Vibrio cholerae is bacteria present in aquatic environment.It causes.pdf
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Vibrio cholerae is bacteria present in aquatic environment.It causes cholera,a diarrhoel disease.it is usually occur in developing countries.There are more than 200 serotypes are identified but two serotypes are more dangerous i.e.serotype O1 and serotype O139.The disease is endemic to certain regions where contaminated food and water are used for consumption purposes.The disease becomes epidemic due to the above two serotypes. Vibrio cholerae and zooplankton shows commensalism mainly with copepods,water fleas,daphnia,rotifers,ostracods etc. Zooplanktons are microscopic organism normally found in sea ,river,ponds. In Bakerganj and Mathbaria (Bangladesh) the population of zooplanktons were analysed and it was found that Mathbaria\'s river and ponds were actually reservoir for vibrio cholerae. In this areas the environment plays significant role in colonization of zooplankton by pathogenic strains. In these areas the water is used for drinking purposes without any treatment. Cholera is depend on doses.So increase in their numbers increases the chances of endemic or epidemic sometimes pandemics. In these areas flood comes regularly due to which sea water mixes with pond, river water that is also a major factor for the spread of disease. By using molecular genetics and genomic methods for the detection of zooplankton species and determination of selected association of V.cholerae may allow early warning warning of pathogenic strain of V.cholerae and treatment of water by just simple filtration can also helps in its prevention. Solution Vibrio cholerae is bacteria present in aquatic environment.It causes cholera,a diarrhoel disease.it is usually occur in developing countries.There are more than 200 serotypes are identified but two serotypes are more dangerous i.e.serotype O1 and serotype O139.The disease is endemic to certain regions where contaminated food and water are used for consumption purposes.The disease becomes epidemic due to the above two serotypes. Vibrio cholerae and zooplankton shows commensalism mainly with copepods,water fleas,daphnia,rotifers,ostracods etc. Zooplanktons are microscopic organism normally found in sea ,river,ponds. In Bakerganj and Mathbaria (Bangladesh) the population of zooplanktons were analysed and it was found that Mathbaria\'s river and ponds were actually reservoir for vibrio cholerae. In this areas the environment plays significant role in colonization of zooplankton by pathogenic strains. In these areas the water is used for drinking purposes without any treatment. Cholera is depend on doses.So increase in their numbers increases the chances of endemic or epidemic sometimes pandemics. In these areas flood comes regularly due to which sea water mixes with pond, river water that is also a major factor for the spread of disease. By using molecular genetics and genomic methods for the detection of zooplankton species and determination of selected association of V.cholerae may allow early warning warning of path.
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Vibrio cholerae PPT for students
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
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Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
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Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
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It is simple Using map object key as x and value as the calculation of function
% adding initial value to create map object
mapObject=containers.Map({-5},{-5*-5+3*-5-2});
% using for loop to calculate the value of function
for x=-4.5:0.5:5
% adding to map
mapObject(x)=x*x+3*x-2;
%end of for loop
end
Now you have the values and keys as x values in the map
Solution
It is simple Using map object key as x and value as the calculation of function
% adding initial value to create map object
mapObject=containers.Map({-5},{-5*-5+3*-5-2});
% using for loop to calculate the value of function
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This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the .pdf
This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the concept of inclusive fitness,
which is made up of individual survival and reproduction (direct fitness) and any impact that an
individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives (indirect fitness). The elements of kin
selection (that is, direct fitness and indirect fitness) lead directly to the concept now known as
Hamilton’s rule, which states that aid-giving behaviour can evolve when the indirect fitness
benefits of helping relatives compensate the aid giver for any losses in personal reproduction it
incurs by helping. thats why it is most elegant solution to the problem of explaining self-
sacrificing behaviors that had troubled evolutionists ever since Darwin.
