The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
I decided to complete my National History Day project on the conflict and compromise of the
Tuskegee Syphilis Study. I learned about the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment and started investigating
the experiment. This study seemed to be a perfect fit to the NHD theme this year. Medical history
and the civil right movement have always been very interesting to me, so I enjoyed researching this
topic. I started with a simple internet search to learn about the basic facts of the experiment and
found a few great sources. Then I moved onto databases, such as El Portal, and found many great
primary and secondary sources. In my school library and our public library, I did not find any books
about syphilis or the experiment. Throughout my research
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Black People Involved In The Tuskegee Experiment
The government allowed and approved scientific experimentation on innocent humans. Making
black men key components in what they thought were be a scientific breakthrough. It took over
forty years to notice these experimental observations for what they truly were, cruel corruptions.
The scientific syphilis observation was completely immoral in every way. People were lied to, and
taken advantage of.
Most people do not know about the Tuskegee study of Untreated Syphilis. The supposed study was
happening deep in the south in Macon County, Alabama, which seemed to be an irrelevant place
with blacks. There are only a few survivors that made it through the terrible condition. Herman
Shaw was a victim of being a subject in these experiments. He in fact hears about it through rumors
going around his church. Stating that people can become special government patience to get free
treatment on bad blood or other known as syphilis. All of the black men involved in the study had no
clue they were just being observed and not treated. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They would say that it was just a misunderstanding and really had concerns of the black people. It
couldn't have been a concern for the black men, because these men were lied to. Those men had
been given medicine and sessions that were so–called treating the disease, but was actually not
doing anything. For example, letters were sent out from the health department stating that new free
studies were being done to treat and cure men with syphilis. In reality, they were lying to the black
men it was actually experiments on only observing syphilis, and seeing how bad it can affect the
black male that is

The Deplorable Treatment of African Americans in Medical...
Medical research in the United States has a disgraceful history of exploitative studies in which
African Americans were targets of abuse in the name of medical and scientific progress. African
Americans have been used as the testing ground for drugs, treatments, and procedures since the time
of slavery. The tolerance of the human frame and the endurance of the soul have been pushed to the
limit in many of these experiments. From the physical demands on plantation work and the torturous
treatment of slavery to the mental anguish inflicted on a slave's soul by their masters, blacks have
received deplorable treatment sanctioned by a white society. The end of slavery and the ushering in
of the twenty first century did not end the torturous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally human medical research studies often targeted those who came to public teaching
institutions desperately seeking free medical treatment and who generally looked up to doctors and
experimenters as experts in the field who were there to help them. While this motivation may seem
logical, it is often faulty as many human medical research studies throughout history demonstrate
that the motivation of medical researches is often not the care of those currently suffering from a
particular condition but the future returns on the cures or medical treatments that may be discovered
during the study (McKie). As with many such unethical studies, the participants often do not give
consent and are not informed of known dangers to the procedure, medications or lack of treatment.
The use of individuals who are poor, uneducated, and lack medical insurance in combination with
prestigious university research institutions and the white coated, well–educated researchers
motivated by discoveries of cures on the scientific frontier results in abuses of individuals. The
ethicacy of human medical research must be brought into question when the studies such as the
Tuskegee syphilis and Mississippi appendectomies are examined, the results reviewed, and
consequences justified. The word study is very appropriate as the men who participated in the
Tuskegee study were not given a treatment or cure

