Sleep serves important physiological functions such as tissue restoration, waste clearance from the brain, energy conservation, and memory consolidation. It consists of different stages including non-REM sleep and REM sleep. Lack of sufficient good quality sleep can impair the immune system and increase inflammation, affecting health outcomes like cardiovascular disease and cancer. Getting less than 6-7 hours of sleep per night has been associated with higher mortality. Sleep disorders are common and include insomnia, sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, and circadian rhythm disorders.
Sleep is essential to our overall health and well-being. It is key to our ability to perform cognitive and physical tasks, engage fully in life, and function productively and safely. The average sleep requirement varies by age, from 16-20 hours for infants to 6-8 hours for adults. There are two main types of sleep disorders - dyssomnias which affect sleep amount, timing or quality, and parasomnias which involve abnormal physical or experiential events during sleep. Sleep disorders can be treated through lifestyle modifications, behavioral therapies, medication, and treating any underlying medical conditions. Maintaining good sleep hygiene is important for promoting healthy sleep.
This document provides information about various sleep disorders. It begins with definitions and descriptions of normal sleep stages. It then discusses specific sleep disorders like insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, restless leg syndrome and circadian rhythm disorders. Diagnosis involves questionnaires, sleep diaries and polysomnography. Treatment depends on the disorder but may include lifestyle changes, medications, therapies and surgery. Sleep disorders can negatively impact quality of life so proper diagnosis and management is important.
Sleep is essential for health and cognitive function. It involves NREM and REM sleep stages measured using polysomnography. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, hypersomnolence, and narcolepsy. Insomnia is difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep and is treated with sleep hygiene, relaxation, and medication. Hypersomnolence involves excessive daytime sleepiness and is treated with stimulants. Narcolepsy involves REM sleep intrusion and is diagnosed by decreased REM latency on polysomnography.
sleep disorders contains dyssomnias ,parasomnias ,and sleep disorder associated with other major medical disorders . Restless leg syndrome and PLM are also covered here. this ppt also shows how to differentiate between sleep terror and night mares . treatment of sleep disorders also included.
This document provides information about sleep disorders and sleep hygiene. It defines sleep and describes the stages of sleep including NREM, REM sleep, and the progression through stages 1-3. It discusses factors that affect sleep, consequences of poor sleep, and categories of sleep disorders like insomnia. Assessment of insomnia and interventions like CBT and medications are outlined. General sleep recommendations are provided regarding sleep schedules, environment, and habits. Sleep hygiene tips conclude the document.
Sleeping disorders - impact on health & nutrition interventionsSupta Sarkar
This document summarizes research on the impacts of sleep disorders on health and potential nutrition interventions. It begins with an introduction to sleep regulation and the brain and circadian rhythms. It then discusses measuring sleep and the different stages and types of sleep. Several common sleep disorders are outlined along with their health risks such as increased risk of diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and mood disorders. Finally, it explores nutrition interventions for sleep disorders, noting roles of carbohydrates, protein, and amino acids in influencing neurotransmitters involved in sleep-wake cycles. High glycemic index carbohydrates before bed may improve sleep onset while daytime carbohydrates should be avoided in hypersomnias to reduce sleepiness.
Excessive daytime sleepiness
The most common causes of excessive daytime sleepiness are sleep deprivation, obstructive sleep apnea, and sedating medications. Other potential causes of excessive daytime sleepiness include certain medical and psychiatric conditions and sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy.
This document provides an overview of primary and secondary sleep disorders. It discusses dyssomnias, which are characterized by lack of sleep or excessive sleepiness, and includes primary insomnia, hypersomnia, and circadian rhythm disorders. It also discusses parasomnias, which are undesirable events that occur during specific sleep stages or transitions, including arousal disorders like sleepwalking, sleep terrors, and confusional arousals, as well as sleep-wake transition disorders, light sleep stage disorders, REM sleep disorders, and diffuse sleep disorders. The document outlines the clinical presentation, contributing factors, and management approaches for each of the major sleep disorder categories.
Sleep is essential to our overall health and well-being. It is key to our ability to perform cognitive and physical tasks, engage fully in life, and function productively and safely. The average sleep requirement varies by age, from 16-20 hours for infants to 6-8 hours for adults. There are two main types of sleep disorders - dyssomnias which affect sleep amount, timing or quality, and parasomnias which involve abnormal physical or experiential events during sleep. Sleep disorders can be treated through lifestyle modifications, behavioral therapies, medication, and treating any underlying medical conditions. Maintaining good sleep hygiene is important for promoting healthy sleep.
This document provides information about various sleep disorders. It begins with definitions and descriptions of normal sleep stages. It then discusses specific sleep disorders like insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, restless leg syndrome and circadian rhythm disorders. Diagnosis involves questionnaires, sleep diaries and polysomnography. Treatment depends on the disorder but may include lifestyle changes, medications, therapies and surgery. Sleep disorders can negatively impact quality of life so proper diagnosis and management is important.
Sleep is essential for health and cognitive function. It involves NREM and REM sleep stages measured using polysomnography. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, hypersomnolence, and narcolepsy. Insomnia is difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep and is treated with sleep hygiene, relaxation, and medication. Hypersomnolence involves excessive daytime sleepiness and is treated with stimulants. Narcolepsy involves REM sleep intrusion and is diagnosed by decreased REM latency on polysomnography.
sleep disorders contains dyssomnias ,parasomnias ,and sleep disorder associated with other major medical disorders . Restless leg syndrome and PLM are also covered here. this ppt also shows how to differentiate between sleep terror and night mares . treatment of sleep disorders also included.