Hamilton\'s proposal of the importance of haplodiploidy in the evolution of eusociality reigned
supreme amongst scientists who studied social hymenoptera for the rest of the century. The
social insects provide good examples of organisms with what appear to be kin selected traits. The
workers of some species are sterile, a trait that would not occur if individual selection was the
only process at work. The relatedness coefficient r is abnormally high between the worker sisters
in a colony of Hymenoptera due to haplodiploidy. Hamilton\'s rule is presumed to be satisfied
because the benefits in fitness for the workers are believed to exceed the costs in terms of lost
reproductive opportunity, though this has never been demonstrated empirically. There are
competing hypotheses, as well, which may also explain the evolution of social behaviour in such
organisms
Solution
This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the concept of inclusive fitness,
which is made up of individual survival and reproduction (direct fitness) and any impact that an
individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives (indirect fitness). The elements of kin
selection (that is, direct fitness and indirect fitness) lead directly to the concept now known as
Hamilton’s rule, which states that aid-giving behaviour can evolve when the indirect fitness
benefits of helping relatives compensate the aid giver for any losses in personal reproduction it
incurs by helping. thats why it is most elegant solution to the problem of explaining self-
sacrificing behaviors that had troubled evolutionists ever since Darwin.
Hamilton\'s proposal of the importance of haplodiploidy in the evolution of eusociality reigned
supreme amongst scientists who studied social hymenoptera for the rest of the century. The
social insects provide good examples of organisms with what appear to be kin selected traits. The
workers of some species are sterile, a trait that would not occur if individual selection was the
only process at work. The relatedness coefficient r is abnormally high between the worker sisters
in a colony of Hymenoptera due to haplodiploidy. Hamilton\'s rule is presumed to be satisfied
because the benefits in fitness for the wo.
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cultured shrimp are getting affected by various disease.some of them are acute and some chronic. and the curing is very harder for a farmer so it is better suggested for safety precaution and proper hygiene while culturing.and the affected shrimp in cured with antibiotics is not accepted by anyone in the export business. so, let yourself find out the various shrimp disease their cure and proper management in this seminar.
Cholera
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae found in contaminated food or water. It can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. Treatment involves oral rehydration therapy to replace lost fluids, along with antibiotics. Prevention relies on access to clean water, proper sanitation, and thorough cooking of food. Cholera remains a risk in areas with poor sanitation and is spread through contaminated water and food sources.
2 pp vibrio
The document provides information about the genus Vibrio, including Vibrio cholerae which causes cholera. It discusses the morphology, growth characteristics, pathogenic species, and pathogenesis of Vibrio. Vibrio are common bacteria found in surface waters worldwide. Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 cause cholera in humans through an enterotoxin that causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The document details the identification and isolation of Vibrio species using different cultural techniques.
2 pp vibrio
Vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacterium that causes the disease cholera. It produces a heat-labile enterotoxin that increases intracellular cAMP levels in intestinal cells, causing them to pump out water and electrolytes leading to severe diarrhea and dehydration. If left untreated, cholera can kill within hours due to fluid loss. Treatment involves oral or IV rehydration to replace lost fluids. While antibiotics can shorten the illness, rehydration is the primary therapy for cholera. Prevention relies on improved sanitation and hygiene practices.
Role of microbes in pollution indication
Microbes can serve as bioindicators of pollution in the environment. Different types of microbes indicate different types of pollution, such as algae indicating organic pollution and lichens being sensitive to air pollution like nitrogen oxides. Bacteria are the most abundant microbes in wastewater and changes in their presence and activity can signify the condition of the wastewater treatment process. Viruses can also act as indicators of human fecal pollution in aquatic environments. Overall, monitoring microbes allows for a cost-effective way to assess pollution levels and the performance of treatment systems.
ppt1[1].pptx
An algal bloom is a rapid increase in algae population in freshwater or marine systems. They are caused by excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus from sources like fertilizer and sewage. There are three main types of algal blooms: freshwater, marine, and harmful. Harmful algal blooms produce toxins that can poison humans and kill marine life. Algal blooms can be controlled by reducing nutrient loads in wastewater, using optimal fertilizer application, sewage treatment, and technologies like ultrasound that limit algal growth. While algal blooms provide some benefits like oxygen production, excessive blooms can harm ecosystems.
