Richard W. Hammack, Garret A. Veloski, James I. Sams III, and Jennifer S. Shogren
U.S. DOE, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA
Abstract
In 1986, the State of California posted a fish consumption advisory for Clearlake, a large,
freshwater lake located 80 miles north of San Francisco, because of mercury contamination. The
abandoned Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine on the eastern shore of Clearlake is the suspected source of
the mercury. Herman Impoundment, the now flooded open pit of the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine, is
separated from Clearlake by a dam composed of waste rock removed from the open pit. Hydrological
and geochemical studies indicated that water is flowing from the open pit through the waste rock
dam into Clearlake. However, an accurate map of flow pathways through the waste rock dam was
needed for planning groundwater flow intervention. Results from an airborne EM conductivity survey
flown over the mine site and adjacent areas suggest the probable flow paths taken by the highly
conductive Herman Impoundment water through the waste rock dam. The airborne data were then used
to target areas for ground-based EM conductivity surveys with a Geonics EM34-3XL instrument. The
higher-resolution results of the ground-based survey corroborated the findings of the airborne
survey. This information will allow groundwater-flow intervention efforts to be concentrated within
small areas of the waste rock
dam.
Application of Earth Resistivity, Hydrogeochemistry and Isotope Hydrology Met...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Impact of A Paleochannel on Hydrogeochemistry of A Quaternary Aquifer: Case S...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study investigated the influence of Wadi Lamhah paleochannel on hydrogeochemistry of the Quaternary aquifer in Umm Al Quwain area, United Arab Emirates (UAE). Results show that the groundwater temperature in water wells affected by Wadi Lamhah channel was 3 to 7°C less than the groundwater temperature in rest of the study area. Groundwater salinity in the channel-affected wells ranged from 803 to 5,407 mg/L and averaged 3,219 mg/L, while the groundwater salinity in rest of the study area was higher, reaching 11,643 mg/L in well 24, which suffered from salt-water intrusion from the sea. Except HCO3 - (329 mg/L), average concentrations of major ions in the channel-controlled wells were lower than their average concentrations in all wells within the study area. Average concentrations of detected trace elements B, Fe and Zn were lower in channel-affected wells than the rest of the study area. The high total hardness in channelaffected wells reflected the flux of Ca and Mg-rich recharge water moving into the aquifer through its southern boundary. The calculated SAR values indicated that the groundwater is good for irrigation along the course of Wadi Lamhah channel and harmful to plant and soil in the rest of the study area.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Between a rock and a simulated space: Lava inundation probabilityJulie Herrick
"The combination of geologic field mapping and geospatial methods allowed us to demonstrate the probability of lava flow inundation for an important location on the N flank of Mauna Loa. We focused on the 2.5 x 5.5 km area from radial vents, rift zones, and the summit crater that encompasses the NOAA weather station (MLO). Field investigations conducted in 2005 determined that 30 unique geologic units cross this study area and originated from the summit, radial vents, and the NERZ. We combined two DEM-based simulation models to provide a detailed examination of lava flow paths with the purpose of developing a hazard assessment for the NOAA facility. Two GIS computer software programs (BASIN1 and VORIS) were used to analyze the digital terrain based on a 10 m DEM in order to outline possible inundation zones. The advantage of the BASIN1 results is that they provide clear delineations of the flow network. Subsequently, preliminary inundation zones were drawn based on model results. Additional information provided by VORIS defines the probability of each flow network branch being inundated. By overlapping the inundation zones with the map of inundation probability within a 50-year time interval, it is clear that the NOAA Facility should not be affected by lava flows originating from the NERZ. The main threats are from lavas originating from the western edge of Moku`aweoweo and the potential formation of radial vents."
Application of Earth Resistivity, Hydrogeochemistry and Isotope Hydrology Met...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Impact of A Paleochannel on Hydrogeochemistry of A Quaternary Aquifer: Case S...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study investigated the influence of Wadi Lamhah paleochannel on hydrogeochemistry of the Quaternary aquifer in Umm Al Quwain area, United Arab Emirates (UAE). Results show that the groundwater temperature in water wells affected by Wadi Lamhah channel was 3 to 7°C less than the groundwater temperature in rest of the study area. Groundwater salinity in the channel-affected wells ranged from 803 to 5,407 mg/L and averaged 3,219 mg/L, while the groundwater salinity in rest of the study area was higher, reaching 11,643 mg/L in well 24, which suffered from salt-water intrusion from the sea. Except HCO3 - (329 mg/L), average concentrations of major ions in the channel-controlled wells were lower than their average concentrations in all wells within the study area. Average concentrations of detected trace elements B, Fe and Zn were lower in channel-affected wells than the rest of the study area. The high total hardness in channelaffected wells reflected the flux of Ca and Mg-rich recharge water moving into the aquifer through its southern boundary. The calculated SAR values indicated that the groundwater is good for irrigation along the course of Wadi Lamhah channel and harmful to plant and soil in the rest of the study area.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Between a rock and a simulated space: Lava inundation probabilityJulie Herrick
"The combination of geologic field mapping and geospatial methods allowed us to demonstrate the probability of lava flow inundation for an important location on the N flank of Mauna Loa. We focused on the 2.5 x 5.5 km area from radial vents, rift zones, and the summit crater that encompasses the NOAA weather station (MLO). Field investigations conducted in 2005 determined that 30 unique geologic units cross this study area and originated from the summit, radial vents, and the NERZ. We combined two DEM-based simulation models to provide a detailed examination of lava flow paths with the purpose of developing a hazard assessment for the NOAA facility. Two GIS computer software programs (BASIN1 and VORIS) were used to analyze the digital terrain based on a 10 m DEM in order to outline possible inundation zones. The advantage of the BASIN1 results is that they provide clear delineations of the flow network. Subsequently, preliminary inundation zones were drawn based on model results. Additional information provided by VORIS defines the probability of each flow network branch being inundated. By overlapping the inundation zones with the map of inundation probability within a 50-year time interval, it is clear that the NOAA Facility should not be affected by lava flows originating from the NERZ. The main threats are from lavas originating from the western edge of Moku`aweoweo and the potential formation of radial vents."