This document provides information about sleep disorders and sleep hygiene. It defines sleep and describes the stages of sleep including NREM, REM sleep, and the progression through stages 1-3. It discusses factors that affect sleep, consequences of poor sleep, and categories of sleep disorders like insomnia. Assessment of insomnia and interventions like CBT and medications are outlined. General sleep recommendations are provided regarding sleep schedules, environment, and habits. Sleep hygiene tips conclude the document.
Sleeping disorders - impact on health & nutrition interventionsSupta Sarkar
This document summarizes research on the impacts of sleep disorders on health and potential nutrition interventions. It begins with an introduction to sleep regulation and the brain and circadian rhythms. It then discusses measuring sleep and the different stages and types of sleep. Several common sleep disorders are outlined along with their health risks such as increased risk of diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and mood disorders. Finally, it explores nutrition interventions for sleep disorders, noting roles of carbohydrates, protein, and amino acids in influencing neurotransmitters involved in sleep-wake cycles. High glycemic index carbohydrates before bed may improve sleep onset while daytime carbohydrates should be avoided in hypersomnias to reduce sleepiness.
Excessive daytime sleepiness
The most common causes of excessive daytime sleepiness are sleep deprivation, obstructive sleep apnea, and sedating medications. Other potential causes of excessive daytime sleepiness include certain medical and psychiatric conditions and sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy.
This document provides an overview of primary and secondary sleep disorders. It discusses dyssomnias, which are characterized by lack of sleep or excessive sleepiness, and includes primary insomnia, hypersomnia, and circadian rhythm disorders. It also discusses parasomnias, which are undesirable events that occur during specific sleep stages or transitions, including arousal disorders like sleepwalking, sleep terrors, and confusional arousals, as well as sleep-wake transition disorders, light sleep stage disorders, REM sleep disorders, and diffuse sleep disorders. The document outlines the clinical presentation, contributing factors, and management approaches for each of the major sleep disorder categories.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on sleep disorders organized into three main sections: physiology of normal sleep, disordered sleep, and sleep studies. It describes the stages and cycles of normal sleep including NREM and REM sleep. It discusses several common sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, restless leg syndrome, sleep apnea, and parasomnias. It also covers sleep disturbances related to medical, neurological and psychiatric conditions. Finally, it provides an overview of polysomnography and its clinical applications in diagnosing and managing various sleep disorders.
The outcome of this course is for the learner to describe the normal stages of sleep, common sleep measurement tools sleep characteristic, common sleep disorders, the changes that affect the quality and quantity of sleep as an individual ages, and methods the healthcare provider can use to assess and assist clients with sleep disorders.
Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD) are a family of sleep disorders affecting (among other bodily processes) the timing of sleep. People with circadian rhythm sleep disorders are unable to go to sleep and awaken at the times commonly required for work and school as well as social needs. They are generally able to get enough sleep if allowed to sleep and wake at the times dictated by their "body clocks". The quality of their sleep is usually normal unless they also have another sleep disorder.
My presentation deals with how circadian rhythm happens in human body and how alterations in circadian rhythm effects in different disorders.
This document provides an overview of sleep disorders, including sleep architecture, requirements, and classification systems. It describes common disorders like insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, parasomnias and circadian rhythm disorders. Diagnostic tools include polysomnography and multiple sleep latency testing. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, devices, medications, surgery or chronotherapy depending on the specific disorder.
This document discusses sleep disturbances and patterns. It begins with objectives of gaining knowledge about sleep disturbances, patterns, and their application in patient care. It then covers definitions of sleep, sleep facts, sleep patterns in different age groups, sleep physiology including stages of sleep and sleep regulation. Factors affecting sleep and consequences of sleep deprivation are explained. Common sleep disorders like insomnia are described along with international classification of sleep disorders and their management.
This document discusses healthy sleep patterns and sleep disorders. It begins by introducing the importance of restful sleep and common sleep disorders. It then defines key terms in sleep medicine like sleep tech, sleep doctor, polysomnogram, and events. The stages of sleep are explained along with treatments like CPAP and BIPAP. Alternative herbal treatments for sleep are mentioned alongside resources for further information.
This document discusses sleep, rest, and factors that affect them. It covers:
- The definitions and purposes of sleep and rest for the body's well-being.
- The sleep cycle, including the stages of non-REM and REM sleep and how they alternate throughout the night in cycles.
- Common sleep disorders like insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and parasomnias.
- Factors that can influence sleep quality like medications, lifestyle, environment, and medical conditions.
- Recommendations for good sleep hygiene practices to promote better sleep.
A sleep disorder is a medical disorder of the sleep patterns of a person or animal. Some sleep disorders are serious enough to interfere with normal physical, mental, social and emotional functioning.
This document provides definitions and explanations of various sleep disorders including insomnia, parasomnia, sleepwalking, and narcolepsy. It discusses the symptoms and classifications of insomnia, including primary and secondary insomnia. Several studies are summarized that examine potential genetic and psychological factors of insomnia. Parasomnias are defined and specific disorders like sleepwalking, nightmares, and rhythmic movement are explained. The prevalence and potential genetic and neurological factors of sleepwalking are highlighted. Finally, narcolepsy is introduced and several landmark studies from the 1960s onward are summarized that helped uncover biological mechanisms and potential immune and hypocretin-related causes of the disorder.
This document discusses sleep patterns and disturbances. It defines sleep as a state of decreased awareness and responsiveness characterized by changes in physiology and brain activity. Nearly a third of people experience some form of sleep disturbance. There are various stages of non-REM and REM sleep characterized by different brain wave patterns and levels of arousal. Many factors can influence sleep including medical, lifestyle and environmental factors. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy and parasomnias. Diagnosis involves tools like polysomnography and treatment aims to address the underlying causes.
