There are several different methods of data gathering in research. H.pdf
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There are several different methods of data gathering in research. Here are some common approaches: 1-Surveys/Questionnaires: Surveys involve collecting data through a series of questions that can be administered in written or electronic formats. They are useful for gathering large amounts of quantitative data from a large number of participants. 2-Interviews: Interviews involve direct conversations between the researcher and the participant(s). They can be structured (with predetermined questions) or unstructured (allowing for open-ended responses). Interviews provide qualitative data and allow for in-depth exploration of topics. 3-Observations: Observational methods involve systematically watching and recording behavior, events, or phenomena in their natural setting. Observations can be conducted in a participant's natural environment (naturalistic observation) or in a controlled setting (laboratory observation). 4-Experiments: Experiments involve manipulating variables under controlled conditions to observe their effects. They typically involve the use of control groups and random assignment to ensure validity and minimize bias. Experiments are commonly used to establish cause-and-effect relationships. 5-Existing Data: Researchers may gather data by utilizing existing sources such as databases, records, archives, or publicly available information. This approach is known as secondary data analysis. 6-Focus Groups: Focus groups involve a small group of individuals who discuss specific topics or issues guided by a researcher. It allows for group dynamics and interactions to generate insights and perspectives. 7-Case Studies: Case studies involve in-depth investigations of individuals, groups, or events. They often use multiple data sources (e.g., interviews, observations, documents) to provide a comprehensive understanding of a particular case. These are just a few examples of data gathering methods in research, and the choice of method depends on the research objectives, research questions, available resources, and the nature of the phenomenon being studied. Explain the data gathering method of your research..
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This document discusses approaches to qualitative inquiry and sampling methods in qualitative research. It describes five common approaches to qualitative inquiry: ethnography, grounded theory, case study, phenomenology, and historical approach. It then discusses the concepts of population, sampling, and different sampling strategies used in qualitative research, including extreme/deviant case sampling, intensity sampling, maximum variation sampling, homogeneous sampling, typical case sampling, critical case sampling, snowball sampling, criterion sampling, theoretical sampling, confirming/disconfirming sampling, stratified purposeful sampling, opportunistic sampling, purposeful random sampling, convenience sampling, and mixed purposeful sampling. The goal of sampling in qualitative research is an in-depth understanding of phenomena rather than generalization.
Descriptive
The descriptive method is used to gather information about existing conditions and explore phenomena. It involves collecting data through methods like interviews, surveys, observation, and analysis of documents and records to describe situations and answer questions about current status. While it provides expansive data useful for understanding problems, limitations include lack of depth in large surveys and inability to determine causation. Researchers must take care to avoid misusing the method and ensure results are reliable and trustworthy.
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The descriptive method is used to gather information about existing conditions and explore causes of phenomena. It involves collecting data to test hypotheses or answer questions about the current status of what is being studied. Information can be obtained through personal interviews, surveys, observation, use of measurement devices, case studies, surveys, developmental studies, longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies, and documentary analysis. While the descriptive method provides useful information, it has limitations including lack of breadth, difficulty generalizing findings, and potential for bias. Researchers must take care to properly employ the method and avoid simply information gathering rather than true research.
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This document outlines the basic steps in research: 1) formulating the problem, 2) conducting exploratory studies to define the problem, 3) designing the research project including determining data needs, sources, and collection methods, 4) collecting data through various methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires, and records, 5) processing and analyzing the data both statistically and through inference, and 6) interpreting the results. The overall aim of research is to discover new facts and revise conclusions to further knowledge.
Qualitative research design
Qualitative research focuses on data that cannot be expressed numerically and aims to develop new concepts through description and interpretation. There are several types of qualitative research including ethnography, grounded theory, and interpretative phenomenological analysis. Data collection methods involve interviews, focus groups, observation, and reviewing documents. Qualitative analysis involves interpreting responses to uncover implied meanings and identify important themes through constant comparison of data. Constant comparison involves open coding, progressive focusing, and summarizing interpretations. Keeping organized records is also important for qualitative analysis.
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The document provides an overview of the case study method as a qualitative research strategy. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of a single social unit such as an individual, group, or community. The summary is:
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The search for knowledge is closely linked to the object of study; that is, to the reconstruction of the facts that will provide an explanation to an observed event and that at first sight can be considered as a problem. It is very human to seek answers and satisfy our curiosity. Let’s talk about research.
Research is the careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”
Inductive methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.
Research is conducted with a purpose to:
Identify potential and new customers
Understand existing customers
Set pragmatic goals
Develop productive market strategies
Address business challenges
Put together a business expansion plan
Identify new business opportunities
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Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.
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It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.
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Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation
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2) Conducting a literature review to understand previous work.
3) Formulating hypotheses to guide the research.
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Observational Research: Observational research involves observing and documenting behaviors, events, or phenomena without intervening or manipulating variables. It can be conducted in natural or controlled settings and may involve direct or indirect observation.
Survey Research: Survey research involves collecting data from a sample of individuals using questionnaires or interviews. It aims to gather information about attitudes, opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a target population.
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What is Research
The search for knowledge is closely linked to the object of study; that is, to the reconstruction of the facts that will provide an explanation to an observed event and that at first sight can be considered as a problem. It is very human to seek answers and satisfy our curiosity. Let’s talk about research.