This research is to analyses hydraulic parameters of the spillway design for WADI
HORAN Dam. The spillway design of type Ogee overflow and the design based on
Water Experiment Station (W.E.S) of the U.S. Corp of Engineers. The inflow are
routed in order to decrease the maximum discharge passing on the spillway. The
maximum discharge passing are 1400 m3/sec with maximum head over the crest equal
to 3.4 m and 50 m3/sec Attenuation and 2 hrs Reservoir Lag. Froude number is
determined in order to select the type of stilling basin, the Froude number equal to 5
that can choose type II stilling Basin. The method used for routing is Inflow- Storage
Discharge ( I.S.D.) The profile of the downstream and upstream are calculated.
evaluation of water resources in wadi el natrun, western desert, egyptIJEAB
Groundwater of the Pliocene aquifer in Wadi El Natrun area represents the primary source of reliable water for drinking and agriculture uses. This research focuses on the study of the different sources of water in the study area and determines the origin and quality of this waterand also is interested in studying hydrogeochemical processes that affect them and the movement of water through the analysis and determine the activity of different elements, and also to changes in hypothetical salts with the direction of water flow in three sectors of the region and the statement of the most important geochemical processes that occur. Finally it is evaluated the suitability of the water for different purposes. The results show that, there is a zonation of chemical composition; this zonation is characterized by a change of cation species from dominantly Ca and Mg near the east to Na-dominated waters in the west. Mirroring this, anions change from HCO3 type to Cl and SO4 type.The ions displays two grades of metasomatism along flow path, first the stage of mineralization(HCO3>Cl>So4) at the east then the advanced stage of mineralization (Cl>SO4 >HCO3) at the west. According to the(W.H.O.2005), 45 % of tested groundwater samples are permissible for drinking. Most groundwater samples of the Pliocene according to SAR andRSC are suitable for irrigation purposes under normal condition, but all surface water samples (lakes) are saline water,so it is not valid for drinking or irrigation purposes.
Adequacy Check of Existing Crest Level of Sea Facing Coastal Polders by the E...IOSR Journals
The coastal embankment system has been gradually built during the last 40 years. The embankments
were originally designed to increase agricultural production by preventing salt water intrusion not to protect
against cyclonic storms. The alignment of the embankments did not consider the changing conditions in
bathymetry of the sea and thalweg migration of the rivers and therefore many embankments are located under
tidal water level and have severe toe and slope erosion problems during the monsoon season. The crest level
and embankment cross sections have not optimized the protection of hinterland and the embankment itself and
therefore the embankments typically only provide protection for the cyclones with 5-12 year return periods and
the designed crest level of the sea facing coastal polder equal to the sum of normal maximum recorded water
stage plus 1.50m. In this study to estimate the design crest level and side slope for sea facing embankment have
been established based on maximum storm surge level, wave run-up for cyclonic wave, freeboard allowing 5
l/m/s overtopping ,potential climate change impact and land subsidence. Statistical analysis of surge level and
wave run-up is carried out using Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) in MIKE Zero.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Generally, the reconstitution of palaeo-geography and related environments
is based on the study of sediment markers such as grain size and clay mineralogy. In
this research, 90 surface and subsurface sediment samples from eight cores were
analyzed for grain size and clay mineralogy in southern part of Urmia lake coast and
adjacent areas. Abundant minerals are quartz, feldspars, calcite and dolomite. Heavy
minerals identified were epidote, hornblende and zircon. Clay minerals are Kaolinite
and Smectite mainly. Clay mineralogy and mean grain size of sediments in eight cores
of Urmia Lake; reflect climatic conditions in this region. Relatively coarse sediments
usually deposited during Urmia Lake low stands and relatively fine sediments
deposited during high stands. The mineralogy of the clay-size fraction was determined
by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mineral assemblages display two climate conditions: Those
having large Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar peaks but a small smectite peak
(interpreted to be cold times), and those with small Kaolinite, quartz and feldspar
peaks and a large smectite peak-(warm sediments). In addition, smectite content
correlate well with high mean grain size in Urmia Lake sediments, whereas sediments
rich in Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar correlate well with finer mean grain size.
Chemical elements of the total sample are mainly of terrigenous origin, supplied by
“Discharge Rivers”, which discharges in Urmia Lake. Variations in clay mineralogy and
grain size didn’t indicate that the lake-level variations and nature of sediments
delivered to the lake vary in concert with global climate changes, recently. Human
activities such as Dams’ constructions and agriculture have probably induced
variations in the mobilization of chemical elements.
Scientific and economical aspect of seabed exploration and miningSomnathKamble6
Scientific & Economical Aspect of Seabed exploration & Mining
SEABED – The floor of a sea or ocean is known as seabed(also known as the sea floor, or ocean floor or the bottom of the ocean)
STRUCTURE - tectonic movement, and sediment from various sources.
