This document discusses varying critical success factors of national e-strategies based on a country's level of economic development. It reviews literature on critical success factors (CSFs) of national e-strategies and identifies 15 potential CSFs. Through a Delphi survey with experts from developed, developing, and underdeveloped countries, the study aims to investigate whether CSFs should be prioritized differently according to a country's economic scale. The results could help differentiate core CSFs from general factors and allow for selective application of CSFs based on a country's strategic priorities and environment.
This document provides information on Mongolia's progress in implementing the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. It finds that Mongolia has registered mixed progress, meeting two of thirteen targets but seeing marginal or no progress on most others. Net official development assistance to Mongolia totaled $417 million in 2009. While Mongolia has strengthened some capacities through coordinated support, alignment of aid to national priorities and predictability of aid have seen setbacks. Harmonization indicators are also below targets. The role of both donors and the Mongolian government in increasing effectiveness is discussed.
IKE - Index of Knowledge Economy and Maturity ModelMohamed Bouanane
This document discusses the development of a composite index called the Index of Knowledge Economy (IKE) to measure knowledge economy maturity across countries. It proposes a framework with four factors - fundamental, effectiveness, efficiency, and innovation - that capture different aspects of a knowledge economy. Countries are ranked into five stages of maturity. The index methodology aggregates over 20 indicators and 168 variables to calculate sub-index scores in each factor, with the weights on factors varying by maturity stage. The overall index score is the weighted sum of sub-index scores. An appendix shows example rankings of countries by their IKE scores and maturity stages in 2010.
The document proposes using data envelopment analysis (DEA) to measure countries' progress toward achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). DEA can evaluate countries' performance on multiple goals simultaneously based on their effective use of resources. It would provide a single score representing each country's multidimensional development. This framework could help identify policy priorities and allocate aid more efficiently to support countries in meeting SDG targets. It would also allow monitoring of development trends over time to help work towards a more sustainable future.
This document provides an overview of open data policies and practices in 13 Asian countries. It analyzes each country's knowledge economy indicators, internet penetration rates, and open data readiness based on dimensions like leadership, political frameworks, data availability, and ecosystem development. Overall development levels vary widely in the region, from highly developed countries like Japan to less developed countries such as Cambodia and Myanmar.
Framework for a set of e-Government Core IndicatorsDr Lendy Spires
This document provides a framework for a set of e-government core indicators. It discusses the need to measure e-government in order to assess its status and inform policy. E-government is defined as using ICT to improve both the delivery of government services and the efficiency of government operations. The document outlines the work of the Task Group on e-Government in developing these indicators. It discusses challenges in measuring e-government and reviews current approaches. The framework aims to support countries in collecting internationally comparable data on key e-government indicators.
Summary of findings - e-agriculture strategies in the ACPNawsheen Hosenally
This document summarizes the findings of a study on e-Agriculture policies and strategies in selected ACP and non-ACP countries. The study found that while a few countries like Ghana, Ivory Coast, Rwanda, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Bolivia have initiated e-Agriculture strategies or policies, most ACP countries have not developed or do not understand the need for such strategies. It identifies challenges around stakeholder engagement, infrastructure, and capacity. The document recommends that CTA and partners create task forces, develop policy toolkits, provide awareness and capacity building support, and ensure local leadership and relevance to farmers to help more ACP countries develop effective national e-Agriculture policies
This report analyzes development cooperation and official development assistance provided to Moldova in 2013. It finds that:
- The volume of official development assistance contracted in 2013 was Euro 623.9 million for 193 projects, three times higher than 2012. The EU and EBRD/EIB provided the most funding.
- The amount of assistance disbursed in 2013 was around Euro 300 million, a 35% decrease from 2012 due to an absence of IMF funding.
- Assistance in 2013 accounted for 5% of GDP and 13.3% of government revenue, lower than 2012 levels.
- Moldova made progress on some global partnership indicators for development cooperation effectiveness but needs to further align assistance with national priorities and
Constructing A Knowledge Economy Composite Indicator With Imprecise Dataronicky
This document discusses constructing a composite indicator for measuring countries' performance in the knowledge-based economy using imprecise data. Some indicators only provide a range of possible values rather than a single value. The authors propose using multiple imputation to generate multiple completed datasets with imputed values for missing data. They then apply a "benefit of the doubt" method to create composite indicator values and confidence intervals based on the multiple imputed datasets in order to incorporate the uncertainty from imprecise data.
This document provides information on Mongolia's progress in implementing the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. It finds that Mongolia has registered mixed progress, meeting two of thirteen targets but seeing marginal or no progress on most others. Net official development assistance to Mongolia totaled $417 million in 2009. While Mongolia has strengthened some capacities through coordinated support, alignment of aid to national priorities and predictability of aid have seen setbacks. Harmonization indicators are also below targets. The role of both donors and the Mongolian government in increasing effectiveness is discussed.
IKE - Index of Knowledge Economy and Maturity ModelMohamed Bouanane
This document discusses the development of a composite index called the Index of Knowledge Economy (IKE) to measure knowledge economy maturity across countries. It proposes a framework with four factors - fundamental, effectiveness, efficiency, and innovation - that capture different aspects of a knowledge economy. Countries are ranked into five stages of maturity. The index methodology aggregates over 20 indicators and 168 variables to calculate sub-index scores in each factor, with the weights on factors varying by maturity stage. The overall index score is the weighted sum of sub-index scores. An appendix shows example rankings of countries by their IKE scores and maturity stages in 2010.
The document proposes using data envelopment analysis (DEA) to measure countries' progress toward achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). DEA can evaluate countries' performance on multiple goals simultaneously based on their effective use of resources. It would provide a single score representing each country's multidimensional development. This framework could help identify policy priorities and allocate aid more efficiently to support countries in meeting SDG targets. It would also allow monitoring of development trends over time to help work towards a more sustainable future.
This document provides an overview of open data policies and practices in 13 Asian countries. It analyzes each country's knowledge economy indicators, internet penetration rates, and open data readiness based on dimensions like leadership, political frameworks, data availability, and ecosystem development. Overall development levels vary widely in the region, from highly developed countries like Japan to less developed countries such as Cambodia and Myanmar.
Framework for a set of e-Government Core IndicatorsDr Lendy Spires
This document provides a framework for a set of e-government core indicators. It discusses the need to measure e-government in order to assess its status and inform policy. E-government is defined as using ICT to improve both the delivery of government services and the efficiency of government operations. The document outlines the work of the Task Group on e-Government in developing these indicators. It discusses challenges in measuring e-government and reviews current approaches. The framework aims to support countries in collecting internationally comparable data on key e-government indicators.
Summary of findings - e-agriculture strategies in the ACPNawsheen Hosenally
This document summarizes the findings of a study on e-Agriculture policies and strategies in selected ACP and non-ACP countries. The study found that while a few countries like Ghana, Ivory Coast, Rwanda, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Bolivia have initiated e-Agriculture strategies or policies, most ACP countries have not developed or do not understand the need for such strategies. It identifies challenges around stakeholder engagement, infrastructure, and capacity. The document recommends that CTA and partners create task forces, develop policy toolkits, provide awareness and capacity building support, and ensure local leadership and relevance to farmers to help more ACP countries develop effective national e-Agriculture policies
This report analyzes development cooperation and official development assistance provided to Moldova in 2013. It finds that:
- The volume of official development assistance contracted in 2013 was Euro 623.9 million for 193 projects, three times higher than 2012. The EU and EBRD/EIB provided the most funding.
- The amount of assistance disbursed in 2013 was around Euro 300 million, a 35% decrease from 2012 due to an absence of IMF funding.
- Assistance in 2013 accounted for 5% of GDP and 13.3% of government revenue, lower than 2012 levels.
- Moldova made progress on some global partnership indicators for development cooperation effectiveness but needs to further align assistance with national priorities and
Constructing A Knowledge Economy Composite Indicator With Imprecise Dataronicky
This document discusses constructing a composite indicator for measuring countries' performance in the knowledge-based economy using imprecise data. Some indicators only provide a range of possible values rather than a single value. The authors propose using multiple imputation to generate multiple completed datasets with imputed values for missing data. They then apply a "benefit of the doubt" method to create composite indicator values and confidence intervals based on the multiple imputed datasets in order to incorporate the uncertainty from imprecise data.
This paper analyzes the impact of China's "Rise of Central China Plan" (RCCP) regional development campaign between 2003-2011. It uses a difference-in-differences regression on data from 266 cities to estimate the treatment effect on cities that took up the policy. The analysis finds that investment incentives in RCCP marginally increased GDP growth in treated cities by 0.23% compared to control cities, suggesting the policy had a small positive effect on economic growth in central China. However, issues around endogeneity and threats to validity are noted.
OECD Study on Regional Development in Brazil / Claire Charbit Deputy Head of ...EUROsociAL II
The document summarizes an OECD study on regional development in Brazil presented by Claire Charbit, Deputy Head of the Regional Development Policy Division at the OECD. The summary includes:
1) Despite Brazil's high concentration of GDP and population in some regions, concentration has been decreasing over past decades, though disparities remain high compared to other countries.
2) While overall growth has been faster in resource-intensive regions, urban regions have grown more slowly than the OECD urban region average, indicating potential is not being fully tapped.
