = 0;
}
public SavingsAccount(double initialBalance, double initialInterest)
{
balance = initialBalance;
interest = initialInterest;
}
public void deposit(double amount)
{
balance = balance + amount;
}
public void withdraw(double amount)
{
balance = balance - amount;
}
public void addInterest()
{
balance = balance + balance * interest;
}
public double getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
}.
The java class Account that simultes the Account class.pdf
/*
* The java class Account that simultes
* the Account class.
* */
//Account.java
public abstract class Account {
private String name;
private String accountNumber;
private double balance;
//Constructor to set name, account number and balnace
public Account(String name,
String accountNumber,
double balance)
{
this.name=name;
this.accountNumber=accountNumber;
this.balance=balance;
}
public void setBalance(double balance)
{
this.balance=balance;
}
public double getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
public void depositMoney(double amt)
{
this.balance=this.balance+amt;
}
public void withdrawMoney(double amt)
{
this.balance=this.balance-amt;
}
public String toString() {
return \"Account Name:\"+name
+\"\ Account Number:\"+accountNumber
+\"\ Current Balance:\"+balance;
}
//abstract methods
public abstract void checkCurrentBalance();
public abstract void bankStatement();
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------
/**
* The class SavingsAccount that simulates the savings account
* */
//SavingsAccount.java
public class SavingsAccount extends Account
{
private double interestRate;
//Constructor
public SavingsAccount(String name, String accountNumber, double balance,
double interestRate ) {
super(name, accountNumber, balance);
this.interestRate=interestRate;
}
//overirde the checkCurrentBalnace
public void checkCurrentBalance() {
System.out.println(super.toString());
System.out.println(\"Type: Checking Account\");
}
//overirde the bankStatement
public void bankStatement()
{
System.out.println(super.toString());
System.out.println(\"Interest Rate: \"
+interestRate+\"%\");
double balance=super.getBalance();
double interstamt=balance*(interestRate/100.0);
System.out.println(\"Interest Amount: \"
+interstamt+\"%\");
super.setBalance(balance+interstamt);
System.out.println(\"Balance:$\"+super.getBalance());
}
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------
/*
* The java class CheckingAccount that simultes the checking account.
* */
//CheckingAccount.java
public class CheckingAccount extends Account
{
private final double MONTHLY_FEE=10;
public CheckingAccount(String name, String accountNumber, double balance) {
super(name, accountNumber, balance);
}
public void checkCurrentBalance() {
System.out.println(super.toString());
System.out.println(\"Type: Checking Account\");
}
public void bankStatement() {
System.out.println(super.toString());
System.out.println(\"Type: Checking Account\");
System.out.println(\"Monthly Fee:$\"+MONTHLY_FEE);
super.setBalance(super.getBalance()-MONTHLY_FEE);
System.out.println(\"New Balance:$\"+super.getBalance());
}
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------
/**
* The java program BankTransactions that simulates
* the bank transactions.
* */
//BankTransactions.java
i.
The number of protons in the nucleus of an elemen.pdf
The number of protons in the nucleus of an element is its atomic number
Solution
The number of protons in the nucleus of an element is its atomic number.
Resonance structures are simply alternate Lewis s.pdf
Resonance structures are simply alternate Lewis structures for a given ion or
molecule. Thus we can draw all resonance structures by drawing all of the possible Lewis
structures. However, it is not always easy to see what all these Lewis structures might be. A set
of Lewis structures for a give ion or molecule must have the same number of electrons as the
Lewis structures are constructed from the same atoms. The only difference between the Lewis
structures is the placement of the electrons. The position of the atoms in space is held constant.
We can use this facts to assist us in drawing resonance structures. Because the number of
electrons is conserved, electrons taken away from one atom must appear somewhere else in the
structure. When drawing resonance structures, it is most convenient to shift these electrons
between adjacent atoms.