Sleep disorders are common in the elderly population, with up to half complaining about sleep problems. Common causes include psychological stressors like retirement or bereavement. Age-related changes include falling asleep earlier, waking earlier, and less tolerance for changes in sleep-wake cycles. The most common disorders are insomnia and sleep apnea, characterized by frequent nighttime awakenings, early morning waking, daytime fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. Morbidity increases in sleep apnea if episodes occur more than 10 times per hour. Polysomnography and CPAP are used to diagnose and treat sleep apnea.
The document discusses the results of a sleep log completed by a high school psychology class over 35 days. It found that most students slept less than the recommended 9.5 hours per night and accumulated around 50 hours of sleep debt over the month. On average, students slept 7.35 hours per night and took naps accounting for 63 hours of additional sleep. However, this still fell short of the recommended hours of sleep for their age. Not getting enough sleep can negatively impact mood, focus, health and school performance.
This document discusses sleep physiology and sleep disorders. It begins by defining sleep and outlining the three basic physiological processes of wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. It then describes sleep architecture and the stages of NREM and REM sleep in detail. Key aspects of sleep such as circadian rhythms, sleep requirements, neurobiology, and disorders like insomnia are also summarized. The document provides an overview of normal sleep patterns and processes as well as common sleep disorders.
Sleep is one third of human life and is essential for rest, recovery, and memory consolidation. Our understanding of sleep comes from EEG, which measures brain electrical activity and shows different sleep stages. Lack of sleep can impair cognitive and immune functions, while sleep disorders like insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy cause disrupted sleep patterns. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery depending on the disorder.
9. endokrini sistem finalni dio- interakcije, 2 hSinisa Ristic
This document discusses the relationship between sleep and the endocrine system. Some key points include:
- Certain endocrine conditions like acromegaly are associated with increased risk of sleep apnea. Hypothyroidism and excessive androgens can also worsen sleep apnea.
- Growth hormone and prolactin levels are elevated early in sleep during non-REM sleep. Cortisol and testosterone levels rise later in sleep.
- Disruptions to normal sleep patterns can influence hormone levels like thyroid stimulating hormone and cortisol. Overall, sleep abnormalities are associated with endocrine changes.
Now days due to various lifestyle people cannot able to sleep and having good sleep
There is difficulty in initiation, maintaining, & awakening during sleep.
I will try to help for understanding normal sleep, neurophysiology, sleep disorder & its Pharmacotherapy by this seminar session.
The document discusses sleep disorders and the measurement and stages of sleep. It provides details on:
1) How sleep is measured using EEG, EOG, and EMG electrodes to record brain waves, eye movements, and muscle activity.
2) The stages of sleep including NREM stages 1-4 and REM sleep, characterized by different brain wave patterns.
3) Common sleep disorders like insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, circadian rhythm disorders and parasomnias. Treatment options are also outlined.
2015 keynote presentation at the Oregon Counseling Association Conference by Darryl Inaba, PharmD, CATC-V, CADC-III, author of Uppers, Downers, All-Arounders.
This document discusses pediatric sleep disorders. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding normal sleep patterns in children, reviewing common sleep disorders, and discussing treatment options. It then covers topics like sleep cycles, how children's sleep differs from adults, prevalence of various sleep disorders in children, and classification of sleep disorders into dyssomnias, parasomnias, and medical/psychiatric disorders. Specific disorders like insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, restless leg syndrome, and parasomnias are explained. Treatment options for each disorder focus on behavioral interventions and medication if needed. Proper sleep hygiene practices to promote healthy sleep in children are also outlined.
This document discusses various sleep disorders including insomnia, narcolepsy, hypersomnolence disorder, breathing-related sleep disorders, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, and parasomnias. It covers the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment approaches for each disorder. Sleep is regulated by homeostatic and circadian processes in the brain and disrupted sleep can negatively impact brain function and health. A thorough evaluation including sleep history, exams, and sometimes polysomnography is needed to diagnose the underlying cause of the sleep problem.
Parasomnias in Neurological disoeders.pptxSwayang Panda
RBD is a REM sleep parasomnia characterized by loss of muscle atonia and dream enactment behaviors that can cause self or partner injury. It typically affects older males and is often preceded by neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's. Diagnosis involves abnormal motor behaviors and easy awakening during REM sleep. Treatment focuses on clonazepam to suppress REM sleep without dreams.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on sleep disorders organized into three main sections: physiology of normal sleep, disordered sleep, and sleep studies. It describes the stages and cycles of normal sleep including NREM and REM sleep. It discusses several common sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, restless leg syndrome, sleep apnea, and parasomnias. It also covers sleep disturbances related to medical, neurological and psychiatric conditions. Finally, it provides an overview of polysomnography and its clinical applications in diagnosing and managing various sleep disorders.
The outcome of this course is for the learner to describe the normal stages of sleep, common sleep measurement tools sleep characteristic, common sleep disorders, the changes that affect the quality and quantity of sleep as an individual ages, and methods the healthcare provider can use to assess and assist clients with sleep disorders.
Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD) are a family of sleep disorders affecting (among other bodily processes) the timing of sleep. People with circadian rhythm sleep disorders are unable to go to sleep and awaken at the times commonly required for work and school as well as social needs. They are generally able to get enough sleep if allowed to sleep and wake at the times dictated by their "body clocks". The quality of their sleep is usually normal unless they also have another sleep disorder.
My presentation deals with how circadian rhythm happens in human body and how alterations in circadian rhythm effects in different disorders.
This document provides an overview of sleep disorders, including sleep architecture, requirements, and classification systems. It describes common disorders like insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, parasomnias and circadian rhythm disorders. Diagnostic tools include polysomnography and multiple sleep latency testing. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, devices, medications, surgery or chronotherapy depending on the specific disorder.