3) Key recommendations include developing a place-based approach to better complement social and sectoral policies, ensuring public funds reach lagging regions, and streamlining coordinating bodies
This document provides a summary of Grigol Modebadze's professional experience and qualifications. He has over 10 years of experience working in economic analysis, policy development, and academia in Georgia. His roles have included leading teams to improve Georgia's rankings in the World Bank's Doing Business report, conducting macroeconomic analysis and research for the World Bank and ISET, and teaching economics courses at universities in Georgia. He has strong skills in data analysis, economic modeling, report writing, and advising on policy and reform.
Leading a Transition to Knowledge-Based Society and Economy: The Case of Thai...Siripong Treetasanatavorn
Representative leadership on behalf of the people only rarely finds a greater shared imperative well-resonated at causes and causalities of the disruptive world than at today’s crossroads. Leading socio-economic transition that addresses a wide range of complex and oftentimes mutually-reinforcing challenges is painstakingly daunting but achievable once perceived as emerging opportunities to a brighter future for all. But value-creating potential driven by the power of technology and innovation shall never make sense of today’s changing world unless the economy and the society win greater shared forward-looking perspective on the purpose highground (see narrative of the Fourth Industrial Revolution). Such is indeed a prerequisite of the transition to knowledge-based economy, particularly on the premise of how science, technology and innovation lead such course with sense-making roles at today’s globalization, but also why socio-economic resilience is indispensable to every forward-looking choice of structural reform mission (see UNCTAD’s technology and innovation report 2021). Undoubtedly, successful transformation of knowledge-based economy and society is a global shared priority but it’s national leadership that this dialog essentially calls for.
This document summarizes previous research on the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth. Several studies have found that FDI positively correlates with growth only if the host country meets a minimum human capital threshold. This paper aims to build a theoretical framework incorporating this threshold and analyze potential policy actions. It reviews literature establishing the human capital threshold finding and discusses studies examining FDI's effects through technology spillovers and productivity/capital growth channels. The paper will develop a model based on Borensztein, De Greggario, and Lee's (1998) work and analyze how taxing foreign firms or subsidizing human capital formation could impact growth rates.
Presentation on "Multi level Governance of Regional Policy" made at the Seminar on "Innovations and challenges in the management of a regional policy, held in Bratislava, Slovak Republic, 22 February 2017? Presentation by Dorothée Allain-Dupré, Regional Development Policy Division, OECD.
More information: www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/innovations-and-challenges.htm
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa...StatsCommunications
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa, 12-14 November 2015, Durban, South Africa, More information at: www.oecd.org/statistics/measuring-economic-social-progress
"Regional Innovation Trends and Policy OptionsOECD Governance
Presentation on "Regional Innovation Trends and Policy Options" made at the Seminar on "Innovations and challenges in the management of a regional policy, held in Bratislava, Slovak Republic, 22 February 2017. Presentation by Joaquim Oliveira Martins, Regional Development Policy Division, OECD.
More information: www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/innovations-and-challenges.htm
Assessment of Local Governance and Development Performance in IndonesiaDr. Astia Dendi
This document summarizes the current models, challenges, and future perspectives of assessing local governance and development performance in Indonesia. It discusses Indonesia's decentralization efforts and development goals, outlines the structure and issues with its existing performance measurement system, and recommends strengthening political commitment, inter-agency collaboration, and capacity building to design a more effective and systematic approach.
This document outlines indicators of quality that can be used to evaluate research at both the university and individual researcher level. At the university level, macro bibliometric analysis looks at quantitative metrics like publication counts, citations, and collaboration rates. At the individual level, micro bibliometric analysis examines metrics for a single researcher such as their h-index, citation counts, publication counts, and more specialized author-level indicators. The document also discusses considerations for bibliometric indicators, including whether they properly measure quality or just what is easily quantified.
A research article Choice of a Strategy of Regional ICTmanagement. Cognitive ...IJMIT JOURNAL
This document describes a cognitive modeling methodology for choosing regional ICT management strategies. It proposes generating a cognitive map based on an established conceptual model of ICT's economic impact. The cognitive map models the non-linear relationships between key factors like a region's ICT development index and economic growth. It uses a rule-based cognitive map and linguistic scale to represent expert knowledge. The methodology allows modeling dynamic scenarios and searching for optimal strategies by analyzing the cognitive map. An example prototype cognitive model is presented as a demonstration of the methodology.
Choice of a Strategy of Regional ICT-management. Cognitive ParadigmIJMIT JOURNAL
This document describes a cognitive modeling methodology for choosing regional ICT management strategies. It proposes generating a cognitive map based on an established conceptual model of ICT's economic impact. The cognitive map models the non-linear relationships between key factors like a region's ICT development index and economic growth. It uses a linguistic scale to assess factor values and relationships. An inference mechanism then models dynamic scenario predictions and searches for optimal strategies by working "backward" from a desired future state. As an example, the methodology was applied to develop a "research prototype" cognitive model for regional ICT management strategy selection.
The OECD supports Habitat III and the New Urban Agenda through several policy agendas, including National Urban Policies, local leadership for inclusive growth in cities, urban governance, subnational finance and organisation, in addition to advancing global goals such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and COP21 through urban policies. For more information see www.oecd.org/gov/habitat-3-and-a-new-urban-agenda.htm
This document provides information about an upcoming lecture on EU regional policy, including the lecturer's contact details and office hours, intended learning outcomes, required readings, and the content and slides for the lecture. The lecture will cover current disparities in economic performance across the EU, arguments for and against an EU-wide regional policy, the objectives and instruments of the current EU regional policy, and evidence regarding its impact. Maps and charts are included to illustrate regional economic data.
The document discusses private sector engagement in triangular co-operation projects. Some key points:
- Over half of projects involving the private sector are multi-regional, mainly across Africa, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America. They often include different types of stakeholders like academia and non-profits.
- Projects focus on infrastructure like energy and water, as well as governance. Energy projects concentrate on expanding energy access in Africa.
- Most projects have budgets under $1 million and last 2-4 years, indicating triangular cooperation with the private sector is not overly costly or time-intensive.
Measuring e-Governance as an Innovation in the Public SectorFatih Özlü
This document discusses measuring e-governance innovation using the Innovation Management Measurement Framework (IMMF). The author analyzes several United Nations e-government surveys using IMMF constructs like inputs, knowledge management, and commercialization. The results show high correlation between knowledge management and innovation strategy constructs. There was also a high drop in the project management construct over time. The author recommends balancing criteria between technical and social aspects of e-governance and assessing member states' capabilities to empower citizens. Portfolio management should also receive more attention to improve efficiency.
The Sustainable Development Goals—officially known as "Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development"—are an intergovernmental set of 17 aspirational goals and 169 targets. Building post-2015 on the accomplishments of the Millennium Development Goals, but cognizant also of their shortcomings, they combine economic, environmental, and social goals that now apply to all countries. They were developed in a broad two-year consultation process during which civil society, citizens, academics, scientists, and the private sector of all countries had the opportunity to contribute.
The document provides an overview of India's economic performance and progress towards inclusiveness during the Eleventh Five Year Plan period from 2007-2012. Some key points:
- GDP growth averaged 8.2% during the Eleventh Plan, higher than the previous plan but slightly lower than the original 9% target. This growth led to increased government revenues.
- Poverty declined at a faster pace than before, by approximately 1 percentage point per year, though still short of the Eleventh Plan's 2 percentage point target. Real rural wages and access to programs promoting inclusiveness increased.
- Thirteen flagship programs were implemented with the goal of increasing rural/urban infrastructure and basic services to boost inclus
INFORMATIZATION LEVEL ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY IMPLICATIONSijmpict
This document discusses frameworks for assessing the level of informatization or digitalization within education systems and policies. It describes several existing frameworks, including the Networked Readiness Index and the Global Networked Readiness for Education project. It then introduces a new framework called the Education Informatization Index (EII) which is calculated using two subindexes - an Educational Policy Implementation subindex and an Educational Policy Creation subindex, comprised of a total of six individual indicators. Analysis of these indicators in Macedonia over a five-year period shows a slight decline in 2013 and 2016 compared to previous years, suggesting worsening implementation and commitment to educational policy regarding information and communication technologies.
This document summarizes a research paper that aims to develop an empirical assessment model to measure the impact of e-government services on the private sector. It begins by reviewing previous literature on e-government evaluation frameworks. It then proposes a new assessment model that combines the Technology Acceptance Model, DeLone and McLean's IS Success Model, and the e-Government Economics Project framework. The document describes the methodology, including a survey to private sector organizations. It presents preliminary results from analyzing 174 survey responses, including descriptive statistics of respondents. The goal is to help governments better understand how to maximize returns on e-government investments and their impact on the private sector.
11.assessing the role of public spending for sustainable growth empirical evi...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assesses the role of public spending in sustainable growth in Nigeria. The study uses an econometric model to examine the relationship between public investment and per capita GDP as a proxy for sustainable growth. It finds that increases in government expenditure have not contributed to sustainable growth in Nigeria. The study suggests Nigeria's government should adopt a "big push" strategy for public spending that focuses on infrastructure and human capital investment to enable long-term self-sustaining growth.