Solution
Resonance structures are simply alternate Lewis structures for a given ion or
molecule. Thus we can draw all resonance structures by drawing all of the possible Lewis
structures. However, it is not always easy to see what all these Lewis structures might be. A set
of Lewis structures for a give ion or molecule must have the same number of electrons as the
Lewis structures are constructed from the same atoms. The only difference between the Lewis
structures is the placement of the electrons. The position of the atoms in space is held constant.
We can use this facts to assist us in drawing resonance structures. Because the number of
electrons is conserved, electrons taken away from one atom must appear somewhere else in the
structure. When drawing resonance structures, it is most convenient to shift these electrons
between adjacent atoms..
only above a certain temperature .pdf
This very short document discusses temperature but provides no other context or information. It states that something is only possible above a certain temperature but does not specify what is being referred to or what the minimum required temperature is.
molecular solids SO2, I2, P4, S8, H2O (ice) cov.pdf
molecular solids: SO2, I2, P4, S8, H2O (ice) covalent solids: SiO2
Solution
molecular solids: SO2, I2, P4, S8, H2O (ice) covalent solids: SiO2.
MnO4- because it is stronger oxidizing agent. .pdf
MnO4- because it is stronger oxidizing agent.
Solution
MnO4- because it is stronger oxidizing agent..
Liquid decane because it is heavier and has great.pdf
Liquid decane because it is heavier and has greater boiling point.
Solution
Liquid decane because it is heavier and has greater boiling point..
IV is a saturate hydrocarbon (without multiple ca.pdf
IV is a saturate hydrocarbon (without multiple carbon-carbon bond) V is an
unsaturated hydrocarbon (with C=C double bond)
Solution
IV is a saturate hydrocarbon (without multiple carbon-carbon bond) V is an
unsaturated hydrocarbon (with C=C double bond).
in saturation ca2+ conc = OH- conc as 2 OH- will.pdf
in saturation ca2+ conc = OH- conc as 2 OH- will be there for 1 Ca2+ so its conc
= 2*4.9*10^-6 = 9.8*10^-6
Solution
in saturation ca2+ conc = OH- conc as 2 OH- will be there for 1 Ca2+ so its conc
= 2*4.9*10^-6 = 9.8*10^-6.
More Related Content
Similar to This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the .pdf
Inclusive Fitness Hamilton Rule
1) Hamilton's rule provides a framework for understanding when altruistic behaviors that help relatives will evolve. It states that a behavior will be favored when the benefit (B) times the coefficient of relatedness (r) is greater than the cost (C).
2) Relatedness (r) can be calculated based on the number of steps between two individuals - full siblings have r=0.5 while nieces/nephews have r=0.25.
3) Examples that fit Hamilton's rule include extreme altruism in insects like ants and bees where sisters share r=0.75, and naked mole rats where high inbreeding results in an average r=0.81.
Annand Edited Thesis
The document describes a study aiming to construct a pedigree of California ground squirrels to analyze how kinship influences cooperative behaviors. The researcher optimized PCR primers for 11 microsatellite loci to assign parentage and generate genetic data to build the pedigree. Optimized primers from this study will allow future analysis of DNA fragments to determine relatedness between squirrels and elucidate how social behaviors are structured within colonies.
Biology 1A Study Guide [SJSU] Essay
Thomas Malthus' theory that populations grow exponentially while resources increase arithmetically inspired Darwin's theory of natural selection. Malthus proposed that populations are kept in check by factors like starvation and disease. Darwin applied this concept at the individual level, realizing that traits allowing organisms to better acquire resources and avoid dangers would lead to greater survival and reproduction. He called this natural selection, where heritable traits better suited to the environment are preserved and passed on, driving evolutionary change over generations as less suited traits die out.
