This literature review table summarizes research on the technology gap between students and teachers. Several studies found that students are frequent technology users outside of school, while teachers lag behind in their technology skills. Models are presented for effectively training teachers on technology integration, with factors like administrative support, ongoing professional development, and developing teachers' technological pedagogical content knowledge being important. New technologies like document cameras can promote interactive teaching if teachers receive proper training on best practices for using them in the classroom.

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Table 1<br />Research Table of Literature<br />ThemeAuthorTitle and YearKey IdeasTheoretical Rationale – Seminal Author*data specific to this generation and their tech use*multimedia learning facilitates learning more quickly*tension of teachers’ vs. students’, tech native vs. immigrantMatthew LeeA Study to Investigate Classroom Technology Use on Student Achievement 2010* 3 year study * students reported how they used tech in their lessons – all students have a laptop* no difference was found between deep and shallow users, males and females ACOT2Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow-Today2008* Apple’s study of the six design principles for 21st century high schoolsSCANS report2000* stats regarding skills and competencies needed in today’s workplaceCynthia StrongAddressing the Gender Gap: Teaching Preadolescent Girls Computer Networking Concepts2010*statistics regarding women in technical fieldsRichard MayerThe promise of multimedia learning: using the same instructional design methods across different media2003* words and pictures are more effective in learning material than words alone* 4 affects – multimedia effect, coherence effect, spatial contiguity effect, personalization effectMarc PrenskyDigital Natives, Digital Immigrants2001* students of today are not the students that our educational system was created to educate* teachers don’t teach in a manner that students of today can understand* games used a lot to teach/practicePEW StudyMillenials: Confident. Connected. Open to Change2010*data about the different generations – technology use, cell phones, work ethic, etc.Joyce PittmanThe need for training standards in new technologies for inservice teachers1999*conference proceedings demonstrating the need for tech teaching standards for people who are already teachingPEW StudyGrowing Old: Expectations vs. Reality2009* generational perceptions of getting old* technology statistics – a few of themTheme 1*technology gap between students and teachers*need for teachers to get up to speed/grow in their tech abilitiesThe Digital Divide – Bridging the GapPEW StudyForty Years After Woodstock, A Gentler Generation Gap* looks at generational perceptions of different topics, including technologyJulie MuellerComputer Integration in Elementary and Secondary Schools: Variables Influencing Educators2009* looks at teacher perceptions about computer integration* researched the characteristics and variables that tell who will be a high or low integrator* built a model that includes content, pedagogical and technological knowledge, personal characteristics of teachers, and support from other resourcesPunya Mishra and Matthew KoehlerTechnological Pedagogical Content Knowlegdge: A Framework for Teacher Knowledge* TPACK – content pedagogy and technology * how to teach based on this framework and methods that have resulted from thisLawrence BainesRage Towards the Machine: Technology and Standards in 2001* history of tech standards and their need/creationWatson, D. Understanding the relationship between ICT and education means exploring innovation and change.2006Taylor et alLearning with versus without technology in elementary and secondary school*stats on integration and non-integration – shows integration helpsTheme 2*ways to bridge the gap*research models of how the gap has been addressed successfully*efficacyTraining ModelsJulie MuellerComputer Integration in Elementary and Secondary Schools: Variables Influencing Educators2009* looks at teacher perceptions about computer integration* researched the characteristics and variables that tell who will be a high or low integrator* built a model that includes content, pedagogical and technological knowledge, personal characteristics of teachers, and support from other resourcesDennis McElroyThe magic bullet: The effective administrator’s roles during the implementation of technology in K-12 education2004* principal’s role in successful implementation* case study of a principal who had excellent technology leadership – we can use what this person did to learn what are the effective practices/procedures areAnthony BetrusHistorical Evolution of Instructional Technology in Teacher Education Programs2002*history of tech in techer ed programs*looks at how some tech courses are neglecting the training of how to integrate, instead focusing on the computer use aspect of technologyMarilyn CatchingsModels of Professional Development for Teachers: Factors Influencing Technology Implementation in Elementary Schools2000*factors determined for successful implementation: community of leadership, in-school professional development, tech plan at the school level, and positive teacher attitudes toward the use of technology* a community of leadership was the most important factor as well as was having strong administrator supportRebecca HollandImplementation of a computer technology program and its impact on school climate as perceived by teachers and professional staff on a K-4 campus in the Conroe Independent School District1998* Vernon HarperThe Digital Divide (DD): A reconceptualization for Educators2003* looks at the social and other implications of the DD, not just the lack of technologyTheme 3*most effective model for document cameras based on technology specific types of trainingApplication to New TechnologiesSuzy CoxA conceptual analysis of technological pedagogical content knowledge2008* looks at Mishra/Koehler research and provides more in depth descriptions of each of the knowledge sections of their research* some history of TPACKJoyce PittmanThe need for training standards in new technologies for inservice teachers1999*conference proceedings demonstrating the need for tech teaching standards for people who are already teachingNCES2009*statistics for tech use from US Dept. of Ed.ISTE2007*tech standards for students, teachers, and administratorsKarina ClemmonsWhy we can’t live without our document cameras: Effective classroom strategies to integrate technology and interactive instruction* varied, interactive lesson ideas for use with document camerasCandace FiggPortable Technologies in the Classroom: Ubiquitous tools to support cultural diversity and environmental education2005*how the use of portable technologies provide learning opportunities that used to be too expensive or difficult to bring to the classroomSandy SchuckDigital Video as a Tool in Research Projects: Zooming in on current issues2004*overview of issues surrounding the use of digital video as a research collection toolSummary*multimedia learning is good, but there is a gap between students’ and teachers’ use/ability, so it is good to train teachers to be effective users of technology<br />