SEDIMENTS –
Terrigenous
Biogenous
Hydrogenous
Cosmogenous
HISTORY OF SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS
SCIENTIFIC ASPECT
ECONOMICAL ASPECT OF SEABED EXPLORATION
MINING OF SEABED
This research is to analyses hydraulic parameters of the spillway design for WADI
HORAN Dam. The spillway design of type Ogee overflow and the design based on
Water Experiment Station (W.E.S) of the U.S. Corp of Engineers. The inflow are
routed in order to decrease the maximum discharge passing on the spillway. The
maximum discharge passing are 1400 m3/sec with maximum head over the crest equal
to 3.4 m and 50 m3/sec Attenuation and 2 hrs Reservoir Lag. Froude number is
determined in order to select the type of stilling basin, the Froude number equal to 5
that can choose type II stilling Basin. The method used for routing is Inflow- Storage
Discharge ( I.S.D.) The profile of the downstream and upstream are calculated.
evaluation of water resources in wadi el natrun, western desert, egyptIJEAB
Groundwater of the Pliocene aquifer in Wadi El Natrun area represents the primary source of reliable water for drinking and agriculture uses. This research focuses on the study of the different sources of water in the study area and determines the origin and quality of this waterand also is interested in studying hydrogeochemical processes that affect them and the movement of water through the analysis and determine the activity of different elements, and also to changes in hypothetical salts with the direction of water flow in three sectors of the region and the statement of the most important geochemical processes that occur. Finally it is evaluated the suitability of the water for different purposes. The results show that, there is a zonation of chemical composition; this zonation is characterized by a change of cation species from dominantly Ca and Mg near the east to Na-dominated waters in the west. Mirroring this, anions change from HCO3 type to Cl and SO4 type.The ions displays two grades of metasomatism along flow path, first the stage of mineralization(HCO3>Cl>So4) at the east then the advanced stage of mineralization (Cl>SO4 >HCO3) at the west. According to the(W.H.O.2005), 45 % of tested groundwater samples are permissible for drinking. Most groundwater samples of the Pliocene according to SAR andRSC are suitable for irrigation purposes under normal condition, but all surface water samples (lakes) are saline water,so it is not valid for drinking or irrigation purposes.
Adequacy Check of Existing Crest Level of Sea Facing Coastal Polders by the E...IOSR Journals
The coastal embankment system has been gradually built during the last 40 years. The embankments
were originally designed to increase agricultural production by preventing salt water intrusion not to protect
against cyclonic storms. The alignment of the embankments did not consider the changing conditions in
bathymetry of the sea and thalweg migration of the rivers and therefore many embankments are located under
tidal water level and have severe toe and slope erosion problems during the monsoon season. The crest level
and embankment cross sections have not optimized the protection of hinterland and the embankment itself and
therefore the embankments typically only provide protection for the cyclones with 5-12 year return periods and
the designed crest level of the sea facing coastal polder equal to the sum of normal maximum recorded water
stage plus 1.50m. In this study to estimate the design crest level and side slope for sea facing embankment have
been established based on maximum storm surge level, wave run-up for cyclonic wave, freeboard allowing 5
l/m/s overtopping ,potential climate change impact and land subsidence. Statistical analysis of surge level and
wave run-up is carried out using Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) in MIKE Zero.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Generally, the reconstitution of palaeo-geography and related environments
is based on the study of sediment markers such as grain size and clay mineralogy. In
this research, 90 surface and subsurface sediment samples from eight cores were
analyzed for grain size and clay mineralogy in southern part of Urmia lake coast and
adjacent areas. Abundant minerals are quartz, feldspars, calcite and dolomite. Heavy
minerals identified were epidote, hornblende and zircon. Clay minerals are Kaolinite
and Smectite mainly. Clay mineralogy and mean grain size of sediments in eight cores
of Urmia Lake; reflect climatic conditions in this region. Relatively coarse sediments
usually deposited during Urmia Lake low stands and relatively fine sediments
deposited during high stands. The mineralogy of the clay-size fraction was determined
by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mineral assemblages display two climate conditions: Those
having large Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar peaks but a small smectite peak
(interpreted to be cold times), and those with small Kaolinite, quartz and feldspar
peaks and a large smectite peak-(warm sediments). In addition, smectite content
correlate well with high mean grain size in Urmia Lake sediments, whereas sediments
rich in Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar correlate well with finer mean grain size.
Chemical elements of the total sample are mainly of terrigenous origin, supplied by
“Discharge Rivers”, which discharges in Urmia Lake. Variations in clay mineralogy and
grain size didn’t indicate that the lake-level variations and nature of sediments
delivered to the lake vary in concert with global climate changes, recently. Human
activities such as Dams’ constructions and agriculture have probably induced
variations in the mobilization of chemical elements.
Scientific and economical aspect of seabed exploration and miningSomnathKamble6
Scientific & Economical Aspect of Seabed exploration & Mining
SEABED – The floor of a sea or ocean is known as seabed(also known as the sea floor, or ocean floor or the bottom of the ocean)
STRUCTURE - tectonic movement, and sediment from various sources.
SEDIMENTS –
Terrigenous
Biogenous
Hydrogenous
Cosmogenous
HISTORY OF SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS
SCIENTIFIC ASPECT
ECONOMICAL ASPECT OF SEABED EXPLORATION
MINING OF SEABED
Experimental Alternative Technological Stack. Web is terrible... We are going to remove everything except JavaScript.
• Impress (Highload Cloud Application Server for Node.js)
https://github.com/metarhia /Impress
• JSTP (JavaScript as a Transport Protocol)
https://github.com/ metarhia/JSTP
• Global Storage (JavaScript data structures as in-memory DBMS)
https://github.com/metarhia /GlobalStorage
• Console (is an Application Browser, no HTML, DOM, CSS, etc.)
https://github.com/metarhia /Console
Lakeland Resources Inc. and its option partner Declan Resources Inc. announced an update on work completed at the Gibbons Creek Uranium Property located along the northern margin of the Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan.
Groundwater Studies in Abakaliki Using Electrical Resistivity Methodiosrjce
Electrical resistivity survey was carried out to investigate the groundwater potential of Abakaliki
urban, a sedimentary area with the oldest Cretaceous rocks (sandstones and shales) which are of Albian age.