Henrietta Lacks Families Website
Henrietta Lacks Families Website The focus of my research paper is to inform readers whom Mrs.
Lacks was and the injustice that happened with her and to prove she deserves recognition. In order
to entirely grasp my topic one must know who Mrs.Lacks was. For this reason I'm using The Lacks
Family's official website that introduces her. This will help me introduce the topic in my research
paper. The source provides Mrs.Lacks background information to help lead the topic. Explains that
she was a native of rural southern Virginia, and lived in, Maryland. She was admitted to the John
Hopkins's hospital due to abdominal pain and vaginal spotting. She soon died of cervical cancer in
1951. The source delves into the injustice that was done with ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Her daughter said in the interview "that's the main thing that's troubling me about it why was it kept
such a big secret?" After the family was told about the medical advances the son reacted by saying
"it makes me happy to know that my mother contributed something to the world". So at first they
family was shocked and humiliated for not being able to given the privilege of knowing their
mothers contributions to the scientific world.
The last quote I would use from the primary source will show what is happening in the present day
with the HeLa cells and how the family is spreading awareness for Mrs.Lacks.
She continues to enhance, many, many lives who are unaware of her past existence. After all, she
has a rich and important history and a great legacy that she left for her family to carry. We want to
raise awareness and encourage action to problems the world is facing such as poverty,
unemployment, racism, ethical issues, education, communication, and tissue ownership. Our family
is focusing on positive aspects of Henrietta's scientific contribution to the world.
The family connects the HeLa cells with poverty, racism, ethical issues, and tissue ownerships.
They're encouraging readers to read The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks to educate people about
Mrs.Lacks.
Nurses examine one of the Tuskegee syphilis study participants This primary source is a

Tuskegee Study Summary
In the Tuskegee Study, the main cause of these actions was to record the natural history of syphilis
among African Americans. Scientists took six hundred men to be studied and out of those men, three
hundred ninety–nine of them were infected with syphilis (Tuskegee University, n.d). Those men
were the experimental group and the other two hundred and one were the control subjects' syphilis
(Tuskegee University, n.d). The study took place in Macon County, Alabama. The intentions of
choosing those specific subjects were because the individuals were poor and illiterate sharecroppers
from the county (Tuskegee University, n.d). People know the study very well because of the lack of
ethical consideration towards the African American men. Throughout

Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Study
The main ethical issues that I have found to be compelling are several and my reaction is "oh my",
an expression of what is wrong with that time period when I completed reading Bad Blood: The
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, by James H. Jones. I had no idea that our government and public
officials used African Americans for such a terrible experiment. It is beyond a belief that our country
who is "One Nation Under God", would subject one class of citizens for such an experiment that I
would personally classify as plain outright genocide. Are we no better that what the Nazi's did
during World War II? The Nazi's conducted live experiments on mostly Jews, another of class of
societies citizens; that no man or woman and child would be spared at the ... Show more content on
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I would like to say the most prominent person that stands out in the book is Fred Gray. Mr. Gray was
"Tuskegee's most prominent black lawyer and of Alabama's leading civil rights activist" (Jones, pg.
212). He stands out to me, because only an African American can really understand the nature and
impact of those that were put through the Tuskegee experiment. It is only that if we can identify
with what those men had gone through for the many years of medical malpractice to the highest
degree. Politicians, as well State leaders, and public health officials had the duty to protect all
Americans from such atrocities. That is why Mr. Fred Gray stands out in this book. He can identify
with his fellow black Americans. In this case he is the best man suited to handle the grave injustices
for the Tuskegee men. I would like to point that his resume is impeccable as only one of few black
lawyers to argue before the Supreme Court of the United States. The other prominent African
American lawyer to argue several cases before U.S.S.C. was Thurgood Marshall, an icon in the civil
rights movement and future associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Another
individual that was prominent in the Tuskegee experiment and civil rights was a white man by the
name of Senator Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts. Without the perseverance

