The document summarizes the results of a study on parenting stress and coping strategies of mothers with children diagnosed with ADHD. Several key findings are presented:
1. Most mothers were between 31-40 years old, middle-income, and had a college education. Over half had 2 or more children, and most children had the combined type of ADHD.
2. Parenting stress was highest for "difficult child" behavior. Coping strategies included reframing, mobilizing family support, and seeking spiritual support.
3. Factors like a child's behavior, family cohesion, and accessing community resources predicted stress levels and coping effectiveness. Mothers drew resilience from reframing challenges and support from
Factors Affecting Depression among Teenagers in Port Said Cityiosrjce
Background: Teenager depression is a very real problem. Teens depression is common ,chronic, and
recurrent and is associated with co-morbid psychiatric condition. So depression prevent young people mastering
important developmental task.
The Aim of this study is to identify the risk factors that affecting depression among teenagers in Port-Said City.
Subject and Methods: A cross sectional study design was used to meet the aim of this study.
Setting: The study was conducted in secondary school in Port-Said City.
Sample: A random sample of 236 students,125 male and 111 female.
Tools Of Data Collection: Tool (I) structure interview questionnaire for socio demographic data. Tool (II)
the Arabic version of the multidimensional child and adolescent depression scale (MCADS).
Results: The mean age of studied sample was 16 ± 1.25 year. Significant association between teens academic
year, mothers education and depression. While the total scores of depression were classified as: high, moderate
and low (11.4, 78.0 &10.6) respectively.
Conclusion This study concluded that depression is prevalent in teenagers. Breakdown of family relationships
and troubles at school are associated risk factors for development of teenagers' depression.
Recommendation This study recommended that, In-service training for school nurses and teachers about
teen's depression . Awareness programs for families about teens depressions.
Epilepsy is a common disorder that, even for those individuals who frequently work with
epileptics, is inefficiently understood. Low comprehension and understanding of the cause for the disorder
has been connected with negative attitudes and beliefs, and misconceptions of the workplace and school
epileptics.
Substance Abuses among the Students of Higher Secondary Schools: A Case Studyiosrjce
The present investigator aims to study the contribution of the areas related to the Substance Abuses
among the Adolescence Students of Higher Secondary Schools. This paper attempts to make a thorough,
comprehensive and analytical study by exploring the causes of becoming an individual substance abuse in
relation to psychological factor, peer group pressure, joyfulness, tension remover, rebelliousness, intercultural
influences, curiosity, climatic condition, easy availability, future insecurity and modernization. From the result
of the research the administrator, teachers and parents may help children through early education about
psychoactive substances, open communications, good role modeling, and early recognition if problems are
developing. No single measure would be effective to prevent the use of drugs until and unless home, school and
society all the three collectively and cooperatively tackle the problems of substances abuse from different
angles
Factors Affecting Depression among Teenagers in Port Said Cityiosrjce
Background: Teenager depression is a very real problem. Teens depression is common ,chronic, and
recurrent and is associated with co-morbid psychiatric condition. So depression prevent young people mastering
important developmental task.
The Aim of this study is to identify the risk factors that affecting depression among teenagers in Port-Said City.
Subject and Methods: A cross sectional study design was used to meet the aim of this study.
Setting: The study was conducted in secondary school in Port-Said City.
Sample: A random sample of 236 students,125 male and 111 female.
Tools Of Data Collection: Tool (I) structure interview questionnaire for socio demographic data. Tool (II)
the Arabic version of the multidimensional child and adolescent depression scale (MCADS).
Results: The mean age of studied sample was 16 ± 1.25 year. Significant association between teens academic
year, mothers education and depression. While the total scores of depression were classified as: high, moderate
and low (11.4, 78.0 &10.6) respectively.
Conclusion This study concluded that depression is prevalent in teenagers. Breakdown of family relationships
and troubles at school are associated risk factors for development of teenagers' depression.
Recommendation This study recommended that, In-service training for school nurses and teachers about
teen's depression . Awareness programs for families about teens depressions.
Epilepsy is a common disorder that, even for those individuals who frequently work with
epileptics, is inefficiently understood. Low comprehension and understanding of the cause for the disorder
has been connected with negative attitudes and beliefs, and misconceptions of the workplace and school
epileptics.
Substance Abuses among the Students of Higher Secondary Schools: A Case Studyiosrjce
The present investigator aims to study the contribution of the areas related to the Substance Abuses
among the Adolescence Students of Higher Secondary Schools. This paper attempts to make a thorough,
comprehensive and analytical study by exploring the causes of becoming an individual substance abuse in
relation to psychological factor, peer group pressure, joyfulness, tension remover, rebelliousness, intercultural
influences, curiosity, climatic condition, easy availability, future insecurity and modernization. From the result
of the research the administrator, teachers and parents may help children through early education about
psychoactive substances, open communications, good role modeling, and early recognition if problems are
developing. No single measure would be effective to prevent the use of drugs until and unless home, school and
society all the three collectively and cooperatively tackle the problems of substances abuse from different
angles
The Influence of Family Background on the Academic Performance of Students Ec...ijtsrd
A qualitative education produces enlighten and vibrant people. Family experiences are very significant in influencing childrens performance in schools around the world. Research has shown that parental encouragement enhances, childrens academic performance especially by people with whom they communicate in their first stages of life. Against this background that this study was undertaken to examine the influence of family background on the academic performance of students in Economics in Port Harcourt Metropolis. The study was guided by three objectives which are to find out if there is a relationship between parental educational level and student’s academic performance in Economics determine the influence of parental income on students’ academic performance in Economics and to find out if there is any significant relationship between the parental level of motivation and students’ academic performance in Economics. This study is anchored on socialization theory. The study adopted a survey design to determine the influence of family background on students academic performance. The population of that study is the entire secondary school in Port Harcourt Metropolis. The study randomly selected 80 students and 20 teachers in Port Harcourt Metropolitan. Descriptive statistics and simple percentages and tabulation were used for the data collected by way of a questionnaire. Chi square was used when evaluating the null hypotheses. The study above showed that the family background of students and their academic success in economics subject is significantly positive. Based on the study findings the following recommendations were made Social and economic policies should be introduced to give children with low economic status equal opportunities to support their childrens education. Parents should provide a home environment that supports and motivates children to achieve better education at school. This can be done by teaching your children at home to improve schoolwork and to provide the necessary learning material. Sunday Nsirimobi Ordu | Egbo Glad Ogechi "The Influence of Family Background on the Academic Performance of Students Economics in Port Harcourt Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35767.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/35767/the-influence-of-family-background-on-the-academic-performance-of-students-economics-in-port-harcourt-metropolis/sunday-nsirimobi-ordu
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Sex Educ...ijtsrd
Adolescent age group is a very susceptible group. These children are in phase of transformation from children to adulthood. Most adolescence manages this transformation but many of them are indulged in behaviors like sexual experimentation, exploration and promiscuity, and through which lands in the problem of unmarried motherhood, abortions, STDs HIV infection, sexual abuse. India has the largest population of adolescents in the world about 243 million , among them 69.5 getting married before 20 years of age, about 2.47 cases of HIV infected persons in the country and with sexually transmitted diseases. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on education in selected Nursing College of Dehradun in Uttarakhand.The quantitative evaluative research approach was used. Setting Himalayan College of Nursing, Jolly grant, Dehradun, Sample consecutive sample of 44 General Nursing and Midwifery GNM students. Tool self structure questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding sex education was prepared. Intervention planned teaching programme on sex education.The finding of the study revealed that post test knowledge score is significantly higher than pre test knowledge score. The different between pre test and post test shows difference at the level of p 0.005. There was no significant association between pre test knowledge score and demographic variables. Rajesh Singh | Anjali Gupta | Deepika Badola | Poonam Chauhan | Anupriya Bisht | Upma George "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Sex Education among GNM First Year Students in a Selected College of Nursing in Dehradun Uttarakhand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47494.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/47494/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-sex-education-among-gnm-first-year-students-in-a-selected-college-of-nursing-in-dehradun-uttarakhand/rajesh-singh
“Morbidity profile of children [6-11 years] attending Municipal Corporation P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowled...ijtsrd
Background UP, India’s most popular state recorded the most diarrhoeal deaths. 22.21 deaths nationwide over five year to 2017. Method A quantitative evaluative approach using questionnaire on diarrhoea. Pre experimental one group pre test and post test design was used. Convenient sampling technique was used to select 30 samples from the selected Anganwadi in Lucknow. Initially researcher got permission for study from concern authorities. Pre test done followed by structured teaching program on prevention and home management of diarrhoea for 50 min followed by 10 min session of question and answer. A post test was conducted after 2 weeks of structured teaching program. The tools used for data collection, part 1 demographic variables, part 2 assessing knowledge on home management of diarrhoea. Results the pre test mean value of knowledge 23±1.9 was lesser than post test mean value 23.62±1.75. The effectiveness of STP, the obtained, “t- test value is 9.469. which is found to be greater than the, “t- table value p=0.000 0.01 level at 29df. Since the obtained t value is significant at p 0.01 level, therefore research hypotheses H1 is accepted. It is inferred that, there is significant difference between pre test and post test knowledge regarding diarrhoea among mothers of under five year children. Conclusion The study concludes that the structured teaching program was very effective in providing knowledge prevention and home management of diarrhoea among mothers. Beena Sharma | Razia Sultan | Deeksha Verma | Purnima Goswami | Prity Verma | Sweta Gupta | Miss Sony Verma | Miss. Alka Gupta "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge Regarding Prevention and Home Management of Diarrhorea among the Mothers of Under Five Year Children in Selected Anganwadi Lucknow" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46350.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/46350/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-program-on-knowledge-regarding-prevention-and-home-management-of-diarrhorea-among-the-mothers-of-under-five-year-children-in-selected-anganwadi-lucknow/beena-sharma
Past nonmedical opioid use could predict future heroin use among teensΔρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
Two studies published yesterday point to predictors of teens using drugs. Researchers in one study found that teens who used opioids when they were not prescribed for medical reasons were more likely to later use heroin. Of the nearly 3,300 high schoolers who were included in the study, those who previously used opioids were about 11% more likely to use heroin, while those who currently used opioids were about 13% more likely to use heroin.
Another study found that there was no increase in teenagers using marijuana if they lived in a state that had laws legalizing the drug. In fact, in states with recreational marijuana laws, the odds of teen marijuana use were about 10% less following legalization.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis has served as an elementary school teacher, elementary and middle school principal, superintendent of schools, director of student teaching and field experiences, professor, author, consultant, and journal editor. Dr. Kritsonis has considerable experience in chairing PhD dissertations and master thesis and has supervised practicums for teacher candidates, curriculum supervisors, central office personnel, principals, and superintendents. He also has experience in teaching in doctoral and masters programs in elementary and secondary education as well as educational leadership and supervision. He has earned the rank as professor at three universities in two states, including successful post-tenure reviews.
Burden of Caregivers Care for Children with Thalassemia at Babylon Child and ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
Prevalence of Stunting among School Children in Sri LankaAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Stunting is a state of the children fail to grow the proper height for their age. By measuring the
Height for age, it can be determined if children are stunting. Low height-for-age reflects an indication of a chronic
deficiency in growth, such as prolonged illness or undernutrition. It is considered as a measure of past nutrition.
The prevalence of stunting among children is a major risk in having child development in developing countries.
Therefore, identifying the prevalence of stunting and its characteristics is important in the attempt of reducing the
prevalence of stunting focusing the country development through well-nourished children. This study aims to
identify the prevalence of stunting and its characteristics among school children in Sri Lanka based on the NuwaraEliya district. The primary data gathered through a sample survey was employed in this study. The sample size is
378 school children and it was selected using stratified random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics;
percentages, tables, pie charts, bar charts and line charts were used in analyzing the prevalence of stunting. Gender
comparison suggest that male children are more better off than female children. Children coming from urban
sector are more likely to be stunted than the children from rural and estate sectors. Increasing income lowering
the prevalence of stunting. It is evident that the lowest incidence of stunting is appearing among the children who
learning in types 1AB schools. The highest incidence of stunting was recorded for the children belonged to poor
families compared to non-poor. Mother’s working group has increased the prevalence of stunting. Thus, the study
suggests to be of concern with gender, living sector, type of school, income, poverty and mother’s employment
in targeting nutritional program to overcome the incidence of stunting.