The equipment used for the survey include, ABEM terrameter (SAS, 300C), four electrodes, hammer, four reels
of wires, connecting cords, measuring tapes and global positioning system. The survey was carried out in three
different locations. The field layout employed was the schlumberger array. The result of the survey shows that
the average resistivities are 1337.06m for the first layer, 5914. 34m for the second layer, 1277. 59m for
the third layer, 189. 65m for the fourth layer and 695.78m for the fifth layer with probable lithologic
interpretations as lateritic over-burden for the first layer, ferruginised and highly compact clay stone (dry) for
second layer, fissile dry shale, splintery shale(wet) and saturated and pyritised silty shale (wet) for the other
three layers, respectively. The result indicates that potential groundwater would likely be located in the fourth
layer in the study area.
Independent Review of Hydrological Issues: Deloro Mine SiteLOWaterkeeper
Independent review—prepared by hydrogeologist Wilf Ruland— of hydrological issues pertaining to the MOECC's request for an amended license renewal for various remedial activities at the Deloro Mine Site.
After emerging from the resources wilderness thanks to its world-class geology and industry-friendly government policies, South Australia is now a leader in Australian mining and hydrocarbon developments over the last decade.
In little more than a decade the State has gone from four operating mines to more than 20 and is rated Australia’s second most popular exploration destination.
With a comprehensive review of the Mining Act under way, the State’s attractiveness as a place for resources and energy investment is expected to be strengthened.
South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources with companies such as Santos and BP leading the charge, while initiatives such as the Government’s Copper Strategy – designed to treble annual copper production to 1 mtpa – is set to establish the State as one of the world’s premier producers of the red metal.
In the energy space, uranium and nuclear energy is another area of keen interest, with the South Australian Government initiating a Royal Commission into Participation in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 2016.
The State has become synonymous with innovation, cutting-edge development and a remarkable rate of discovery. From uranium prospects, to geothermal energy and the buoyant hydrocarbons sector, South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources.
With full support from the Department of State Development, the South Australian Resources and Energy Investment Conference will continue to showcase this burgeoning sector in 2017. From copper plays in the Gawler Craton, to iron ore and graphite developments on the Eyre Peninsula and the emergence of the State as a new hydrocarbon frontier, South Australia’s resources potential is at last being fully recognised.
The conference will feature the success stories and emerging players in the State from both minerals and oil and gas and will also tackle thorny industry issues such as infrastructure, corporate social responsibility and the future of the Woomera Prohibited Area.
After emerging from the resources wilderness thanks to its world-class geology and industry-friendly government policies, South Australia is now a leader in Australian mining and hydrocarbon developments over the last decade.
In little more than a decade the State has gone from four operating mines to more than 20 and is rated Australia’s second most popular exploration destination.
With a comprehensive review of the Mining Act under way, the State’s attractiveness as a place for resources and energy investment is expected to be strengthened.
South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources with companies such as Santos and BP leading the charge, while initiatives such as the Government’s Copper Strategy – designed to treble annual copper production to 1 mtpa – is set to establish the State as one of the world’s premier producers of the red metal.
In the energy space, uranium and nuclear energy is another area of keen interest, with the South Australian Government initiating a Royal Commission into Participation in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 2016.
The State has become synonymous with innovation, cutting-edge development and a remarkable rate of discovery. From uranium prospects, to geothermal energy and the buoyant hydrocarbons sector, South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources.
With full support from the Department of State Development, the South Australian Resources and Energy Investment Conference will continue to showcase this burgeoning sector in 2017. From copper plays in the Gawler Craton, to iron ore and graphite developments on the Eyre Peninsula and the emergence of the State as a new hydrocarbon frontier, South Australia’s resources potential is at last being fully recognised.
The conference will feature the success stories and emerging players in the State from both minerals and oil and gas and will also tackle thorny industry issues such as infrastructure, corporate social responsibility and the future of the Woomera Prohibited Area.
After emerging from the resources wilderness thanks to its world-class geology and industry-friendly government policies, South Australia is now a leader in Australian mining and hydrocarbon developments over the last decade.
In little more than a decade the State has gone from four operating mines to more than 20 and is rated Australia’s second most popular exploration destination.
With a comprehensive review of the Mining Act under way, the State’s attractiveness as a place for resources and energy investment is expected to be strengthened.
South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources with companies such as Santos and BP leading the charge, while initiatives such as the Government’s Copper Strategy – designed to treble annual copper production to 1 mtpa – is set to establish the State as one of the world’s premier producers of the red metal.
In the energy space, uranium and nuclear energy is another area of keen interest, with the South Australian Government initiating a Royal Commission into Participation in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 2016.
The State has become synonymous with innovation, cutting-edge development and a remarkable rate of discovery. From uranium prospects, to geothermal energy and the buoyant hydrocarbons sector, South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources.
With full support from the Department of State Development, the South Australian Resources and Energy Investment Conference will continue to showcase this burgeoning sector in 2017. From copper plays in the Gawler Craton, to iron ore and graphite developments on the Eyre Peninsula and the emergence of the State as a new hydrocarbon frontier, South Australia’s resources potential is at last being fully recognised.
The conference will feature the success stories and emerging players in the State from both minerals and oil and gas and will also tackle thorny industry issues such as infrastructure, corporate social responsibility and the future of the Woomera Prohibited Area.
After emerging from the resources wilderness thanks to its world-class geology and industry-friendly government policies, South Australia is now a leader in Australian mining and hydrocarbon developments over the last decade.
In little more than a decade the State has gone from four operating mines to more than 20 and is rated Australia’s second most popular exploration destination.
With a comprehensive review of the Mining Act under way, the State’s attractiveness as a place for resources and energy investment is expected to be strengthened.
South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources with companies such as Santos and BP leading the charge, while initiatives such as the Government’s Copper Strategy – designed to treble annual copper production to 1 mtpa – is set to establish the State as one of the world’s premier producers of the red metal.
