Hamilton's Rule explains--- how altruists will sacrifice themselves wi.pdf
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Hamilton's Rule explains... how altruists will sacrifice themselves with no clear benefit to themselves, for the good of the group. how kin selection favors traits where an animal helps close relatives, even if costly to that animal. the way social groups of animals will include both relatives and non-relatives, working together. how sexual selection favors traits that otherwise would seem to be a liability to that organism. Question 4 (1 point) Which of the following might be the result of a common garden experiment? finding that two different plant species are genetically distinct from each other concluding that both biotic and abiotic factors shape the phenotype of a plant finding that differences in a widely dispersed species of animal are due to both genes and environment observing that plants of a single species show a lot of variation across their range.
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Altruism is an oddity in the animal world. How does altruism from co.pdf
Altruism is an oddity in the animal world. How does altruism from colony insects make the
colony more apt to survive and thrive? Do you see any applications of altruism to human
society?
Solution
1- Reciprocity is another evolutionary factor that can favor altruism. The basic theory was
introduced by Trivers (1971) and refined by Axelrod and Hamilton (1980). One organism has a
net gain by helping another if the other reciprocates with benefits (simultaneous or delayed) that
balance the donor\'s cost. Cleaning symbiosis between a large fish and a small one of a different
species may provide simultaneous reciprocal benefits: the large fish gets rid of parasites; the
small one gets food. This reciprocation implies that the small fish is more valuable as a cleaner to
the large fish than it would be as food. Reciprocity is a pervasive factor in the socioeconomic
lives of many species, especially our own. It requires safeguards, often in the form of evolved
adaptations for the detection of cheating Manipulation is another source of altruism. The
donation results from actual or implied threat or deception by the recipient. In any social
hierarchy, individuals of lower rank will often yield to the higher by abandoning a food item or
possible mate, thereby donating the coveted resource to the dominant individual. Deception often
works between species: a snapper may donate its body to an anglerfish that tempts it with its
lure; some orchids have flowers that resemble females of an insect species, so that deceived
males donate time and energy transporting pollen with no payoff to themselves. The nest
parasitism discussed above is another example. Our own donations of money or labor or blood to
public appeals can be considered manipulation of donors by those who make the appeals.
2-
More recently attention has been given to selection among temporary social groupings or trait
groups (Wilson 1980), such as fish schools or flocks of birds. Trait groups with more benign and
cooperative members may feed more efficiently and avoid predators more effectively. The more
selfish individuals still thrive best within each group, and the evolutionary result reflects the
relative strengths of selection within and between groups. In human history, groups with more
cooperative relations among members must often have prevailed in conflicts with groups of more
consistently self-seeking individuals (Wilson and Sober 1994). The resulting greater prevalence
of human altruism would be more likely to result from culturally transmitted than genetic
differences. It should be noted that any form of group selection can only produce modifications
that benefit the sorts of groups among which selection takes place. It need not produce benefits
for whole species or more inclusive groups.
A given instance of altruistic behavior may, of course, result from more than one of these four
evolutionary causes. Genealogical relatives are especially likely to indulge in both reciprocation
and m.
This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the .pdf
This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the concept of inclusive fitness,
which is made up of individual survival and reproduction (direct fitness) and any impact that an
individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives (indirect fitness). The elements of kin
selection (that is, direct fitness and indirect fitness) lead directly to the concept now known as
Hamilton’s rule, which states that aid-giving behaviour can evolve when the indirect fitness
benefits of helping relatives compensate the aid giver for any losses in personal reproduction it
incurs by helping. thats why it is most elegant solution to the problem of explaining self-
sacrificing behaviors that had troubled evolutionists ever since Darwin.
Hamilton\'s proposal of the importance of haplodiploidy in the evolution of eusociality reigned
supreme amongst scientists who studied social hymenoptera for the rest of the century. The
social insects provide good examples of organisms with what appear to be kin selected traits. The
workers of some species are sterile, a trait that would not occur if individual selection was the
only process at work. The relatedness coefficient r is abnormally high between the worker sisters
in a colony of Hymenoptera due to haplodiploidy. Hamilton\'s rule is presumed to be satisfied
because the benefits in fitness for the workers are believed to exceed the costs in terms of lost
reproductive opportunity, though this has never been demonstrated empirically. There are
competing hypotheses, as well, which may also explain the evolution of social behaviour in such
organisms
Solution
This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the concept of inclusive fitness,
which is made up of individual survival and reproduction (direct fitness) and any impact that an
individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives (indirect fitness). The elements of kin
selection (that is, direct fitness and indirect fitness) lead directly to the concept now known as
Hamilton’s rule, which states that aid-giving behaviour can evolve when the indirect fitness
benefits of helping relatives compensate the aid giver for any losses in personal reproduction it
incurs by helping. thats why it is most elegant solution to the problem of explaining self-
sacrificing behaviors that had troubled evolutionists ever since Darwin.