Eusocial behaviour.pptx
Cooperative behavior among members of the same species that includes cooperative nesting, generational overlap, and reproductive division of labor. The termites, the ants, and some of the exceptionally well-organized bees and wasps are among the truly social insects that exhibit eusocial behavior. Multiple effectors such as ecological contributions, kin selection, delayed benefits and multi-level selection drive primitive eusociality towards advanced sociality through a point of "no return". These factors are not mutually exclusive - each may play a different role in the evolution of eusociality in different groups.
Population ecology theory postulates and lessons for strategic management
The diversity of organizations in society depends on the both the number of organizational forms and the distribution of organizations over forms".
This is a dynamic process, with new forms being created, some orgs changing into other forms, and some forms going away. Organizations are created and disbanded or merged. organization that cannot change strategy and structure as quickly as their environments can change.
Chapter 3rd ecological interacions
Mutualism describes an interaction that benefits both species. A well-known example exists in the mutualistic relationship between alga and fungus that form lichens. The photosynthesizing alga supplies the fungus with nutrients and gains protection in return. The relationship also allows lichen to colonize habitats inhospitable to either organism alone. In rare cases, mutualistic partners cheat. Some bees and birds receive food rewards without providing pollination services in exchange. These "nectar robbers" chew a hole at the base of the flower and miss contact with the reproductive structures.
Both species involved in the interaction are benefited. These interactions take place in three patterns:
Facultative mutualism – Species survive on their own under favorable conditions
Obligate mutualism – One species is dependent for survival on the other
Diffusive mutualism – One entity can live with multiple partners
These relationships have three purposes:
Defensive mutualism
Trophic mutualism
Dispersive mutualism
Analogy Essay Topics
The document discusses homeostasis, which is the process by which the human body regulates its internal environment and maintains a stable, constant condition. It explains that homeostasis involves negative feedback loops that work to return the body's internal conditions to normal levels if they fluctuate outside of the typical range. Examples of homeostatic mechanisms that regulate internal conditions like temperature and blood pressure are provided.
Similar to This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the .pdf (7)
Population ecology theory postulates and lessons for strategic management
Population ecology theory postulates and lessons for strategic management
More from akshay1213
It is simple Using map object key as x and value as the calculation .pdf
It is simple Using map object key as x and value as the calculation of function
% adding initial value to create map object
mapObject=containers.Map({-5},{-5*-5+3*-5-2});
% using for loop to calculate the value of function
for x=-4.5:0.5:5
% adding to map
mapObject(x)=x*x+3*x-2;
%end of for loop
end
Now you have the values and keys as x values in the map
Solution
It is simple Using map object key as x and value as the calculation of function
% adding initial value to create map object
mapObject=containers.Map({-5},{-5*-5+3*-5-2});
% using for loop to calculate the value of function
for x=-4.5:0.5:5
% adding to map
mapObject(x)=x*x+3*x-2;
%end of for loop
end
Now you have the values and keys as x values in the map.
Vibrio cholerae is bacteria present in aquatic environment.It causes.pdf
Vibrio cholerae is bacteria present in aquatic environment.It causes cholera,a diarrhoel disease.it
is usually occur in developing countries.There are more than 200 serotypes are identified but two
serotypes are more dangerous i.e.serotype O1 and serotype O139.The disease is endemic to
certain regions where contaminated food and water are used for consumption purposes.The
disease becomes epidemic due to the above two serotypes.
Vibrio cholerae and zooplankton shows commensalism mainly with copepods,water
fleas,daphnia,rotifers,ostracods etc. Zooplanktons are microscopic organism normally found in
sea ,river,ponds.
In Bakerganj and Mathbaria (Bangladesh) the population of zooplanktons were analysed and it
was found that Mathbaria\'s river and ponds were actually reservoir for vibrio cholerae. In this
areas the environment plays significant role in colonization of zooplankton by pathogenic strains.
In these areas the water is used for drinking purposes without any treatment. Cholera is depend
on doses.So increase in their numbers increases the chances of endemic or epidemic sometimes
pandemics. In these areas flood comes regularly due to which sea water mixes with pond, river
water that is also a major factor for the spread of disease.