george washington carver Essay
George Washington Carver
George Washington Carver was born during the civil war years on a Missouri farm near Diamond
Grove, Newton Country in Marion, Township Missouri. Even Carver himself was uncertain of his
own birth date. In early manhood he thought that he was born in the year of 1865. On other
occasions Carver noted that his birth came "near the end of the civil war" or "just as freedom was
declared ".
Carver was a brilliant man who received a bachelors and a masters degree from Iowa Agriculture
College. He became a teacher at Iowa Agricultural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The area were Carver grew up in Missouri was made into a park. This park was the first designated
national monument to an African American in the history of the United States. He was given an
honorary doctorate from Simpson College in 1923. He was made a member of the royal society of
arts in London, England. He received many awards for his great discoveries and products. His
greatest award was the Spingarn metal in 1923, which is given away every year by the National
Association for the Advancement of colored People. The Spingarn metal is awarded to the black
person who has made the greatest contribution to the advancement of his race. Carver died of
anemia at Tuskegee Institute on January 5, 1943 and was buried on campus next to Booker T.
Washington.
George Washington Carver always thought that his father was a slave who lived on a neighboring
farm who was killed in a log–hauling accident shortly after George was born. Carver had a brother
named Jim Carver. Bandits kidnapped their mother Mary Carver when George was fairly young.
Susan and Moses Carver raised George from he was young.
George Washington Carver captured the imagination of the American people

The Tuskegee Experiment Summary
From 1932 to 1972, the U.S. Public Health Service conducted an experiment along with the
Tuskegee Institute to record the natural history of syphilis in hopes to find treatment for African
Americans. The experiment was called the "Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro
Male", and it involved six hundred men, three hundred and ninety–nine of them had the disease of
syphilis, the remaining two–hundred and one did not. The patients had not given formal nor
informed consent, as they were told that they were being treated for "bad blood", which is a local
term to describe several ailments such as syphilis, anemia, and fatigue. In July 1972, an Associated
Press story concerning the Tuskegee Experiment caused a public outcry, which led for the Ad Hoc
Advisory Panel to review the study. The panel did find that the men had agree to be examined and
treated, but there was no evidence that researchers had properly informed them of the studies true
purpose, and the participators were misled and ill–informed to give true consent, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the case of the Tuskegee experiment, the lack of informed consent conveys that the participants'
self–worth was not acknowledged, and their fundamental rights were forfeited, as the participants
were told lies, and their consent was only achieved by deception and manipulation by the scientists.
. Although the black participants in the Tuskegee Experiment had zero formal education, the
researched were not ethically justified to deprive them of the procedures they would undergo. Out of
all ethical principles violated in Tuskegee study, the actuality that the participants were used in such
a great hazardous research without voluntary informed consent is most

Syphilis By Tuskegee Analysis
In the documentary, George Strait tells us the truth behind the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis
in the Negro Male. The study was carried out in Macon County, Alabama between 1932 and 1972
on a large group of black men. About four hundred men were infected with syphilis, a disease
sometimes called "bad blood", while the other two hundred served as the control group. It aimed to
discover whether blacks would react to syphilis the same way as whites, and to decide how long a
person could live with the disease without treatment. The men that were used in the research were
left untreated with syphilis for forty years and suffered hugely at the hands of government doctors.
Some of the people who were part of the study suffered bad effects ranging

The Infamous Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Essay
In 1932, a study was conducted by the U.S. Public Heath Services to study the progression of
untreated syphilis. The study consisted of 600 African American men, 399 who had previous had
syphilis before the study began and 201 without the disease. Throughout the study many unethical
things happened and the subjects of the study were not given the full truth of what was happening
and what was going to happen. According to wikipedia, the Tuskegee Study was arguably the most
infamous biomedical research study in U.S. history. This study led to the establishment of the Office
for Human Research Protections and the tightening of laws for clinical research studies and their
participants. Prior to the study, through a letter of uninformed ... Show more content on
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As a result, 28 men died directly due to syphilis, 100 men died due to complication, 40 of the mens
wives were infected, and 19 of their children had been born with genital syphilis. The study ended in
July of 1972 because of an article in the Associated Press, this story led to a public outcry and
caused Heath and Science Affairs to appoint someone to review the study. Throughout the reviewing
of the study they declared the study was unethical. (Unknown, http://www.cdc.gov) This study
brought up a lot of unethical controversy because the researchers knowingly didn't treat these
patients, even after an effective cure of penicillin was discovered. Not only did the researchers not
treat these patients that they had promised to treat, they also never told them what their actual
disease was. They also never informed these subjects that their disease was spreadable, therefore
infecting and affecting more people than the just the people who agreed to this treatment. The whole
study was based on a lie from the beginning and it was also at a time of the depression, leading these
people to be at last resort and a lack of money. At the time, there was a lot of racism and these
African Americans believe that they were being useful and wanted to help as much as they could,
according to the lecture. These African Americans were uneducated and may not have had a clear
understanding of what was going on or what they were reading and