In the energy space, uranium and nuclear energy is another area of keen interest, with the South Australian Government initiating a Royal Commission into Participation in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 2016.
The State has become synonymous with innovation, cutting-edge development and a remarkable rate of discovery. From uranium prospects, to geothermal energy and the buoyant hydrocarbons sector, South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources.
With full support from the Department of State Development, the South Australian Resources and Energy Investment Conference will continue to showcase this burgeoning sector in 2017. From copper plays in the Gawler Craton, to iron ore and graphite developments on the Eyre Peninsula and the emergence of the State as a new hydrocarbon frontier, South Australia’s resources potential is at last being fully recognised.
The conference will feature the success stories and emerging players in the State from both minerals and oil and gas and will also tackle thorny industry issues such as infrastructure, corporate social responsibility and the future of the Woomera Prohibited Area.
After emerging from the resources wilderness thanks to its world-class geology and industry-friendly government policies, South Australia is now a leader in Australian mining and hydrocarbon developments over the last decade.
In little more than a decade the State has gone from four operating mines to more than 20 and is rated Australia’s second most popular exploration destination.
With a comprehensive review of the Mining Act under way, the State’s attractiveness as a place for resources and energy investment is expected to be strengthened.
South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources with companies such as Santos and BP leading the charge, while initiatives such as the Government’s Copper Strategy – designed to treble annual copper production to 1 mtpa – is set to establish the State as one of the world’s premier producers of the red metal.
In the energy space, uranium and nuclear energy is another area of keen interest, with the South Australian Government initiating a Royal Commission into Participation in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 2016.
The State has become synonymous with innovation, cutting-edge development and a remarkable rate of discovery. From uranium prospects, to geothermal energy and the buoyant hydrocarbons sector, South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources.
With full support from the Department of State Development, the South Australian Resources and Energy Investment Conference will continue to showcase this burgeoning sector in 2017. From copper plays in the Gawler Craton, to iron ore and graphite developments on the Eyre Peninsula and the emergence of the State as a new hydrocarbon frontier, South Australia’s resources potential is at last being fully recognised.
The conference will feature the success stories and emerging players in the State from both minerals and oil and gas and will also tackle thorny industry issues such as infrastructure, corporate social responsibility and the future of the Woomera Prohibited Area.
After emerging from the resources wilderness thanks to its world-class geology and industry-friendly government policies, South Australia is now a leader in Australian mining and hydrocarbon developments over the last decade.
In little more than a decade the State has gone from four operating mines to more than 20 and is rated Australia’s second most popular exploration destination.
With a comprehensive review of the Mining Act under way, the State’s attractiveness as a place for resources and energy investment is expected to be strengthened.
South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources with companies such as Santos and BP leading the charge, while initiatives such as the Government’s Copper Strategy – designed to treble annual copper production to 1 mtpa – is set to establish the State as one of the world’s premier producers of the red metal.
In the energy space, uranium and nuclear energy is another area of keen interest, with the South Australian Government initiating a Royal Commission into Participation in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 2016.
The State has become synonymous with innovation, cutting-edge development and a remarkable rate of discovery. From uranium prospects, to geothermal energy and the buoyant hydrocarbons sector, South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources.
With full support from the Department of State Development, the South Australian Resources and Energy Investment Conference will continue to showcase this burgeoning sector in 2017. From copper plays in the Gawler Craton, to iron ore and graphite developments on the Eyre Peninsula and the emergence of the State as a new hydrocarbon frontier, South Australia’s resources potential is at last being fully recognised.
The conference will feature the success stories and emerging players in the State from both minerals and oil and gas and will also tackle thorny industry issues such as infrastructure, corporate social responsibility and the future of the Woomera Prohibited Area.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
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Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
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In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
THE USE OF AIRBORNE EM CONDUCTIVITY TO LOCATE CONTAMINANT FLOW PATHS AT THE SULPHUR BANK MERCURY MINE SUPERFUND SITE
1. 1
THE USE OF AIRBORNE EM CONDUCTIVITY TO LOCATE CONTAMINANT
FLOW PATHS AT THE SULPHUR BANK MERCURY MINE SUPERFUND
SITE
Richard W. Hammack, Garret A. Veloski, James I. Sams III, and Jennifer S. Shogren
U.S. DOE, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA
Abstract
In 1986, the State of California posted a fish consumption advisory for Clearlake, a large,
freshwater lake located 80 miles north of San Francisco, because of mercury contamination. The
abandoned Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine on the eastern shore of Clearlake is the suspected source of the
mercury. Herman Impoundment, the now flooded open pit of the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine, is
separated from Clearlake by a dam composed of waste rock removed from the open pit. Hydrological
and geochemical studies indicated that water is flowing from the open pit through the waste rock dam
into Clearlake. However, an accurate map of flow pathways through the waste rock dam was needed for
planning groundwater flow intervention. Results from an airborne EM conductivity survey flown over
the mine site and adjacent areas suggest the probable flow paths taken by the highly conductive Herman
Impoundment water through the waste rock dam. The airborne data were then used to target areas for
ground-based EM conductivity surveys with a Geonics EM34-3XL instrument. The higher-resolution
results of the ground-based survey corroborated the findings of the airborne survey. This information
will allow groundwater-flow intervention efforts to be concentrated within small areas of the waste rock
dam.