By using molecular genetics and genomic methods for the detection of zooplankton species and
determination of selected association of V.cholerae may allow early warning warning of
pathogenic strain of V.cholerae and treatment of water by just simple filtration can also helps in
its prevention.
Solution
Vibrio cholerae is bacteria present in aquatic environment.It causes cholera,a diarrhoel disease.it
is usually occur in developing countries.There are more than 200 serotypes are identified but two
serotypes are more dangerous i.e.serotype O1 and serotype O139.The disease is endemic to
certain regions where contaminated food and water are used for consumption purposes.The
disease becomes epidemic due to the above two serotypes.
Vibrio cholerae and zooplankton shows commensalism mainly with copepods,water
fleas,daphnia,rotifers,ostracods etc. Zooplanktons are microscopic organism normally found in
sea ,river,ponds.
In Bakerganj and Mathbaria (Bangladesh) the population of zooplanktons were analysed and it
was found that Mathbaria\'s river and ponds were actually reservoir for vibrio cholerae. In this
areas the environment plays significant role in colonization of zooplankton by pathogenic strains.
In these areas the water is used for drinking purposes without any treatment. Cholera is depend
on doses.So increase in their numbers increases the chances of endemic or epidemic sometimes
pandemics. In these areas flood comes regularly due to which sea water mixes with pond, river
water that is also a major factor for the spread of disease.
By using molecular genetics and genomic methods for the detection of zooplankton species and
determination of selected association of V.cholerae may allow early warning warning of
path.
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temp.pdf
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain
boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. This process is one aspect
of homeostasis: a dynamic state of stability between an animal\'s internal environment and its
external environment (the study of such processes in zoology has been called ecophysiology or
physiological ecology). If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it increases
significantly above normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs. For humans, this occurs
when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55 °C (131 °F), and any
prolonged exposure (longer than a few hours) at this temperature and up to around 75 °C (167
°F) death is almost inevitable.[citation needed] Humans may also experience lethal hyperthermia
when the wet bulb temperature is sustained above 35 °C (95 °F) for six hours.[1][2] The opposite
condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia.
Whereas an organism that thermoregulates is one that keeps its core body temperature within
certain limits, a thermoconformer is subject to changes in body temperature according to changes
in the temperature outside of its body. It was not until the introduction of thermometers that any
exact data on the temperature of animals could be obtained. It was then found that local
differences were present, since heat production and heat loss vary considerably in different parts
of the body, although the circulation of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the
internal parts. Hence it is important to identify the parts of the body that most closely reflect the
temperature of the internal organs. Also, for such results to be comparable, the measurements
must be conducted under comparable conditions. The rectum has traditionally been considered to
reflect most accurately the temperature of internal parts, or in some cases of sex or species, the
vagina, uterus or bladder. Occasionally the temperature of the urine as it leaves the urethra may
be of use. More often the temperature is taken in the mouth, axilla, ear or groin.
As in other mammals, thermoregulation is an important aspect of human homeostasis. Most body
heat is generated in the deep organs, especially the liver, brain, and heart, and in contraction of
skeletal muscles. Humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates, including hot
humid and hot arid. High temperatures pose serious stresses for the human body, placing it in
great danger of injury or even death. For humans, adaptation to varying climatic conditions
includes both physiological mechanisms as a byproduct of evolution, and the conscious
development of cultural adaptations.
There are four avenues of heat loss: convection, conduction, radiation, and evaporation. If skin
temperature is greater than that of the surroundings, the body can lose heat by radiation and
conduction. But if the temper.
There are many reasons that web- based cameras to study animal behav.pdf
There are many reasons that web- based cameras to study animal behavior are better and more
convenient than studying animal behavior in person. Web-based cameras provide realtime
visuals of the animal under study with reduced disturbance, to many observers.