This document discusses sleep disturbances and patterns. It begins with objectives of gaining knowledge about sleep disturbances, patterns, and their application in patient care. It then covers definitions of sleep, sleep facts, sleep patterns in different age groups, sleep physiology including stages of sleep and sleep regulation. Factors affecting sleep and consequences of sleep deprivation are explained. Common sleep disorders like insomnia are described along with international classification of sleep disorders and their management.
This document discusses healthy sleep patterns and sleep disorders. It begins by introducing the importance of restful sleep and common sleep disorders. It then defines key terms in sleep medicine like sleep tech, sleep doctor, polysomnogram, and events. The stages of sleep are explained along with treatments like CPAP and BIPAP. Alternative herbal treatments for sleep are mentioned alongside resources for further information.
This document discusses sleep, rest, and factors that affect them. It covers:
- The definitions and purposes of sleep and rest for the body's well-being.
- The sleep cycle, including the stages of non-REM and REM sleep and how they alternate throughout the night in cycles.
- Common sleep disorders like insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and parasomnias.
- Factors that can influence sleep quality like medications, lifestyle, environment, and medical conditions.
- Recommendations for good sleep hygiene practices to promote better sleep.
A sleep disorder is a medical disorder of the sleep patterns of a person or animal. Some sleep disorders are serious enough to interfere with normal physical, mental, social and emotional functioning.
This document provides definitions and explanations of various sleep disorders including insomnia, parasomnia, sleepwalking, and narcolepsy. It discusses the symptoms and classifications of insomnia, including primary and secondary insomnia. Several studies are summarized that examine potential genetic and psychological factors of insomnia. Parasomnias are defined and specific disorders like sleepwalking, nightmares, and rhythmic movement are explained. The prevalence and potential genetic and neurological factors of sleepwalking are highlighted. Finally, narcolepsy is introduced and several landmark studies from the 1960s onward are summarized that helped uncover biological mechanisms and potential immune and hypocretin-related causes of the disorder.
This document discusses sleep patterns and disturbances. It defines sleep as a state of decreased awareness and responsiveness characterized by changes in physiology and brain activity. Nearly a third of people experience some form of sleep disturbance. There are various stages of non-REM and REM sleep characterized by different brain wave patterns and levels of arousal. Many factors can influence sleep including medical, lifestyle and environmental factors. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy and parasomnias. Diagnosis involves tools like polysomnography and treatment aims to address the underlying causes.
Sleep disorders are common in the elderly population, with up to half complaining about sleep problems. Common causes include psychological stressors like retirement or bereavement. Age-related changes include falling asleep earlier, waking earlier, and less tolerance for changes in sleep-wake cycles. The most common disorders are insomnia and sleep apnea, characterized by frequent nighttime awakenings, early morning waking, daytime fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. Morbidity increases in sleep apnea if episodes occur more than 10 times per hour. Polysomnography and CPAP are used to diagnose and treat sleep apnea.
The document discusses the results of a sleep log completed by a high school psychology class over 35 days. It found that most students slept less than the recommended 9.5 hours per night and accumulated around 50 hours of sleep debt over the month. On average, students slept 7.35 hours per night and took naps accounting for 63 hours of additional sleep. However, this still fell short of the recommended hours of sleep for their age. Not getting enough sleep can negatively impact mood, focus, health and school performance.
This document discusses sleep physiology and sleep disorders. It begins by defining sleep and outlining the three basic physiological processes of wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. It then describes sleep architecture and the stages of NREM and REM sleep in detail. Key aspects of sleep such as circadian rhythms, sleep requirements, neurobiology, and disorders like insomnia are also summarized. The document provides an overview of normal sleep patterns and processes as well as common sleep disorders.
Sleep is one third of human life and is essential for rest, recovery, and memory consolidation. Our understanding of sleep comes from EEG, which measures brain electrical activity and shows different sleep stages. Lack of sleep can impair cognitive and immune functions, while sleep disorders like insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy cause disrupted sleep patterns. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery depending on the disorder.
9. endokrini sistem finalni dio- interakcije, 2 hSinisa Ristic
This document discusses the relationship between sleep and the endocrine system. Some key points include:
- Certain endocrine conditions like acromegaly are associated with increased risk of sleep apnea. Hypothyroidism and excessive androgens can also worsen sleep apnea.
- Growth hormone and prolactin levels are elevated early in sleep during non-REM sleep. Cortisol and testosterone levels rise later in sleep.
- Disruptions to normal sleep patterns can influence hormone levels like thyroid stimulating hormone and cortisol. Overall, sleep abnormalities are associated with endocrine changes.
Now days due to various lifestyle people cannot able to sleep and having good sleep
There is difficulty in initiation, maintaining, & awakening during sleep.
I will try to help for understanding normal sleep, neurophysiology, sleep disorder & its Pharmacotherapy by this seminar session.
The document discusses sleep disorders and the measurement and stages of sleep. It provides details on:
1) How sleep is measured using EEG, EOG, and EMG electrodes to record brain waves, eye movements, and muscle activity.
2) The stages of sleep including NREM stages 1-4 and REM sleep, characterized by different brain wave patterns.
3) Common sleep disorders like insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, circadian rhythm disorders and parasomnias. Treatment options are also outlined.
2015 keynote presentation at the Oregon Counseling Association Conference by Darryl Inaba, PharmD, CATC-V, CADC-III, author of Uppers, Downers, All-Arounders.
This document discusses pediatric sleep disorders. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding normal sleep patterns in children, reviewing common sleep disorders, and discussing treatment options. It then covers topics like sleep cycles, how children's sleep differs from adults, prevalence of various sleep disorders in children, and classification of sleep disorders into dyssomnias, parasomnias, and medical/psychiatric disorders. Specific disorders like insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, restless leg syndrome, and parasomnias are explained. Treatment options for each disorder focus on behavioral interventions and medication if needed. Proper sleep hygiene practices to promote healthy sleep in children are also outlined.