Keywords: Gender, Income, Mother’s employment, Prevalence of stunting, School children
Impact of Health Education on Preventive Practices of A.R.I among Mothers Liv...iosrjce
Acute respiratory tract infections in young children take a heavy toll on life among urban slum
dwellers and where medical care is not available or sought. The effective way to reduce deaths from ARI is
early and prompts treatment as well as health education. The urban slum population is more vulnerable to
health risk as they face many risk factors like living condition, sanitation, health care facilities. In this pre
experimental study, the variables were assessed through pre and post test followed by educational intervention
for 476 mothers of under five children residing in urban slums of Bangalore District. The data regarding socio
demographic variables of mothers and knowledge of mothers on preventive practices of acute respiratory tract
infections was collected through structured interview schedule. The major study findings indicate that there is
significant difference between the knowledge of practice scores of mothers between pre and post test. The
results also indicates that there is significant relationship between knowledge scores of mothers with their socio
demographic variables and community based health education could enhance the knowledge of mothers
regarding preventive practices of acute respiratory tract infections in their young children.
The Influence of Family Background on the Academic Performance of Students Ec...ijtsrd
A qualitative education produces enlighten and vibrant people. Family experiences are very significant in influencing childrens performance in schools around the world. Research has shown that parental encouragement enhances, childrens academic performance especially by people with whom they communicate in their first stages of life. Against this background that this study was undertaken to examine the influence of family background on the academic performance of students in Economics in Port Harcourt Metropolis. The study was guided by three objectives which are to find out if there is a relationship between parental educational level and student’s academic performance in Economics determine the influence of parental income on students’ academic performance in Economics and to find out if there is any significant relationship between the parental level of motivation and students’ academic performance in Economics. This study is anchored on socialization theory. The study adopted a survey design to determine the influence of family background on students academic performance. The population of that study is the entire secondary school in Port Harcourt Metropolis. The study randomly selected 80 students and 20 teachers in Port Harcourt Metropolitan. Descriptive statistics and simple percentages and tabulation were used for the data collected by way of a questionnaire. Chi square was used when evaluating the null hypotheses. The study above showed that the family background of students and their academic success in economics subject is significantly positive. Based on the study findings the following recommendations were made Social and economic policies should be introduced to give children with low economic status equal opportunities to support their childrens education. Parents should provide a home environment that supports and motivates children to achieve better education at school. This can be done by teaching your children at home to improve schoolwork and to provide the necessary learning material. Sunday Nsirimobi Ordu | Egbo Glad Ogechi "The Influence of Family Background on the Academic Performance of Students Economics in Port Harcourt Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35767.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/35767/the-influence-of-family-background-on-the-academic-performance-of-students-economics-in-port-harcourt-metropolis/sunday-nsirimobi-ordu
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Sex Educ...ijtsrd
Adolescent age group is a very susceptible group. These children are in phase of transformation from children to adulthood. Most adolescence manages this transformation but many of them are indulged in behaviors like sexual experimentation, exploration and promiscuity, and through which lands in the problem of unmarried motherhood, abortions, STDs HIV infection, sexual abuse. India has the largest population of adolescents in the world about 243 million , among them 69.5 getting married before 20 years of age, about 2.47 cases of HIV infected persons in the country and with sexually transmitted diseases. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on education in selected Nursing College of Dehradun in Uttarakhand.The quantitative evaluative research approach was used. Setting Himalayan College of Nursing, Jolly grant, Dehradun, Sample consecutive sample of 44 General Nursing and Midwifery GNM students. Tool self structure questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding sex education was prepared. Intervention planned teaching programme on sex education.The finding of the study revealed that post test knowledge score is significantly higher than pre test knowledge score. The different between pre test and post test shows difference at the level of p 0.005. There was no significant association between pre test knowledge score and demographic variables. Rajesh Singh | Anjali Gupta | Deepika Badola | Poonam Chauhan | Anupriya Bisht | Upma George "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Sex Education among GNM First Year Students in a Selected College of Nursing in Dehradun Uttarakhand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47494.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/47494/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-sex-education-among-gnm-first-year-students-in-a-selected-college-of-nursing-in-dehradun-uttarakhand/rajesh-singh
“Morbidity profile of children [6-11 years] attending Municipal Corporation P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowled...ijtsrd
Background UP, India’s most popular state recorded the most diarrhoeal deaths. 22.21 deaths nationwide over five year to 2017. Method A quantitative evaluative approach using questionnaire on diarrhoea. Pre experimental one group pre test and post test design was used. Convenient sampling technique was used to select 30 samples from the selected Anganwadi in Lucknow. Initially researcher got permission for study from concern authorities. Pre test done followed by structured teaching program on prevention and home management of diarrhoea for 50 min followed by 10 min session of question and answer. A post test was conducted after 2 weeks of structured teaching program. The tools used for data collection, part 1 demographic variables, part 2 assessing knowledge on home management of diarrhoea. Results the pre test mean value of knowledge 23±1.9 was lesser than post test mean value 23.62±1.75. The effectiveness of STP, the obtained, “t- test value is 9.469. which is found to be greater than the, “t- table value p=0.000 0.01 level at 29df. Since the obtained t value is significant at p 0.01 level, therefore research hypotheses H1 is accepted. It is inferred that, there is significant difference between pre test and post test knowledge regarding diarrhoea among mothers of under five year children. Conclusion The study concludes that the structured teaching program was very effective in providing knowledge prevention and home management of diarrhoea among mothers. Beena Sharma | Razia Sultan | Deeksha Verma | Purnima Goswami | Prity Verma | Sweta Gupta | Miss Sony Verma | Miss. Alka Gupta "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge Regarding Prevention and Home Management of Diarrhorea among the Mothers of Under Five Year Children in Selected Anganwadi Lucknow" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46350.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/46350/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-program-on-knowledge-regarding-prevention-and-home-management-of-diarrhorea-among-the-mothers-of-under-five-year-children-in-selected-anganwadi-lucknow/beena-sharma
Past nonmedical opioid use could predict future heroin use among teensΔρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
Two studies published yesterday point to predictors of teens using drugs. Researchers in one study found that teens who used opioids when they were not prescribed for medical reasons were more likely to later use heroin. Of the nearly 3,300 high schoolers who were included in the study, those who previously used opioids were about 11% more likely to use heroin, while those who currently used opioids were about 13% more likely to use heroin.
Another study found that there was no increase in teenagers using marijuana if they lived in a state that had laws legalizing the drug. In fact, in states with recreational marijuana laws, the odds of teen marijuana use were about 10% less following legalization.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis has served as an elementary school teacher, elementary and middle school principal, superintendent of schools, director of student teaching and field experiences, professor, author, consultant, and journal editor. Dr. Kritsonis has considerable experience in chairing PhD dissertations and master thesis and has supervised practicums for teacher candidates, curriculum supervisors, central office personnel, principals, and superintendents. He also has experience in teaching in doctoral and masters programs in elementary and secondary education as well as educational leadership and supervision. He has earned the rank as professor at three universities in two states, including successful post-tenure reviews.
Burden of Caregivers Care for Children with Thalassemia at Babylon Child and ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
Prevalence of Stunting among School Children in Sri LankaAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Stunting is a state of the children fail to grow the proper height for their age. By measuring the
Height for age, it can be determined if children are stunting. Low height-for-age reflects an indication of a chronic
deficiency in growth, such as prolonged illness or undernutrition. It is considered as a measure of past nutrition.
The prevalence of stunting among children is a major risk in having child development in developing countries.
Therefore, identifying the prevalence of stunting and its characteristics is important in the attempt of reducing the
prevalence of stunting focusing the country development through well-nourished children. This study aims to
identify the prevalence of stunting and its characteristics among school children in Sri Lanka based on the NuwaraEliya district. The primary data gathered through a sample survey was employed in this study. The sample size is
378 school children and it was selected using stratified random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics;
percentages, tables, pie charts, bar charts and line charts were used in analyzing the prevalence of stunting. Gender
comparison suggest that male children are more better off than female children. Children coming from urban
sector are more likely to be stunted than the children from rural and estate sectors. Increasing income lowering
the prevalence of stunting. It is evident that the lowest incidence of stunting is appearing among the children who
learning in types 1AB schools. The highest incidence of stunting was recorded for the children belonged to poor
families compared to non-poor. Mother’s working group has increased the prevalence of stunting. Thus, the study
suggests to be of concern with gender, living sector, type of school, income, poverty and mother’s employment
in targeting nutritional program to overcome the incidence of stunting.
Keywords: Gender, Income, Mother’s employment, Prevalence of stunting, School children
Impact of Health Education on Preventive Practices of A.R.I among Mothers Liv...iosrjce
Acute respiratory tract infections in young children take a heavy toll on life among urban slum
dwellers and where medical care is not available or sought. The effective way to reduce deaths from ARI is
early and prompts treatment as well as health education. The urban slum population is more vulnerable to
health risk as they face many risk factors like living condition, sanitation, health care facilities. In this pre
experimental study, the variables were assessed through pre and post test followed by educational intervention
for 476 mothers of under five children residing in urban slums of Bangalore District. The data regarding socio
demographic variables of mothers and knowledge of mothers on preventive practices of acute respiratory tract
infections was collected through structured interview schedule. The major study findings indicate that there is
significant difference between the knowledge of practice scores of mothers between pre and post test. The
results also indicates that there is significant relationship between knowledge scores of mothers with their socio
demographic variables and community based health education could enhance the knowledge of mothers
regarding preventive practices of acute respiratory tract infections in their young children.
Assessment on the allocation of Cash Grants of 4Ps beneficiaries to their dai...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study aims to determine where the 4Ps beneficiaries allocate the cash grants they receive from the government on their daily expenditures in terms of Education, Food, Transportation, Clothing, Entertainment, and Other bills. This study was conducted on seventeen barangays of Laur, Nueva Ecija with total number of 337 4Ps beneficiaries as respondents. Descriptive research was used through the survey questionnaire and interviews to answer the research problem. Based from the result, the education was highly prioritized. The researchers formulated a recommendation that may help 4Ps beneficiaries on spending their grants.
Significance of Health Education among Adolescent GirlsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Adolescence is the period of storm and stress due to rapid changes in various aspects of growth. It is the most challenging phase of development especially in the physiological aspect. Awareness on growth and development among adolescent girls is essential to build a healthy personality. It helps to prevent them from unhealthy lifestyles and teenage pregnancy. The present study focuses on analyzing the level of awareness among adolescent girls about the major physical changes like menstruation and reproduction. The sample consists of 100 adolescent girls from government and aided schools of Kerala. The study found that the awareness related to menstruation is satisfactory. But the awareness related to sex is at below average level. Thus the study highlights the need of health education among adolescents with more focus on sex education.
Running head PASTORAL COUNSELLING ON MENTAL HEALTH1PASTORAL .docxcharisellington63520
Running head: PASTORAL COUNSELLING ON MENTAL HEALTH 1
PASTORAL COUNSELLING ON MENTAL HEALTH 36
Pastoral Counseling on Mental Health
Student’s Name
Course
Institutional Affiliation
Pastoral Counseling on Mental Health
Chapter 4 Results4.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the researcher is going to present the results and findings obtained from the research. The primary objective of the study was to find out the effects of pastoral counseling on mental health. The researcher conducted a research survey to obtain the relevant data that was required to achieve the research objective. The data collection tool that was used in this study was a survey questionnaire that contained a total of 21 questions. The design of the questionnaire was in line with the specific objectives of this study. This chapter will present the respondents' background information, and the findings obtained from the analysis in line with the research objectives.