The Tuskegee Experiment
Tuskegee Experiment Was the Tuskegee Study ethically justified as research that would produce
scientific knowledge about syphilis? The Tuskegee study was not an ethically justified research
initiative. It did not provide any actionable or real scientific data. It initially was designed to identify
how syphilis affects black patients as compared to white patients. While the study did include a
control population and study methodology the mere fact that by 1940, penicillin had arrived as a real
treatment and this treatment was intentionally led to great harm being inflicted on the study
populace. Medical research is driven by providing for the common good and not harming the
subject. In this case 23 men died directly from syphilis and over ... Show more content on
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After termination of the study, the government implemented and has regulated several changes that
impact nursing and public policy today. After ethical concerns had been publically raised and the
study was terminated, the National Research Act was signed into law in 1974. This policy was used
in the creation of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and
Behavioral Research, which proved helpful in identifying policy issues such as the lack of identified
basic principles of research conduct and lack of informed consent. Regulations were passed
according to this panel's recommendations that required voluntary consent from all persons involved
in studies which are funded or conducted by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare
(DHEW) (CDC, 2013). For nurses, this involves a responsibility to ensure that research participants
are advocated for and the consent being obtained is used as an educational, informative

Essay about Booker T. Washington: 'Up from Slavery
The autobiography of Booker T. Washing titled Up From Slavery is a rich narrative of the man's life
from slavery to one of the founders of the Tuskegee Institute. The book takes us through one of the
most dynamic periods in this country's history, especially African Americans. I am very interested in
the period following the Civil War and especially in the transformation of African Americans from
slaves to freemen. Up From Slavery provides a great deal of information on this time period and
helped me to better understand the transition. Up From Slavery provided a narrative on
Washington's life, as well as his views on education and integration of African Americans. All
though this book was written in the first year of this century I ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He worked as a janitor there to support himself and pay his tuition, room, and board. At the
Hampton Institute, Booker met General Armstrong, a white man and the principal of the Hampton
Institute. Armstrong made a great impression on Booker. He writes: "a great man–the noblest, rarest
human being that it has ever been my privilege to meet...part of that Christlike body of men and
women who went into the Negro schools at the close of the war by the hundreds to assist in lifting
up my race." <br><br>While at the Hampton Institute, Washington learned important lessons about
education that would stay with him the rest of his life. These lessons included the fact that keeping
clean was an important part of a person's self worth. He also learned that education does not mean
that one was above manual labor. Washington felt that education should be well rounded and that a
person should learn to love labor. He should also become self reliant and useful to those around him.
He believed that a person should not be selfish and should lead by example. Washington would take
these lessons with him to the Tuskegee Institute where he would later be the principal. <br><br>In
May of 1881, General Armstrong received a request, from a group of philanthropists, to suggest a
principal for a new school for colored people in a small town in Alabama