Introduction
The location of the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine (SBMM) on the shore of Clearlake (fig. 1)
makes it the likely source for the mercury (Hg) contamination in the lake’s sediments and fish. The
temporal coincidence of surface mining at SBMM with the sharp increase in the Hg content of dated
sediment cores taken from Clearlake (1) supports this hypothesis. During mining operations, Hg-
containing waste rock and tailings from on-site ore processing were disposed in piles on the mine site,
along the Clearlake shoreline, and directly into Clearlake (2). The SBMM was proposed for inclusion
on the National Priority List in 1988 and became a superfund site in 1991 (2). Two remedial actions
have been performed since superfund designation: regrading and vegetation of mine waste piles along
the shoreline of Clearlake to decrease erosion, and the construction of a surface runoff diversion system
to reduce the amount of water contacting mine waste. A Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study
(RI/FS), which will fully characterize the SBMM site and propose remedial actions, has a scheduled
completion date of December 2001. The U.S. EPA, National Risk Management Laboratory funded the
geophysical reconnaissance described in this paper to augment the RI/FS process.
2. Figure 1. Location of Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine Superfund Site.
An airborne geophysical reconnaissance of the Oaks Arm of Clearlake (including the SBMM
Superfund Site) was conducted to identify geologic structures and conductive groundwater plumes that
may be responsible for the mercury flux into Clearlake. Selected anomalous areas identified in airborne
surveys were then targeted for more detailed ground surveys. Airborne and ground-based geophysical
results were supplemented with site information provided by Tetra Tech EM, Inc. which included down-
hole geophysical logs, a site hydrologic model, and a site geologic map.
Site Description
The Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine is on the eastern shore of the Oaks Arm of Clearlake, Lake
County, California (Fig. 1). The area was initially mined for sulfur during 1865-68. From 1899 until
1918, mercury ore was intermittently mined at the site using underground methods. The majority of the
mercury ore was mined using open pit methods from 1922 until the mine was closed in 1957.
The Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine comprises approximately 49 hectares (120 acres) of disturbed
ground, including piles of waste rock or tailings and a flooded open-pit mine known as the Herman
Impoundment. The Herman Impoundment covers approximately 9.3 hectares (23 acres) and is about 33-
m (100-ft) deep.
Herman
Impoundment
Rattlesnake
Island
Oaks Arm
of Clearlake
Elem Colony
Charter Oaks
Sulphur Bank
Mercury Mine
Superfund Site
3. 3
Geologic Setting
The Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine is located in the southern part of the Northern Coast Ranges of
California. The predominant bedrock is andesitic lava that originated from vents northeast of the study
area. Other lava sources could be vents directly north of the Herman Impoundment and on Rattlesnake
Island. The flow is part of the Clearlake Volcanics of Quaternary Age, a sequence of recent volcanic
flows that range in composition from rhyolite to basalt. A time-domain electromagnetic sounding taken
about 2 km east of Sulphur Bank Mine showed that the Clearlake Volcanics are about 2.6 km thick (3).
Bedrock in the southern part of the study area is the Franciscan Assemblage, a thick sequence of
metamorphosed sandstone, conglomerate, argillite, basalt, amphibolite, and serpentinite of early Tertiary
Age. Unconsolidated lake sediments overlie bedrock in areas adjacent to Clearlake.
A cooling batholithic body is thought to occur no more than 10 km below the Sulphur Bank
Mercury Mine. Evidence for the existence of this batholith is: 1) geothermal activity in the area, 2) the
abundance of young volcanic rocks, and 3) the presence of a gravity low centered slightly southwest of
the study area (4).
Problem Definition
The elevation of the water level in Herman Impoundment, the flooded open-pit of the SBMM, is
about 3.96 m (13 ft) higher than the level of Clearlake. Groundwater would be expected to flow
downgradient from Herman Impoundment through the 200-m wide dam that separates the two water
bodies and into Clearlake. One of the goals of the RI/FS is to identify the contaminant pathways from
Herman Impoundment through the dam.
The dam is predominantly waste rock excavated from the open pit during mining. When the
waste rock was dumped, the coarser materials rolled to the bottom of the pile, and a segregation of
particle sizes occurred. The particle-size heterogeneity that is typical of mine waste dumps results in a
pseudokarst hydrology where zones of high permeability are separated both vertically and laterally by
areas of much lower permeability. The erratic distribution of permeable zones is a function of dump
history and design, as well as the physical characteristics of the waste rock material.
The acidic, metal-containing water of Herman Impoundment is highly conductive and contrasts
sharply with the resistive, altered andesite, which is the predominant bedrock at SBMM. Altered
andesite also comprises most of the material in the waste rock dam. Because of this contrast, the flow
pathway(s) for Herman Impoundment water through the waste rock dam are expected to be readily
apparent in electromagnetic (EM) conductivity surveys.
Methods Used
Airborne, multiple-frequency EM conductivity surveys and total field magnetic surveys were
flown over a 12.3 km2
(4.75 sq. mile) area of Oaks Arm of Clearlake. Fugro Airborne Surveys
performed these surveys August 9-16, 2000 using proprietary DighemV
and DighemVRES
multi-coil,
multi-frequency EM systems, as well as a high-sensitivity cesium magnetometer. The DighemV
EM
system contains two vertical coaxial coil pairs and three horizontal coplanar coil pairs. The vertical
coaxial coil pairs are especially useful for detecting narrow conductors such as faults or man-made
objects such as pipelines or electrical cables. The three horizontal coplanar coil pairs are used for
4. 4
detecting horizontal conductors such as aquifers or conductive strata in layered earth. The DighemVRES
contains five horizontal coplanar coil pairs with a frequency spread of 380 to 90,000 Hz. This system is
optimized to define conductive properties of the earth’s layering in the top 100 m (5). Magnetic data
were acquired using a cesium magnetometer to determine differences in the earth’s magnetic field,
which reflect differences in the local abundance of magnetic minerals. Magnetic data is especially
useful for locating faults and geological contacts. The survey was conducted from a helicopter platform
with the EM sensor about 30 m (100 ft) above ground level and a line spacing of 50 m. The survey was
first flown with the DighemV
EM “bird” and a cesium magnetometer and then repeated with the
DighemVRES
EM “bird”.