4.2 Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics were used in the discussion of the findings of the research. The results were explained using percentages. The target respondents of the study were sampled using simple random sampling. However, the primary target sample was that of people who had experienced some form of mental health at a certain point in their lives. The primary criterion for sampling was that the individual participant must have attained the age of 18 years and above.
4.3 Response Rate
Herein the response rate is the total number of people who completed the survey correctly and met the requirements of the researcher. In this study, a total of 106 participants completed the study. Before the survey was conducted, the respondents were taken through the details of the survey before they could give consent or decline. The reason they were chosen to take part in the study was that they were members of the Deliverance Center for all Nations Church and that they were of 18 years and above.
Further, they were informed of the candidate undertaking the research. Additionally, the researcher told the respondents that the objective of the study was to find out whether the church members sought pastoral counseling as a remedy for addressing mental health issues and whether pastoral counseling had a positive impact on the organization. The respondents were made aware that there was no benefit whatsoever of taking part in the research, and it was voluntary. The potential risks that the respondents would experience in the study were made known to them, which were the same risks one would encounter in their daily lives. The participants were informed that the information they gave would be confidential, and no one else will access them apart from the researcher. Possible contacts were availed to the respondents in case they intended to contact a third party regarding the research.
Once the participants had been taken through the details, they were asked whether they were willing to proceed with the survey or .
Running head PASTORAL COUNSELLING ON MENTAL HEALTH1PASTORAL .docxtodd581
Running head: PASTORAL COUNSELLING ON MENTAL HEALTH 1
PASTORAL COUNSELLING ON MENTAL HEALTH 36
Pastoral Counseling on Mental Health
Student’s Name
Course
Institutional Affiliation
Pastoral Counseling on Mental Health
Chapter 4 Results4.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the researcher is going to present the results and findings obtained from the research. The primary objective of the study was to find out the effects of pastoral counseling on mental health. The researcher conducted a research survey to obtain the relevant data that was required to achieve the research objective. The data collection tool that was used in this study was a survey questionnaire that contained a total of 21 questions. The design of the questionnaire was in line with the specific objectives of this study. This chapter will present the respondents' background information, and the findings obtained from the analysis in line with the research objectives.
4.2 Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics were used in the discussion of the findings of the research. The results were explained using percentages. The target respondents of the study were sampled using simple random sampling. However, the primary target sample was that of people who had experienced some form of mental health at a certain point in their lives. The primary criterion for sampling was that the individual participant must have attained the age of 18 years and above.
4.3 Response Rate
Herein the response rate is the total number of people who completed the survey correctly and met the requirements of the researcher. In this study, a total of 106 participants completed the study. Before the survey was conducted, the respondents were taken through the details of the survey before they could give consent or decline. The reason they were chosen to take part in the study was that they were members of the Deliverance Center for all Nations Church and that they were of 18 years and above.
Further, they were informed of the candidate undertaking the research. Additionally, the researcher told the respondents that the objective of the study was to find out whether the church members sought pastoral counseling as a remedy for addressing mental health issues and whether pastoral counseling had a positive impact on the organization. The respondents were made aware that there was no benefit whatsoever of taking part in the research, and it was voluntary. The potential risks that the respondents would experience in the study were made known to them, which were the same risks one would encounter in their daily lives. The participants were informed that the information they gave would be confidential, and no one else will access them apart from the researcher. Possible contacts were availed to the respondents in case they intended to contact a third party regarding the research.
Once the participants had been taken through the details, they were asked whether they were willing to proceed with the survey or .
Running head PASTORAL COUNSELLING ON MENTAL HEALTH1PASTORAL .docxglendar3
Running head: PASTORAL COUNSELLING ON MENTAL HEALTH 1
PASTORAL COUNSELLING ON MENTAL HEALTH 36
Pastoral Counseling on Mental Health
Student’s Name
Course
Institutional Affiliation
Pastoral Counseling on Mental Health
Chapter 4 Results4.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the researcher is going to present the results and findings obtained from the research. The primary objective of the study was to find out the effects of pastoral counseling on mental health. The researcher conducted a research survey to obtain the relevant data that was required to achieve the research objective. The data collection tool that was used in this study was a survey questionnaire that contained a total of 21 questions. The design of the questionnaire was in line with the specific objectives of this study. This chapter will present the respondents' background information, and the findings obtained from the analysis in line with the research objectives.
4.2 Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics were used in the discussion of the findings of the research. The results were explained using percentages. The target respondents of the study were sampled using simple random sampling. However, the primary target sample was that of people who had experienced some form of mental health at a certain point in their lives. The primary criterion for sampling was that the individual participant must have attained the age of 18 years and above.
4.3 Response Rate
Herein the response rate is the total number of people who completed the survey correctly and met the requirements of the researcher. In this study, a total of 106 participants completed the study. Before the survey was conducted, the respondents were taken through the details of the survey before they could give consent or decline. The reason they were chosen to take part in the study was that they were members of the Deliverance Center for all Nations Church and that they were of 18 years and above.
Further, they were informed of the candidate undertaking the research. Additionally, the researcher told the respondents that the objective of the study was to find out whether the church members sought pastoral counseling as a remedy for addressing mental health issues and whether pastoral counseling had a positive impact on the organization. The respondents were made aware that there was no benefit whatsoever of taking part in the research, and it was voluntary. The potential risks that the respondents would experience in the study were made known to them, which were the same risks one would encounter in their daily lives. The participants were informed that the information they gave would be confidential, and no one else will access them apart from the researcher. Possible contacts were availed to the respondents in case they intended to contact a third party regarding the research.
Once the participants had been taken through the details, they were asked whether they were willing to proceed with the survey or .
Major EMS Systems Paper & Project For t.docxsmile790243
Major
EMS
Systems
Paper
&
Project
For
this
project
you
will
create
an
ePortfolio
in
BlueLine.
The
ePortfolios
are
created
outside
of
the
course
in
your
own
Settings
area.
Follow
the
instructions
available
in
from
Help
in
BlueLine
(button
in
the
upper
right
corner).
Select
Student
Orientation
to
BlueLine
and
locate
the
ePortfolio
module.
Once
created,
you
can
provide
access
to
the
ePortfolio
by
copying
and
pasting
the
URL
into
the
assignment
by
following
the
instructions
provided.
I. The
ePortfolio
should
contain
the
following
Sections:
A. Executive
Summary
B. Full
Report
C. Interviews
D. Documents
E. Links
II. Pages
need
to
be
created
for
each
Section
as
follows:
A. Executive
Summary
(5%
of
total
ePortfolio
grade)
1. One
page
(150-‐200
words)
overview
of
the
full
project.
B. Full
Report
(60%
of
total
ePortfolio
grade)
1. Organizational
History:
Include
present
status
and
future
outlook;
strategic
planning,
opportunities
and
challenges.
(15%
of
total)
2. Organizational
Structure
(2%
of
total)
3. Officers:
Number
of
officers
and
titles
(1%
of
total)
4. Responses:
response
times;
#
of
responses;
distribution
of
responses
(by
type,
etc.)
(5%
of
total)
5. Facilities:
buildings,
offices,
maintenance
(5%
of
total)
6. Demographics
of
Community
Served
(2%
of
total)
7. Vehicles:
Number
and
types
(5%
of
total)
8. Responders:
#
responders
including
titles,
e.g.,
FR,
EMT,
Paramedic,
RN,
etc.
(5%
of
total)
9. Support
Personnel:
#
support
personnel
and
titles
(3%
of
total)
10. Medical
Direction
(5%
of
total)
11. Mutual
Aid
(5%
of
total)
12. Fiscal:
Budget,
R/E
Balance
(5%
of
total)
13. Affiliated
&
Related
Organizations:
area
hospitals,
clinics,
etc.
(2%
of
total)
C. Interviews
(15%
of
total
ePortfolio
grade)
1. Chief
Executive
Officer
(5%
of
total)
2. Supervisor
(5%
of
total)
3. Responder
(5%
of
total)
D. Documents
(17%
of
ePortfolio
grade)
1. Organizational
chart
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of
total)
2. Policies
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total)
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total)
4. Brochures
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total)
5. Map
(Service
Area,
by
vehicle)
(2%
of
total)
6. Photographs
(vehicles,
people
facility)
(5%
of
total)
E. Links
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of
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ePortfolio
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1. Organizational
URL
(1%
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F. Miscellaneous:
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To
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follow
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instructions
available
...
BROOKINGS | December 2011
`
Starting School at a
Disadvantage:
The School Readiness of Poor Children
Julia B. Isaacs, Brookings Institution
THE SOCIAL GENOME PROJECT
The author expresses appreciation to Jeffrey Diebold for invaluable assistance with
data analysis and to Brian Levy, Katherine Magnuson, Emily Monea, Stephanie Owen,
Isabel Sawhill for their helpful comments.
MARCH 2012
Executive Summary
Poor children in the United States start school at a disadvantage in
terms of their early skills, behaviors, and health. Fewer than half (48
percent) of poor children are ready for school at age five, compared to 75
percent of children from families with moderate and high income, a 27
percentage point gap. This paper examines the reasons why poor
children are less ready for school and evaluates three interventions for
improving their school readiness.
Poverty is one of several risk factors facing poor children. Mothers
living in poverty are often unmarried and poorly educated, they have
higher rates of depression and poor health than more affluent mothers,
and they demonstrate lower parenting skills in certain dimensions. In fact,
the gap in school readiness shrinks from 27 percentage points to 7
percentage points after adjusting for demographic, health, and behavioral
differences between poor and moderate- and higher-income families.
Even so, poverty remains an important influence on school readiness,
partly through its influence on many of the observed differences between
poor and more affluent families. Higher levels of depression and a more
punitive parenting style, for example, may result from economic stress
and so models controlling for these factors may understate the full
effects of poverty on school readiness.
In addition to poverty, key influences on school readiness include
preschool attendance, parenting behaviors, parents’ education, maternal
depression, prenatal exposure to tobacco, and low birth weight. For
example, the likelihood of being school ready is 9 percentage points
higher for children attending preschool, controlling for other family
characteristics, and is 10 percentage points lower for children whose
mothers smoke during pregnancy and also 10 percentage points lower for
children whose mothers score low in supportiveness during parent-child
interactions. These findings suggest a diverse set of policy interventions
that might improve children’s school readiness, ranging from smoking
cessation programs for pregnant women to parenting programs,
treatments for maternal depression, income support programs and
expansion of preschool programs.
Preschool programs offer the most promise for increasing children’s
school readiness, according to a simple simulation that models the
effects of three different interventions. Expanding preschool programs
for four-year olds has more direct eff ...
Son preference and fertility behavior evidence from Viet Nam - Project statementHanh To
This project seeks to contribute to the current literature of son preference and sex imbalance in Vietnam and other developing countries by extending the measure of “son preference” to birth interval, number of children and probability of using contraceptive methods.
Economic Determinants of Malnutrition among School Children in Sri Lanka: Wit...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:Better health is extremely associated with proper nutritional intake. Malnutrition among children
is closely associated with their individual health, brain development, future labor productivity and finally with
the social and economic development. Child malnutrition is lasting as one of the serious issues affecting
economic development in Sri Lanka. Therefore, identifying the prevalence and the determinants of child
malnutrition is essential in the first stage of exploring the phenomena of child malnutrition. Many factors
determine child malnutrition. Among these, economic determinants are crucial. The objective of this study is to
investigate the economic determinants of malnutrition among school children in Sri Lanka based on the
Nuwara-Eliya district. The study used primary data collected through a structured questionnaire. The stratified
random sampling technique was employed to draw the sample of 378 school children. The main analysis
technique was logistic regression. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, t-test and chi-square
test were applied as supplementary techniques. The logistic regression model disclosed a significant impact of
income, poverty and mother’s employment on child malnutrition. The odds ratio between income and child
malnutrition shows a negative effect. The probability of being malnourished for the poor is higher than for the
non-poor. The highest malnutrition is recorded for the children of mothers employed in the private sector. The
study suggests implementing supportive strategies to increase the income of households, alleviate poverty and
introduce proper mechanisms to take care of children of employed mothers to reduce child malnutrition.