Branchiomycosis in fish by deepak
This document discusses branchiomycosis, also known as gill rot, which is a fungal disease caused by Branchiomyces sanguinis and Branchiomyces demigrans. It affects the gill tissues of many freshwater fish species. The fungi penetrate the gills, causing obstruction, congestion, and necrosis. Infected fish exhibit weakened movement, respiratory distress, and pale or red discolored gills. The disease spreads rapidly in warm water and can cause high mortality rates in affected fish populations. Treatment involves strict sanitation, drying and disinfecting infected ponds, and treating diseased fish with antifungal medications like malachite green.
Water and Health_ACF_Session 1
The presentation provides an overview of water-related diseases and contamination of the water chain. It discusses diseases caused by consuming pathogens in water, as well as diseases related to animals living in moist conditions and lack of hygiene. Specific diseases mentioned include cholera, bacterial dysentery, typhoid, and parasites such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Barriers to contamination include hygiene practices like handwashing, sanitation, water supply and treatment. Risk factors are discussed for fecal-oral diseases, sanitation in urban contexts, poor hygiene, and water quality issues.
Similar to Vibrio cholerae is bacteria present in aquatic environment.It causes.pdf (20)
BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION IN DRINKING WATER: ASSESING THE POTABILTY OF WATER
BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION IN DRINKING WATER: ASSESING THE POTABILTY OF WATER
More from akshay1213
It is simple Using map object key as x and value as the calculation .pdf
It is simple Using map object key as x and value as the calculation of function
% adding initial value to create map object
mapObject=containers.Map({-5},{-5*-5+3*-5-2});
% using for loop to calculate the value of function
for x=-4.5:0.5:5
% adding to map
mapObject(x)=x*x+3*x-2;
%end of for loop
end
Now you have the values and keys as x values in the map
Solution
It is simple Using map object key as x and value as the calculation of function
% adding initial value to create map object
mapObject=containers.Map({-5},{-5*-5+3*-5-2});
% using for loop to calculate the value of function
for x=-4.5:0.5:5
% adding to map
mapObject(x)=x*x+3*x-2;
%end of for loop
end
Now you have the values and keys as x values in the map.
This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the .pdf
This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the concept of inclusive fitness,
which is made up of individual survival and reproduction (direct fitness) and any impact that an
individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives (indirect fitness). The elements of kin
selection (that is, direct fitness and indirect fitness) lead directly to the concept now known as
Hamilton’s rule, which states that aid-giving behaviour can evolve when the indirect fitness
benefits of helping relatives compensate the aid giver for any losses in personal reproduction it
incurs by helping. thats why it is most elegant solution to the problem of explaining self-
sacrificing behaviors that had troubled evolutionists ever since Darwin.
Hamilton\'s proposal of the importance of haplodiploidy in the evolution of eusociality reigned
supreme amongst scientists who studied social hymenoptera for the rest of the century. The
social insects provide good examples of organisms with what appear to be kin selected traits. The
workers of some species are sterile, a trait that would not occur if individual selection was the
only process at work. The relatedness coefficient r is abnormally high between the worker sisters
in a colony of Hymenoptera due to haplodiploidy. Hamilton\'s rule is presumed to be satisfied
because the benefits in fitness for the workers are believed to exceed the costs in terms of lost
reproductive opportunity, though this has never been demonstrated empirically. There are
competing hypotheses, as well, which may also explain the evolution of social behaviour in such
organisms
Solution
This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the concept of inclusive fitness,
which is made up of individual survival and reproduction (direct fitness) and any impact that an
individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives (indirect fitness). The elements of kin
selection (that is, direct fitness and indirect fitness) lead directly to the concept now known as
Hamilton’s rule, which states that aid-giving behaviour can evolve when the indirect fitness
benefits of helping relatives compensate the aid giver for any losses in personal reproduction it
incurs by helping. thats why it is most elegant solution to the problem of explaining self-
sacrificing behaviors that had troubled evolutionists ever since Darwin.