This paper analyzes the impact of China's "Rise of Central China Plan" (RCCP) regional development campaign between 2003-2011. It uses a difference-in-differences regression on data from 266 cities to estimate the treatment effect on cities that took up the policy. The analysis finds that investment incentives in RCCP marginally increased GDP growth in treated cities by 0.23% compared to control cities, suggesting the policy had a small positive effect on economic growth in central China. However, issues around endogeneity and threats to validity are noted.
OECD Study on Regional Development in Brazil / Claire Charbit Deputy Head of ...EUROsociAL II
The document summarizes an OECD study on regional development in Brazil presented by Claire Charbit, Deputy Head of the Regional Development Policy Division at the OECD. The summary includes:
1) Despite Brazil's high concentration of GDP and population in some regions, concentration has been decreasing over past decades, though disparities remain high compared to other countries.
2) While overall growth has been faster in resource-intensive regions, urban regions have grown more slowly than the OECD urban region average, indicating potential is not being fully tapped.
3) Key recommendations include developing a place-based approach to better complement social and sectoral policies, ensuring public funds reach lagging regions, and streamlining coordinating bodies
This document provides a summary of Grigol Modebadze's professional experience and qualifications. He has over 10 years of experience working in economic analysis, policy development, and academia in Georgia. His roles have included leading teams to improve Georgia's rankings in the World Bank's Doing Business report, conducting macroeconomic analysis and research for the World Bank and ISET, and teaching economics courses at universities in Georgia. He has strong skills in data analysis, economic modeling, report writing, and advising on policy and reform.
Leading a Transition to Knowledge-Based Society and Economy: The Case of Thai...Siripong Treetasanatavorn
Representative leadership on behalf of the people only rarely finds a greater shared imperative well-resonated at causes and causalities of the disruptive world than at today’s crossroads. Leading socio-economic transition that addresses a wide range of complex and oftentimes mutually-reinforcing challenges is painstakingly daunting but achievable once perceived as emerging opportunities to a brighter future for all. But value-creating potential driven by the power of technology and innovation shall never make sense of today’s changing world unless the economy and the society win greater shared forward-looking perspective on the purpose highground (see narrative of the Fourth Industrial Revolution). Such is indeed a prerequisite of the transition to knowledge-based economy, particularly on the premise of how science, technology and innovation lead such course with sense-making roles at today’s globalization, but also why socio-economic resilience is indispensable to every forward-looking choice of structural reform mission (see UNCTAD’s technology and innovation report 2021). Undoubtedly, successful transformation of knowledge-based economy and society is a global shared priority but it’s national leadership that this dialog essentially calls for.
This document summarizes previous research on the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth. Several studies have found that FDI positively correlates with growth only if the host country meets a minimum human capital threshold. This paper aims to build a theoretical framework incorporating this threshold and analyze potential policy actions. It reviews literature establishing the human capital threshold finding and discusses studies examining FDI's effects through technology spillovers and productivity/capital growth channels. The paper will develop a model based on Borensztein, De Greggario, and Lee's (1998) work and analyze how taxing foreign firms or subsidizing human capital formation could impact growth rates.
Presentation on "Multi level Governance of Regional Policy" made at the Seminar on "Innovations and challenges in the management of a regional policy, held in Bratislava, Slovak Republic, 22 February 2017? Presentation by Dorothée Allain-Dupré, Regional Development Policy Division, OECD.
More information: www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/innovations-and-challenges.htm
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa...StatsCommunications
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa, 12-14 November 2015, Durban, South Africa, More information at: www.oecd.org/statistics/measuring-economic-social-progress
"Regional Innovation Trends and Policy OptionsOECD Governance
Presentation on "Regional Innovation Trends and Policy Options" made at the Seminar on "Innovations and challenges in the management of a regional policy, held in Bratislava, Slovak Republic, 22 February 2017. Presentation by Joaquim Oliveira Martins, Regional Development Policy Division, OECD.
More information: www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/innovations-and-challenges.htm
Assessment of Local Governance and Development Performance in IndonesiaDr. Astia Dendi
This document summarizes the current models, challenges, and future perspectives of assessing local governance and development performance in Indonesia. It discusses Indonesia's decentralization efforts and development goals, outlines the structure and issues with its existing performance measurement system, and recommends strengthening political commitment, inter-agency collaboration, and capacity building to design a more effective and systematic approach.
This document outlines indicators of quality that can be used to evaluate research at both the university and individual researcher level. At the university level, macro bibliometric analysis looks at quantitative metrics like publication counts, citations, and collaboration rates. At the individual level, micro bibliometric analysis examines metrics for a single researcher such as their h-index, citation counts, publication counts, and more specialized author-level indicators. The document also discusses considerations for bibliometric indicators, including whether they properly measure quality or just what is easily quantified.
A research article Choice of a Strategy of Regional ICTmanagement. Cognitive ...IJMIT JOURNAL
This document describes a cognitive modeling methodology for choosing regional ICT management strategies. It proposes generating a cognitive map based on an established conceptual model of ICT's economic impact. The cognitive map models the non-linear relationships between key factors like a region's ICT development index and economic growth. It uses a rule-based cognitive map and linguistic scale to represent expert knowledge. The methodology allows modeling dynamic scenarios and searching for optimal strategies by analyzing the cognitive map. An example prototype cognitive model is presented as a demonstration of the methodology.
Choice of a Strategy of Regional ICT-management. Cognitive ParadigmIJMIT JOURNAL
This document describes a cognitive modeling methodology for choosing regional ICT management strategies. It proposes generating a cognitive map based on an established conceptual model of ICT's economic impact. The cognitive map models the non-linear relationships between key factors like a region's ICT development index and economic growth. It uses a linguistic scale to assess factor values and relationships. An inference mechanism then models dynamic scenario predictions and searches for optimal strategies by working "backward" from a desired future state. As an example, the methodology was applied to develop a "research prototype" cognitive model for regional ICT management strategy selection.
The OECD supports Habitat III and the New Urban Agenda through several policy agendas, including National Urban Policies, local leadership for inclusive growth in cities, urban governance, subnational finance and organisation, in addition to advancing global goals such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and COP21 through urban policies. For more information see www.oecd.org/gov/habitat-3-and-a-new-urban-agenda.htm
This document provides information about an upcoming lecture on EU regional policy, including the lecturer's contact details and office hours, intended learning outcomes, required readings, and the content and slides for the lecture. The lecture will cover current disparities in economic performance across the EU, arguments for and against an EU-wide regional policy, the objectives and instruments of the current EU regional policy, and evidence regarding its impact. Maps and charts are included to illustrate regional economic data.
The document discusses private sector engagement in triangular co-operation projects. Some key points:
- Over half of projects involving the private sector are multi-regional, mainly across Africa, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America. They often include different types of stakeholders like academia and non-profits.
- Projects focus on infrastructure like energy and water, as well as governance. Energy projects concentrate on expanding energy access in Africa.
- Most projects have budgets under $1 million and last 2-4 years, indicating triangular cooperation with the private sector is not overly costly or time-intensive.
Measuring e-Governance as an Innovation in the Public SectorFatih Özlü
This document discusses measuring e-governance innovation using the Innovation Management Measurement Framework (IMMF). The author analyzes several United Nations e-government surveys using IMMF constructs like inputs, knowledge management, and commercialization. The results show high correlation between knowledge management and innovation strategy constructs. There was also a high drop in the project management construct over time. The author recommends balancing criteria between technical and social aspects of e-governance and assessing member states' capabilities to empower citizens. Portfolio management should also receive more attention to improve efficiency.
The Sustainable Development Goals—officially known as "Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development"—are an intergovernmental set of 17 aspirational goals and 169 targets. Building post-2015 on the accomplishments of the Millennium Development Goals, but cognizant also of their shortcomings, they combine economic, environmental, and social goals that now apply to all countries. They were developed in a broad two-year consultation process during which civil society, citizens, academics, scientists, and the private sector of all countries had the opportunity to contribute.
The document provides an overview of India's economic performance and progress towards inclusiveness during the Eleventh Five Year Plan period from 2007-2012. Some key points:
- GDP growth averaged 8.2% during the Eleventh Plan, higher than the previous plan but slightly lower than the original 9% target. This growth led to increased government revenues.
- Poverty declined at a faster pace than before, by approximately 1 percentage point per year, though still short of the Eleventh Plan's 2 percentage point target. Real rural wages and access to programs promoting inclusiveness increased.
- Thirteen flagship programs were implemented with the goal of increasing rural/urban infrastructure and basic services to boost inclus
INFORMATIZATION LEVEL ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY IMPLICATIONSijmpict
This document discusses frameworks for assessing the level of informatization or digitalization within education systems and policies. It describes several existing frameworks, including the Networked Readiness Index and the Global Networked Readiness for Education project. It then introduces a new framework called the Education Informatization Index (EII) which is calculated using two subindexes - an Educational Policy Implementation subindex and an Educational Policy Creation subindex, comprised of a total of six individual indicators. Analysis of these indicators in Macedonia over a five-year period shows a slight decline in 2013 and 2016 compared to previous years, suggesting worsening implementation and commitment to educational policy regarding information and communication technologies.