Racism and Research the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Essay
The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study | | This essay examines the Tuskegee Syphilis Study,
wherein for 40 years (1932–1972) hundreds of black men suffering from advanced syphilis were
studied but not treated. The 40–year study was controversial for reasons related to ethical standards;
primarily because researchers knowingly failed to treat patients appropriately after the 1940s
validation of penicillin as an effective cure for the disease they were studying. To explore the role of
the racism in the controversial study, this essay analyzes the article written by Allan M. Brandt. | |
The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (also known as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study or Public Health
Service Syphilis Study) was an infamous clinical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Six of the values that commonly apply to medical ethics discussions are: * Autonomy – the patient
has the right to refuse or choose their treatment. * Beneficence – a practitioner should act in the best
interest of the patient. * Non–maleficence – "first, do no harm" * Justice – concerns the distribution
of scarce health resources, and the decision of who gets what treatment (fairness and equality). *
Dignity – the patient (and the person treating the patient) have the right to be treated with dignity. *
Truthfulness and honesty – the concept of informed consent has increased in importance since the
historical events of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
Values such as these do not give answers as to how to handle a particular situation, but provide a
useful structure for understanding conflicts. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study violated several of these
guidelines in order to continue their research. In the past and especially today this study was an
unacceptable form of research that lead to the inhumane treatment of many men. The Tuskegee
Syphilis Study was extremely unethical and should have been put to a stop much earlier in the
process. When the study began there may not have been specific guidelines as to how to conduct a
study, but after the

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Essay
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment The Tuskegee Syphilis experiment was a study conducted by the
U.S. Public Health Service and the Tuskegee Institute to determine how untreated syphilis affects
African American men. The incident occurred in Macon County, Alabama, from 1932 to 1972 on
the campus of The Tuskegee Institute .The study consisted of a total of " 600 African– American
men; 399 that were previously identified with having syphilis and 201 were uninfected" ("USPHS
Syphilis Study" 1). Throughout the entire study the men were never told that they had syphilis, only
told that have a condition known as "bad blood".
In the African American community during that time "bad blood" was used describe several
symptoms such anemia or exhaustion. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The key aspects of the study did give doctors and scientist an in–depth of view of how syphilis
effects the body when untreated. On the other hand, the consequences is that other people, such as
the wives, sexual partners, and unborn children were also infected with the disease and were unable
to obtain proper treatment. Another consequence was uncovered racism in the medical community.
This lead people to believe that the reason the experiment went on so long was because the subjects
were all African– American men that wore poor, and some even unable to read. For African
American community, the exposure of this unethical study continued to distrust in the government
and laws. The study did contribute to major changes. For example, "public concern about lax
protocols and potential harm motivated the U.S. government to reevaluate standards for federally
supported studies involving human subjects. The changes made included requiring proof of
informed consent by subjects and mandatory review of all proposed studies by groups called
independent review boards. These new standards encourage ethical treatment of subjects, and help
to make certain that people are aware of the potential benefits and risks of participation in research"

Nurse's Role In The Tuskegee Syphilis Trial
Tuskegee Syphilis Trial – Introduction
In 1932 the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS), in conjunction with the Tuskegee Institute, of
Macon County Alabama, initiated a study to record the natural course of untreated syphilis in black
males. According to the Center for Disease Control, the study involved 600 black men, among
whom 399 had the disease, and 201 did not, but were used as controls. Participants were under the
impression that they were being treated for 'bad blood', which was how researchers described their
condition. To the uneducated, impoverished, and vulnerable black men, this appeared to be ideal,
given that their participation earned them, free meals, medical examinations, and burial insurance.
Unfortunately, what they did not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a nurse, she had an obligation to provide the best medical care for the sick, while minimizing all
potential harms, but her participation in the study gained her the reputation of a nurse who betrayed
her profession. From another point of view, Nurse Rivers has also been as much of a victim as the
participants of the study, due to both gender and race. In a patriarchal society dominated by whites,
to an extent, she was powerless. There would have been dire consequences for a negro, especially a
woman to challenge the doctor with whom she worked. According the Darlene Clark Hines, the
doctor not only worked for the government, but was also a white male, which made him superior by
virtue of race and gender. As a loyal employee, Nurse River always did as she was told, and knew
that a nurse should not question orders given by doctors. Nurse Rivers was described as an upwardly
mobile woman, who had adopted the values and attitudes of middle class culture, which suggests
that class identity shaped her professional life. At the time, it was difficult to find a job, given the
great economic depression in America. Moreover, having lost her job with the Alabama State health
department, Nurse Rivers was more than happy work as a public health nurse. Through hard work,
she achieved her goal of entering the middle–class arena and having a job helped her to maintain her
position. It was crucial as a black nurse struggling for a place in a profession dominated by whites,
to cooperate with her superiors. Similarly, by forging relations with her white colleagues, she
improved her status as a black professional working in the world of white medicine. Clearly, hard
times, economic austerity and upward mobility were influential factors, and as stated by James
Jones, race, professional hierarchies, class, and gender all played distinct and