Hamilton\'s proposal of the importance of haplodiploidy in the evolution of eusociality reigned
supreme amongst scientists who studied social hymenoptera for the rest of the century. The
social insects provide good examples of organisms with what appear to be kin selected traits. The
workers of some species are sterile, a trait that would not occur if individual selection was the
only process at work. The relatedness coefficient r is abnormally high between the worker sisters
in a colony of Hymenoptera due to haplodiploidy. Hamilton\'s rule is presumed to be satisfied
because the benefits in fitness for the wo.
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temp.pdf
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain
boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. This process is one aspect
of homeostasis: a dynamic state of stability between an animal\'s internal environment and its
external environment (the study of such processes in zoology has been called ecophysiology or
physiological ecology). If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it increases
significantly above normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs. For humans, this occurs
when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55 °C (131 °F), and any
prolonged exposure (longer than a few hours) at this temperature and up to around 75 °C (167
°F) death is almost inevitable.[citation needed] Humans may also experience lethal hyperthermia
when the wet bulb temperature is sustained above 35 °C (95 °F) for six hours.[1][2] The opposite
condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia.
Whereas an organism that thermoregulates is one that keeps its core body temperature within
certain limits, a thermoconformer is subject to changes in body temperature according to changes
in the temperature outside of its body. It was not until the introduction of thermometers that any
exact data on the temperature of animals could be obtained. It was then found that local
differences were present, since heat production and heat loss vary considerably in different parts
of the body, although the circulation of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the
internal parts. Hence it is important to identify the parts of the body that most closely reflect the
temperature of the internal organs. Also, for such results to be comparable, the measurements
must be conducted under comparable conditions. The rectum has traditionally been considered to
reflect most accurately the temperature of internal parts, or in some cases of sex or species, the
vagina, uterus or bladder. Occasionally the temperature of the urine as it leaves the urethra may
be of use. More often the temperature is taken in the mouth, axilla, ear or groin.
As in other mammals, thermoregulation is an important aspect of human homeostasis. Most body
heat is generated in the deep organs, especially the liver, brain, and heart, and in contraction of
skeletal muscles. Humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates, including hot
humid and hot arid. High temperatures pose serious stresses for the human body, placing it in
great danger of injury or even death. For humans, adaptation to varying climatic conditions
includes both physiological mechanisms as a byproduct of evolution, and the conscious
development of cultural adaptations.
There are four avenues of heat loss: convection, conduction, radiation, and evaporation. If skin
temperature is greater than that of the surroundings, the body can lose heat by radiation and
conduction. But if the temper.
There are many reasons that web- based cameras to study animal behav.pdf
There are many reasons that web- based cameras to study animal behavior are better and more
convenient than studying animal behavior in person. Web-based cameras provide realtime
visuals of the animal under study with reduced disturbance, to many observers.
It is less time consuming in the sense that the camera can be kept rolling for long hours, and the
observer can study them at a time that is convenient for him. This is not an option if the
observation is aimed at immediate action. For example. if an injured animal (under medical care)
is kept under surveillance and it expresses distress.
The person studying the species does not necessarily need to be in the same place.
They can be placed in areas that are difficult to reach, uncomfortable or dangerous to be in.
Many specimens can be studied at the same time.
The animals can be seen in their natural environment without the risk of a person’s presence
influencing their behavior
There are special cameras designed to aid better visibility suitable for a particular environment.
Color and black and white cameras, combination of these with infrared lighting (used in low
light conditions), water resistant cameras and more.
Using a camera makes documentation easier and maintains record.
Solution
There are many reasons that web- based cameras to study animal behavior are better and more
convenient than studying animal behavior in person. Web-based cameras provide realtime
visuals of the animal under study with reduced disturbance, to many observers.
It is less time consuming in the sense that the camera can be kept rolling for long hours, and the
observer can study them at a time that is convenient for him. This is not an option if the
observation is aimed at immediate action. For example. if an injured animal (under medical care)
is kept under surveillance and it expresses distress.
The person studying the species does not necessarily need to be in the same place.