This document summarizes a research paper that aims to develop an empirical assessment model to measure the impact of e-government services on the private sector. It begins by reviewing previous literature on e-government evaluation frameworks. It then proposes a new assessment model that combines the Technology Acceptance Model, DeLone and McLean's IS Success Model, and the e-Government Economics Project framework. The document describes the methodology, including a survey to private sector organizations. It presents preliminary results from analyzing 174 survey responses, including descriptive statistics of respondents. The goal is to help governments better understand how to maximize returns on e-government investments and their impact on the private sector.
11.assessing the role of public spending for sustainable growth empirical evi...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assesses the role of public spending in sustainable growth in Nigeria. The study uses an econometric model to examine the relationship between public investment and per capita GDP as a proxy for sustainable growth. It finds that increases in government expenditure have not contributed to sustainable growth in Nigeria. The study suggests Nigeria's government should adopt a "big push" strategy for public spending that focuses on infrastructure and human capital investment to enable long-term self-sustaining growth.
Assessing the role of public spending for sustainable growth empirical eviden...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assesses the role of public spending in Nigeria and its implications for sustainable economic growth. The study examines whether increases in government expenditure have contributed to sustainable growth in Nigeria. It employs regression analysis to analyze data on public investment, gross capital formation, savings, private domestic investment, and per capita GDP from 1975 to 2008. The study finds that increases in government expenditure have not led to sustainable growth in Nigeria. It suggests Nigeria's government should adopt a "big push" strategy for public spending that focuses on infrastructure and human capital development to set the country on a path of self-sustaining economic growth.
THE CRITICAL ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS OF E-GOVERNMENT IN KENYA Editor IJCATR
eGovernment focusses on the use of technology to achieve levels of improvement in various areas of government, transforming the nature of politics and relations between the government and citizens. However, in Kenya, just like in other developing nations, many eGovernment projects have either stalled or failed to meet their objectives due to some key organizational factors. This study therefore highlights critical organizational factors affecting eGovernment projects and the nature of their relationships with eGovernment performance. The study employed cross-sectional survey design. Targeting the entire 18 eGovernment projects implemented through the Information Communications Authority of Kenya since 2005. Both primary and secondary data was collected and analyzed based on response from 217 respondents out of the 300 who participated (72% response rate). At the end, it emerged that out of the various organizational factors hypothesized to predict eGovernment projects Performance, only organizational structure, prioritization of deliverables, and organizational culture are critical in Kenyan context. Others identified in previous studies such as future needs of the organization, power distribution, structure, information system strategy alignment, prioritization of deliverables, and training were also important but not critical.
THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL FACTORS WITHIN THE GOVERNMENT ENTITIES ON THE IMPLEMEN...ijmpict
The building of e-government has become a priority issue as well as a challenge for many local, state, and
federal government agencies worldwide. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is now widely
employed to help the governments transformation toward smart governments. Many critical success factors
(CSF) are there to determine the chance a transformation project can go-live. It has been noticed that the
implementation journey for IT solutions in the public sector has lots of barriers and challenges which lead
to low success rate of projects. This study examines the effect of the Ease of Delivery of the implementation
journey on the Success of Delivery. The result shows that the Ease of Delivery is positively related to the
Success of Delivery. The result of this study has the potential to increase the success rate of IT projects in
government sector by shedding the light on the most important factors affecting the delivery journey for egovernment projects
In Kenya, the newly promulgated constitution of 2010 (CoK, 2010), provides the basis of monitoring and evaluation as an important tool for operationalizing National and County Government projects to ensure projects success, integrity, transparency and accountability. The county governments are responsible for delivering basic services in collaboration with other agencies and partners to enhance quality of life: however, the county government projects has been marred by lack of integrity, transparency, accountability and litany of other monitoring and evaluation weakness which has undermined the impacts and success of projects including Regional Economic Blocs. Lake Region Economic Bloc (LREB) which comprised of fourteen counties bordering Lake Victoria Basin is not sparred either. The study was conducted in six LREB Counties namely, Migori, Homabay, Kisumu, Siaya, Kakamega and Vihiga chosen in a random manner. This study specifically assessed the effectiveness of Monitoring and Evaluation methods on the Performance of County Governments Projects. The study was guided by the theory of change. The research was carried out using descriptive survey design which entails both qualitative and quantitative data collection procedures. The researcher used stratified random sampling techniques to draw a sample from the study population. The qualitative method focused on group discussion and in-depth interviews. The quantitative techniques employed questionnaires to 398 purposively selected subjects from the county projects. Data collection was from two main sources; primary and secondary. Secondary sources included relevant county documents, constitution, legislations, policy documents and reports among others. The Study employed questionnaires, Focus group discussion and Interview guide as its primary data collection method. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 18.0 was used for analysis. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics techniques and presented in tables and figures. The study findings indicated thatM&E methods, indicated by the coefficient of effectiveness (R2) which is also evidenced by F change 109.403>p-values (0.05). This implies that this variableis significant (since the p values<0.05) and therefore should be considered as part of effectiveness of M&E systems on the performance of County Governments projects. The study concludes that there are no effective and adequate projects monitoring and evaluation methods in place for County Government Projects, which can facilitate the achievement of desired projects performance and outcomes. The study recommends that the County Government should develop a clear M&E methods for each project with clear data collection, analysis, reporting and implementation methods. This Study recommends further research to be conducted in the other Regional County Economic Blocs.
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This paper discussed the E-governmentsuccess barriers and how could these barriers affect in users' dissatisfaction as measure ofE-governmentsuccess. The model explained more embedded relations of Information System (IS) success model in a negative context. E-governmentquality model encompasses information quality, system quality, service quality and IT infrastructures readiness, which are the predecessors of user satisfaction as measure of E-government success. The research model has been empirically tested using 93 IT managers and IT specialists of Jordanian government agencies. PLSstructural equation modeling (SEM)has been used because his superior statistical power in dealing with complex causal model and small sample size. The results clearly articulated that provisionede-services are less than expectationsof stakeholders.We found that lack of IT infrastructures readiness is the strongest factor to affect in E-governmentperformance negatively and the most important factor to provoke users’ dissatisfaction. Along with the other factors were found significantly correlated with users' dissatisfaction.The relation of system quality with services quality only the difference between female and male group, where male group found its insignificant while females found thatlow system quality led to low service quality directly.
eGovernment measurement for policy makersePractice.eu
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The eGovernment policy focus has moved over the last five years from being mainly concerned with efficiency to being concerned both with efficiency and effectiveness. This paper examines the current and future development of eGovernment policy making, and the critical role that measurement and impact analysis has in it.
Consideration the causality between information communications technology and...Alexander Decker
This document examines the causal relationship between information and communications technology (ICT) development and economic growth in Iran.
It finds that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between ICT development and economic growth in Iran based on cointegration tests. Specifically, the Johansen cointegration test shows there is one cointegrating relationship between ICT development proxies of mobile/fixed line subscribers and GDP as a proxy for economic growth.
A Granger causality test further reveals a one-way directional causality from ICT development to economic growth in Iran in the short-run. This indicates that ICT development Granger causes economic growth, but not vice versa, providing evidence in support of ICT-led economic growth
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2. by the World Bank (Lavin, 2005), the e-Strategy pyramid has four
hierarchical structures: policy, strategic priorities, implementation
plan, and monitoring and evaluation (Fig. 1). At the policy level, the
target country will determine how and why specific themes are
priority objectives. Strategic priorities are then determined. Most
business strategies begin with a review or assessment of the current
state of business. A similar approach is required for the development
of national e-Strategies. Based on the priority objectives defined at the
policy level, strategic priorities may be assessed to determine what
needs to be done for the target countries.
Prioritizing strategy is one of the mandatory steps in determining
what needs to be done for the target countries. The strategic priorities
are essential ingredients in drawing up an implementation plan, and
can include key initiatives and action plans. And, these assessed
priorities become critical success factors of national e-Strategy. The
concept of Critical Success Factor (CSF) of national e-Strategy is known
by a variety of terms and definitions. According to the World Bank, it
used the term “strategic priorities” or “identification of the pre-
requisites for success” (Lavin, 2005). Other research used self-defined
terms such as “Guiding Principles” (Department of Economic and
Social Affairs, 2003), “Success Barriers” (Ministry of Science, Technol-
ogy and Higher Education, 2005), “Success Indicators” (Lavin, 2005),
and “Strategic Responses” (Heeks, 2003). These various terms all
imply CFSs. By reviewing previous literature, this research identified
15 CFSs as strategic priorities of national e-Strategy (see Table 1).
These CFSs can be characterized by policy, technology, and cost. These
characteristics may be applied in determining strategic priorities of
national e-Strategy with appropriate considerations given for the
target country's environment and available resources.
2.2. Strategic priorities and the scale of economy
In the WSIS (World Summit for the Information Society) 2003,
world leaders adopted a Plan of Action encouraging national e-
Strategies be developed (ITU, 2008b). In the WSIS 2005, the Tunis
Agenda clearly stated that developing countries were to be encour-
aged to prioritize some indicators such as funding, ICT Infrastructure,
Training and etc (ITU, 2008a). The Agenda also pointed out that there
was a distinctive gap between developed countries and developing
countries in the capacity to build ICT-enabled economy and society.