Research is the careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”
Inductive methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.
Research is conducted with a purpose to:
Identify potential and new customers
Understand existing customers
Set pragmatic goals
Develop productive market strategies
Address business challenges
Put together a business expansion plan
Identify new business opportunities
What are the characteristics of research?
Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.
It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.
It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.
What is the purpose of research?
There are three main purposes:
Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation
Theoretical Research
Theoretical research, also referred to as pure or basic research, focuses on generating knowledge, regardless of its practical application. Here, data collection is used to generate new general concepts for a better understanding of a particular field or to answer a theoretical research question.
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Research methodology
The document discusses research methods and processes. It defines research as a systematic, controlled, empirical investigation to discover facts and test hypotheses. The key steps in research include:
1) Identifying a research problem or question.
2) Conducting a literature review to understand previous work.
3) Formulating hypotheses to guide the research.
4) Developing a research design that specifies procedures like sampling, data collection and analysis.
5) Collecting both primary and secondary data according to the research design.
6) Analyzing the data and drawing conclusions about the hypotheses.
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Research is a systematic investigation or inquiry conducted to discover new knowledge, validate existing knowledge, or address specific questions or problems. It involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to gain insights and draw conclusions. There are various types of research, each with its own objectives, methodologies, and applications. Here are some common types of research:
Experimental Research: Experimental research involves manipulating variables in a controlled environment to determine cause-and-effect relationships. It typically includes a control group and one or more experimental groups and often uses random assignment.
Observational Research: Observational research involves observing and documenting behaviors, events, or phenomena without intervening or manipulating variables. It can be conducted in natural or controlled settings and may involve direct or indirect observation.
Survey Research: Survey research involves collecting data from a sample of individuals using questionnaires or interviews. It aims to gather information about attitudes, opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a target population.
Qualitative Research: Qualitative research focuses on understanding the meaning, experiences, and perspectives of individuals or groups. It involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data, such as interviews, observations, or textual analysis, to uncover themes and patterns.
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This document provides an overview of research planning and report writing, specifically focusing on research methodology. It defines key terms like research and describes the various types of research such as pure research, applied research, descriptive research, and correlative research. It also outlines important steps in the research process like defining the problem, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reaching conclusions. Additionally, it discusses different research methods like library research, field research, and laboratory research. Finally, it covers important topics like the characteristics of good research, methods of data collection, and the qualities of an effective researcher.
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This document discusses research design and methodology. It describes three types of research design: descriptive research design which aims to describe variables, experimental research design which establishes cause and effect using scientific methods, and historical research design which establishes facts from the past. It also discusses sampling, developing sampling plans, probability and non-probability sampling, instruments, validity, reliability, sources of data collection, and methods of data collection including interviews, questionnaires, observations, tests, and secondary data.
Nusrat Azeema
This document discusses research methods and the scientific research process. It defines research as the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions. The scientific method involves identifying a problem, reviewing literature, clarifying the problem, defining terms, identifying a population, developing an instrumentation plan, collecting and analyzing data. There are two main approaches to research - inductive, which involves collecting data and developing a theory, and deductive, which starts with a theory and tests it with data. Research can be qualitative, involving small sample sizes, or quantitative, involving large sample surveys. Descriptive research aims to depict participants accurately.
Case studyS
This document provides an overview of case studies, including:
- A case study involves the collection of detailed information about a particular situation from a participant or small group.
- Case studies can focus on individuals, communities, social groups, organizations, or events.
- There are four main types of case studies: evaluative, educational, ethnographic, and action research.
- Case studies are useful for learning as they allow participants to engage actively, develop analytical skills, and consider different outcomes. However, the data from a single case study may not be generalizable to the wider population.
Introduction of basics of Research Methodology
The document discusses research methodology. It defines research as a systematic effort to gain new knowledge through objective and scientific methods. It describes the characteristics of research as being systematic, following the scientific method, aimed at finding answers and solutions through objective and logical processes. The document also outlines different types of research such as pure vs applied research and quantitative vs qualitative research. It discusses key aspects of research methodology including various research approaches, designs, techniques for data collection and analysis.
Case Study Basics
- Case study is one of the most widely used qualitative research approaches and involves an in-depth study of a phenomenon within its real-world context.
- There is no set design for case studies as the design depends on the specific case and research problem being examined. Key elements of case study research include defining the case, collecting multiple types of data over an extended period of time, and representing both insider and outsider perspectives.
- Case studies aim to provide rich descriptions of phenomena and develop explanations for observations. Sound case studies demonstrate thorough data collection and use valid and reliable research methods.
Data Collection And Analysis
This document discusses different sources and methods of data collection. It begins by defining data and data collection. There are three main sources of data: primary sources which are original data collected for the purpose, secondary sources which are previously collected data being reused, and tertiary sources which present summaries of primary and secondary sources. Common methods of collecting primary data include observation, surveys, interviews, case studies, and field investigations. The document also discusses different sampling techniques used in data collection, distinguishing between probability sampling methods like simple random sampling which give all subjects an equal chance of being selected, and non-probability sampling.
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