They can be placed in areas that are difficult to reach, uncomfortable or dangerous to be in.
Many specimens can be studied at the same time.
The animals can be seen in their natural environment without the risk of a person’s presence
influencing their behavior
There are special cameras designed to aid better visibility suitable for a particular environment.
Color and black and white cameras, combination of these with infrared lighting (used in low
light conditions), water resistant cameras and more.
Using a camera makes documentation easier and maintains record..
The following survival strategies were employed by the birds if thei.pdf
The following survival strategies were employed by the birds if their food source was destroyed:
1. Adaptation : If the food source is destroyed, birds adapt to the locally available food source
which is found to be plenty in their living habitat by changing their nature of food.
2. Migration : Birds migrate or move from one region to the other region( except endemic
species) where they can find the better related food source.
Solution
The following survival strategies were employed by the birds if their food source was destroyed:
1. Adaptation : If the food source is destroyed, birds adapt to the locally available food source
which is found to be plenty in their living habitat by changing their nature of food.
2. Migration : Birds migrate or move from one region to the other region( except endemic
species) where they can find the better related food source..
SavingsAccount.javapublic class SavingsAccount{ .pdf
//SavingsAccount.java
public class SavingsAccount
{
private double balance;
private double interest;
public SavingsAccount()
{
balance = 0;
interest = 0;
}
public SavingsAccount(double initialBalance, double initialInterest)
{
balance = initialBalance;
interest = initialInterest;
}
public void deposit(double amount)
{
balance = balance + amount;
}
public void withdraw(double amount)
{
balance = balance - amount;
}
public void addInterest()
{
balance = balance + balance * interest;
}
public double getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
}
Solution
//SavingsAccount.java
public class SavingsAccount
{
private double balance;
private double interest;
public SavingsAccount()
{
balance = 0;
interest = 0;
}
public SavingsAccount(double initialBalance, double initialInterest)
{
balance = initialBalance;
interest = initialInterest;
}
public void deposit(double amount)
{
balance = balance + amount;
}
public void withdraw(double amount)
{
balance = balance - amount;
}
public void addInterest()
{
balance = balance + balance * interest;
}
public double getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
}.
The java class Account that simultes the Account class.pdf
/*
* The java class Account that simultes
* the Account class.
* */
//Account.java
public abstract class Account {
private String name;
private String accountNumber;
private double balance;
//Constructor to set name, account number and balnace
public Account(String name,
String accountNumber,
double balance)
{
this.name=name;
this.accountNumber=accountNumber;
this.balance=balance;
}
public void setBalance(double balance)
{
this.balance=balance;
}
public double getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
public void depositMoney(double amt)
{
this.balance=this.balance+amt;
}
public void withdrawMoney(double amt)
{
this.balance=this.balance-amt;
}
public String toString() {
return \"Account Name:\"+name
+\"\ Account Number:\"+accountNumber
+\"\ Current Balance:\"+balance;
}
//abstract methods
public abstract void checkCurrentBalance();
public abstract void bankStatement();
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------
/**
* The class SavingsAccount that simulates the savings account
* */
//SavingsAccount.java
public class SavingsAccount extends Account
{
private double interestRate;
//Constructor
public SavingsAccount(String name, String accountNumber, double balance,
double interestRate ) {
super(name, accountNumber, balance);
this.interestRate=interestRate;
}
//overirde the checkCurrentBalnace
public void checkCurrentBalance() {
System.out.println(super.toString());
System.out.println(\"Type: Checking Account\");
}
//overirde the bankStatement
public void bankStatement()
{
System.out.println(super.toString());
System.out.println(\"Interest Rate: \"
+interestRate+\"%\");
double balance=super.getBalance();
double interstamt=balance*(interestRate/100.0);
System.out.println(\"Interest Amount: \"
+interstamt+\"%\");
super.setBalance(balance+interstamt);
System.out.println(\"Balance:$\"+super.getBalance());
}
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------
/*
* The java class CheckingAccount that simultes the checking account.