This document discusses various sleep disorders including insomnia, narcolepsy, hypersomnolence disorder, breathing-related sleep disorders, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, and parasomnias. It covers the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment approaches for each disorder. Sleep is regulated by homeostatic and circadian processes in the brain and disrupted sleep can negatively impact brain function and health. A thorough evaluation including sleep history, exams, and sometimes polysomnography is needed to diagnose the underlying cause of the sleep problem.
Parasomnias in Neurological disoeders.pptxSwayang Panda
RBD is a REM sleep parasomnia characterized by loss of muscle atonia and dream enactment behaviors that can cause self or partner injury. It typically affects older males and is often preceded by neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's. Diagnosis involves abnormal motor behaviors and easy awakening during REM sleep. Treatment focuses on clonazepam to suppress REM sleep without dreams.
The ABCs of Your ZZZs - Alison S. Kole, MD, MPH, FCCP, Pulmonologist Kerry K...Summit Health
Learn from our Sleep Disorder Center experts about the basics of good sleep and the physical impact of poor sleep. We will also discuss tips for improving sleep and the treatment options for common sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, and insomnia, among others.
Sleep disorders can be classified into six main categories. Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and irregular sleep-wake cycles. It is caused by a lack of hypocretin in the brain and symptoms include sleep attacks, cataplexy, hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. Obstructive sleep apnea is the most common breathing-related sleep disorder and involves repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep causing fragmented sleep and oxygen deprivation. Parasomnias are abnormal behaviors that occur during sleep like sleepwalking, nightmares, and REM sleep behavior disorder. Restless legs syndrome involves unpleasant sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by movement. Polysomnography and the
Primary sleep disorders:
Primary sleep disorders are those disorders not attributable to another cause, which includes dyssomnias and parasomnias.
Dyssomnias: are primary disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep/ excessive sleepiness, characterized by abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.
Insomnia:
Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or nonrestorative sleep that lasts for 1 month and causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Hypersomnia:
Excessive sleepiness for atleast 1 month that involves either prolonged sleep episodes or daily daytime sleeping that causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other functioning.
Narcolepsy:
A rare sleep disorder in which a person, usually under the age of 20, has recurrent sudden episodes of irresistible sleep attacks of short duration 10 - 15 minutes (directly enters into REM sleep).
Breathing related sleep disorder:
Sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or, less commonly, insomnia, caused by abnormalities in ventilation during sleep. These disorders include obstructive sleep apnea (repeated episodes of upper airway obstruction), central sleep apnea (episodic cessation of sventilation without airway obstruction), and central alveolar hypoventilation (hypoventilation resulting in low arterial oxygen levels).
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder:
Persistent or recurring sleep disruption resulting from altered functioning of circadian rhythm or a mismatch between circadian rhythm and external demands. Subtypes include; delayed sleep phase, jet lag, shift work and unspecified.
Delayed sleep phase: A persistent pattern of late sleep onset and late awakening times, with an inability to fall asleep and awaken at a desired earlier time.
Jet lag: Sleepiness and alertness that occur at an inappropriate time of day relative to local time, occurring after repeated travel across more than one time zone.
Shift work: Insomnia during the major sleep period or excessive sleepiness during the major awake period associated with night shift work or frequently changing shift work.
Parasomnias: are disorders characterized by abnormal behavioral or psychological events associated with sleep, specific sleep stages, or sleep–wake transition. These disorders involve activation of physiological systems, such as the autonomic nervous system, motor system, or cognitive processes, at inappropriate times during sleep.
Nightmare disorder:
Repeated occurrence of frightening dreams that lead to waking from sleep.
Sleep terror disorder:
Repeated occurrence of abrupt awakenings from sleep associated with a panicky scream or cry.
Sleepwalking disorder (Somnambulism):
Repeated episodes of complex motor behavior initiated during sleep, including getting out of bed and walking around.
The document provides an overview of sleep and sleep disorders presented by Dr. Kaushik Nandi. It discusses the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness including the arousal spectrum and sleep/wake switch regulated by neurotransmitters and brain regions like the hypothalamus. The stages of sleep are described based on EEG patterns and physiological characteristics. Assessment methods and classifications of sleep disorders by the DSM-5 and ICSD-3 are outlined. Insomnia disorder and Narcolepsy are explained in more detail regarding their diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology and treatment approaches.
Metabolic and Endocrine Consequences of Abnormal Human Sleep.pdfAhmed Elshebiny
The document discusses the metabolic and endocrine consequences of abnormal human sleep. It notes that sleep and hormones are interrelated, with short sleep durations being associated with conditions like obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Certain hormones like growth hormone, prolactin, and melatonin promote sleep, while cortisol and androgen increase awareness and reduce sleep. The document recommends screening patients for sleep disorders, insufficient sleep, or obstructive sleep apnea, as fatigue may result from endocrine or sleep issues.
This document discusses sleep patterns and sleep disturbances. It begins by defining sleep and describing the sleep-wake cycle which is regulated by circadian rhythms. It then outlines the stages of sleep including non-REM and REM sleep. Key factors that affect sleep like age, illness, lifestyle and environment are mentioned. Common sleep disorders are introduced including insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and parasomnias. Assessment methods like questionnaires, sleep diaries and polysomnography are covered. Nursing management strategies to promote better sleep are provided. Research evidence on sleep enhancement interventions for hospitalized patients is briefly summarized.
The document provides an overview of normal sleep physiology and sleep disorders. It discusses the stages of normal sleep including NREM and REM sleep. It describes how sleep is regulated by the circadian rhythm and sleep homeostasis processes. Several sleep disorders are classified according to the DSM-V and ICSD including insomnia disorders, sleep-related breathing disorders, hypersomnolence disorders, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, parasomnias, and sleep-related movement disorders. Primary insomnia disorders include chronic insomnia disorder, short-term insomnia disorder, and psychophysiological insomnia characterized by heightened arousal and learned sleep-preventing associations.