KEYWORDS: Economic determinants, Income, Logistic regression, Malnutrition, School children
The Consumers’ Perception of Artificial Food AdditivesAin Atiya Azmi
We have conducted a survey on 250 respondents on artificial food additives. The result of our survey has been tabulated and graphed and evaluated. This is for ECON 1610 Principles of Microeconomics class at IIUM.
Adolescent pregnancy continues to be a grave problem in India not only from the obstetrical point of view but from the social and economical perspectives also. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of mortality among women between the ages of 15 and 19 in the developing world.
Creating a Needs AssessmentIn this assignment, create a needs CruzIbarra161
Creating a Needs Assessment
In this assignment, create a needs assessment outline that describes and documents the health status issue that your project will address and the target population it will serve. The purpose of the needs assessment is to help reviewers understand the community and/or organization (i.e., the population) that will be served by your proposed project.
The needs assessment document should describe the need for the project in the proposed locale and include baseline data on the prevalence and demographic characteristics of the targeted population as well as supporting racial/ethnic data. The document should provide a description of the prevalence of health indicators (e.g., overweight, obesity) in the proposed geographic area. It should describe the current availability of preventive health services that address the health issue in the targeted group. In addition, discuss any relevant barriers in the service area that your project hopes to overcome. You should also describe gaps in the current provision of services as well as gaps in knowledge and the capacity of health care providers and key public/private community agencies to adequately screen, routinely assess, effectively intervene, and/or coordinate their efforts within a comprehensive network of preventive health services.
Here is a suggested structure for your needs assessment outline. It should be between 3 and 5 pages in length.
I. Health Status
a. Introduce the health issue
b. How does the health issue affect the target population?
II. Community Description
a. Describe the setting, which might include national, state, local, or campus
information depending on the program scope
III. Needs Assessment
a. Qualitative assessment
b. Quantitative assessment
IV. Community Link
a. What is currently being offered to the specific population?
b. Will the proposed program be complementary, competing, or new to the area?
1
3
Mental Health in college students
Alexis Heard
Program Design in Kinesiology
Dr. G. Palevo
Columbus State University
February 9, 2022
Mental Health in College Students
Mental health is a serious public health issue that impacts society at large. It includes mental conditions, depression, anxiety, and physical symptoms such as insomnia, fatigue, headaches, and back pain. When compared to other people, college students are routinely found to experience high rates of mental distress. For example, compared with the rest population, Australian medical students exhibited much higher levels of psychological distress. According to studies, mental anguish is more common among college students in Asian and Sub-Saharan African countries. According to Mboya et al. (2020), the largest incidence reported was 71.9 percent among medical students at Jizan Higher education institution in Saudi Arabia, almost identical to the percentage observ ...
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Thesis
1. CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the result, findings, analysis, and interpretation of the data.
As shown in the appendix, the research questions were interpreted using descriptive and
inferential analyses and presented in tabular form. Further, this chapter includes testing
of the following hypotheses:
Ho1: There is no significant relationship between parenting stress and coping
strategies of mothers with a child with ADHD.
Ho2: There is no significant difference in the level of stress of the mothers with a
child with ADHD based on the following:
a. age
b. socio-economic status
c. highest educational attainment
d. number of children
Ho3: There is no significant difference in the level of coping strategies of mothers
based on the following:
a. age
b. socio-economic status
c. highest educational attainment
d. number of children
2. Should you not put a sub-heading here, i.e., Demographic Profiles of the Respondents
Based on Descriptive Statistics?
Table 1
Demographic Profile in terms of Age Group
Table 1 shows the age distribution of the respondents. It shows that 66 out of 114
are from the age group of 31 to 40 years old, which is equivalent to 57.9%, followed by
34 respondents who belong to the age group of 21 to 30 years old, which is equivalent to
29.8%, and 14 respondents belong to the age group of 41 to 50 years old which is
equivalent to 12.3%. These data indicate that most of the respondents come from 31 to
40 years old. It appears that the majority of the mothers from the population are in the
middle age or are mid-lifers and that those that belong to the older age brackets are the
fewest.
Table 2
Demographic Profile in terms of Income
Age Group Frequency Percentage
21 to 30 years old 34 29.8
31 to 40 years old 66 57.9
41 to 50 years old 14 12.3
Total 114 100
Income Group Frequency Percentage
Less than Php. 11,690 per month 39 34.2
Php 11,690 - 23,381 per month 24 21.1
Php 23,831 - 81,832 per month 46 40.4
Php 81,832 - 233,806 per month 5 4.4
Total 114 100
3. Table 2 shows the income distribution of the respondents. It shows that 46 out of
114 are those that belong to an income range of Php 23,831 to 81,832, which is equivalent
to 40.4%, followed by 39 respondents receiving an income range of less than Php 11,690,
which is equivalent to 34.2%, 24 respondents receiving an income range of Php 11,690
to 23,381 which is equivalent to 21.1%, and five respondents receiving an income range
of Php 81,832 to 233,806 per month. These data indicate that most respondents belong
to an income range of Php 23,831 to 81,832. In the Family Income and Expenditure
Survey (2015), according to recent data, middle-income households are concentrated in
urban areas, particularly Metro Manila and its neighboring regions, about half (46.8%) of
the households were middle-class or those who have an income between Php 23,831 -
81,832 per month. More than half (50.9%) belonged to the lower-income class (less than
Php 11,690 – 23,381 per month), and a much smaller share (2.3%) were upper-income
class. (FIES data, income-based approach). This statement supports the data findings in
Table 2, showing that 40.4% of the respondents cover the number of Filipino mothers
who receive an income within the same range.
Table 3
Demographic Profile in terms of Highest Educational Attainment
Highest Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage
High School Graduate 31 27.2
College Graduate 68 59.6
Post-Graduate Degree 15 13.2
Total 114 100
4. Table 3 shows the distribution of respondents based on their highest educational
attainment. It shows that 68 out of 114 respondents obtained or completed a college
degree as their highest educational attainment, which is equivalent to 59.46%, followed
by 31 respondents with the educational attainment of high school graduate which is
equivalent to 27.2%, and 15 respondents with a post-graduate degree which are
equivalent to 13.2% These data indicate that most of the respondents with the highest
educational attainment of a college degree. Half of the Filipino middle class had
completed their secondary education (Family Income and Expenditure Survey, 2015). It
is considered that the middle and upper classes highly value education. In Asia, education
is frequently viewed as the most important factor in achieving economic success
(Bandalaria, 2018), however, in a rapidly changing global economy, developing countries'
strong commitment to elementary education, at times at the expense of higher education,
has come under growing criticism. To the degree that the value of these benefits
outweighs the expenses, higher education constitutes a wise investment (Sanger &
Gleason, 2020). Social class is a stratification system that ranks people according to their
differential access to material, social, and cultural resources, which has a significant
impact on their daily lives (Durante & Fiske, 2017) and education contributes to social
stability and unity by promoting acceptance for differences among individuals. Members
of marginalized groups face additional obstacles to upward mobility as a result of their
education (Smithies, 2015). Thus, the data shown in Table 3 are consistent with the
respondents identified highest educational attainment.
Table 4
Demographic Profile in terms of Number of Children
5. Table 4 shows the distribution of respondents based on the number of children.
It shows that 59 out of 114 are respondents with two or more children, equivalent to
51.8%, and 55 respondents with one child, which is equivalent to 48.2%. These data
indicate that most of the respondents have two or more children. According to the
Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey (2017), there will be an average of
2.7 births per mother in a woman's lifetime. Nevertheless, Table 4 shows that majority of
the respondents have two or more children.
Table 5
Demographic Profile in terms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Specifier
Table 5 shows the distribution of respondents based on their child’s attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder specifier. It shows that 53 out of 114 respondents have
children who were diagnosed with the combined attention deficit hyperactivity specifier,
which is equivalent to 46.6%, followed by 37 respondents with children who were
diagnosed with an inattentive attention deficit hyperactivity specifier, which is equivalent
Number of Children Frequency Percentage
One Child 55 48.2
Two or More Children 59 51.8
Total 114 100
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder Specifier
Frequency Percentage
Hyperactive-Impulsive 24 21.1
Inattentive 37 32.5
Combined 53 46.5
Total 114 100
6. to 32.5%, and 24 respondents with children who were diagnosed with a hyperactive-
impulsive attention deficit hyperactivity specifier which is equivalent to 21.1% These data
indicate that most of the respondents' children are from combined attention deficit
hyperactivity specifier. In a study by Ipçi, M. et al. (2020), the combined ADHD specifier
was found to have a frequency of 52.3%, inattentive ADHD specifier have a prevalence
of 44.4%, and hyperactive-impulsive only had 3.3%, which shows that Table 5 is
consistent with the highest number of ADHD specifier that is the combined type.
Table 6
The Level of Parental Stress in terms of Types of Parental Distress
Table 6 shows the Level of Parental Stress. It is illustrated in the table the highest
grand mean is from the "Difficult Child," which has a mean perception rating of (M=2.74,
SD=.850), based on the sample population variances that only means that perhaps
having a "Difficult Child" gives them Parental Stress. The least mean "Parental Child
Dysfunction" with a rating of (M=3.11, SD=.867) based on the sample population
variances that only means that maybe having a "Parental Child Dysfunction" gives them
Parental Stress.
The overall mean "Parental Stress" has a rating of (M=2.95, SD=.713), based on
the sample population variances that only means that they are presumably having a
Types of Parental Distress N Mean
Std.
Deviation
1. Parental Distress
114
2.99 .733
2. Parental Child Dysfunction 3.11 .867
3. Difficult Child 2.74 .850
OVERALL MEAN 2.95 .713
Legend: Strongly Agree: 1, Agree: 2, Not Sure: 3, Disagree: 4, Strongly Disagree: 5
7. "Parental Stress" with mothers who have a child with ADHD. Table 6 shows a consistent
representation in Leitch et al. study (2019), where parents may require assistance in
dealing with life stress in general, parents' unmet support requirements, and how
parenting an ADHD child can be a kind of social stress parents facing stigma and scrutiny.
In addition, the results present the respondents' opinion on their child's "uncontrollable
outbursts" and "absentmindedness," were identified as linked to crucial stress-provoking
child behaviors and represent both the outside intensity and disturbing interior
components of child ADHD (Leitch et al., 2019). From the answered questionnaire, it also
revealed that the greater part number of participants agreed that mothers "have found
that getting their child to do something or stop doing something is somewhat harder than
they expected." As Babinski (2019) points out, when the parent-child connection is
compromised, the child with ADHD is far more prone to incur long-term challenges,
resulting in their child turning out to be more of a problem than they had anticipated.
Babinski (2019) writes on how a disruption in the parent-child connection increases the
likelihood that a child with ADHD would face long-term troubles.
The researcher finds that parental stress can be inevitable for mothers who take
care of their children with ADHD. As mentioned, mothers can face daily stressors—from
bills and payments, to work, and, for those with other children, taking care of their other
children as well. For example, stress may be caused by trying to prioritize the care of
every child in the family. Although the researcher has mentioned other causes of stress
that can be indirectly related to mothers’ role as parents, the researcher deems it relevant
and necessary to mention other sources of stress. Mothers can simply be overwhelmed
8. by the demands of taking care of their children and trying to balance other aspects of
family life.
As for their roles as mothers, when it comes to parenting, their child’s condition
can certainly pose as an issue for the former. Apart from the factors mentioned earlier,
raising a child with ADHD can be difficult due to their children’s behavioral issues. For
instance, reminding their child to do homework and chores may be more challenging and
may cause tension because the child may forget instructions. A child’s hyperactivity may
also cause stress for the mother when the latter has to resort to scolding and reprimanding
in a public place, in an event, or even at home. A child’s outbursts can understandably
lead to stress because a mother may feel helpless when it comes to attempting to resolve
this issue without proper coping strategies. Because the mother may pose as the primary
caregiver of the child, the mother and the child may constantly feel at odds with each
other as well.
Table 7
The Level of Coping Strategies in terms of Types of Coping Strategies
Types of Coping Strategies N Mean
Std.