It is less time consuming in the sense that the camera can be kept rolling for long hours, and the
observer can study them at a time that is convenient for him. This is not an option if the
observation is aimed at immediate action. For example. if an injured animal (under medical care)
is kept under surveillance and it expresses distress.
The person studying the species does not necessarily need to be in the same place.
They can be placed in areas that are difficult to reach, uncomfortable or dangerous to be in.
Many specimens can be studied at the same time.
The animals can be seen in their natural environment without the risk of a person’s presence
influencing their behavior
There are special cameras designed to aid better visibility suitable for a particular environment.
Color and black and white cameras, combination of these with infrared lighting (used in low
light conditions), water resistant cameras and more.
Using a camera makes documentation easier and maintains record.
Solution
There are many reasons that web- based cameras to study animal behavior are better and more
convenient than studying animal behavior in person. Web-based cameras provide realtime
visuals of the animal under study with reduced disturbance, to many observers.
It is less time consuming in the sense that the camera can be kept rolling for long hours, and the
observer can study them at a time that is convenient for him. This is not an option if the
observation is aimed at immediate action. For example. if an injured animal (under medical care)
is kept under surveillance and it expresses distress.
The person studying the species does not necessarily need to be in the same place.
They can be placed in areas that are difficult to reach, uncomfortable or dangerous to be in.
Many specimens can be studied at the same time.
The animals can be seen in their natural environment without the risk of a person’s presence
influencing their behavior
There are special cameras designed to aid better visibility suitable for a particular environment.
Color and black and white cameras, combination of these with infrared lighting (used in low
light conditions), water resistant cameras and more.
Using a camera makes documentation easier and maintains record..
The following survival strategies were employed by the birds if thei.pdf
The following survival strategies were employed by the birds if their food source was destroyed:
1. Adaptation : If the food source is destroyed, birds adapt to the locally available food source
which is found to be plenty in their living habitat by changing their nature of food.
2. Migration : Birds migrate or move from one region to the other region( except endemic
species) where they can find the better related food source.
Solution
The following survival strategies were employed by the birds if their food source was destroyed:
1. Adaptation : If the food source is destroyed, birds adapt to the locally available food source
which is found to be plenty in their living habitat by changing their nature of food.
2. Migration : Birds migrate or move from one region to the other region( except endemic
species) where they can find the better related food source..
SavingsAccount.javapublic class SavingsAccount{ .pdf
//SavingsAccount.java
public class SavingsAccount
{
private double balance;
private double interest;
public SavingsAccount()
{
balance = 0;
interest = 0;
}
public SavingsAccount(double initialBalance, double initialInterest)
{
balance = initialBalance;
interest = initialInterest;
}
public void deposit(double amount)
{
balance = balance + amount;
}
public void withdraw(double amount)
{
balance = balance - amount;
}
public void addInterest()
{
balance = balance + balance * interest;
}
public double getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
}
Solution
//SavingsAccount.java
public class SavingsAccount
{
private double balance;
private double interest;
public SavingsAccount()
{
balance = 0;
interest = 0;
}
public SavingsAccount(double initialBalance, double initialInterest)
{
balance = initialBalance;
interest = initialInterest;
}
public void deposit(double amount)
{
balance = balance + amount;
}
public void withdraw(double amount)
{
balance = balance - amount;
}
public void addInterest()
{
balance = balance + balance * interest;
}
public double getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
}.
The java class Account that simultes the Account class.pdf
/*
* The java class Account that simultes
* the Account class.