Hamilton\'s proposal of the importance of haplodiploidy in the evolution of eusociality reigned
supreme amongst scientists who studied social hymenoptera for the rest of the century. The
social insects provide good examples of organisms with what appear to be kin selected traits. The
workers of some species are sterile, a trait that would not occur if individual selection was the
only process at work. The relatedness coefficient r is abnormally high between the worker sisters
in a colony of Hymenoptera due to haplodiploidy. Hamilton\'s rule is presumed to be satisfied
because the benefits in fitness for the wo.
Species associations in Communities
In ecology species associate in various ways, thereby occurring benefits, like the production of allelochemicals. populations of different species live in the same ecological niche.
best ever ppt on speciation by Nagesh sadili
speciation,types of speciation, mechanisms of speciation, case studies on speciation
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Altruism is an oddity in the animal world. How does altruism from co.pdf
Altruism is an oddity in the animal world. How does altruism from colony insects make the
colony more apt to survive and thrive? Do you see any applications of altruism to human
society?
Solution
1- Reciprocity is another evolutionary factor that can favor altruism. The basic theory was
introduced by Trivers (1971) and refined by Axelrod and Hamilton (1980). One organism has a
net gain by helping another if the other reciprocates with benefits (simultaneous or delayed) that
balance the donor\'s cost. Cleaning symbiosis between a large fish and a small one of a different
species may provide simultaneous reciprocal benefits: the large fish gets rid of parasites; the
small one gets food. This reciprocation implies that the small fish is more valuable as a cleaner to
the large fish than it would be as food. Reciprocity is a pervasive factor in the socioeconomic
lives of many species, especially our own. It requires safeguards, often in the form of evolved
adaptations for the detection of cheating Manipulation is another source of altruism. The
donation results from actual or implied threat or deception by the recipient. In any social
hierarchy, individuals of lower rank will often yield to the higher by abandoning a food item or
possible mate, thereby donating the coveted resource to the dominant individual. Deception often
works between species: a snapper may donate its body to an anglerfish that tempts it with its
lure; some orchids have flowers that resemble females of an insect species, so that deceived
males donate time and energy transporting pollen with no payoff to themselves. The nest
parasitism discussed above is another example. Our own donations of money or labor or blood to
public appeals can be considered manipulation of donors by those who make the appeals.
2-
More recently attention has been given to selection among temporary social groupings or trait
groups (Wilson 1980), such as fish schools or flocks of birds. Trait groups with more benign and
cooperative members may feed more efficiently and avoid predators more effectively. The more
selfish individuals still thrive best within each group, and the evolutionary result reflects the
relative strengths of selection within and between groups. In human history, groups with more
cooperative relations among members must often have prevailed in conflicts with groups of more
consistently self-seeking individuals (Wilson and Sober 1994). The resulting greater prevalence
of human altruism would be more likely to result from culturally transmitted than genetic
differences. It should be noted that any form of group selection can only produce modifications
that benefit the sorts of groups among which selection takes place. It need not produce benefits
for whole species or more inclusive groups.
A given instance of altruistic behavior may, of course, result from more than one of these four
evolutionary causes. Genealogical relatives are especially likely to indulge in both reciprocation
and m.
This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the .pdf
This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the concept of inclusive fitness,
which is made up of individual survival and reproduction (direct fitness) and any impact that an
individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives (indirect fitness). The elements of kin
selection (that is, direct fitness and indirect fitness) lead directly to the concept now known as
Hamilton’s rule, which states that aid-giving behaviour can evolve when the indirect fitness
benefits of helping relatives compensate the aid giver for any losses in personal reproduction it
incurs by helping. thats why it is most elegant solution to the problem of explaining self-
sacrificing behaviors that had troubled evolutionists ever since Darwin.
Hamilton\'s proposal of the importance of haplodiploidy in the evolution of eusociality reigned
supreme amongst scientists who studied social hymenoptera for the rest of the century. The
social insects provide good examples of organisms with what appear to be kin selected traits. The
workers of some species are sterile, a trait that would not occur if individual selection was the
only process at work. The relatedness coefficient r is abnormally high between the worker sisters
in a colony of Hymenoptera due to haplodiploidy. Hamilton\'s rule is presumed to be satisfied
because the benefits in fitness for the workers are believed to exceed the costs in terms of lost
reproductive opportunity, though this has never been demonstrated empirically. There are
competing hypotheses, as well, which may also explain the evolution of social behaviour in such
organisms
Solution
This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the concept of inclusive fitness,
which is made up of individual survival and reproduction (direct fitness) and any impact that an
individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives (indirect fitness). The elements of kin
selection (that is, direct fitness and indirect fitness) lead directly to the concept now known as
Hamilton’s rule, which states that aid-giving behaviour can evolve when the indirect fitness
benefits of helping relatives compensate the aid giver for any losses in personal reproduction it
incurs by helping. thats why it is most elegant solution to the problem of explaining self-
sacrificing behaviors that had troubled evolutionists ever since Darwin.