Classification of sleep disorders and parasomniasEnoch R G
Sleep is made up of two physiological states: non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. There are several brain regions and neurotransmitters that regulate the sleep-wake cycle, including serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, melatonin, and dopamine. Sleep disorders are classified in the DSM-5 and ICSD-2 and include insomnia, sleep-related breathing disorders, hypersomnias, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, parasomnias, and other sleep-related movement disorders.
Refractory seizures are seizures that do not respond to treatment with anti-epileptic drugs. They are most commonly seen in children and can be caused by unknown etiologies, genetic factors, or structural brain lesions. Evaluation of refractory seizures involves assessing for inborn errors of metabolism, infections, genetic syndromes, or other structural abnormalities through clinical exams, imaging, and metabolic testing of blood and urine. Intractable seizures are difficult to control and often associated with mesial temporal sclerosis, tuberous sclerosis, or other lesions.
The document provides an overview of sleep disorders presented by Dr. Kaushik Nandi. It discusses the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness, stages of sleep, assessment of sleep disorders, classification of sleep disorders, and management of common sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, hypersomnolence disorder, and breathing-related sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea.
Pulmonologist, Jenny Kim, MD, FCCP of our Sleep Disorders Center partnered with the Livingston Health Department to present, Can’t Sleep? The ABCs of Your ZZZs to the community. During the session, Dr. Kim discussed tips for improving sleep and treatment options for common sleep disorders.
it explain about definition of sleep, normal sleep, sleep disturbance, causes of sleep disturbance, management therapy, nursing therapy and its effect om normal life.
This document discusses sleep patterns and sleep disorders. It begins by defining sleep and describing the physiology and stages of the sleep-wake cycle, which is regulated by circadian rhythms. It then discusses factors that can influence sleep such as age, medical/psychiatric conditions, lifestyle, and environment. Common sleep disorders are classified and symptoms of sleep deprivation and sleep pattern disturbances are outlined. Treatment approaches include behavioral changes, medication, and somatic therapies. Nursing measures to promote sleep in hospital settings are also mentioned.
Sleep is a naturally occurring state characterized by decreased awareness and responsiveness. It involves reduced movement, temporary blindness, decreased reaction time, and altered brain waves and physiology. Almost a third of people experience some sleep problems like trouble falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleep is regulated by circadian rhythms that follow a 24 hour cycle and can be disrupted by illness, medications, stress, and environmental factors. Sleep disorders are classified as dyssomnias involving problems falling or staying asleep, or parasomnias involving abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep. Common disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and restless leg syndrome. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications, surgery, or psychotherapy depending on the underlying cause.
This document discusses various sleep and wake disorders including insomnia, hypersomnia, parasomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and restless legs syndrome. It covers the classification, clinical manifestations, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for each disorder. Key points include that insomnia is characterized by issues initiating or maintaining sleep, hypersomnia involves excessive sleepiness, and parasomnia involves abnormal behaviors during sleep stages. Disorders are classified as intrinsic, extrinsic, or circadian rhythm related. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications, CPAP, surgery, or oral appliances depending on the underlying cause.
Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that causes the brain's inability to regulate sleep-wake cycles normally. People with narcolepsy experience disturbed nocturnal sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness. They often fall asleep quickly upon entering REM sleep. One symptom is cataplexy, a sudden muscular weakness brought on by strong emotions. Narcolepsy is not caused by psychological problems but is likely due to genetic and environmental factors that affect biologic functions in the brain.
1) The document discusses physiology of sleep and dreams, defining sleep and outlining typical sleep requirements by age.
2) It describes the stages and types of sleep, including REM and NREM sleep cycles. Physiological changes during sleep like decreased heart rate and respiratory rate are also summarized.
3) The mechanisms and centers of the brain that control sleep and dreaming are examined. Various sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea are also discussed.
Similar to Think Science: Sleep, by Dr. James Andry (20)
Think Earth: Water Pollution, by Saugata DattaNathan Cone
This is the PowerPoint prepared by Dr. Saugata Datta (UTSA) for Texas Public Radio's Think Earth event held on October 7, 2022. The slide presentation focuses on water pollution, and matches with the audio on this page: https://www.tpr.org/tpr-events-initiatives/2022-09-28/think-earth-pollution
This is the PowerPoint prepared by Dawn Davies (Hill Country Alliance) for Texas Public Radio's Think Earth event held on October 7, 2022. The slide presentation focuses on light pollution, and matches with the audio on this page: https://www.tpr.org/tpr-events-initiatives/2022-09-28/think-earth-pollution
This is the PowerPoint prepared by Diane Rath (AACOG) for Texas Public Radio's Think Earth event held on October 7, 2022. The slide presentation focuses on air pollution, and matches with the audio on this page: https://www.tpr.org/tpr-events-initiatives/2022-09-28/think-earth-pollution
The Green Spaces Alliance works to protect land and urban spaces in Texas through conservation, community engagement, and education. It conserves areas like the Edwards Aquifer, farmland, and wildlife habitat. The organization supports community gardens to build community and encourage healthy lifestyles. It also runs a youth photography program to get children outdoors and teach them photography and environmental advocacy skills. The Green Spaces Alliance is led by a CEO and directors overseeing conservation, urban programs, and environmental education.
Think Science: ACES, by Dr. Amelie RamirezNathan Cone
Salud America! is a program led by Dr. Amelie Ramirez that focuses on addressing adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) through health communication and advocacy. The document provides examples of programs and initiatives that help children who have experienced trauma, such as a school-based intervention providing mental health services, a district-wide trauma-informed task force, and the "Handle with Care" program which notifies schools when a student has experienced trauma. Salud America! has created action packs and advocacy efforts to help expand these types of trauma-sensitive programs and policies.