Deviation
1. Acquiring Social Support
114
3.09 0.73
2. Reframing 3.71 0.93
3. Seeking Spiritual Support 3.37 0.96
4. Mobilizing Family to Acquire and Accept
Support
3.42 0.98
5. Passive Appraisal 3.06 0.79
OVERALL MEAN 3.33 0.53
Legend: Strongly Agree: 5.00, Agree: 4, Not Sure: 3, Disagree: 2, Strongly Disagree: 1
9. Table 7 shows the Level of Coping Strategies of the mother respondents. It is
illustrated in the table the highest grand mean is Reframing, which has a mean perception
rating of (M=3.71, SD=0.93), based on the sample population variances that only means
that reframing perhaps is an acceptable coping strategy and the least mean "Passive
Appraisal" with a rating of (M=3.06, SD=0.79), based on the sample population variances
that only means that passive appraisal perhaps is an acceptable coping strategy. The
variances of the types of coping strategies, which are Acquiring Social Support,
Reframing, Seeking Spiritual Support, Mobilizing Family to Acquire and Accept Support,
and Passive Appraisal, only show the spread of the scores or the distance of the scores
from the mean. The higher its value, the more distant and spread the scores are from the
mean.
The overall mean of the Types of Coping Strategies has a rating of (M=3.33,
SD=0.53), which the variance does not suggest the effectiveness or the lack of it in terms
of coping strategy. The variance only shows how dispersed and scattered the scores or
values are from the mean, based on the sample population variances that only mean that
presumably the different coping strategies are ineffective with mothers who have a child
with ADHD. The results go beyond the study of Muñoz-Silva (2017), showing that having
a child with ADHD influences the respondents' social life, which is directly linked to the
child's emotional and behavioral issues. Several parents mentioned in Ringer's research
(2020) that a continuing process of actively seeking information that they might apply
while dealing with their child's ADHD-related behaviors by "attending lectures on
neuropsychiatric medication and talking to other parents about this when I attended those
courses." Even when faced with condemnation, parents did not always opt to notify others
10. about their child's diagnoses; they did so only when trusted by other adults and felt their
attitude would be one of understanding. Both the child's behavior and family context on
cohesiveness and family engagement were revealed to be significant predictors of
parental stress in a multiple regression model (Muñoz-Silva, 2017). Interviewed mothers
in Ringer's (2020) study establishes a balance between ADHD, daily necessities, and
personal values, which reveals in Table 7 that the predominance of the participants
agreed showing that the mothers are strong. Upon introducing the ideas of religious
coping or spiritual support, other religiosity factors may also serve as predictors of
psychological well-being must be considered, religious identity, engagement, and support
may all be additional characteristics of religiosity that are linked to more general coping
behavior (Davis, 2016); the findings shown from the table present that most mothers
agreed to the statement "having faith in God" is the level of coping strategy in their ways
of seeking spiritual support. In a study by Frick & Brocki (2019), for their children with
ADHD, parents will need to assist them in controlling their impulses and other behaviors.
Parents, school, and the child's doctor collaborate to develop a support plan once their
child has been diagnosed. Therefore, respondents have agreed, as shown in the results,
that through "seeking assistance from community agencies and programs designed to
help families in situations," parents have control over their child's treatments, support
groups, and relaxation techniques their children have access to.
Based on the results, this only shows that the three most common coping
strategies are Reframing, Mobilizing Family to Acquire and Accept Support, and Seeking
Spiritual Support. While Reframing shows the resilience and strength of mothers, the
researcher believes that this may reveal how solitary and lonely the task of caring for the
11. child is. Mothers may constantly use Reframing to change their ideas about the situation
that their child is going through, as well as their own families.
On the other hand, Mobilizing Family to Acquire and Accept Support, and Seeking
Spiritual Support, are also the two most common coping strategies. These two coping
strategies require disclosing their child’s condition to other relatives, friends, or a support
group. With Mobilizing Family to Acquire and Accept Support, this may suggest that the
child with ADHD is perceived as a personal problem of the family. This coping strategy
shows that mothers see the need to ask for help so that other family members may be
aware of the child’s condition. Yet awareness may not only be key here. Once other family
members are made aware of the child’s condition, this may result in better functioning of
the family. As for Seeking Spiritual Support, the researcher infers that this is not only due
to the role that religion plays in Philippine society. Because the child’s condition may prove
to be too much for the mother and her family, Seeking Spiritual Support may be one of
the solutions mothers may resort to as a way to handle stress.
Another sub-heading here, i.e., Parental Stress and Coping Strategies
Table 8
Degree of Relationship Between Parental Stress and Coping Strategies
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05, **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01
Table 8 shows the correlation coefficient between Parental Stress and Coping
Strategies. It can be seen that there is a weak positive relationship with a Pearson
Variables
Pearson
Correlation
R2 Sig.
(p-value)
Decision
on Ho1
Interpretation
Parental Stress
.221* .048841 0.018 Reject Significant
Coping Strategies
12. Correlation value of 0.221 equivalent to 22.1%. The 22.1% of changing variation is
represented by the coping strategies contribution towards parental stress.
The square of .221 is .048841, translated to a Coefficient of Determination that is
4.88%. The table shows that the coefficient is positive. This suggests that 4.88% in the
variation in the values of parental stress can be accounted for by the variation in the
values of coping strategies and vice versa. On the other hand, 1-.048841 is .951159,
which is 95.12%. This coefficient of non-determination suggests that 95.12% of the
variance in parental stress cannot be accounted for by the variance in coping strategies
and vice-versa. This proportion can be attributed to other factors or variables that were
not considered in the study.
It clarifies and responds to Ho1 that there is no significant relationship between
parenting stress and coping strategies among mothers of children with ADHD. As a
result of the survey questionnaire given to the respondents, we can conclude that the
indicators have a significant correlation with a p-value of 0.018 or 98.2% confidence
level.
Results showed that although there was a positive and significant relationship
between coping and intensity of stress, as previously reported by Kiami and Goodgold
(2017), the majority of mothers demonstrated clinically significant levels of stress, the
percentage of helpful coping strategies predicted maternal stress levels. Increases in
beneficial coping behaviors were associated with a reduction in maternal stress.
According to the study's findings of Mostafa (2019), more than 60% of the mothers'
13. studied experience moderate levels of stress. This result could be explained by the
mothers' reported exhaustion and stress due to the enormous responsibilities
associated with caring for a disabled child. Additionally, as expected, mothers of
children with ADHD experience more difficulties. There are associations between
coping strategies and behavior problems that became statistically significant with
mothers having a child with ADHD. As a result, this finding emphasizes the critical
nature of the mothers' coping strategies in the most common comorbidities associated
with ADHD. More precisely, mother disengagement is positively associated with
behavior problems, peer relationship problems, and the child's total number of
perceived problems (Berenguer et al., 2020). A variety of techniques are used to cope
with pressures and emotions of stress the respondents’ encounter in their day-to-day
lives. Researchers, Lazarus and Folkman (1987) have described stress coping as an
enhanced version of cognitive appraisal that determines whether or not an individual
believes he or she has the resources to cope effectively with a stressful event or
change. When the mother does not believe she has the ability or does not feel in control
of the situation, she is more likely to engage in an emotion-focused coping response
such as wishful thinking, which includes wishing to keep changing what is transpiring,
being distant, or emphasizing the positive aspects of the situation (Lazarus & Folkman,
1987). The researcher considers why mothers have a diminished belief in their ability to
cope with pressures and emotions and stress in their day-to-day lives. One reason is
that mothers may feel that they have exhausted every possible avenue to take care of
their child’s needs. Their child’s behavior may not be improving, so mothers can feel
that they are at a loss as to how to resolve these behavioral issues. Mothers will do
14. exhaustive research and find ways to educate themselves about ADHD yet may still feel
at a loss because they do not see the ‘progress’ of their child and the relationship that
they have with their child. At the same time, mothers may feel helpless because their
coping strategies may have not been working. This may be true for both mothers who
have only one child and for mothers who are also raising two or more children. Mothers
may be aware that their time and energy may be too focused on one child. For mothers
who only have one child, they may still be overwhelmed because of their child’s
condition.
Other reasons may be because mothers may experience tension when it comes
to their relationship with their husbands. Their husbands may have different values and
opinions when it comes to raising their child and having other children may complicate
the situation. Husbands may think that their other children are not being prioritized and
may not completely understand their child’s condition as well. Moreover, husbands may
not be as accepting of their children’s condition. Husbands may not bear to face the truth
that their child has special needs. These may prove additional stressors to mothers.
Understanding how stress impacts human health and functioning necessitates
the identification of coping mechanisms and mechanisms of coping. Despite the fact
that there are multiple coping strategies, each coping approach is distinct from the
others. Individuals who are under stress scenarios are faced with two tasks according to
Lazarus and Folkman (1987), individuals must solve the problem and regulate their
emotions, which are reflected in two comparable dimensions, namely, the problem
coping dimension and the emotion coping dimension. Problem coping dimension and
15. emotion coping dimension. In reference to the study of Stanisławski (2019), negative
emotional coping mechanisms include self-criticism when confronted with a problem
and concentrating attention on the negative features of a stressful circumstance.
Parents become focused in their irreplaceable caring role and unwilling to surrender
their children's independence at the same time.
Cited in Wong’s study (2021), parents of children with ADHD face enormous
difficulties and a variety of different types of burdens when caring for their children.
Throughout the caregiving journey, coping varies. The majority of mothers stated that
emotional distress was exacerbated prior to their children's ADHD diagnosis being
confirmed. However, even in the face of condemnation, parents did not always choose
to inform others of their child's diagnosis; instead, they did so only when they felt they
could rely on the other adult and believed their attitude would be one of understanding
(Muñoz-Silva, 2017).
The researcher holds this same view—that parents, especially mothers, can
experience negative emotional coping mechanisms since they go through stressful
circumstances as primary caregivers of their children. It may be easy to find fault in their
parenting style or in the way that they communicate with their children, especially if they
do not see changes in their child’s behavior. Because of misunderstandings between
mothers and their children, mothers may think that they might not be as caring or as
understanding to their children who have ADHD.
Just as Wong’s study indicates, the stress that mothers may go through may be
worse prior to the diagnosis. This may be true since mothers are not aware of their
child’s condition prior to the diagnosis. Mothers may find themselves confused and
16. hopeless prior to their child’s diagnosis. A doctor’s diagnosis may be helpful in terms of
understanding the child and his symptoms. This may also prove helpful in terms of
communicating with the child and with parenting. When it comes to informing others
about their child’s diagnosis, the researcher believes that mothers may want to protect
their child from other people’s judgment. Mothers may be wary of comments from others
who may not be made aware of their child’s condition. At the same time, mothers may
be unwilling to face the scrutiny and judgment when it comes to their parenting style.
Parental Stress and Age- another subheading. Be sure to follow the APA format.
Table 9
Difference Between the Level of Parental Stress Based on Age Groups
Note: > .05 Accept HO (Not Significant), <.05 Reject HO (Significant)
Table 9 shows the significant difference among the different variables, such as
Parental Distress, Parental Child Dysfunction, and Difficult Child. Their corresponding F
statistic value is derived through One-Way ANOVA. The first set of values refer to Ho2,
which tells us that there is no significant difference among the Level of Parental Stress
Types of Parental
Stress
Age Group F Value
Sig.
Value
Decision
on Ho2
1. Parental Distress
21-30
2.705 0.071 Accept
31-40
41-50 Years Old
2. Parental Child
Dysfunction
21-30
3.226 0.043 Reject
31-40
41-50 Years Old
3. Difficult Child
21-30
1.137 0.324 Accept
31-40
41-50 Years Old
OVERALL
21-30
2.888 0.060 Accept
31-40
41-50 Years Old
17. Based on Age Groups. Parental Distress is based on the result that there was no
statistically significant difference as determined (F(2,114) = 2.705 with a p-value of
0.071, which indicates a 92.9% chance that the answer is probably true, and 7.1%
chance are not true among the age group. Parental Child Dysfunction based on the
result that there was a statistically significant difference as determined (F(2,114) = 3.226
with a p-value of 0.043, which indicates that there a 95.7% chance that the answer is
probably true, and 4.3% chance are not true among the age group, and Difficult Child
based from the result that there was no statistically significant difference as determined
(F(2,114) = 1.137 with a p-value of 0.324, which indicates that there a 67.6% chance
that the answer is probably true, and 32.4% chance are not true among the age group.