The World Bank study also indicated that e-Strategy must focus on
government priorities in ICT development and evolve along with
country's development needs and implementation capacities (World
Bank, 2006). Due consideration must be given to the issue of whether
or not strategic priorities should be determined and applied
differently according to the scale of economy. Research that focused
on CSFs of developed countries emphasized ICT service's extraordin-
ary impact on ICT-enabled economies. Also the “Culture of Civil
Service” could be one of the influential priorities because one of the
key focuses of E-Government is to increase the public's satisfaction by
adopting and applying ICT technology toward the public services. On
the other hand, the United Nations (Department of Economic and
Social Affairs, 2005a) pointed out the success factors for developing
countries by looking into several best practices, such as Korea and
Estonia, including: “ICT Infrastructure,” “Funding,” “Human Capital,”
Fig. 1. Logical framework pyramid of e-Strategy(Lavin, 2005).
Table 1
Classification of CSF: critical success factors
CSF Low cost/
policy-oriented
High cost/
tech.-oriented
Examples of CSF at national-level initiatives References
ICT
Infrastructure
✓ Broadband Infrastructure, PSDN, DSL, Fixed Line,
Mobile Mobile Network
Lavin (2005), World Bank (2005a), Heeks (2003), Janssen et al. (2004),
Oh and Hong (2006)
Funding ✓ Financial Investment, National ICT Budget, Loan Lavin (2005), Oh and Hong (2006), World Bank (2005b), RTR (2006)
Human Capital ✓ Trained IT Professionals, Public's Internet Access Lavin (2005), World Bank (2005a), Heeks (2003),
Educating Public ✓ Reducing Digital Divide Issak (2005), Heeks (2003), Oh and Hong (2006), Ministry of Home
Affairs (2005)
Culture of
Civil Service
Culture of Civil Service, Public's Acceptance of IT,
Internet Internet Usage
Oh and Hong (2006), Lawrence & Samuel (2000)
Literacy ✓ Internet illiteracy Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2004)
ICT Services ✓ ISP, e-Commerce, G2C, B2C, B2B, Web Portals, Internet
Contents
Kunstelj and Vintar, (2004), Janssen et al. (2004)
Institutional
Structure
✓ E-Government Committee Heeks (2003), Ministry of Home Affairs (2005)
International
Cooperation
✓ Technology Transfer, Applying Loan Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2004)
Privacy &
Security
✓ PKI, Encryption, Digital Certificates, Anti-Hacking
Program
Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2003; 2004),
Legal Framework Information Act, Security Act, Privacy Privacy
Protection Law
Heeks (2003), RTR (2006), Oh and Hong (2006)
e-Participation e-Voting, Public Feedback, e-Press Ministry of Home Affairs (2005), Oh and Hong (2006)
Monitoring &
Evaluation
UN e-Readiness Evaluation, Auditing Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2004), Ministry of Home
Affairs (2005)
Political
Leadership
Leader's Commitment, National CIO Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2003), Heeks (2003), RTR
(2006)
Private
Partnership
Promoting IT Industry Lavin (2005), World Bank (2005a), RTR (2006), Oh and Hong (2006)
26 J. Yoon, M. Chae / Government Information Quarterly 26 (2009) 25–34
3. “Political Leadership,” “Monitoring and Evaluation,” and “e-Participa-
tion.” The World Bank (2005b) specifically emphasized the impor-
tance of “Private Partnership” and “Educating the Public” as one of the
core factors in many developing countries because those are the
dominant factors in reducing digital divide.
These research studies or survey results imply that different CSFs
could be applied to each of the countries based on its economic status.
To confirm this conjecture, this study reconfigured the e-Readiness
index1
published by UN (Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
2005a) based on PPP (Purchasing Power Parity of US$), of each
member country. The blue dots of Fig. 2 represent the e-Readiness
status of each country during the last three years. By plugging in the X
axis with the e-Readiness Index (scale of 0.0–1.0) and Y axis with PPP,
the dots at the cross section of X and Y axes represent the status of the
country. For instance, the U.S. ranks first with 0.9062 (X axis of e-
Readiness Index) and is one of the top five countries by holding 42,000
USD per capita (Yaxis of PPP). Therefore, if the dot moves further away
from the origin, the country becomes more competitive in e-
Readiness and economically strong. It is observed that only 29
countries marked in the index scored more than 0.65. Among these
countries, most are considered developed countries or have transition
economies moving toward being developed, except for a few excellent
players such as Chile, the Czech Rep., Estonia and Hungary. The graph
implies that there is a positive relationship between a country's
economic status and the e-Readiness level of the country. However, it
is not difficult to see that the national e-Strategies of underdeveloped
countries are very similar to developed ones, yet these clearly do not
seem to work for them.
3. Methodology
3.1. Delphi analysis
The purpose of this research is to identify strategic priorities
discriminated by the target country's economic status. It has pointed
out that there is no single established way, no one best practice,
leading to successful E-Government, so the interpretation and
implementation of E-Government must be invented locally (Depart-
ment of Economic and Social Affairs, 2005b). Thus, different CSFs
would need to be applied depending upon environmental conditions
and available resources.
To achieve the research purpose, the Delphi method was used to
gather and analyze data for the research. The Delphi method is a
structured, multi-pass experts' group decision process by means of a
series of questionnaires with controlled feedback. It is usually used to
explore creative ideas or produce suitable information for research
questions where rigid answers are rarely established (Buckley, 1995;
Brancheau et al., 1996). Even though the importance of strategic
1
Each year the UN publishes a report on E-Government readiness that monitors and
evaluates the current status of e-Readiness. The report evaluates several categories of
indices: “e-Participation,” “Human Capital,” “Telecommunication Indicators,” and
“Technology Infrastructure.” In the 2005 survey, it assessed more than 50,000 websites
of the 191 UN member states to ascertain how ready the Governments around the
world are in employing the opportunities offered by ICT to improve the access to, and
the use of, ICTs in providing basic social services (Department of Economic, 2005).
Fig. 2. PPP vs UN e-Readiness index.
Table 2
Grouping experts
Expert
group
Origin of
country
Experiences Expertise of
experiences
Surveyed CSFs of
target country group
Group A Developed
country/
int'l org.
10 yearsb Planning and
implementing
e-Strategy, Technical
assistance, training
Developed country,
developing country,
Underdeveloped
country
Group B Developing
country
10 yearsb Planning and
implementing
e-Strategy, training
Developing country
Group C Under-
developing
country
10 yearsN Planning and
implementing
e-Strategy
Underdeveloped
country
27J. Yoon, M. Chae / Government Information Quarterly 26 (2009) 25–34
4. priorities are perceptively well recognized, the question of which CSF
is more effective has been distinctively absent in academic debates.
Moreover, there has not been a concrete framework or a case study for
prioritizing CSFs for different environments. Therefore, the Delphi
survey was chosen to identify CSFs from national e-Strategy by
strategic importance and economic scales.
However, the Delphi method is limited by its low level of
reliability of judgment among experts (Makridakis & Wheelright,
1978). Many researchers have tried various research designs to
increase the readability. One of these methods is to set up various
groups and compare their perspective on the same issue (Keil et al.,
2002). The problem that arose while selecting E-government experts
for this study was that most of them were from developed countries.
Thus, this study set up two additional comparative groups to confirm
whether Delphi experts had enough expertise and experience to
know and understand the needs of developing and underdeveloped
countries.
Based on the participants' backgrounds and experiences, partici-
pants were put into 3 Groups: A, B, or C (see Table 2). Group A was
the main survey group and Group B and Group C were comparative
groups. Twenty one participants in the Group A were asked to give
their views on prioritization of CSFs for all three groups of countries:
developed, developing, and underdeveloped countries. Participants
of the Group A, the main target group for the Delphi analysis, had
international experience in consulting, analyzing and/or implement-
ing e-Strategy of developed,2
developing,3
and underdeveloped4
countries. Group B participants were from developing countries and
were involved in their countries' E-Government projects and strategy.
They were expected to be sensitive to developing countries' problems
and issues in terms of national e-Strategy and E-Government
adoption. So they were supposed to respond to questions related to
developing countries only and their responses were to be statistically
compared to the Group A's responses. For the same reason, Group C's
responses were compared with Group A's responses to questions
related to underdeveloped countries. If main group's perception was
similar to comparative groups, then the expertise of the main group
would be determined to be sufficiently reliable as the main survey
group. Upon confirmation of the reliability of the participants of main
group's expertise on the issue, only their responses were used for
data analysis.
3.2. Data collection
Four phases were implemented for the Delphi analysis as shown in
Fig. 3. For the first phase, expert groups were identified and selected.
The experts were asked to give their views and comments on the 15
CSFs chosen from previous research (see Table 1). They had the option
to add or delete CSFs based on their opinions. In that way, the selected
15 CSFs were verified once again through experts' view. Based on their
comments, 15 CSFs were confirmed. For the second phase, experts
were surveyed on their perceptions on the importance and necessity
of strategic priorities for national e-Strategy. Moreover, they were
asked to comment on good practices to improve the effectiveness of
national e-Strategy. For the third phase, enlisted critical success
factors were ranked by their significance and importance to a specific
target group of countries, such as developed, developing, and
underdeveloped countries. Each expert had the choice of weighting
the importance of factors by giving out points on a scale of 1 (the least
important) to 15 (the most important). Duplicated ranks were allowed
if the experts thought the level of importance was identical. For the
fourth phase, a second round of the survey was conducted to confirm
the ranking. The confirmed ranks were then evaluated to observe the
significance of differences, importance, and priorities according to the
scale of economy.