Tuskegee Syphilis Study: The Catastrophic Violation Of...
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: The Catastrophic Violation of Justice
Alyssa Nielsen
Grand Valley State University
1 February 2016
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: The Catastrophic Violation of Justice
Miss Evers' Boys, a fictionalized narrative, is based on the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in
the Negro Male in 1932, which plays out the catastrophic events of one of the most unethical
medical practices ever studied on human subjects. In the forty years that it took for this study to be
completed, hundreds of African American men were given free medical examinations, but were
denied proper treatment or given a fake treatment. During the course of the study and through the
government's use of these African American men, the Tuskegee Study was able to unethically ...
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The Belmont Report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of
research. Retrieved December 13, 2011, from hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/belmont.html
Hermann, Donald H.J. Lessons Taught by Miss Evers' Boys: The Inadequacy of Benevolence and
the Need for Legal Protection of Human Subjects in Medical Research, 15 J.L. & Health 147 (2000–
2001). Retrieved January 20, 2016, from
http://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1180&context=jlh
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. (2015). What principles of the Belmont Report were violated in the
Tuskegee Syphilis Study? Retrieved February 01, 2016, from
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/cliffsnotes/subjects/history/what–principles–of–the–belmont–report–
were–violated–in–the–tuskegee–syphilis–study
Konwiser, K., Kavanagh, D., Bernstein, W., Sargent, J., Woodard, A.,Fishburne, L., Sheffer, C., ...
HBO Video (Firm). (2001). Miss Evers' boys. New York, N.Y.: HBO Home Video.
Ogungbure, A. A. (2011). The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Some Ethical Reflections. Thought and
Practice: A Journal of the Philosophical Association of Kenya (PAK), 3(2), 75–92. Retrieved
January 20,

Tuskegee Experiment Compare And Contrast Zimbardo And Abu...
Did you know that for forty years the United States Public Health Services did an experiment that
was conducted on hundreds of African American men that suffered from the late stages of syphilis?
Well they did. This experiment is called the 'Tuskegee Experiment'. The men they researched were
mostly illiterate sharecroppers from one of the poorest counties in Alabama. The U.S. Public Health
Services never told the men what disease they suffered from, or its seriousness. The men were told
they were being treated for "bad blood". The researchers never had the motive to cure the infected
men. The data was collected from the autopsies of the deceased men that were left to decay from the
illness. The study was supposedly meant to discover how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The 'Stanford prison experiment', or the 'Zimbardo experiment', influenced Abu Ghraib in Iraq. The
Abu Ghraib is to toughen up prisoners who misbehaved. Nobody would've known about Abu
Ghraib, if photos were not revealed. Zimbardo's experiment showed how people respond to a cruel
environment without clear rules. Dr. Zimbardo put an ad in the paper for healthy male volunteers.
With the flip of a coin they decided who would imitate the guards and who would imitate the
prisoners. The guards wore all khaki, with sunglasses. An imitation guard said, "If you mask your
identity it can make you behave in ways you wouldn't normally behave without a mask on." The
prisoners were given a smock with a number on it. The number was their new identity for the
experiment. They also got a chain and lock around their one foot to remind them, that their freedom
was "lost". Each day the simulated guards would taunt the fake prisoners. Experimental prisoner
number 8612, was the first to have an emotional breakdown. The fourth day in, things got very
sexual, and the guards loved to humiliate the prisoners. Every day a prisoner had a mental
breakdown. After 6 days, Dr. Zimbardo shut down the experiment. The power of the situation
changed everyone in the experiment, including Dr.