Parental Child Dysfunction, which refers to the measure of parents’ satisfaction
with their child and their interactions with child, proves to be the sole differentiating
factor when it comes to Parental Stress. The researcher discusses that while mothers
may not strongly feel that their child is considered a difficult child, and while Parental
Distress may not be an issue, parent-child bonding is what poses a problem between
mothers and children with ADHD.
For the researcher, mothers may have accepted that their children have a
serious condition—a form of disability that affects the child’s behavior and cognitive
functioning. Mothers may have accepted that their children are already afflicted by their
condition. Mothers can easily accept and better handle the disability caused by a certain
condition. On the other hand, what mothers can’t handle is the fact that the child has no
control over his condition. In terms of bonding, mothers know that their children are
18. emotionally behind, especially when compared to their peers or other siblings, if they
have any. Children with ADHD are not expected to connect with their mothers because
of this.
The overall difference of the result of 114 respondents’ perception of parental
stress, based among age group indicates that there is no statistically significant
difference (F(2,114) = 2.888 with a p-value of 0.060, which indicates that there is a
94.0% chance that the answer is probably true, and 6.0 % chance are not true.
In line with the previous study of Parkes et al. (2015), independent of other
factors, the mother's age is known to be positively associated with feeling more restricted
and less fulfilled by the parental role. Mothers of adolescents with ADHD were also more
likely to indicate that due to their children's difficulties, they have less satisfying
relationships with their teens and their partners and friends, they feel constrained by their
parenting role, and they feel guilty and incompetent (Wiener et al., 2016).
The researcher agrees with Parkes et al. and Wiener et al. since adolescent
children with ADHD are closer to adulthood and will have, therefore, their own opinions
and interests. Tension between adolescent children with ADHD and mothers is expected
at this stage in children’s lives since adolescent children without ADHD also experience
tension with their parents, too.
As for mothers of adolescent children with ADHD, it is more difficult to handle
teenagers. For example, mothers have set expectations about their children. They expect
their children to obey and follow instructions. However, when thirteen-year-olds or older
children do not follow instructions or set guidelines, their behavior may be seen as
19. defiance by mothers and fathers. Mothers can also be affected because they are
witnesses to their child’s inability to cope and adjust as they grow older. In turn, this
causes mothers pain and distress.
Table 9.1
Post-Hoc (Least Significant Difference) comparison between the level of parental
stress with a child with ADHD in terms of Age Group
Table 9.1 shows the post hoc analysis using Least Significant Difference (LSD)
on Parental Stress according to the Age Group. It is illustrated that based on 21 to 30
v. 41 to 50 years old comparison indicates that there was a statistically significant
difference with a sig. value of (0.013) 31 to 40 v. 41 to 50 years old comparison, there
was a statistically significant difference with a sig. value of (0.013, which is less than
0.05), 41 to 50 v. 20 to 30 years old comparison indicates a statistically significant
difference with a sig. value of (0.013, which is less than 0.05), and the final result of 41
to 50 v. 31 to 40 years old comparison indicates that there was a statistically significant
difference with a sig. value of (0.036, which is less than 0.05). The output of LSD
Parental
Stress
Age Group Mean
Difference
(I-J)
Sig.
Value
Interpretation
(I) (J)
Parental
Child
Dysfunction
21-30 Years Old
31 to 40 -0.14874 0.409 Not Significant
41 to 50 -.68076* 0.013 Significant
31-40 Years Old
20 to 30 0.14874 0.409 Not Significant
41 to 50 -.53201* 0.036 Significant
41-50 Years Old
20 to 30 .68076* 0.013 Significant
31 to 40 .53201* 0.036 Significant
*. The mean difference is significant at less than 0.05 level
20. indicates that the mentioned above among age groups mean difference score have
statistical significance from each other with less than 0.05 level.
The results tie with the previous study of Lee (2015) where it indicates that
mothers of children with ADHD report poor psychological well-being. In this population,
depressive symptoms have been identified as a significant predictor of psychological well-
being. Depressive symptoms are present when mothers of children with ADHD are young,
and they remain high when these mothers reach their later years. The deteriorating effect
of caregiving on physical health and well-being appears to be more significant in older
mothers (41-50 years) of children with ADHD (Seltzer et al., 2011). For the researcher,
because mothers are the primary caregivers of their children, dealing with their child’s
ADHD will directly affect them emotionally, physically, and psychologically. Dealing with
their child’s ADHD is demanding when it comes to their time and energy. Visits to doctors,
psychologists, and teachers can be tiring for mothers. Dealing with their child’s symptoms
can pose as a challenge for mothers as well. Helping their child with homework, for
example, can be doubly tiring because of their child’s inattentive nature and memory
problems. And, as mentioned, taking care of their children can take a toll on mothers’
health especially as they age. Mothers in middle age may not have the same energy
levels as younger mothers do. Mothers in their middle age may have a difficult time
dealing with their children’s hyperactivity. Mothers in their middle age may also be busy
with work at this point in their lives, making it much harder for them to take care of their
children.
21. Coping Strategies and Age
Table 10
Difference Between the Level of Coping Strategies Based on Age Groups
Table 10 shows the significant difference between Coping Strategies according to
Age Group. There was a statistically significant difference between groups as determined
(F(2,114) = 7.726 for seeking spiritual support with a p-value of 0.001 and (F(2,114) =
7.726 for mobilizing family to acquire and accept help with a p-value of 0.007.
This only goes to show that Seeking Spiritual Support and Mobilizing Family to
Acquire and Accept Help are the Coping Strategies that mothers of each age group
employ when taking care of their children who have ADHD. Seeking Spiritual Support
may be possible because of the role of Christianity in the Philippines. At the same time,
Types of Coping
Strategies
Age Group
F-
value
Sig.
Value
Decision
on Ho3
1. Acquiring Social
Support
21-30
2.498 0.087 Accept
31-40
41-50 Years Old
2. Reframing
21-30
2.351 0.100 Accept
31-40
41-50 Years Old
3. Seeking Spiritual
Support
21-30
7.726 0.001 Reject
31-40
41-50 Years Old
4. Mobilizing Family to
Acquire and Accept
Help
21-30
5.261 0.007 Reject
31-40
41-50 Years Old
5. Passive Appraisal
21-30
0.550 0.579 Accept
31-40
41-50 Years Old
OVERALL
21-30
5.939 0.004 Reject
31-40
41-50 Years Old
Note: > .05 Accept HO (Not Significant) <.05 Reject HO (Significant)
22. seeking the help of a higher power seems logical when it appears as if mothers have
exhausted every possible way to help their child and cope with the stressors of raising
their child with ADHD. If other coping strategies may not seem to help mothers with their
stress, prayer and asking the advice of priests or pastors may alleviate mothers’ worry,
exhaustion, and frustration.
As for Mobilizing Family to Acquire and Accept Help, the researcher surmises that
while a child’s condition may be a private matter, asking the help from the rest of their
family will make mothers feel less alone as primary caregivers of children with ADHD.
Perhaps psychoeducation of the whole family can play a part in this, since family
members being made aware of ADHD and how it affects the child with ADHD will definitely
aid in communicating with the child and in understanding the child with the condition.
Other members of the family may also be in denial of the child’s condition or may not want
to be educated by the child’s condition. The researcher believes that this coping strategy
is significant in helping the mother cope with the child’s condition since members of the
family being in agreement with each other in terms of care and coping can also reduce
family tension.
Based on the overall difference of the result of 114 respondents' perception of
coping strategies based on age, there is a statistically significant difference (F(2,114) =
0.004 with a p-value of 0.004.
Other results were broadly in line with the study of Weiss et al. (2012), wherein the
family's sense of control over life events and stressors is mediated by social support and
self-efficacy. Similarly, parents who have a higher level of social support report having a
more positive mood. In addition to the impact of the child's behavioral problems, different
23. sources of informal social support, such as the partner, other family members, and
friends, mediate and moderate maternal well-being, reduce stress, foster engagement
(Sharabi and Marom-Golan, 2018), and predict changes in well-being.
Table 10.1
Post-Hoc (Least Significant Difference) comparison between the level of coping
strategies with a child with ADHD in terms of Age Group
Table 10.1 shows the post hoc analysis using Least Significant Difference (LSD)
on coping strategies according to Age Group. Among the age group of 21 to 30 v. 31 to
40 and 41 to 50 years old, it is illustrated that based on Seeking Spiritual Support,
comparison indicates a statistically significant difference with a sig. value of (0.010,
0.000), 31 to 40 v. 20 to 30, and 41 to 50 years old comparison indicates a statistically
significant difference with a sig. value of (0.010, 0.029), and 41 to 50 v. 20 to 30, and 31
to 40 years old comparison indicates a statistically significant difference with a sig. value
of (0.000, 0.029). Based on Mobilizing Family to Acquire and Accept Help among the age
Coping
Strategies
Age Group Mean
Difference
(I-J)
Sig.
Value
Interpretation
(I) (J)
Seeking
Spiritual
Support
21-30 Years Old
31 to 40 -.49844* 0.010 Significant
41 to 50 -1.08718* 0.000 Significant
31-40 Years Old
20 to 30 .49844* 0.010 Significant
41 to 50 -.58874* 0.029 Significant
41-50 Years Old
20 to 30 1.08718* 0.000 Significant
31 to 40 .58874* 0.029 Significant
Mobilizing
Family to
Acquire
and Accept
Help
21-30 Years Old
31 to 40 -0.31417 0.118 Not Significant
41 to 50 -.97164* 0.002 Significant
31-40 Years Old
20 to 30 0.31417 0.118 Not Significant
41 to 50 -.65747* 0.020 Significant
41-50 Years Old
20 to 30 .97164* 0.002 Significant
31 to 40 .65747* 0.020 Significant
24. group of “21 to 30 v. 41 to 50 years old, the comparison indicates a statistically significant
difference with a sig. value of (0.002), 31 to 40 v. 41 to 50 years old comparison indicates
a statistically significant difference with a sig. value of (0.020), and 41 to 50 v. 20 to 30,
and 31 to 40 years old comparison indicates a statistically significant difference with a sig.
value of (0.002, 0.020). The output of LSD indicates that the mentioned above among
age groups mean difference score have statistical significance from each other with less
than 0.05 level.
Seeking Spiritual Support seems to be logical because mothers need inner
strength to deal not just with their children’s condition, but with stressors they may face
as wives and mothers to their other children, if they have any. They also need inner
strength to balance other stressors, like demands at work. In addition to this, as
mentioned in the discussion, Seeking Spiritual Support may be necessary because
mothers will exhaust every possible option to help their children with ADHD and to
educate themselves about their children’s condition.
As for Mobilizing Family to Acquire and Accept Help, mothers would not want to
feel alone and alienated when dealing with their children’s condition. Mobilizing their
family seems like the next step so that other members of the family would be made aware
of their family member’s condition. Mobilizing the family is essential because children with
ADHD need understanding from their families. Moreover, this is not just the sole
responsibility of the mothers. This is a collective effort from the whole family.
A similar conclusion was reached by Durban et al. (2012) where the mothers' age
played a significant role in their decision to use a 'Spiritual' mechanism to cope with their
stress. The results indicate that middle-aged parents (31-40 years) were more likely to
25. seek the Almighty's guidance, which could be due to a lack of life experience or the
willpower to handle the situation, which caused them to offer it to God. On the other hand,
parents in the 21-30 age group may have been more exposed to various life situations,
resulting in the development of their inner strength, making them the least likely of the
group to use the 'Spiritual' mechanism. In line with Balagan and Tarroja (2020) ideas,
adaptation strategies included seeking professional advice, attempting to remain
optimistic, family coordination, religiosity, and self-care. Mothers generally reported
seeking information and utilizing professional services as coping mechanisms.