2
PPP(Purchasing Power Parity)/Capita more than 20,000USD.
3
PPP(Purchasing Power Parity)/Capita more than 10,000USD.
4
PPP(Purchasing Power Parity)/Capita less than 10,000USD.
Fig. 3. Process of Delphi analysis.
28 J. Yoon, M. Chae / Government Information Quarterly 26 (2009) 25–34
5. 3.3. Selecting, grouping, and interviewing Delphi experts
With regards to the selection of experts, it was important to have
experts with experience with e-Strategy planning and implementa-
tion of various countries and international institutions. The experts
should be familiar with the concepts of success factors and strategic
priorities. Therefore, working experience in these areas was manda-
tory. Selected experts had at least 10 years of experience in national e-
Strategy. The position level was of at least manager or above who was
responsible for conducting, planning, and implementing national e-
Strategy in governments, international organizations, consulting
firms, academia, or private sectors. Thirty-six experts from eight
countries and three international organizations participated (see
Table 3). All of the selected experts had more than 10 years of
experience in E-Government and national e-Strategy. Only the experts
from Mongolia had less than 10 years of experience because very few
people in Mongolia were available or eligible with more than 10 years
of experience. Considering that Mongolia has a relatively short history
of ICT development, it was reasonable to have these experts for the
survey for an underdeveloped country group.
Recruiting experts was done through the Technical Assistance
Program supported by NIA (National Information Society Agency),
Korea. Between 2004 and 2007, there have been approximately 1200
visitors from 45 developing countries and 10 international organiza-
tions who have come to NIA to discuss training, collaboration, and
joint projects. (National Information Society Agency, 2004b; 2005)
Among them, 2 countries classified as having an under-developed
economy, 3 countries classified as having developing economies, 3
countries and 3 international organizations classified as having
developed economies were selected.
Experts from the developed group were carefully chosen not only
based on their expertise on shaping e-Strategy but also for their
experiences in assisting developing countries. International organiza-
tions are extremely active in assisting developing countries on the issue
of national ICT strategy and development. They have better access to
information on country status and analysis study than academic
institutions. Also, they have much practical experience in helping the
client countries with developing economies. Mexico and Chile were
chosen because of well-established cooperation channels and active
ICT programs in their governments. Since NIA established and operated
Korea–Mexico and Korea–Chile ICT cooperation centers in Mexico City
and Santiago, jointly with e-Mexico Systems of Mexican Government
and Ministry of Economy of Chile, both countries were extremely
cooperative and showed enthusiasm in participating in the survey. NIA
is also providing ICT technical assistance to Myanmar and Mongolia.
These countries set up a national e-Strategy and have been working on
the implementation as well. They are recognized as one of the most
active participants in ICT programs among under-developed countries.
The survey was conducted by a visiting resident country of each
respondent, to increase the accuracy and response rate of the surveys.
The researchers met physically with all respondents to explain the
purpose of research, in order to increase the accuracy of responses and
response rate. The survey took more than 6 months from January to
June in 2006. Most of the participants preferred to use e-mail for their
responses. Some experts used international post mail to send back
their responses.
4. Data analysis
4.1. Expert's perception on strategic priorities
Looking at Table 4, among thirty six participants from Groups A, B,
and C, 86.11% of the experts responded positively that national e-
Strategy is essential for ICT-enabled development. Only 13.89% of
experts responded that the impact of national e-Strategy toward the
national economy was minimal and/or unproved. They claimed that
countries that planned and implemented national e-Strategy hadn't
shown the effectiveness of the strategy in terms of economic impact.
They specifically mentioned that national e-Strategy was not effective
in the developing country's economy. 97.22% of all experts agreed that
strategic priorities were needed to adequately design national e-
Strategy of a target country because it was vital to have strategic
priorities in planning national e-Strategy. This was deemed to be due
to previous reports done by international organizations, such as the
UN, which emphasized utilization of available local resources to make
a more effective national e-Strategy. 88.89% of the experts also agreed
that strategic priorities could be different according to a target
Table 3
Distribution of Delphi participants
Country/
org.
No. % Background Position Experience Group
Austria 1 2.78 Government CEO, RTR 30 yearsb A
Estonia 1 2.78 Academic
institution
President, e-Gov.
Academy
20 yearsb A
Korea 5 13.89 Government Vice President, NIA
(Former)
20 yearsb A
Director, NIA 10 yearsb
Director, NIA 10 yearsb
Research, Fellow, NIA 30 yearsb
Sr. Researcher, NIA 10 yearsb
U.S. 5 13.89 Government Director, USAID 30 yearsb A
Government Director, OMB
(Former)
30 yearsb
Academic
institution
Sr. Consultant, U of
Maryland
30 yearsb
Private
industry
CEO, McKnight
Consulting
30 yearsb
Private
industry
Sr. Consultant, World
Bank
30 yearsb
OECD 1 2.78 International
org.
ICCP, OECD 20 yearsb A
IDB 1 2.78 International
org.
Director, IDB 20 yearsb A
World Bank 7 19.44 International
org.
Program Manager,
ISG
20 yearsb A
Sr. Consultant, ISG 10 yearsb
Sr. Consultant, ISG 10 yearsb
Sr. Consultant, LAC 20 yearsb
Sr. Consultant, EPG 10 yearsb
Program Manager,
GICT
20 yearsb
Sr. Consultant, ISG 10 yearsb
Chile 3 8.33 Government Director, CORFO 20 yearsb B
Academic
institution
Professor, U of Chile 20yearsb
CEO, ACTI 30 yearsb
Mexico 4 11.11 Government Korea–Mexico ITCC 10 yearsb B
Korea–Mexico ITCC 10 yearsb
Infotec 10 yearsb
e-Mexico Systems 10 yearsb
Mongolia 4 11.11 Government ICTA b10 years C
ICTA b10 years
ICTA b10 years
ICTA b10 years
Myanmar 4 11.11 Government Ministry of Post &
Telecom.
10 yearsb C
Ministry of Post &
Telecom.
10 yearsb
Ministry of Defence 10 yearsb
Ministry of Defence 10 yearsb
Total 36 100% – – – –
Table 4
Expert's perception on national e-Strategy and strategic priorities
Survey on perception of National e-Strategy Yes No
National e-Strategy is essential for ICT-enabled development 86.11% 13.89%
Strategic priorities are needed to adequately design National
e-Strategy of the target country
97.22% 2.78%
Strategic priorities could be different by the target country's
economic status
88.89% 11.11%
29J. Yoon, M. Chae / Government Information Quarterly 26 (2009) 25–34
6. country's economic status. 11.11% responded that national e-Strategy
should be same for all countries because objectives and goals of the
strategies were same for all countries, regardless of the economic
status of the target country.
4.2. Testing the reliability of Group A's expertise on E-Government
implementation in developing under-developed countries
Prior to data analysis of the Delphi survey, Group A's responses
were compared to Group B and Group C to test the reliability of the
Group A's expertise on developing and under-developed countries' E-
Government projects. For the comparison, the Mann–Whitney U test
was used. It is used to test differences between two independent
samples with ordinal data. The Fisher exact test was applied for
significance testing because of small sample size.
As shown in Table 5, Group A selected “Political Leadership” as the
most important CSF for developing countries followed by “ICT
Infrastructure (2nd),” “Legal Framework (3rd),” “Human Capital
(4th),” “Funding (5th),” and “Institutional Structure (6th).” Group B
ranked the critical success factors almost identically to Group A (see
Table 5). Looking at the patterns of CSFs of developing countries
surveyed by Group A and Group B, their perceptions on CSFs
resembled each other. The Results of Mann–Whitney U test confirmed
that there was no significant difference between two-groups at the
significance level of 0.05.
Table 6 summarizes the comparison of perceptional similarity
between Group A and Group C to test Group A's expertise on the
strategic priorities of CSF of underdeveloped countries. Group A
selected “Political Leadership” as the most important CSFs for
underdeveloped countries, followed by “ICT Infrastructure (2nd),”
“Funding (3rd),” “Human Capital (4th),” and “Institutional Structure
(5th).” Group C ranked the CSFs almost identically to Group A (see
Table 6). Looking at the patterns of CSFs for underdeveloped countries
surveyed by Group A and Group C, their perceptions on CSFs were very
similar. Even though Group C gave more weight on the “Legal
Framework,” the difference in rank was minimal. The results of Mann–
Whitney U test also confirmed that there was no significant difference
between the two groups at the significance level of 0.05 (see Table 6).
With a series of comparisons of Group A vs. Group B, and Group A
vs. Group C, the perception of Group A of the developing and
underdeveloped countries, in terms of prioritizing CSFs for e-Strategy,
was similar to the experts working in those countries even though
most members of Group A came from developed countries. Group A
proved to have enough expertise and experiences with developed,
developing, and underdeveloped countries thus, to be a main survey
group.