* */
//Account.java
public abstract class Account {
private String name;
private String accountNumber;
private double balance;
//Constructor to set name, account number and balnace
public Account(String name,
String accountNumber,
double balance)
{
this.name=name;
this.accountNumber=accountNumber;
this.balance=balance;
}
public void setBalance(double balance)
{
this.balance=balance;
}
public double getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
public void depositMoney(double amt)
{
this.balance=this.balance+amt;
}
public void withdrawMoney(double amt)
{
this.balance=this.balance-amt;
}
public String toString() {
return \"Account Name:\"+name
+\"\ Account Number:\"+accountNumber
+\"\ Current Balance:\"+balance;
}
//abstract methods
public abstract void checkCurrentBalance();
public abstract void bankStatement();
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------
/**
* The class SavingsAccount that simulates the savings account
* */
//SavingsAccount.java
public class SavingsAccount extends Account
{
private double interestRate;
//Constructor
public SavingsAccount(String name, String accountNumber, double balance,
double interestRate ) {
super(name, accountNumber, balance);
this.interestRate=interestRate;
}
//overirde the checkCurrentBalnace
public void checkCurrentBalance() {
System.out.println(super.toString());
System.out.println(\"Type: Checking Account\");
}
//overirde the bankStatement
public void bankStatement()
{
System.out.println(super.toString());
System.out.println(\"Interest Rate: \"
+interestRate+\"%\");
double balance=super.getBalance();
double interstamt=balance*(interestRate/100.0);
System.out.println(\"Interest Amount: \"
+interstamt+\"%\");
super.setBalance(balance+interstamt);
System.out.println(\"Balance:$\"+super.getBalance());
}
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------
/*
* The java class CheckingAccount that simultes the checking account.
* */
//CheckingAccount.java
public class CheckingAccount extends Account
{
private final double MONTHLY_FEE=10;
public CheckingAccount(String name, String accountNumber, double balance) {
super(name, accountNumber, balance);
}
public void checkCurrentBalance() {
System.out.println(super.toString());
System.out.println(\"Type: Checking Account\");
}
public void bankStatement() {
System.out.println(super.toString());
System.out.println(\"Type: Checking Account\");
System.out.println(\"Monthly Fee:$\"+MONTHLY_FEE);
super.setBalance(super.getBalance()-MONTHLY_FEE);
System.out.println(\"New Balance:$\"+super.getBalance());
}
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------
/**
* The java program BankTransactions that simulates
* the bank transactions.
* */
//BankTransactions.java
i.
The number of protons in the nucleus of an elemen.pdf
The number of protons in the nucleus of an element is its atomic number
Solution
The number of protons in the nucleus of an element is its atomic number.
Resonance structures are simply alternate Lewis s.pdf
Resonance structures are simply alternate Lewis structures for a given ion or
molecule. Thus we can draw all resonance structures by drawing all of the possible Lewis
structures. However, it is not always easy to see what all these Lewis structures might be. A set
of Lewis structures for a give ion or molecule must have the same number of electrons as the
Lewis structures are constructed from the same atoms. The only difference between the Lewis
structures is the placement of the electrons. The position of the atoms in space is held constant.
We can use this facts to assist us in drawing resonance structures. Because the number of
electrons is conserved, electrons taken away from one atom must appear somewhere else in the
structure. When drawing resonance structures, it is most convenient to shift these electrons
between adjacent atoms.
Solution
Resonance structures are simply alternate Lewis structures for a given ion or
molecule. Thus we can draw all resonance structures by drawing all of the possible Lewis
structures. However, it is not always easy to see what all these Lewis structures might be. A set
of Lewis structures for a give ion or molecule must have the same number of electrons as the
Lewis structures are constructed from the same atoms. The only difference between the Lewis
structures is the placement of the electrons. The position of the atoms in space is held constant.
We can use this facts to assist us in drawing resonance structures. Because the number of
electrons is conserved, electrons taken away from one atom must appear somewhere else in the
structure. When drawing resonance structures, it is most convenient to shift these electrons
between adjacent atoms..
only above a certain temperature .pdf
This very short document discusses temperature but provides no other context or information. It states that something is only possible above a certain temperature but does not specify what is being referred to or what the minimum required temperature is.
molecular solids SO2, I2, P4, S8, H2O (ice) cov.pdf
molecular solids: SO2, I2, P4, S8, H2O (ice) covalent solids: SiO2
Solution
molecular solids: SO2, I2, P4, S8, H2O (ice) covalent solids: SiO2.