Think Science: ACES, by Dr. Colleen BridgerNathan Cone
The document discusses San Antonio's efforts to become a trauma-informed community through the South Texas Trauma-Informed Care Consortium. It describes the Consortium's initial priorities of gathering data, connecting with existing groups, and raising ACEs awareness. It then outlines the Consortium's vision of certifying Bexar County as trauma-informed and its workgroups across various sectors. Finally, it provides updates on the city's trauma-informed initiatives, including the creation of an Institute for Trauma-Informed Care and plans for a certifying entity to assess and certify organizations' trauma-informed practices.
I'm Getting Older! Is there a pill for that? By Dr. Dean KelloggNathan Cone
This document summarizes research on the potential anti-aging effects of the drug rapamycin. It describes a clinical trial that investigated the safety and impact of rapamycin supplementation in older adults. The trial found that rapamycin was generally safe and well-tolerated, with few adverse effects. It appeared to positively impact some measures of immune function and inflammation. However, the document notes that longer and larger studies are still needed to fully understand rapamycin's safety profile and ability to extend healthspan in humans.
How the Internet Is Changing Your BrainNathan Cone
The document discusses how the internet may be changing brain function through increased internet usage. It covers topics like how internet use can impact sleep, attention, memory, critical thinking, novelty/focus, reward seeking, and emotions. While internet access provides benefits like knowledge and social connection, overuse without balance can potentially lead to issues like addiction and weakened brain functions. Moderation and balance are recommended.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
5. So what is Sleep?
1. Behavioral criteria consist of
• Immobility or slight mobility,
• Closed eyes,
• Characteristic species-specific sleeping posture,
• Decreased response to external stimulation,
• Quiescence,
• Increased reaction time,
• Elevated arousal threshold, and
• Reduced cognitive function
• Reversible unconscious state.
2. Physiological criteria are based on
• EEG,
• electrooculography (EOG), and
• electromyography (EMG) findings,
• as well as unique physiological changes such as unique
ventilation and circulation.
8. Stages of Sleep
• Non-REM (N) – 75% – 85%
– Stage 1 (N1) – 0% - 5% of Total Sleep
– Stage 2 (N2) - 45% – 65%
– Stage 3 (N3) – 0% – 20%
• Stage REM (R) – 15% - 25%
• Time to Fall Asleep – 5 – 10 minutes
9.
10. Optimal Sleep Quantity
• General Health
• Cardiovascular Health
• Metabolic Health
• Mental Health
• Immunologic Health
• Human Performance
• Cancer
• Pain
• Mortality
11. Optimal Sleep Quality
• Wake after Sleep – less than 30 minutes
• Disturbances (arousals without
awakening) during sleep – less than 5 per
hour
13. Physiologic effects of Sleep Deprivation
• Associated with systemic inflammation
• Increased levels of key inflammatory mediators
– Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFα),
– C-reactive protein CRP)
– Chemokines
• Intermittent and chronic hypoxia & sympathetic discharge
– Associated with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance
• sleep disruption very debilitating
– Daytime sleepiness
– Cognitive impairment
– Depression
– Relationship difficulties
– Dementia
– Appetite changes/obesity
– Reduced immunity
14. Sleep Deprivation
Inflammation, Infection, Malignancy
• Reduction in natural killer cells and their activity,
• Decrease in lymphocytes and granulocytes in response
to antigens.
• Antibody production reduced
• Sleep , 4 hours - 50% reduction was found 10 days
after immunization with influenza
• C-reactive protein (CRP) is increased in both
– Sleep-deprived normal humans and
– Obstructive sleep apnea patients - Elevation is associated
risk for CV disease.
• Increased risk of mortality with sleep deprivation (<6.5
hours)
17. Other Sleep Function
• Memory & Learning
– REM sleep helps facilitate consolidation of perceptual and
emotional memories.
– Sleep has been shown to enhance prior learning of various
skills and emotions.
• Consolidation of different skills requires involvement of
different portions of sleep
– Late-night REM and early-night slow wave sleep correlated
with improvements in visual texture discrimination
– Paired word associate learning enhanced by early night sleep
– Recall of a paired associate list), and emotional declarative
memory improved by late-night sleep
23. Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
• Chronic Insomnia Disorder
• Short-Term Insomnia Disorder
Sleep Related Breathing Disorders
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea Disorders
• Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes
• Sleep Related Hypoventilation Disorders
• Sleep Related Hypoxemia Disorder
Sleep Related Movement Disorders
• Restless Legs Syndrome
• Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
• Sleep Related Leg Cramps
• Sleep Related Bruxism
• Sleep Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder
• Benign Sleep Myoclonus of Infancy
• Propriospinal Myoclonus at Sleep Onset
• Sleep Related Movement Disorder Due to a
Medical Disorder
• Sleep Related Movement Disorder Due to a
Medication or Substance
Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence
• Narcolepsy Type 1
• Narcolepsy Type 2
• Idiopathic Hypersomnia
• Kleine-Levin Syndrome
• Hypersomnia Due to a Medical Disorder
• Hypersomnia Due to a Medication or Substance
• Hypersomnia Associated with a Psychiatric
Disorder
• Insufficient Sleep Syndrome
Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders
• Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder
• Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder
• Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder
• Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder
• Shift Work Disorder
• Jet Lag Disorder
24. Sleep Disorders
NREM-Related Parasomnias
• Disorders of Arousal (From NREM Sleep)
• Confusional Arousals
• Sleepwalking
• Sleep Terrors
• Sleep Related Eating Disorder
Other Parasomnias
• Exploding Head Syndrome
• Sleep Related Hallucinations
• Sleep Enuresis
• Parasomnia Due to a Medical Disorder
• Parasomnia Due to a Medication or Substance
• Parasomnia, Unspecified
REM-Related Parasomnias
• REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
• Recurrent Isolated Sleep Paralysis
• Nightmare Disorder
25. Florence Nighting
1859
“Notes on Nursing”
“Of one thing you may be certain, that anything
which wakes a patient suddenly out of his sleep
will invariably put him into a state of greater
excitement, do him more serious, aye, and
lasting mischief, than any continuous noise,
however loud.