Airborne EM conductivity data were acquired at eight frequencies using a horizontal coplanar
coil configuration (380 Hz, 900 Hz, 1400 Hz, 6200 Hz, 7200 Hz, 25 kHz, 56 kHz, and 102 kHz) and
two frequencies using a vertical coaxial coil orientation (900 Hz and 5500 Hz). Although data acquired
using the vertical coaxial coil orientation were useful for identifying line conductors such as pipelines
and submarine electrical cables, the horizontal coplanar coil orientation was better suited for identifying
hydrologic features at SBMM. Data acquired at frequencies of 56 kHz, 7200 Hz, and 1400 Hz using a
horizontal coplanar coil orientation are presented in this paper, and represent ground conductivity from
the near-surface to depths of at least 30 m (100 ft).
A follow-up ground-based geophysical survey was conducted on October 16-18, 2000 by DOE’s
National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). The ground survey was conducted on a portion of
the waste rock dam that exhibited anomalous conductivity in airborne surveys. The Geonics EM34-
3XL used for ground-based electromagnetic surveys consisted of a transmitter and a receiver coil pair
with an inter-coil spacing of either 20 m or 40 m. Different exploration depths were achieved by
changing the orientation and inter-coil spacing of the transmitter and receiver coils. Measurements were
acquired with the coil pairs in the horizontal dipole mode and in the vertical dipole mode. The vertical
dipole mode is equivalent to the horizontal coplanar orientation used in airborne surveys. The
exploration depth (δ) can be approximated using the coil orientation and separation (s).
For horizontal dipole δ ≅ 0.75 s
For vertical dipole δ ≅ 1.5 s
Therefore, the first approximation of exploration depth would be:
15 m for horizontal dipole, 20-m coil separation
30 m for horizontal dipole, 40-m coil separation
30 m for vertical dipole, 20-m coil separation, and
60 m for vertical dipole, 40-m coil separation.
Project Goals
Goals for the current study were: 1) to demonstrate the efficacy of geophysical techniques for
characterizing environmental problems, 2) to determine the accuracy of geophysical information, its
spatial correctness, and its relevance to site geology and hydrology, and 3) to provide new information
to the RI/FS, to augment existing hydrologic and geologic information.
5. 5
Results
Airborne Surveys
Total field magnetic data collected from airborne surveys are shown in Figure 2. This information is
especially useful for mapping the extent of a lava flow beneath Clearlake (solid black line). Because
faulting and associated rock alteration destroys the remanent magnetism of volcanic rocks, faults can be
interpreted from sub-linear, magnetic “lows” in areas underlain by the lava flow. Faults interpreted
from a detailed analysis of the magnetic data are shown as dashed magenta lines in Figure 3.
Figure 4 is an airborne conductivity map acquired at a frequency of 56 kHz, the highest
frequency data acquired at SBMM (data were also collected at 102 kHz but were not useable due to
excessive swinging of the “bird”). At this frequency, the exploration depth ranges from 2.5 m (8 ft) in
red areas to 33 m (110 ft) in blue areas. The water within Herman Impoundment is acidic and produced
a strong conductive anomaly (A, Fig. 4). However, the conductive anomaly extends beyond the
boundaries of the impoundment and into the bedrock north of the pit and into the waste rock dam
(dump) west of the pit (B, Fig. 4). A conductive zone extends completely through the waste rock dam
(C, Fig. 4). An area of anomalous conductivity also exists within Clearlake with the highest values
being measured near the shoreline (D, Fig. 4).
Figure 2. Total Magnetic Field Map of SBMM
6. 6
Figure 3. Faults in the Vicinity of SBMM Interpreted from Airborne Geophysical
Surveys
Figure 5 is a map showing the location of shallow, conductive anomalies in the vicinity of
SBMM. Anomalies A, B, C, E, F, and F are thought to represent shallow, acidic groundwater plumes
formed in situ by the weathering of sulfide minerals. Anomaly D is a wetland area where the anomalous
conductivity may indicate the presence of clay minerals. However, the area also served as a settling
basin for water pumped from the open pit during mining. Therefore, the anomalous conductivity also
could indicate the presence of weathering metal sulfide minerals.
7. 7
Figure 5. Shallow Anomalies (A-G) Identified in Airborne Conductivity Data that May
Represent Local Concentrations of Weathering Sulfidic Material.
Figure 4. Conductivity of Near-surface Materials Acquired from a Helicopter Using a
Horizontal Coplanar Coil Orientation at a Frequency of 56 kHz
8. 8
Figure 6 is an airborne conductivity map acquired with a horizontal coplanar coil orientation at a
frequency of 7200 Hz. The exploration depth for this map ranges from 7 m (23 ft) in the conductive
areas (red) to 94 m (308 ft) in the most resistive areas (blue). The 7200 Hz conductivity map has many
of the same anomalies that were observed in the 56 kHz data. However, one difference is that the
conductive anomalies in the 7200 Hz data are elongated and coincide with the primary faults in the
SBMM area (shown in black, Fig. 6).
Figure 6. Airborne Conductivity Map Acquired Using Horizontal Coplanar Coil
Orientation at 7200 Hz.
9. 9
Figure 7 is an airborne conductivity map acquired with a horizontal coplanar coil orientation at a
frequency of 1400 Hz. The exploration depth range for this map is from 15 m (50 ft) to 200 m (650 ft),
depending on ground conductivity. The alignment of conductive anomalies with faults (dashed black
lines) is more pronounced with the increased exploration depth.