* */
//CheckingAccount.java
public class CheckingAccount extends Account
{
private final double MONTHLY_FEE=10;
public CheckingAccount(String name, String accountNumber, double balance) {
super(name, accountNumber, balance);
}
public void checkCurrentBalance() {
System.out.println(super.toString());
System.out.println(\"Type: Checking Account\");
}
public void bankStatement() {
System.out.println(super.toString());
System.out.println(\"Type: Checking Account\");
System.out.println(\"Monthly Fee:$\"+MONTHLY_FEE);
super.setBalance(super.getBalance()-MONTHLY_FEE);
System.out.println(\"New Balance:$\"+super.getBalance());
}
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------
/**
* The java program BankTransactions that simulates
* the bank transactions.
* */
//BankTransactions.java
i.
The number of protons in the nucleus of an elemen.pdf
The number of protons in the nucleus of an element is its atomic number
Solution
The number of protons in the nucleus of an element is its atomic number.
Resonance structures are simply alternate Lewis s.pdf
Resonance structures are simply alternate Lewis structures for a given ion or
molecule. Thus we can draw all resonance structures by drawing all of the possible Lewis
structures. However, it is not always easy to see what all these Lewis structures might be. A set
of Lewis structures for a give ion or molecule must have the same number of electrons as the
Lewis structures are constructed from the same atoms. The only difference between the Lewis
structures is the placement of the electrons. The position of the atoms in space is held constant.
We can use this facts to assist us in drawing resonance structures. Because the number of
electrons is conserved, electrons taken away from one atom must appear somewhere else in the
structure. When drawing resonance structures, it is most convenient to shift these electrons
between adjacent atoms.
Solution
Resonance structures are simply alternate Lewis structures for a given ion or
molecule. Thus we can draw all resonance structures by drawing all of the possible Lewis
structures. However, it is not always easy to see what all these Lewis structures might be. A set
of Lewis structures for a give ion or molecule must have the same number of electrons as the
Lewis structures are constructed from the same atoms. The only difference between the Lewis
structures is the placement of the electrons. The position of the atoms in space is held constant.
We can use this facts to assist us in drawing resonance structures. Because the number of
electrons is conserved, electrons taken away from one atom must appear somewhere else in the
structure. When drawing resonance structures, it is most convenient to shift these electrons
between adjacent atoms..
only above a certain temperature .pdf
This very short document discusses temperature but provides no other context or information. It states that something is only possible above a certain temperature but does not specify what is being referred to or what the minimum required temperature is.
molecular solids SO2, I2, P4, S8, H2O (ice) cov.pdf
molecular solids: SO2, I2, P4, S8, H2O (ice) covalent solids: SiO2
Solution
molecular solids: SO2, I2, P4, S8, H2O (ice) covalent solids: SiO2.
MnO4- because it is stronger oxidizing agent. .pdf
MnO4- because it is stronger oxidizing agent.
Solution
MnO4- because it is stronger oxidizing agent..
Liquid decane because it is heavier and has great.pdf
Liquid decane because it is heavier and has greater boiling point.
Solution
Liquid decane because it is heavier and has greater boiling point..
IV is a saturate hydrocarbon (without multiple ca.pdf
IV is a saturate hydrocarbon (without multiple carbon-carbon bond) V is an
unsaturated hydrocarbon (with C=C double bond)
Solution
IV is a saturate hydrocarbon (without multiple carbon-carbon bond) V is an
unsaturated hydrocarbon (with C=C double bond).
in saturation ca2+ conc = OH- conc as 2 OH- will.pdf
in saturation ca2+ conc = OH- conc as 2 OH- will be there for 1 Ca2+ so its conc
= 2*4.9*10^-6 = 9.8*10^-6
Solution
in saturation ca2+ conc = OH- conc as 2 OH- will be there for 1 Ca2+ so its conc
= 2*4.9*10^-6 = 9.8*10^-6.