Hamilton\'s proposal of the importance of haplodiploidy in the evolution of eusociality reigned
supreme amongst scientists who studied social hymenoptera for the rest of the century. The
social insects provide good examples of organisms with what appear to be kin selected traits. The
workers of some species are sterile, a trait that would not occur if individual selection was the
only process at work. The relatedness coefficient r is abnormally high between the worker sisters
in a colony of Hymenoptera due to haplodiploidy. Hamilton\'s rule is presumed to be satisfied
because the benefits in fitness for the wo.
Species associations in Communities
In ecology species associate in various ways, thereby occurring benefits, like the production of allelochemicals. populations of different species live in the same ecological niche.
best ever ppt on speciation by Nagesh sadili
speciation,types of speciation, mechanisms of speciation, case studies on speciation
Case AnalysisBrea P. Sylvester14 January 2019 - 1 .docx
Case Analysis
Brea P. Sylvester
14 January 2019
- 1 -
[no notes on this page]
Case Analysis
The association PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) identifies factory
faming as the packing of livestock in dirty, lightless sheds and jammed into wire cages, metal
enclosures, and other cruel devices where the farm does not let them raise their young, forage
around freely, develop nests, or engage in any other natural and important activities (PETA, 2018).
A company accused of this practice many times is chief poultry and pork processor Perdue Farms.
The economic system serving as the setting for this business is defined mainly by a high and
increasing demand from a growing national and global market. Poultry trends reports that global
poultry output in 2018 neared 123 million tons, a 1.7% rise from 2017, and expected the developing
world to be its key industry driver in a decade (Poultry Trends, 2018). The laws that affect the
operations of factory farming differ in every jurisdiction but are commonly conditional on
environmental protection. In the United States, the USDA-approved CAFO (Concentrated Animal
Feeding Operation) obliges farms to adhere to strict waste disposal requirements devised in line
with the Clean Water Act of 1972. The same body also exempts farmers of livestock from 50% of
all state animal cruelty law, which entails the Animal Welfare Act of 1966 and Humane Methods of
Livestock Slaughter Act of 1958 (EPA, 2000).
Thesis and Ethical Theory
Factory farming is morally unjustifiable. The ethical theory that supports this moral position
is utilitarianism. Broadly speaking, utilitarianism is a fundamental principle of equality that asserts
that everyone’s happiness equally matter. Essentially, its slogan is optimal happiness for everyone
regarded. The theory is commonly considered a vital part of the ethical basis for equal rights for all
people because it offers people equal deliberation in all dynamics of society (Carnegie Mellon
University, 2002). Utilitarianism lends itself to this paper’s moral position when animals get the
same equal consideration that the theory originally intended. Meat and other livestock products
have been proven many times to be tastier from sources raised in humane, clean, and sustainable
environments (Singal, 2016). With the establishment that livestock, and most complex living things
including poultry, experience happiness out of their natural liberties to feed, breed, nurture, and
interact freely, it makes sense to extend this theoretical principle to animals as well.
Premises
Factory farming is morally unjustifiable because animals just being a means to man’s ends
- 2 -
1
2
3
4
5
6
1. Please review the APA
manual for proper
formatting. Please double-
space text. [Ephraim
Janssen]
2. The
"One" ethical theory, not
"the" ethical theory. (You
could come to the same
conclusion using another
theory.) [Ephrai.
Eusocial behaviour.pptx
Cooperative behavior among members of the same species that includes cooperative nesting, generational overlap, and reproductive division of labor. The termites, the ants, and some of the exceptionally well-organized bees and wasps are among the truly social insects that exhibit eusocial behavior. Multiple effectors such as ecological contributions, kin selection, delayed benefits and multi-level selection drive primitive eusociality towards advanced sociality through a point of "no return". These factors are not mutually exclusive - each may play a different role in the evolution of eusociality in different groups.
Chapter 3rd ecological interacions
Mutualism describes an interaction that benefits both species. A well-known example exists in the mutualistic relationship between alga and fungus that form lichens. The photosynthesizing alga supplies the fungus with nutrients and gains protection in return. The relationship also allows lichen to colonize habitats inhospitable to either organism alone. In rare cases, mutualistic partners cheat. Some bees and birds receive food rewards without providing pollination services in exchange. These "nectar robbers" chew a hole at the base of the flower and miss contact with the reproductive structures.
