This document summarizes several theorists' concepts related to narrative structure and analysis: - Roland Barthes identified 5 codes that provide meaning in narratives: the semantic, hermeneutic, cultural, symbolic, and proairetic codes. - Tzvetan Todorov believed there are 5 stages to narrative structure: equilibrium, disruption, recognition of disorder, attempt to repair damage, and return to a new equilibrium. - Vladimir Propp analyzed Russian folktales and identified 8 common character types and 31 potential "narrative functions" that move the plot forward. - Claude Levi-Strauss viewed the individual narrative as an imaginary resolution to real-life contradictions.

2. The Semantic Code (SEM) The Hermeneutic code (HER) Roland Barthes - 5 Codes The Cultural Code (REF) The Symbolic Code (SYM) The Proairetic Code (ACT)

3. The Semantic Code (SEM) The Semantic code refers to connotation within the story that gives additional meaning over the basic denotative meaning of the word.

4. The Hermeneutic code (HER) The Hermeneutic Code refers to any element of the story that is not fully explained and hence becomes a mystery to the reader.

5. The Cultural Code (REF) The Cultural code refers to anything that is founded on some kind of canonical works that cannot be challenged and is assumed to be a foundation for truth.

6. The Proairetic Code (ACT) The Proairetic Code builds tension, referring to any other action or event that indicates something else is going to happen which gets the reader guessing to what will happen next.

7. The Symbolic Code (SYM) The Symbolic code is very similar to the Semantic Code, but acts at a wider level, organizing semantic meanings into broader and deeper sets of meaning.

9. A disruption to that order (by an event)

10. A recognition that the disorder has occurred.

11. An attempt to repair the damage.

13. The villain,

14. The donor,

15. The dispatcher,

16. The false hero,

17. The helper,

19. 18. Villain is defeated 19. Initial misfortune or lack is resolved 20. Hero returns 21. Hero is pursued 22. Hero is rescued from pursuit 23. Hero unrecognised, arrives home or in another country 24. False hero presents unfounded claims 25. Difficult task proposed to the hero 26. Task is resolved 27. Hero is recognised 28. False hero or villain is exposed 29. Hero is given a new appearance 30. Villain is punished 31.Hero marries and ascends the throne

20. laude Lévi-Strauss was born in Belgium on 28 November 1908 to French parents. He undertook a law degree at the University of Paris. Claude Levi-Strauss Levi-Straus believed that the individual narrative structure could be grasped as the imaginary resolution to real contradiction.