Never to allow a patient to be waked,
intentionally or accidentally, is a sine qua non of
all good nursing.”
These questions have perplexed us since the beginning of creation.
Adam was put into a deep sleep in order to achieve a greater good..Eve.
Some may argue however, that the Lord introduced not only the Field of Sleep, but also its Disorders.
It is well recognized that there are 3 Pillars of Health. Sleep, Eating, and Exercise
In many respects, Sleep is the Pillar of the Pillars of Health.
”It is a privilege, to watch someone sleep. It is a privilege to be able to witness someone both here and not here. To be included in someone’s absence, it is an honour, and it asks quiet. It asks respect.”
Two conceptualizations of sleep duration.Adapted with permission from Marshall et al. Sleep Med Rev 2008;12:289–298. The green line represents an optimal dose of sleep where the odds of incident disease are lowest. The orange line represents a sleep saturation model, where longer sleep is not necessarily associated with poor health, and may be beneficial in some circumstances (e.g., recovery from sleep deprivation or illness).
You don’t know what you have until it is gone!
The meaning of sleep stages and the many changes that occur in the brain during sleep have not ceased to puzzle researchers. No integrative explanation of brain changes during sleep has been uniformly accepted yet by the scientific community, but more and more pieces of information are emerging from the numerous studies in the field. Sleep has been shown to enhance prior learning of various skills and emotions. It has been found that consolidation of different skills requires involvement of different portions of sleep. Gais and co-workers (Neurosci 3[12]:1335–1359, 2000) have shown that in laboratory rats, late-night REM and early-night slow wave sleep correlated with improvements in visual texture discrimination (Stickgold, J Cogn Neurosci 12[2]:246, 2000. Humans were trained to recognize differences in orientation of certain arrays) and that this improvement was superior when compared with the same amount of time spent in the awake state. Other studies showed improvement in motor skills in correlation with late-night NREM sleep. 11 (Walker, Neuron 35:205–211, 2002. Humans trained to perform finger tapping patterns), paired word associate learning enhanced by early night sleep (Philal, Psychoneuroendocrinology 24:313–331, 1999. Recall of a paired associate list), and emotional declarative memory improved by late-night sleep (Wagner, Learn Mem 8:112–119, 2001. Memory retention of emotional versus neutral text material).
Schematic representation of the brain's fluid compartments and barriersThe fluid compartments in the brain consist of intracellular fluid (ICF) (60-68%), interstitial fluid (ISF) (or extracellular fluid) (12-20%), blood (10%) and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (10%) [5, 10]. The blood is separated from the CSF and interstitial fluid by the blood brain barrier (BBB) and blood-CSF barrier, respectively. Tight junctions between the blood endothelial cells constitute the BBB, restricting macromolecules to move freely from the blood to the brain parenchyma. Fluid and solutes in the perivascular space located between endothelial cells and astrocytic endfeet, expressing the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) diffuses into the brain parenchyma. The blood-CSF barrier is formed by tight junctions between the choroid plexus epithelial cells. Macromolecules from the blood can move freely between the fenestrated endothelial cells to the interstitial fluid but is restricted by tight junctions in the choroid plexus epithelial cells, which therefore are believed to be the main players in determining CSF composition.
Images in this article
A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β.Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y, Plogg BA, Peng W, Gundersen GA, Benveniste H, Vates GE, Deane R, Goldman SA, Nagelhus EA, Nedergaard M
Sci Transl Med. 2012 Aug 15; 4(147):147ra111.
Chronic Insomnia Disorder
Short-Term Insomnia Disorder
Other Insomnia Disorder
Related Breathing Disorders
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Disorders
Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Sleep Related Hypoventilation Disorders
Sleep Related Hypoxemia Disorder
Isolated Symptoms and Normal Variants
Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence
Narcolepsy Type 1
Narcolepsy Type 2
Idiopathic Hypersomnia
Kleine-Levin Syndrome
Hypersomnia Due to a Medical Disorder
Hypersomnia Due to a Medication or Substance
Hypersomnia Associated with a Psychiatric Disorder
Insufficient Sleep Syndrome
Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders
Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder
Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder
Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder
Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder
Shift Work Disorder
Jet Lag Disorder
Circadian Sleep-Wake Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS)
Sleep Related Movement Disorders
Restless Legs Syndrome
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
Sleep Related Leg Cramps
Sleep Related Bruxism
Sleep Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder
Benign Sleep Myoclonus of Infancy
Propriospinal Myoclonus at Sleep Onset
Sleep Related Movement Disorder Due to a Medical Disorder
Sleep Related Movement Disorder Due to a Medication or Substance
Sleep Related Movement Disorder, Unspecified
Parasomnias
NREM-Related Parasomnias
Disorders of Arousal (From NREM Sleep)
Confusional Arousals
Sleepwalking
Sleep Terrors
Sleep Related Eating Disorder
REM-Related Parasomnias
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Recurrent Isolated Sleep Paralysis
Nightmare Disorder
Other Parasomnias
Exploding Head Syndrome
Sleep Related Hallucinations
Sleep Enuresis
Parasomnia Due to a Medical Disorder
Parasomnia Due to a Medication or Substance
Parasomnia, Unspecified