MnO4- because it is stronger oxidizing agent. .pdf
MnO4- because it is stronger oxidizing agent.
Solution
MnO4- because it is stronger oxidizing agent..
Liquid decane because it is heavier and has great.pdf
Liquid decane because it is heavier and has greater boiling point.
Solution
Liquid decane because it is heavier and has greater boiling point..
IV is a saturate hydrocarbon (without multiple ca.pdf
IV is a saturate hydrocarbon (without multiple carbon-carbon bond) V is an
unsaturated hydrocarbon (with C=C double bond)
Solution
IV is a saturate hydrocarbon (without multiple carbon-carbon bond) V is an
unsaturated hydrocarbon (with C=C double bond).
in saturation ca2+ conc = OH- conc as 2 OH- will.pdf
in saturation ca2+ conc = OH- conc as 2 OH- will be there for 1 Ca2+ so its conc
= 2*4.9*10^-6 = 9.8*10^-6
Solution
in saturation ca2+ conc = OH- conc as 2 OH- will be there for 1 Ca2+ so its conc
= 2*4.9*10^-6 = 9.8*10^-6.
D ALL of them .pdf
This very short document contains a single word - "Solution" - followed by the letters "D ALL of them". It does not provide enough contextual information to generate a meaningful multi-sentence summary.
program filesadmin.aspx.csusing System; using System.Colle.pdf
//program files
//admin.aspx.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
namespace RegistrationUsers
{
public partial class Admin : System.Web.UI.Page
{
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
}
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Response.Redirect(\"WebForm1.aspx\");
}
protected void Button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Response.Redirect(\"view users.aspx\");
}
}
}
//view users.aspx.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
namespace RegistrationUsers
{
public partial class view_users : System.Web.UI.Page
{
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
}
}
}
//webform1.aspx.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Configuration;
namespace RegistrationUsers
{
public partial class WebForm1 : System.Web.UI.Page
{
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
/* if (IsPostBack)
{
String cs = ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings[\"Data Source =
ADMINIB - 83V87D2; Initial Catalog = employee; Integrated Security = True; Connect
Timeout = 15; Encrypt = False; TrustServerCertificate = True; ApplicationIntent = ReadWrite;
MultiSubnetFailover = False\"].ConnectionString;
SqlConnection connection = new SqlConnection(cs);
connection.Open();
string checkuser = \"select count(*) from Users where Username=\" +
TextBox1.Text + \"\'\";
SqlCommand com = new SqlCommand(checkuser, connection);
int temp = Convert.ToInt32(com.ExecuteScalar().ToString());
if (temp == 1)
{
Console.WriteLine(\"user already exists\");
}
connection.Close();
}*/
}
protected void Button2_Click1(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
try
{
string cs =
ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings[\"employeeConnectionString\"].ConnectionString;
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(cs);
conn.Open();
string insertquery = \"insert into
Users(Username,Password,Email,Cell,Location)values(@username,@password,@email,@cell,
@location)\";
SqlCommand comm = new SqlCommand(insertquery, conn);
comm.Parameters.AddWithValue(\"@username\", TextBox1.Text);
comm.Parameters.AddWithValue(\"@password\", TextBox2.Text);
comm.Parameters.AddWithValue(\"@email\", TextBox3.Text);
comm.Parameters.AddWithValue(\"@cell\", TextBox4.Text);
comm.Parameters.AddWithValue(\"@Location\", DropDownList1.SelectedValue);
comm.ExecuteNonQuery();
Response.Write(\"Registration Sucessful\");
conn.Close();
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Console.WriteLine(\"error:\" + ex.ToString());
}
}
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Response.Redirect(\"Login.aspx\");
}
}
}
//login.aspx.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using System.Data.