D ALL of them .pdf
This very short document contains a single word - "Solution" - followed by the letters "D ALL of them". It does not provide enough contextual information to generate a meaningful multi-sentence summary.
program filesadmin.aspx.csusing System; using System.Colle.pdf
//program files
//admin.aspx.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
namespace RegistrationUsers
{
public partial class Admin : System.Web.UI.Page
{
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
}
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Response.Redirect(\"WebForm1.aspx\");
}
protected void Button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Response.Redirect(\"view users.aspx\");
}
}
}
//view users.aspx.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
namespace RegistrationUsers
{
public partial class view_users : System.Web.UI.Page
{
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
}
}
}
//webform1.aspx.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Configuration;
namespace RegistrationUsers
{
public partial class WebForm1 : System.Web.UI.Page
{
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
/* if (IsPostBack)
{
String cs = ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings[\"Data Source =
ADMINIB - 83V87D2; Initial Catalog = employee; Integrated Security = True; Connect
Timeout = 15; Encrypt = False; TrustServerCertificate = True; ApplicationIntent = ReadWrite;
MultiSubnetFailover = False\"].ConnectionString;
SqlConnection connection = new SqlConnection(cs);
connection.Open();
string checkuser = \"select count(*) from Users where Username=\" +
TextBox1.Text + \"\'\";
SqlCommand com = new SqlCommand(checkuser, connection);
int temp = Convert.ToInt32(com.ExecuteScalar().ToString());
if (temp == 1)
{
Console.WriteLine(\"user already exists\");
}
connection.Close();
}*/
}
protected void Button2_Click1(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
try
{
string cs =
ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings[\"employeeConnectionString\"].ConnectionString;
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(cs);
conn.Open();
string insertquery = \"insert into
Users(Username,Password,Email,Cell,Location)values(@username,@password,@email,@cell,
@location)\";
SqlCommand comm = new SqlCommand(insertquery, conn);
comm.Parameters.AddWithValue(\"@username\", TextBox1.Text);
comm.Parameters.AddWithValue(\"@password\", TextBox2.Text);
comm.Parameters.AddWithValue(\"@email\", TextBox3.Text);
comm.Parameters.AddWithValue(\"@cell\", TextBox4.Text);
comm.Parameters.AddWithValue(\"@Location\", DropDownList1.SelectedValue);
comm.ExecuteNonQuery();
Response.Write(\"Registration Sucessful\");
conn.Close();
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Console.WriteLine(\"error:\" + ex.ToString());
}
}
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Response.Redirect(\"Login.aspx\");
}
}
}
//login.aspx.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using System.Data.
C is best methode Bromination of alkane is most f.pdf
C is best methode Bromination of alkane is most favourable due to lessbond
disassoction energy between C and Br moleculesafter substution of halogens ( Acctuvally I2 has
less butit is revesable reaction) Order of I2 ? 2I* Alkylhalide on treated with NaOCH3 gives
alkenes
Solution
C is best methode Bromination of alkane is most favourable due to lessbond
disassoction energy between C and Br moleculesafter substution of halogens ( Acctuvally I2 has
less butit is revesable reaction) Order of I2 ? 2I* Alkylhalide on treated with NaOCH3 gives
alkenes.
C. CH3Br note like dissolves like. All the othe.pdf
C. CH3Br note: like dissolves like. All the others can forms H bonds with water
Solution
C. CH3Br note: like dissolves like. All the others can forms H bonds with water.
P(white head) = 1115P(white tails) = 925P(head white.pdf
P(white | head) = 11/15
P(white | tails) = 9/25
P(head | white) = 1/2 * 11/15 /( (1/2 * 11/15) + (1/2 * 9/25))
= 0.67
Solution
P(white | head) = 11/15
P(white | tails) = 9/25
P(head | white) = 1/2 * 11/15 /( (1/2 * 11/15) + (1/2 * 9/25))
= 0.67.