Table 5
Comparisons of strategic priorities of CSF of the developing country (Groups A and B)
CSF Group A Group B Mann–Whitney U Z Significancea
Total Average Rank Total Average Rank
ICT Infrastructure 224 11.2 2 77 11.0 2 63.00 −393 .722
Funding 198 9.9 5 77 11.0 3 62.00 −.448 .673
Human Capital 206 10.3 4 71 10.1 4 59.00 −.614 .557
Educating Public 151 7.6 7 61 8.7 6 54.50 −.863 .403
Culture of Civil Service 144 7.2 8 49 7.0 10 67.50 −.139 .904
Literacy 108 5.4 12 46 6.6 11 49.50 −.1.141 .266
ICT Services 109 5.5 11 53 7.6 9 49.50 −1.139 .267
Institutional Structure 193 9.7 6 71 10.1 4 68.00 −.111 .924
International Cooperation 105 5.3 14 32 4.6 13 61.50 −.474 .652
Privacy & Security 106 5.3 13 30 4.3 14 67.50 −.140 .903
Legal Framework 208 10.4 3 60 8.6 7 53.00 −.949 .358
e-Participation 71 3.6 15 25 3.6 15 49.50 −1.156 .264
Monitoring & Evaluation 136 6.8 9 38 5.4 12 56.50 −.749 .471
Political Leadership 249 12.5 1 88 12.6 1 56.00 −.823 .430
Private Partnership 136 6.8 9 56 8.0 8 53.50 −.17 .375
a
Fisher exact test.
Table 6
Comparisons of strategic priorities of CSF of the underdeveloped countries (Groups A and C)
CSF Group A Group C Mann–Whitney U Z Significancea
Total Average Rank Total Average Rank
ICT Infrastructure 261 13.1 2 102 12.8 1 79.00 −.052 .965
Funding 239 12.0 3 101 12.6 2 52.00 −1.466 .149
Human Capital 237 11.9 4 96 12.0 3 73.50 −335 .753
Educating Public 167 8.4 7 65 8.1 8 73.00 −.359 .734
Culture of Civil Service 130 6.5 10 49 6.1 12 65.00 −.767 .458
Literacy 141 7.1 9 55 6.9 11 80.00 .000 1.000
ICT Services 101 5.1 12 60 7.5 9 42.50 −1.918⁎ .056
Institutional Structure 179 9.0 5 84 10.5 6 70.500 −.485 .642
International Cooperation 158 7.9 8 81 10.1 7 57.50 −1.154 .259
Privacy & Security 105 5.3 14 41 5.1 13 47.50 −1.682 .097
Legal Framework 170 8.5 6 90 11.3 4 55.00 −1.278 .210
e-Participation 71 3.6 15 14 1.8 15 70.00 −.527 .605
Monitoring & Evaluation 113 5.7 11 24 3.0 14 61.50 −.949 .355
Political Leadership 268 13.4 1 85 10.6 5 45.00 −1.858⁎ .068
Private Partnership 101 5.1 12 70 8.75 9 47.50 −1.682⁎ .097
a
Fisher exact test.
⁎ pb.1.
30 J. Yoon, M. Chae / Government Information Quarterly 26 (2009) 25–34
7. 4.3. Comparative analysis of CSFs on the developed, the developing and
the underdeveloped country (analysis with Group A's responses)
As stated earlier, Group A prioritized critical success factors of
developed, developing, and underdeveloped countries and the final
ranking had been decided through the 1st and 2nd round of survey.
The final analysis was a comparison of priority of CSFs among the
three country groups with Group A's response. Table 7 and Fig. 4 show
the result of the comparison of Group A's perception. For the 2nd
questionnaire using e-mails, Group A was informed of the result of the
1st questionnaire and was requested to re-prioritize critical success
factors. However, most of the experts in Group A showed their
satisfaction with the result from the 1st round of the survey
questionnaire and did not change their preferences for the critical
success factors. According to the observation of patterns of prioritizing
critical success factors, shown in the Fig. 4, developing and under-
developed countries were similar. On the other hand, developed
countries were quite different compared to the other two economic
groups. The factors ranked high for the developed countries such as
“Privacy & Security” (1st
), “Legal Framework” (3rd) and “Monitoring &
Evaluation” (5th), were ranked lower in the developing countries'
ranking of “Privacy & Security” (13th) and “Monitoring & Evaluation”
(9th). Along the same lines, those factors were similarly ranked in
underdeveloped countries (“Privacy & Security” (14th), and “Monitor-
ing & Evaluation” (11th)). In the case of developed countries, harmful
or negative side effects are likely to be caused in proportion to the
level of ICT development, and this could be why “Privacy & Security”
was chosen as the most important critical success factor in those
countries (Choi & Kim, 2004). As shown in Fig. 4, the expert's
perception of Group A for CSFs of each group of economy shows that
there exists some significant differences between CSFs of developed
and the CSFs of developing economies.
To observe and prove the differences statistically, the research
used a statistical approach called the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test.
The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, also known as the Wilcoxon
Matched Pairs Test, is a non-parametric test used to test the median
difference in paired data (Crichton, 1998). Table 8 summarizes the
test results. According to the test, the values of several critical
success factors measured by Group A for different groups such as
developed, developing, and underdeveloped countries showed
significant differences in the results of Group A. Based on Z-value,
some CSFs clearly showed that there were significantly different
perceptions between developed and developing countries (P-
valueb0.1, 0.05, or 0.01), such as “ICT Funding,” “Human Capital,”
“Literacy,” and “Privacy and Security.” Also there were not many
differences in terms of priorities in CSFs between developing and
Table 7
Comparisons of strategic priorities of CSF by the scale of economy (Group A)
CSF Developed Developing Underdeveloped
Total Average Rank Total Average Rank Total Average Rank
Privacy & Security 212 10.6 1 106 5.3 13 105 5.3 14
Political Leadership 180 9.0 2 249 12.5 1 268 13.4 1
Legal Framework 179 9.0 3 208 10.4 3 170 8.5 6
ICT Infrastructure 174 8.7 4 224 11.2 2 161 13.1 2
Monitoring & Evaluation 168 8.5 5 136 6.8 9 113 5.7 11
Human Capital 167 8.6 6 206 10.3 4 237 11.9 4
ICT Services 162 8.1 7 109 5.5 11 101 5.2 12
Private Partnership 156 7.8 8 136 6.8 9 101 5.2 12
Funding 152 7.6 9 198 9.9 5 239 12.0 3
Institutional Structure 148 7.4 10 193 9.7 6 179 9.0 5
e-Participation 146 7.3 11 71 3.6 15 71 3.6 15
Culture of Civil Service 144 7.2 12 144 7.2 8 130 6.5 10
Educating Public 120 6.0 12 151 7.6 7 167 8.4 7
International Cooperation 101 5.1 14 105 5.3 14 158 7.9 8
Literacy 63 3.2 15 108 5.4 12 141 7.1 9
Fig. 4. Pattern of strategic priorities of CSF by the scale of economy (Group A).
31J. Yoon, M. Chae / Government Information Quarterly 26 (2009) 25–34
8. the underdeveloped countries. The results mostly matched with the
pattern observed from Fig. 4.
5. Discussions
The objective of this research was to prioritize the critical success
factors of national e-Strategy based on a country's economic status.
The results of the Delphi study showed strong indication that there
were significant differences on strategic priorities of national e-
Strategy depending on the scale of economy. The findings of the study
indicate that policy makers should consider the possibility of
differentiating strategic priorities according to the target country's
status. The detailed implications are as follows:
5.1. Prioritizing the CSFs of national e-Strategy
According to the analysis, Group A distinctively showed their
perceptional differences of CSFs on different economic groups. This
study selected the five highly ranked CSFs of each group to observe the
difference in perception. Fig. 5 illustrates differences and the
similarities among the three groups. The numbers in the parentheses
of Fig. 5 represent the rank of the CSFs in each group in the order of
developed, developing, and underdeveloped countries.
It is observed that “Political Leadership” and “ICT Infrastructure”
were commonly recognized as the most highly weighted factors in
developing national e-Strategy for all three target economic groups.
These two factors were acknowledged as the foundation of all
strategic priorities (RTR 2006; Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, 2003). The cases of Korea, Chile, and Estonia, exemplary in E-
Government implementation, showed that strong support from top
decision makers was the most important factor of all. And E-
Government adoption in those countries began by developing ICT
Infrastructure first. Besides “Political Leadership,” “ICT Infrastructure,”
and “Funding and Human Capital” were equally important factors for
both developing and underdeveloped countries.
“Legal Framework” is the common important factor for both
developed and developing countries. However, it is also regarded as
an important factor in underdeveloped countries as it was ranked 6th.
“Privacy & Security” and “Monitoring & Evaluation” play important
roles for developed countries. Current studies strongly emphasize
these factors along with ICT Service for E-Government evolution of
developed countries, because reducing harmful side of ICT, like
enhancing “Privacy & Security,” and “Monitoring & Evaluation” have
an extraordinary impact on an ICT-enabled economy (World Bank,
2006).
“e-Participation” is an important critical success factor for
developing and under-developed countries to disseminate ICT
services to the public. Considering that preceding conditions of
nurturing “e-Participation” can be “Funding” and “ICT Infrastructure”
(Oh & Hong, 2006), it is easy to understand why “e-Participation” is
ranked lower among experts. In Fig. 4, e-Participation for the
developed group is ranked much higher. Since developed countries
have well-established infrastructure and funding mechanism, e-
Participation is strongly encouraged to stimulate the public's
participation.