Tuskegee Study Thesis
In 1932 the Public Health Service and the Tuskegee Institute worked together and began a study to
record the natural history of Syphilis. The two groups had hopes of justifying treatment programs
for Negro citizens. They titled this study "Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male".
The study originally involved 600 black men, however only 299 of them actually had syphilis. In
addition, they did not know that they were being treated for syphilis. They had been told and
believed they were being treated for "bad blood". As a result of being involved in the study, the men
received benefits such as medical exams, free meals, and burial insurance. This study was only
supposed to last for 6 months, nevertheless, it was still being

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Summary
"Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study" describes the happenings in the
1932 study for untreated, latent syphilis in black males. The study was conducted to determine what
the natural course of untreated, latent syphilis was in black males. When the experiment first took
off, a treatment was unknown. In the experiment, four–hundred men with the disease, and two–
hundred without were tested. The subjects were chosen through physical examinations. The men had
to be syphilitic black males between the ages of twenty–five and sixty. To summarize, the purpose
was to see what the course of untreated, latent syphilis was in syphilitic black males between the
ages of twenty–five and sixty. The study was conducted in a very

The Tuskegee Syphillis Experiment
The Tuskegee Syphillis Experiment, which ran from 1932 to 1972, displayed numerous unethical
practices that goes against the integrity of medical research. There are several principles that are
applied when it comes to medical research. The one principle is allowing individuals the right to be
able to choose whether they would like to accept or decline participation in the research. The
Tuskegee Experiment did not follow this principle due to the lack of information that was provided
to each participant. No participant was given the full intention of the study. This allowed the
researchers to manipulate the participants in order to gain full participation from the participants.
The use of the Informed Consent would have been useful in this ... Show more content on
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This is where the researcher acts in the best interest of the participant. The Tuskegee Experiment did
not embrace this principle. During the study, it became known that Penicillin was an effective
treatment for Syphillis. The participants of the study were not only denied this treatment, but was
not even informed that there was a treatment available. The researchers also hindered the
participants from receiving treatment from outside hospitals. Not allowing the participants to receive
treatments from other hospitals violated Confidentiality. Anyone that was not in connection with that
experiment should not have been given the names of those participants as well as their diagnosis of
having Syphillis. Honesty is also another principle involved in medical ethics. The researchers were
dishonest about the purpose of the experiment. They were also dishonest about the duration of the
experiment. The researchers told the participants that the study was only for 6 months, but in
actuality it was conducted over 40 years. They were also dishonest about available treatments.
Instead of providing effective treatments, the participants were given a number of placebos or not
given any treatment at

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
In the Tuskegee syphilis study that was conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS)
beginning in 1932 in Tuskegee, Alabama 600 low income African American males 400 of them
affected with syphilis were monitored until around 1973. Medical examinations were given but the
subjects were not told about the disease and even at a time where a proven cure (penicillin) became
available in the 1960s, the study continued. The participants themselves were denied treatment and
in some cases when subjects were diagnosed as having syphilis from other Physicians, researchers
intervened to prevent treatment of the research subject. Many of the research subjects died of
syphilis during the study. The study stopped in 1973 by the Department of Health