More from akshay1213 (20)
It is simple Using map object key as x and value as the calculation .pdf
It is simple Using map object key as x and value as the calculation .pdf
This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the .pdf
This theory of Hamilton of kin selection based on basic element the .pdf
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temp.pdf
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temp.pdf
There are many reasons that web- based cameras to study animal behav.pdf
There are many reasons that web- based cameras to study animal behav.pdf
The following survival strategies were employed by the birds if thei.pdf
The following survival strategies were employed by the birds if thei.pdf
SavingsAccount.javapublic class SavingsAccount{ .pdf
SavingsAccount.javapublic class SavingsAccount{ .pdf
The java class Account that simultes the Account class.pdf
The java class Account that simultes the Account class.pdf
The number of protons in the nucleus of an elemen.pdf
The number of protons in the nucleus of an elemen.pdf
Resonance structures are simply alternate Lewis s.pdf
Resonance structures are simply alternate Lewis s.pdf
molecular solids SO2, I2, P4, S8, H2O (ice) cov.pdf
molecular solids SO2, I2, P4, S8, H2O (ice) cov.pdf
MnO4- because it is stronger oxidizing agent. .pdf
MnO4- because it is stronger oxidizing agent. .pdf
Liquid decane because it is heavier and has great.pdf
Liquid decane because it is heavier and has great.pdf
IV is a saturate hydrocarbon (without multiple ca.pdf
IV is a saturate hydrocarbon (without multiple ca.pdf
in saturation ca2+ conc = OH- conc as 2 OH- will.pdf
in saturation ca2+ conc = OH- conc as 2 OH- will.pdf
program filesadmin.aspx.csusing System; using System.Colle.pdf
program filesadmin.aspx.csusing System; using System.Colle.pdf
C is best methode Bromination of alkane is most f.pdf
C is best methode Bromination of alkane is most f.pdf
C. CH3Br note like dissolves like. All the othe.pdf
C. CH3Br note like dissolves like. All the othe.pdf
P(white head) = 1115P(white tails) = 925P(head white.pdf
P(white head) = 1115P(white tails) = 925P(head white.pdf
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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- 1. Vibrio cholerae is bacteria present in aquatic environment.It causes cholera,a diarrhoel disease.it is usually occur in developing countries.There are more than 200 serotypes are identified but two serotypes are more dangerous i.e.serotype O1 and serotype O139.The disease is endemic to certain regions where contaminated food and water are used for consumption purposes.The disease becomes epidemic due to the above two serotypes. Vibrio cholerae and zooplankton shows commensalism mainly with copepods,water fleas,daphnia,rotifers,ostracods etc. Zooplanktons are microscopic organism normally found in sea ,river,ponds. In Bakerganj and Mathbaria (Bangladesh) the population of zooplanktons were analysed and it was found that Mathbaria's river and ponds were actually reservoir for vibrio cholerae. In this areas the environment plays significant role in colonization of zooplankton by pathogenic strains. In these areas the water is used for drinking purposes without any treatment. Cholera is depend on doses.So increase in their numbers increases the chances of endemic or epidemic sometimes pandemics. In these areas flood comes regularly due to which sea water mixes with pond, river water that is also a major factor for the spread of disease. By using molecular genetics and genomic methods for the detection of zooplankton species and determination of selected association of V.cholerae may allow early warning warning of pathogenic strain of V.cholerae and treatment of water by just simple filtration can also helps in its prevention. Solution Vibrio cholerae is bacteria present in aquatic environment.It causes cholera,a diarrhoel disease.it is usually occur in developing countries.There are more than 200 serotypes are identified but two serotypes are more dangerous i.e.serotype O1 and serotype O139.The disease is endemic to certain regions where contaminated food and water are used for consumption purposes.The disease becomes epidemic due to the above two serotypes. Vibrio cholerae and zooplankton shows commensalism mainly with copepods,water fleas,daphnia,rotifers,ostracods etc. Zooplanktons are microscopic organism normally found in sea ,river,ponds. In Bakerganj and Mathbaria (Bangladesh) the population of zooplanktons were analysed and it was found that Mathbaria's river and ponds were actually reservoir for vibrio cholerae. In this areas the environment plays significant role in colonization of zooplankton by pathogenic strains. In these areas the water is used for drinking purposes without any treatment. Cholera is depend on doses.So increase in their numbers increases the chances of endemic or epidemic sometimes
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