Additionally, the results demonstrated how family coordination alleviates the burden of
parenting an ADHD child.
Parental Stress and Income
Table 11
Difference Between the Level of Parental Stress Based on Income
Parental Stress
Income Group
(In Php. per month)
F Value
Sig.
Value
Decision
on Ho2
1. Parental Distress
Less than 11,690
5.667 0.001 Reject
11,690 – 23,381
23,831 – 81,832
81,832 – 233,806
2. Parental Child
Dysfunction
Less than 11,690
2.371 0.074 Accept
11,690 – 23,381
23,831 – 81,832
81,832 – 233,806
3. Difficult Child
Less than 11,690
0.425 0.735 Accept
11,690 – 23,381
23,831 – 81,832
81,832 – 233,806
OVERALL
Less than 11,690
2.679 0.050 Reject
11,690 – 23,381
23,831 – 81,832
26. Table 11 shows the significantly different variables, such as Parental Distress,
Parental Child Dysfunction, and Difficult Child and their corresponding F statistics value
derived through One-Way ANOVA. The first set of values refers to Ho2, which tells us
that there is no significant difference in the mothers' stress level with a child with ADHD
based on the income. A statistically significant difference between groups as
determined (F(3,114) = 5.667 for parental distress with a p-value of 0.001.
Based on the overall difference of the result of 114 respondents' perception of
parental stress based on income, there is a statistically significant difference (F(3,114) =
2.679 with a p-value of 0.050.
Maternal social support has a significant role in reducing a substantial link
discovered between getting support from family and social groups and the mothers'
ability to enjoy life (Al-Kandari et al., 2017). Economic stress affects parents and
children differently depending on the parent's socioeconomic status (Cronin et al.,
2015). The findings in Table 11 show consistency in Lindsey and Barry (2018), which
shows that higher levels of social support have been linked to fewer negative
consequences of raising a child with ADHD.
Table 11.1
Post-Hoc (Least Significant Difference) comparison between the level of coping
strategies with a child with ADHD in terms of Income
81,832 – 233,806
Note: > .05 Accept HO (Not Significant) <.05 Reject HO (Significant)
27. Table 11.1 shows the post hoc analysis using Least Significant Difference (LSD)
on Parental Stress according to Income. It is illustrated that based on “Parental Distress”
among income group of “Less than Php. 11,690 per month v. 11,690-23,381, 23,831 -
81,832, 81,832 - 233,806” comparison indicates that there was a statistically
significant difference with a sig. value of (0.009, 0.000, 0.048), “Less than Php. 11,690-
23,381 per month v. Less than Php. 11,690” comparison indicates that there was a
Parental
Stress
Income Group Mean
Difference
(I-J)
Sig.
Value
Interpretation
(I) (J)
Parental
Distress
Less than Php.
11,690 per month
11,690-23,381 -.47910* 0.009 Significant
23,831 - 81,832 -.58149* 0.000 Significant
81,832 - 233,806 -.65610* 0.048 Significant
Php. 11,690 -
23,381 per month
Less than Php.
11,690
.47910* 0.009 Significant
Php. 23,831 - 81,832 -0.10239 0.557 Not
Significant
Php. 81,832 -
233,806
-0.17700 0.603 Not
Significant
Php. 23,831 -
81,832 per month
Less than Php.
11,690
.58149* 0.000 Significant
Php. 11,690 - 23,381 0.10239 0.557 Not
Significant
Php. 81,832 -
233,806
-0.07461 0.819 Not
Significant
Php. 81,832 -
233,806 per month
Less than Php.
11,690
.65610* 0.048 Significant
Php. 11,690 - 23,381 0.17700 0.603 Not
Significant
Php. 23,831 - 81,832 0.07461 0.819 Not
Significant
*. The mean difference is significant at less than 0.05 level
28. statistically significant difference with a sig. value of (0.009), “Php. 23,831 - 81,832
per month v. Less than Php. 11,690” comparison indicates that there was a statistically
significant difference with a sig. value of (0.000), and Php. 81,832 - 233,806 per month
v. Less than Php. 11,690” comparison indicates that there wasa statistically significant
difference with a sig. value of (0.048). The output of LSD indicates that the mentioned
above among income groups mean difference score have statistical significance from
each other with less than 0.05 level.
Mothers' responses to stress can also suffocate the relationship between children's
financial stress and problem behaviors (Ponnet et al., 2011 cited in Cronin, 2015).
According to Leininger & Kalil (2014), the economic strain may be caused less by
significant events like job loss and more by how those events are perceived. For example,
persistent worry and insecurity about the future cause more economic stress than a loss
of income alone. The influence of maternal parenting stress reveals that the families need
support in coping with their many childrearing challenges. The results now provide
evidence to Table 11.1.
A family’s income group can directly affect how mothers deal with their child’s
condition. Concerns about payments to schools, SPED programs, and expenditures as a
family are legitimate. Thinking about bills to be paid as well as their child’s condition can
prove to be too much for mothers. At the same time, if mothers have other children, they
can also be worried about tuition fee payments and constant expenses in school. The
researcher has observed that this may hold true for lower income groups. Medications
29. and doctors’ appointments can prove to be expensive, and this may affect mothers’
perception of their parenting skills.
Coping Strategies and Income
Table 12
Difference Between the Level of Coping Strategies Based on Income
Table 12 shows the significant difference such as Acquiring Social Support,
Reframing, Seeking Spiritual Support, Mobilizing Family to Acquire and Accept Help,
Types of Coping
Strategies
Income Group
(In Php. per month)
F-
Value
Sig.
Value
Decision
on Ho3
1. Acquiring Social
Support
Less than 11,690
0.042 0.989 Accept
11,690 – 23,381
23,831 – 81,832
81,832 – 233,806
2. Reframing
Less than 11,690
0.810 0.491 Accept
11,690 – 23,381
23,831 – 81,832
81,832 – 233,806
3. Seeking Spiritual
Support
Less than 11,690
0.715 0.545 Accept
11,690 – 23,381
23,831 – 81,832
81,832 – 233,806
4. Mobilizing Family to
Acquire and Accept
Help
Less than 11,690
1.323 0.271 Accept
11,690 – 23,381
23,831 – 81,832
81,832 – 233,806
5. Passive Appraisal
Less than 11,690
2.581 0.057 Accept
11,690 – 23,381
23,831 – 81,832
81,832 – 233,806
OVERALL
Less than 11,690
0.828 0.481 Accept
11,690 – 23,381
23,831 – 81,832
81,832 – 233,806
Note: > .05 Accept HO (Not Significant) <.05 Reject HO (Significant)
30. and Passive appraisal and their corresponding F statistics value derived through One-
Way ANOVA. The first set of values refers to Ho3, which tells us that there is no
significant difference in Coping Strategies Based on Income.
There was no statistically overall significant difference between groups as
determined (F(3,114) = 8.828 for parental distress with a p-value of 0.481.
Having an ADHD child is associated with increased parental stress. To maintain a healthy
living, a study by Perez et al. (2018) states that individuals employ coping mechanisms
to alter either the stressor or their perception of the stressful situation. Without adequate
coping resources, the stress of raising an ADHD child can have a detrimental effect on
the parent's mental health. Individual characteristics have been proposed as critical
resources for coping, decision-making, and other aspects of parenting practices (Abidin,
1992 cited in Perez et al., 2018). A person's personality characteristics affect the coping
mechanisms he or she employs. In line with Miranda et al. (2021) study, more than 50%
of mothers report a decreased ability to enjoy life as they face the challenges associated
with raising a child with ADHD. From another angle by Papadopoulos (2021), solid
protective factors against maternal stress include the use of both formal and informal
sources of social support, such as professional guidance, groups of friends, extended
family members, groups of parents experiencing similar concerns, and online
communities.
Again, the results of the study showed that there is no significant difference
between coping strategies of mothers based on income. The researcher believes that
31. mothers seek social support, use reframing, seek spiritual support, mobilize their family
to acquire and accept help, and go through passive appraisal. That just means that across
income levels, all mothers seek the help of their peers and friends. They also seek the
help through prayer and may also seek spiritual support through the help of priests and
pastors. Mothers aim for their children with ADHD to be understood, especially at home.
No matter what their income level is, the goal of mothers is for their child with
ADHD to be understood and to be helped. Because they want to pursue every possible
option to help their son or daughter, these coping strategies are used by mothers whose
children have ADHD.
Parental Stress and Educational Attainment
Table 13
Difference Between the Level of Parental Stress Based on the Highest Educational
Attainment
Type of Parental
Stress
Highest
Educational
Attainment Group
F-Value
Sig.
Value
Decision
on Ho2
1. Parental
Distress
High School
Graduate
4.699 0.011 Reject
College Graduate
Post-Graduate
2. Parental Child
Dysfunction
High School
Graduate
10.101 0.000 Reject
College Graduate
Post-Graduate
3. Difficult Child
High School
Graduate
3.214 0.044 Reject
College Graduate
Post-Graduate
OVERALL
High School
Graduate 7.359 0.001 Reject
College Graduate
32. Table 13 shows the significant different variables, such as Parental Distress,
Parental Child Dysfunction, and Difficult Child and their corresponding F statistics value
derived through One-Way ANOVA. The first set of values refer to Ho2, which tells us
that there is no significant difference in the level of stress of the mothers with a child
with ADHD based on the highest educational attainment.
There was a statistically significant difference between groups as determined
(F(2,114) = 4.699 for parental distress with a p-value of 0.011, parental child dysfunction
F(2,114) = 10.101 with a p-value of 0.000, difficult child F(2,114) = 3.214 with a p-value
of 0.044 that is (<0.05).
Based on the overall difference of the result of 114 respondents' perception of
parental stress based on highest educational attainment, it indicates that there is a
statistically significant difference (F(2,114) = 7.359 with a p-value of 0.001.
In line with the study of Parks (2018), low-educated mothers have fewer social
networks and feel more barriers to professional assistance; it seems reasonable that
low-educated mothers proved to be lacking in a variety of informal support systems and
were associated with smaller and less effective networks. At the same time, high-
educated mothers face unique obstacles due to their increased childcare needs while at
work. Despite having a more extensive and better-quality network, stress among high-
educated moms was related to less readily accessible informal support. In interviewing
the mothers, three points were agreed upon: "Having a child leaves little time and
Post-Graduate
Note: > .05 Accept HO (Not Significant) <.05 Reject HO (Significant
33. flexibility in my life," "Having a child leaves little time and flexibility in my life," and
"Having a child leaves little time and flexibility in my life." "Because of my child,
balancing different responsibilities is difficult." "Having a child has limited my options
and given me too little control over my life." In addition to Parks (2015), even when
maternal characteristics were corrected, they were linked to parenting stress. Stress
levels were higher in mothers with high and low education levels (Miranda et al., 2019).
It is also worth noting that the mediators of higher parental stress among less-educated
mothers were frequently critical paths to decrease stress levels.
Overall, these findings are in accordance with findings reported by Zaidman-Zait
et al. (2018), which highlights the importance of parental disengagement and a lack of
social resources for children with ADHD in their social development.
For the researcher, this means that mothers with a higher educational attainment
expect to stay at the office longer than mothers without college or postgraduate degrees.
These mothers represent special cases. Since they expect to stay at the office longer,
they also expect to spend less time with their children. This may cause tension between
children and mothers, as well as their other family members.
As for mothers without college and postgraduate degrees, they are more
dedicated as mothers to their children. With resources like the internet, these can serve
as support systems and a source of psychoeducation for these mothers. What may cause
these mothers stress is that these mothers cannot afford to send their children to special
schools. They may not afford appointments with psychologists and psychiatrists. They
may also have difficulties in obtaining psychological tests for their children with ADHD
because of the costs.