Ground Surveys
A ground-based EM conductivity survey was conducted on the anomalous area of the waste rock
dam that was identified in airborne surveys. The purpose of the ground survey was to corroborate the
airborne survey and to better define the conductive anomaly that extends across the waste rock dam
between Herman Impoundment and Clearlake. Figure 8 is a conductivity map from the ground EM34-
3XL survey conducted with horizontal coplanar coil orientation (vertical dipole) and a 40-m inter-coil
separation. The map of the ground survey is overlain on an airborne conductivity map acquired using a
horizontal coplanar coil orientation and a frequency of 6200 Hz. The median exploration depth for both
the ground survey and the airborne survey is about 60 m (197 ft), depending on ground conductivity.
The airborne conductivity maps show a band of conductive ground trending east-northeastward across
the waste rock dam whereas the more-detailed ground survey shows that the conductive band follows a
more serpentine path through the waste rock dam (Fig. 8). The more circuitous pathway probably
indicates the location of discontinuous, permeable zones that are a function of the dump’s construction
history.
Figure 7. Airborne Conductivity Map of SBMM Acquired Using a Horizontal
Coplanar Coil Orientation and a Frequency of 1400 Hz.
10. 10
Figure 8. Results of Ground Conductivity Survey Acquired Using an EM34-3XL with
40-m Coil Separation Overlain on Airborne Conductivity Data Collected at a Frequency
of 7200 Hz.
Discussion
Faults
Airborne magnetic and EM conductivity data were useful for determining the location of faults
in the vicinity of SBMM. Fault zones within the andesite bedrock appear as magnetic “lows” and
sometimes as EM conductivity “highs”. The high conductivity of fault zones may result from conductive
groundwater, rock alteration, or sulfide mineralization. In Figure 3, faults interpreted from magnetic
“lows” and EM conductivity “highs” are shown as dashed magenta lines and dashed green lines,
respectively. In most cases, the fault locations interpreted from magnetic data correspond well with
fault indications from EM conductivity data. One notable exception is the Vent’s Fault where the fault
location based on magnetic data is about 50 m east of the location based on EM conductivity data.
Geologic mapping of bedrock exposures on the north wall of Herman Pit validates the locations for the
Rattlesnake Island Fault and the Northwest Pit Fault (interpreted from magnetic and EM conductivity
data) and suggests that the location of the Vent’s fault based on EM conductivity data is correct.
Moreover, two groundwater-monitoring wells drilled in the Rattlesnake Island Fault Zone northeast of
Herman Impoundment encountered fractured rock and clays indicative of fault gouge (Mark Engle,
personal commun., 2001). These findings corroborate the fault interpretation based on geophysical data.
Magnetic data, but not conductivity data, indicate the existence and location of the Northeast Fault. The
Northeast Fault is probably not a conduit for conductive, hydrothermal water and has therefore
11. 11
undergone little wall-rock alteration. This information is important to the RI/FS because some faults
may represent conduits for groundwater flow either toward or away from Herman Impoundment.
Waste Rock Dam
Accurate locations for the groundwater pathways through the waste rock dam are important for
the interdiction of Hg flux into Clearlake. The most probable location for groundwater flow dam is
visible in the airborne EM conductivity maps of all frequencies (Figs 4, 6, and 7) as the anomalous
conductivity band that extends across the waste rock. The ground conductivity survey confirms and
more accurately defines the band of anomalous conductivity (Fig. 8). The location of the conductivity
anomaly is coincident with the location of the South Oaks Arm Fault (Fig. 3) and, possibly, a pre-mining
stream channel (only anecdotal evidence). Both features are suggestive of fractured bedrock that would
be expected to provide sub-linear zones of permeability and hydraulic conductivity. Groundwater flow
paths through the dump material that overlies bedrock are a function of porous zones, which are an
artifact of the dump’s construction. Currently, there are no groundwater monitoring wells within the
anomaly and the EM conductivity data and its interpretation cannot be confirmed.
Near-Surface Conductive Anomalies
Shallow, conductive anomalies were identified in EM conductivity maps collected at a frequency
of 56 kHz (Figs. 3 and 4). These anomalies are thought to represent local concentrations of sulfidic ore,
tailings, or waste rock that are weathering to produce conductive groundwater plumes. Anomaly
locations from airborne geophysics are currently being used to direct soil and groundwater
investigations at the SBMM Superfund Site.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge: 1)US EPA, National Risk Management Laboratory in
Cincinnati, OH for funding this investigation, 2)US EPA Region 9 Superfund in San Francisco, CA for
providing site access, 3)MSE-TA, Inc. for administering the contract with Fugro Airborne Services,
4)TetraTech EM for providing geologic and hydrologic data, and 5) Fraser Goff, Los Alamos National
Laboratory for providing regional geologic information.
References
1. Suchanek, T.H., P. J. Richerson, L.H. Mullen, L.L. Brister, J.C. Becker, A.E. Maxson, D.G.
Slotten. 1997. “The Role of the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine Site in the Dynamics of Mercury
Transport and Bioaccumulation within the Clear Lake Aquatic Ecosystem”. Interim final report
prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9 Superfund Program.
2. USEPA. 1994. “Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study: Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine
Superfund Site, Clearlake Oaks, California”. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9
(USEPA). San Francisco, CA. August, 1994.
3. Keller, G. V., J. I. Pritchard, J. J. Jacobson, and N. Harthill, 1984, “Megasource Time-domain
Electromagnetic Sounding Methods”. Geophysics, V. 49, No. 7 (July), p. 993-1009.
4. Isherwood, W. F., 1975. “Gravity and Magnetic Studies of The Geysers-Clear Lake Geothermal
Region, California, USA”. USGS Open File Report 75-368.
12. 12
5. Fugro Airborne Surveys, 2000. “Helicopter-borne Dighem EM/Magnetic Geophysical Survey of
the Sulphur Bank Mine, Clear Lake, California”. Final Report Subcontract No. 00-C561-F for
MSE Technology Applications, Inc. Butte, MT.