C is best methode Bromination of alkane is most f.pdf
C is best methode Bromination of alkane is most favourable due to lessbond
disassoction energy between C and Br moleculesafter substution of halogens ( Acctuvally I2 has
less butit is revesable reaction) Order of I2 ? 2I* Alkylhalide on treated with NaOCH3 gives
alkenes
Solution
C is best methode Bromination of alkane is most favourable due to lessbond
disassoction energy between C and Br moleculesafter substution of halogens ( Acctuvally I2 has
less butit is revesable reaction) Order of I2 ? 2I* Alkylhalide on treated with NaOCH3 gives
alkenes.
C. CH3Br note like dissolves like. All the othe.pdf
C. CH3Br note: like dissolves like. All the others can forms H bonds with water
Solution
C. CH3Br note: like dissolves like. All the others can forms H bonds with water.
P(white head) = 1115P(white tails) = 925P(head white.pdf
P(white | head) = 11/15
P(white | tails) = 9/25
P(head | white) = 1/2 * 11/15 /( (1/2 * 11/15) + (1/2 * 9/25))
= 0.67
Solution
P(white | head) = 11/15
P(white | tails) = 9/25
P(head | white) = 1/2 * 11/15 /( (1/2 * 11/15) + (1/2 * 9/25))
= 0.67.
More from akshay1213 (20)
It is simple Using map object key as x and value as the calculation .pdf
It is simple Using map object key as x and value as the calculation .pdf
Vibrio cholerae is bacteria present in aquatic environment.It causes.pdf
Vibrio cholerae is bacteria present in aquatic environment.It causes.pdf
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temp.pdf
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- 1. This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the concept of inclusive fitness, which is made up of individual survival and reproduction (direct fitness) and any impact that an individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives (indirect fitness). The elements of kin selection (that is, direct fitness and indirect fitness) lead directly to the concept now known as Hamilton’s rule, which states that aid-giving behaviour can evolve when the indirect fitness benefits of helping relatives compensate the aid giver for any losses in personal reproduction it incurs by helping. thats why it is most elegant solution to the problem of explaining self- sacrificing behaviors that had troubled evolutionists ever since Darwin. Hamilton's proposal of the importance of haplodiploidy in the evolution of eusociality reigned supreme amongst scientists who studied social hymenoptera for the rest of the century. The social insects provide good examples of organisms with what appear to be kin selected traits. The workers of some species are sterile, a trait that would not occur if individual selection was the only process at work. The relatedness coefficient r is abnormally high between the worker sisters in a colony of Hymenoptera due to haplodiploidy. Hamilton's rule is presumed to be satisfied because the benefits in fitness for the workers are believed to exceed the costs in terms of lost reproductive opportunity, though this has never been demonstrated empirically. There are competing hypotheses, as well, which may also explain the evolution of social behaviour in such organisms Solution This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the concept of inclusive fitness, which is made up of individual survival and reproduction (direct fitness) and any impact that an individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives (indirect fitness). The elements of kin selection (that is, direct fitness and indirect fitness) lead directly to the concept now known as Hamilton’s rule, which states that aid-giving behaviour can evolve when the indirect fitness benefits of helping relatives compensate the aid giver for any losses in personal reproduction it incurs by helping. thats why it is most elegant solution to the problem of explaining self- sacrificing behaviors that had troubled evolutionists ever since Darwin. Hamilton's proposal of the importance of haplodiploidy in the evolution of eusociality reigned supreme amongst scientists who studied social hymenoptera for the rest of the century. The social insects provide good examples of organisms with what appear to be kin selected traits. The workers of some species are sterile, a trait that would not occur if individual selection was the only process at work. The relatedness coefficient r is abnormally high between the worker sisters in a colony of Hymenoptera due to haplodiploidy. Hamilton's rule is presumed to be satisfied
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