Fig. 5 shows Group A's perceptional differences on some of CSFs.
Group A gave more weight to “Political Leadership” for developing
and underdeveloped countries because a developing economy needs
more attention from the top leader to obtain the political and financial
support to sustain the development. Group A put “Privacy and
Security” on top of many other CSFs for developed countries. Since
developed countries provide various ICT services being enjoyed by the
public, “Privacy and Security” issue is a more distinctive CSF for stable
and reliable ICT services and development (National Information
Society Agency 2005: World Bank 2006). Considering that there are
huge increases of usage rate on E-Government services in many
sectors, it is obvious that there is a need to give more priority for
security and privacy issues in national e-Strategy.
5.2. CSFs and 5 phases of development process
The UN (2003) suggests five (5) steps in benchmarking E-
Government which is one of the main areas shaped by national e-
Strategy. The study categorized the CSFs into 5 phases of development
process: Initiation, Development, Inter-operation, E-Commerce, and
Integrated System. It is observed that underdeveloped and some of
developing countries belonged to the Level 1 (Initiation) or Level 2
(Development) phases. Initiation phase has extremely limited func-
tionality to provide information. In other words, it lacks the ICT
Infrastructure and shows high illiteracy rate, hindering the public's
access to the information. During the development phase, countries
are capable of periodically updating information enabling partial E-
Government functions, but still lacks in bi-directional exchange of
information that is vital in creating an impact on society and economy.
At the inter-operation phase, the government is able to communicate
Table 8
Statistical comparisons of Group A's perception on CSF for each economic group using
Wilcoxon signed rank test
Variable Comparative groups Z-value P-value
ICT Infrastructure Developed vs. developing −2.941 0.003⁎⁎⁎
Developed vs. underdeveloped −3.054 0.002⁎⁎⁎
Developing vs. underdeveloped −1.618 0.106
Funding Developed vs. developing −1.471 0.141
Developed vs. underdeveloped −2.530 0.011⁎⁎
Developing vs. underdeveloped −1.812 0.070⁎
Human Capital Developed vs. developing −2.251 0.240
Developed vs. underdeveloped −2.702 0.007⁎⁎⁎
Developing vs. underdeveloped −1.701 0.089
Educating Public Developed vs. developing −1.796 0.072
Developed vs. underdeveloped −2.127 0.003⁎⁎⁎
Developing vs. underdeveloped −0.986 0.324
Culture of Civil Service Developed vs. developing −0.370 0.711
Developed vs. underdeveloped −0.783 0.461
Developing vs. underdeveloped −0.355 0.723
Literacy Developed vs. developing −2.328 0.020⁎⁎
Developed vs. underdeveloped −3.415 0.001⁎⁎⁎
Developing vs. underdeveloped −1.323 0.186
ICT Service Developed vs. developing −2.306 0.021⁎⁎
Developed vs. underdeveloped −2.515 0.012⁎⁎
Developing vs. underdeveloped −1.065 0.287
Institutional Structure Developed vs. developing −1.925 0.054⁎
Developed vs. underdeveloped −1.892 0.058
Developing vs. underdeveloped −0.459 0.646
International Cooperation Developed vs. developing −0.485 0.627
Developed vs. underdeveloped −2.148 0.032⁎⁎
Developing vs. underdeveloped −2.914 0.004⁎⁎⁎
Privacy & Security Developed vs. developing −3.241 0.001⁎⁎⁎
Developed vs. underdeveloped −3.356 0.001⁎⁎⁎
Developing vs. underdeveloped −1.719 0.086⁎
Legal Framework Developed vs. developing −0.947 0.344
Developed vs. underdeveloped −0.787 0.431
Developing vs. underdeveloped −1.884 0.060
e-Participation Developed vs. developing −2.487 0.013⁎⁎
Developed vs. underdeveloped −2.774 0.006⁎⁎⁎
Developing vs. underdeveloped −0.997 0.319
Monitoring & Evaluation Developed vs. developing −1.331 0.183
Developed vs. underdeveloped −1.991 0.047⁎⁎
Developing vs. underdeveloped −2.121 0.034⁎⁎
Political Leadership Developed vs. developing −2.836 0.005⁎⁎⁎
Developed vs. underdeveloped −3.087 0.002⁎⁎⁎
Developing vs. underdeveloped −0.874 0.382
Private Partnership Developed vs. developing −1.196 0.232
Developed vs. underdeveloped −2.777 0.005⁎⁎⁎
Developing vs. underdeveloped −2.809 0.005⁎⁎⁎
⁎ pb.10.
⁎⁎ pb.05.
⁎⁎⁎ pb.01.
32 J. Yoon, M. Chae / Government Information Quarterly 26 (2009) 25–34
9. with the public through the exchange of e-mail or electronic forms.
The ICT Infrastructure is able to support bi-directional activities with a
higher impact to the public. Most of the developing countries fall into
this category. The e-commerce stage lets the target country exercise
its digital economy. For the digital economy to flourish, ICT-services,
and legal support on privacy and security should be well established.
Advanced countries such as U.S., Korea, U.K., and Singapore belong
to this category. At this stage, target countries have the capability
to have a fully functional online processing of civil service and secure
e-payment system. The final stage, which is an integrated system,
provides cross-agency online service and converged public/civil
services. There are no countries with claims of achieving this level
of ICT development.
Fig. 6 shows the categorization of CSFs according to the develop-
ment phase. The four development phases display the differences in
CSFs' weighted values. For example, based on our research at the
initiation level, which tends to have a provision of limited information,
a stronger “Political Leadership” is required as well as more “Funding,”
“Human Capital,” and improved “Education.” At the e-Commerce
phase, it is definitely required to consider “Privacy & Security,”
“Evaluation & Monitoring,” and various “ICT services” as major
strategic priorities of national e-Strategy.
Fig. 5. Group A's perception represented by rank CSF identification (Numbers in parentheses represent the rank of CSF for developed, developing and underdeveloped countries
respectively).
Fig. 6. Categorized CSFs with development phases.
33J. Yoon, M. Chae / Government Information Quarterly 26 (2009) 25–34
10. 6. Conclusion
6.1. Summary of the study
The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) declaration
emphasized the critical importance for the establishment of a national
e-Strategy in bridging the digital divide (Cho, 2005; ITU, 2008a; ITU,
2008b), creating an information society, and strengthening national
competitiveness. Accordingly, the study gives a clear indication of the
importance of identifying strategic priorities in effectively establishing
national e-Strategies. The need to take into account the limited
resources and circumstances specific to each country, and linking with
national development strategy in establishing a national ICT strategy
by identifying strategic priorities was indirectly verified through the
views of experts. Furthermore, the experts' opinions on critical
success factors and tailored approaches applicable according to a
target country's economic level and environment, and the compara-
tive analysis of the different types, can be used as references in a
macro view-point towards establishing future national e-Strategies. In
particular, inadequate infrastructure, poor financing, low level of IT
human resources, and lack of information awareness are common to
many developing countries, and these work to reduce the effective-
ness of support initiatives from international organizations and
developed countries. The experts' opinion on a tailored approach by
applying critical success factors according to the economic level and
environment of target countries can be of valuable use in establishing
e-Strategy for the developing countries in the future.
6.2. Limits and suggestions for future study
The transparency issue has been mentioned as a possible candidate
of critical success factor but disregarded due to several reasons. During
the Delphi survey, many experts mentioned the seriousness of
corruption in certain developing and underdeveloped countries.
Corruption actually lowers the effectiveness of national e-Strategy
and its implementation. However, it is hard to measure or prove the
impact due to its secretive nature. It is well agreed among experts that
transparency indeed has a serious impact on the implementation of
national e-Strategy. However, this study could not explore the relation
of political transparency and national e-Strategy.
Impact analysis and evaluation of national e-Strategy according to
economic levels is a future research task, and is an important research
area that should be accompanied by a more thorough study, taking the
impact of ICT utilization into account. This study used the Delphi
survey to analyze expert perceptions and is not suited for direct
utilization in a practical application, such as a technology assistance
project. Nevertheless, the surveyed results from this study can be used
as a basis for determining future research directions and applicability
in practice.
In addition, there has been no single country claiming to have a
failure in applying national e-Strategy efficiently. By nature, govern-
ments do not normally admit their policy as a failure. Official
measurement such as “e-Readiness index” measured by the United
Nations may indirectly show each country's strategic performance.
However, further study needs to be done to monitor governments'
performance of planned strategy based on resource allocation,
monitoring assessment of virtuous circling from plan to evaluation,
and feedback of outcomes.
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Jeongwon Yoon received his Ph.D in MIS from Seoul University of Venture and
Information at Seoul, Korea in 2006. He is a Director of Department of Global
Consulting, National Information Society Agency. He is involved in numerous
international E-Government projects.
Myungsin Chae received her Ph. D in MIS from the University of Illinois at Chicago in
2003. She is a professor in the department of MIS at Seoul University of Venture and
Information at Seoul Korea. She teaches courses and conducts research in e-business
and mobile business, and strategic IS management.
34 J. Yoon, M. Chae / Government Information Quarterly 26 (2009) 25–34