34. Table 13.1
Post-Hoc (Least Significant Difference) comparison between the level of parental
stress with a child with ADHD in terms of Highest Educational Attainment
Parental Stress
Income Group Mean
Difference
(I-J)
Sig.
Value
Interpretation
(I) (J)
Parental
Distress
High School
Graduate
College
Graduate
-0.26583 0.086
Not
Significant
Post-Graduate
Degree -.67908* 0.003 Significant
College
Graduate
High School
Graduate
0.26583 0.086
Not
Significant
Post-Graduate
Degree -.41325* 0.043 Significant
Post-
Graduate
High School
Graduate
.67908* 0.003 Significant
College
Graduate
.41325* 0.043 Significant
Parent-Child
Dysfunction
High School
Graduate
College
Graduate
-0.31349 0.075
Not
Significant
Post-Graduate
Degree -1.13357* 0.000 Significant
College
Graduate
High School
Graduate
0.31349 0.075
Not
Significant
Post-Graduate
Degree -.82008* 0.001
Not
Significant
Post-
Graduate
High School
Graduate
1.13357* 0.000 Significant
College
Graduate .82008* 0.001
Not
Significant
35. Table 13.1 shows the post hoc analysis using Least Significant Difference (LSD)
on Parental Stress according to Highest Educational Attainment. It is illustrated that based
on “Parental Distress” among educational attainment group of “High School Graduate v.
Post-Graduate” comparison indicates that there was a statistically significant
difference with a sig. value of (0.003), “College Graduate v. Post-Graduate” comparison
indicates that there was a statistically significant difference with a sig. value of
(0.043), “Post-Graduate v. High School Graduate and College Graduate” comparison
indicates that there was a statistically significant difference with a sig. value of
(0.003,0.043). Based on “Parent-Child Dysfunction” among educational attainment group
of “High School Graduate v. Post-Graduate” comparison indicates that there was a
statistically significant difference with a sig. value of (0.000), “College Graduate v.
Post-Graduate” comparison indicates that there was a statistically significant
difference with a sig. value of (0.001), “Post-Graduate v. High School Graduate and
College Graduate” comparison indicates that there was a statistically significant
difference with a sig. value of (0.000,0.001), and based on “Difficult Child” among
educational attainment group of “High School Graduate v. Post-Graduate” comparison
indicates that there was a statistically significant difference with a sig. value of
(0.021), “College Graduate v. Post-Graduate” comparison indicates that there was a
statistically significant difference with a sig. value of (0.018), “Post-Graduate v. High
School Graduate and College Graduate” comparison indicates that there was a
statistically significant difference with a sig. value of (0.021,0.018). The output of LSD
36. indicates that the mentioned above among highest educational attainment groups mean
difference score have statistical significance from each other with less than 0.05 level.
This only indicates that the test of significant difference among the educational
attainment group of (Post-Graduates) was significantly evident with (High School and
College Graduate) with a rating of F(2,114) = 4.669, p = 0.003, 0.043 for parental distress,
(Post-Graduates) was significantly evident with (High School and College Graduate) with
a rating of F(2,114) = 10.101, p = 0.000, 0.001 for parental child dysfunction, and (Post-
Graduates) was significantly evident with (High School and College Graduate) with a
rating of F(2,114) = 3.214, p = 0.021, 0.018 for difficult child. The result presumably we
can say that educational attainment has a difference in handling parental stress as their
strategies having a child with ADHD. Parenting's daily demands can be stressful,
overflowing with joy and happiness, as well as irritability and frustration. Parents who live
in high-stress environments are more susceptible to the adverse effects of parenting
stress, especially on their parenting practices (Cronin et al., 2015). The more stress
parents experienced due to financial setbacks, the more likely their children had
internalizing problems such as anxiety or depression. Interestingly, this same study
discovered that the more negative economic events parents endured, the more
externalizing problems such as aggression their children displayed (Puff & Renk, 2014 as
cited in Cronin, 2015).
The researcher surmises that homes where income and expenses are significant
concerns are high-stress environments, leading to more problems and stressors for
mothers who take care of children with ADHD. Utility bills, tuition fees, expenses for food
37. and supplies, and expenses for school make up a Filipino family’s list of everyday
expenditures. As mentioned by the researcher in the discussion, mothers will definitely
face more stress when they are not able to pay for these day-to-day expenditures.
Yet mothers who have more to spend are not exempted from facing daily
challenges when it comes to taking care of their children with ADHD. Children with ADHD
can have problems in school when it comes to academics and their relationships with
other children. Mothers can face frustrations when seeing the lack of progress with their
child when it comes to their child’s behavior, in their child’s academic advancement, and
in their child’s social skills.
Coping Strategies and Educational Attainment
Table 14
Difference between the level of coping strategies in terms of Highest Educational
Attainment
Types of Coping
Strategies
Highest Educational
Attainment Group
F-
Value
Sig.
Value
Decision
on Ho3
1. Acquiring
Social Support
High School Graduate
0.279 0.757 Accept
College Graduate
Post-Graduate
2. Reframing
High School Graduate
0.239 0.788 Accept
College Graduate
Post-Graduate
3. Seeking
Spiritual
Support
High School Graduate
0.134 0.875 Accept
College Graduate
Post-Graduate
4. Mobilizing
Family to
Acquire and
Accept Help
High School Graduate
0.019 0.981 Accept
College Graduate
Post-Graduate
5. Passive
Appraisal
High School Graduate
2.317 0.103 Accept
College Graduate
Post-Graduate
38. Note: > .05 Accept HO (Not Significant) <.05 Reject HO (Significant)
Table 14 shows the significant difference between Parental Stress according to
Income. There was no statistically overall significant difference between groups as
determined (F(2,114) = 0.201 for parental distress with a p-value of 0.818.
Mothers' everyday obligations can alternately be filled with joy and delight, as well as
aggravation and irritation. Challenging moments for parents of young children can occur
around bedtime and mealtimes, and can include a variety of actions and sentiments. In
line with the study of by Cronin, et al., (2015), economic hardship was connected to
harsher discipline, regardless of parental educational attainment. The impact of parents'
education and parenting stress on intellectually impaired children is demonstrated in this
study; the higher education group has less stress. The logical reason could be that when
parents become more educated, they become more conscious of their children's wants
and issues and are better equipped to cope with the current situation's expectations and
know how to manage them. Consistent with Kumar’s (2008) study, the level of education
has a substantial impact on psychological stress, with the higher the level of education
resulting in lower levels of stress; in addition, there were no statistically significant
variations in educational level and stress experienced by mothers of children with ADHD.
For mothers who may not have the finances to support their children, this results
in much stress. They may have limitations when it comes to understanding their child’s
condition and consequently, their child. They may have the time for their children, but they
might not have a guide on how to deal with their children. On the other hand, for mothers
OVERALL
High School Graduate
0.201 0.818 Accept
College Graduate
Post-Graduate
39. who have the finances to support their children, it would be difficult to balance their
careers and their time with their children. Both their careers and the condition of their
children are time-consuming. This just means that mothers—from high school graduates,
to college graduates, and postgraduate degree holders—are still directly affected by their
child’s condition as well as challenges that come with the state of their finances.
Parental Stress and Number of Children
Table 15
Difference between the level of parental stress with a child with ADHD in terms of
Number of Children
Table 15 shows the significant difference between Parental Stress according to
Number of Children. There was no statistically significant difference between groups.
Based on the overall difference in the result of 114 respondents' perception of
parental stress based on the number of children, it indicates that there is no statistically
significant difference (F(1,114) = 0.039 with a p-value of 0.844.
In the results from the study of Leitch et al. (2019), parents described the difficulties
they faced when dealing with their children's intense, extreme, and frequent outbursts.
When parents discussed these outbursts, they used highly expressive language such as
Types of Parental
Stress
Number of Children Group
F
Value
Sig.
Value
Decision
on Ho2
1. Parental
Distress
One Child
0.028 0.866 Accept
Two or More Child
2. Parental Child
Dysfunction
One Child
0.078 0.781 Accept
Two or More Child
3. Difficult Child
One Child
0.109 0.742 Accept
Two or More Child
OVERALL
One Child
0.039 0.844 Accept
Two or More Child
Note: > .05 Accept HO (Not Significant) <.05 Reject HO (Significant)
40. "ADHD rampage" and "when he has a meltdown, it's like a volcano going off." Another
informant emphasized the reciprocal nature of parent-child emotions and behaviors,
stating that this behavior was challenging to manage when the parent was stressed or
rushed, for example, due to work.
The results tie well with the previous study of Ali et al. (2020), where it is noted that the
mothers' children's hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention, emotional problems, and peer
problems or rejection result from their children's behaviors. Raising a normal child is
difficult, and raising a child with ADHD is even more difficult for parents, particularly
mothers, because mothers are typically the primary caregivers, on top of their other
responsibilities, which can result in feelings of frustration, stress, and depression. For
parents who have two or more children, having a child with ADHD can cause arguments
because the child with ADHD affects other children in the family. Having a child with
ADHD may cause arguments between the married couple; the couple may blame each
other for having two or more children, thinking that it would be easier to raise one child in
the family.
Whereas married couples may struggle accepting their children or the condition
of their child with ADHD, married couples who have one child may still encounter their
own problems. Mothers expect to raise ‘normal’ children and also expect the set of
problems and issues that come with raising these types of children, not children with
ADHD who come with a host of their own issues. Again, a child’s behavior, difficulties in
school and socializing, and symptoms of ADHD may be too much for mothers who have
one child in the family.
41. Coping Strategies and Number of Children
Table 16
Difference between the level of coping strategies Based on Number of Children
Table 16 shows the significant difference between Coping Strategies according to
Number of Children. There was a statistically significant difference between groups as
determined (F(3,114) = 5.667 for reframing with a p-value of 0.020 and (F(3,114) = 5.667
for seeking spiritual support with a p-value of 0.007.
Based on the overall difference in the result of 114 respondents' perception of
coping strategies based on the number of children, it indicates that there is no statistically
significant difference (F(3,114) = 2.885 with a p-value of 0.092.
Types of
Coping
Strategies
Number of Children
Group
F-
Value
Sig.
Value
Decision
on Ho3
1. Acquiring
Social
Support
One Child
0.620 0.433 Accept
Two or More Child
2. Reframing
One Child
5.562 0.020 Reject
Two or More Child
3. Seeking
Spiritual
Support
One Child
7.661 0.007 Reject
Two or More Child
4. Mobilizing
Family to
Acquire and
Accept Help
One Child
3.672 0.058 Accept
Two or More Child
5. Passive
Appraisal
One Child
1.387 0.241 Accept
Two or More Child
OVERALL
One Child
2.885 .092 Accept
Two or More Child
Note: > .05 Accept HO (Not Significant) <.05 Reject HO (Significant)
42. The number of children affects the parents' coping mechanism because it places an
enormous amount of stress on the parent when required to provide parenting
responsibilities to a more significant number of children while also meeting their child's
needs with exceptionality. Parents with more children had more difficulty managing their
finances than parents with fewer children (Schumacher Dyke, 2010 cited in Durban et al.,
2012). The critical nature of creativity in securing funding and resources to care for their
child with developmental delay. According to the same study, families sought assistance
from national disability advocacy organizations, which suggested sensitive and practical
ways to assist them. A similar conclusion of having two or more children makes it more
difficult to seek alternative sources of income, especially if the children's ages require
devoted attention. As a result, mothers' role in developing a child with ADHD is critical
because it determines how they cope with their experiences to maintain social support in
the family.
For mothers who seek spiritual support or guidance, this coping strategy appears
to be their only hope. If mothers have tried every other means to help their child without
the results, then the mother has no choice but to seek the Lord’s help and to accept that
the child does have this condition. For mothers, they seek the Lord’s guidance because
the only other option is to remain angry and resentful because of what is happening to
their child.
As for Reframing, this shows the mother’s resilience and strength when it comes
to handling extremely stressful situations. This also goes to show that mothers inherently
regulate their emotions to make stressful events more manageable. This speaks volumes
43. about mothers’ capability to control their emotions and their own strength in the face of
adversity.