Both species involved in the interaction are benefited. These interactions take place in three patterns:
Facultative mutualism – Species survive on their own under favorable conditions
Obligate mutualism – One species is dependent for survival on the other
Diffusive mutualism – One entity can live with multiple partners
These relationships have three purposes:
Defensive mutualism
Trophic mutualism
Dispersive mutualism
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chromosomes in the same orientation. In panel B, the transposable element is oriented in
opposite directions. For both panels, draw diagrams illustrating the consequences of
recombination following alignment to these transposable elements (instead of homologous
chromosomes). 8. Reverse transcription is a phenomenon that is important in cellular processes
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Case AnalysisBrea P. Sylvester14 January 2019 - 1 .docx
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[no notes on this page]
Case Analysis
The association PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) identifies factory
faming as the packing of livestock in dirty, lightless sheds and jammed into wire cages, metal
enclosures, and other cruel devices where the farm does not let them raise their young, forage
around freely, develop nests, or engage in any other natural and important activities (PETA, 2018).
A company accused of this practice many times is chief poultry and pork processor Perdue Farms.
The economic system serving as the setting for this business is defined mainly by a high and
increasing demand from a growing national and global market. Poultry trends reports that global
poultry output in 2018 neared 123 million tons, a 1.7% rise from 2017, and expected the developing
world to be its key industry driver in a decade (Poultry Trends, 2018). The laws that affect the
operations of factory farming differ in every jurisdiction but are commonly conditional on
environmental protection. In the United States, the USDA-approved CAFO (Concentrated Animal
Feeding Operation) obliges farms to adhere to strict waste disposal requirements devised in line
with the Clean Water Act of 1972. The same body also exempts farmers of livestock from 50% of
all state animal cruelty law, which entails the Animal Welfare Act of 1966 and Humane Methods of
Livestock Slaughter Act of 1958 (EPA, 2000).
Thesis and Ethical Theory
Factory farming is morally unjustifiable. The ethical theory that supports this moral position
is utilitarianism. Broadly speaking, utilitarianism is a fundamental principle of equality that asserts
that everyone’s happiness equally matter. Essentially, its slogan is optimal happiness for everyone
regarded. The theory is commonly considered a vital part of the ethical basis for equal rights for all
people because it offers people equal deliberation in all dynamics of society (Carnegie Mellon
University, 2002). Utilitarianism lends itself to this paper’s moral position when animals get the
same equal consideration that the theory originally intended. Meat and other livestock products
have been proven many times to be tastier from sources raised in humane, clean, and sustainable
environments (Singal, 2016). With the establishment that livestock, and most complex living things
including poultry, experience happiness out of their natural liberties to feed, breed, nurture, and
interact freely, it makes sense to extend this theoretical principle to animals as well.
Premises
Factory farming is morally unjustifiable because animals just being a means to man’s ends
- 2 -
1
2
3
4
5
6
1. Please review the APA
manual for proper
formatting. Please double-
space text. [Ephraim
Janssen]
2. The
"One" ethical theory, not
"the" ethical theory. (You
could come to the same
conclusion using another
theory.) [Ephrai.
Eusocial behaviour.pptx
Cooperative behavior among members of the same species that includes cooperative nesting, generational overlap, and reproductive division of labor. The termites, the ants, and some of the exceptionally well-organized bees and wasps are among the truly social insects that exhibit eusocial behavior. Multiple effectors such as ecological contributions, kin selection, delayed benefits and multi-level selection drive primitive eusociality towards advanced sociality through a point of "no return". These factors are not mutually exclusive - each may play a different role in the evolution of eusociality in different groups.
Chapter 3rd ecological interacions
Mutualism describes an interaction that benefits both species. A well-known example exists in the mutualistic relationship between alga and fungus that form lichens. The photosynthesizing alga supplies the fungus with nutrients and gains protection in return. The relationship also allows lichen to colonize habitats inhospitable to either organism alone. In rare cases, mutualistic partners cheat. Some bees and birds receive food rewards without providing pollination services in exchange. These "nectar robbers" chew a hole at the base of the flower and miss contact with the reproductive structures.
Both species involved in the interaction are benefited. These interactions take place in three patterns:
Facultative mutualism – Species survive on their own under favorable conditions
Obligate mutualism – One species is dependent for survival on the other
Diffusive mutualism – One entity can live with multiple partners
These relationships have three purposes:
Defensive mutualism
Trophic mutualism
Dispersive mutualism
20 Anti-Vegan Arguments And Replies Forthcoming In Encyclopedia Of Veganism A...
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Case AnalysisBrea P. Sylvester14 January 2019 - 1 .docx
Case AnalysisBrea P. Sylvester14 January 2019 - 1 .docx
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