The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Summary
While reading the article entitled "The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment," the reader is able to get a
deeper insight on the tests being performed for syphilis. The author explains that, "the U.S. Public
Health Service initiated an experiment in Macon County, Alabama, to determine the natural course
of untreated, latent syphilis in black males," (Brandt 21). Using a total of 600 men, 400 being
syphilitic and 200 being uninfected, the USPHS sought to "determine the prevalence of syphilis
among blacks" and explore the possibilities for mass treatment by using the town with the highest
syphilis rate (Brandt 22). Macon County serves as a perfect place for scientific research because
most of the men there were never provided with previous treatment. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One of the codes that is violated is the fourth stanza. In this code, it states that any experiment
performed should not include suffering or injuries if not necessary. Since tragedies of the African
Americans could easily have been avoided by providing penicillin to each patient, this code was
inflicted upon.The sixth code also elaborates on the point that not only should the subjects have
been tested on but the physicians as well. another code that was disobeyed was that the doctors
tested on humans before animals. If the doctors tested on the animals earlier, it could have prevented
and lowered the death rate of these studies for all of the men. The ninth code, which discusses the
liberties, one man has to start and stop his treatment is denied in the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment.
A similarity between each and every one of the cases is that the truth is not fully portrayed to the
patient. From the novel, Henrietta Lacks had a tissue sample taken from her cervix. Just like
Henrietta, many people today have their tissue stored. In Rebecca Skloot's article, she discusses the
way people feel towards getting tested and worked on, when they hear that someone else might be
making money off those scraps, or using them to uncover potentially damaging information about
their genes and medical histories," the people become infuriated (Skloot 2).

Tuskegee Syphilis Study Essay
Tuskegee Syphilis Study was originally a program to help improve the health of poor African
Americans in the south, but later on, in the program, a dark turn was taken, and it ended up harming
African Americans instead of helping. Starting in the 1900s syphilis was a widely spread sexually
transmitted disease. In 1905 Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffman discovered the bacteria that causes
syphilis and then a year later August Wassermann introduced the first diagnostic blood test to
identify syphilis (page 747). Then, in 1911 Paul Ehrlich created salvarsan, and although it could not
treat syphilis it could halt the disease and prevent it from being infectious (page 747). Unfortunately,
these events lead to the U.S. Public Health Service and Julius Rosenwald Fund creating a program
to diagnose and treat syphilis in African Americans down in Mason County, Alabama (page 747). ...
During the study, patients were all given the same diagnosis "bad blood", and were given placebo
treatment only (page 748). The study was extended past the original six–months and as a
consequence, it did not end until 1972 even with the discovery of penicillin in the 1940s (page 750).
Furthermore, patients were denied penicillin and instead were allowed to die from syphilis, all in the
name of science (page 749). The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was clearly a horrible study and from it
come many legacies, some bad and some good. From the Tuskegee study came the 1974 Belmont
Report and established institutional review boards for human subjects (page 750). The medical
industry has learned from the Tuskegee syphilis study how to not treat patients, and also updated
safety procedures in order to prevent this amount of harm from happening

The Tuskegee Alabama Syphilis Study
The Tuskegee Alabama Syphilis Study The Tuskegee Alabama Syphilis Study was a study
conducted between the years of 1932 and 1972 by the US Public Health Services (USPHS) on 600
black uneducated males. Of the 600, 399 were in the late stages of syphilis and 201 did not have the
disease. These men were chosen because of their lack of education and trust of government agencies
to do the right thing in the offer of free medical care in exchange for their services. These men were
not told that they had syphilis but that they had "bad blood." Even when a cure was found, these
men were never given the proper treatment for syphilis. The men passed the disease on to their
wives and later to their kids. In 1972, a panel concluded that the study be

Tuskegee Experiment Research Paper
The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment is also known as the "Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in
the Negro Male" which began in 1932. This experiment was lead by the U.S Public Health Services
and the Tuskegee University in Alabama. I will identify the ethical problems associated with the
Tuskegee Experiment. I will also describe how I would improve the experiment for the participants.
Telford Clark, with the U.S Public Health Services picked Macon,because the Negroes were poor,
naive, and uneducated. Macon was very poor and with the black people only being 2 generations
post slavery, they knew very little. Clark wanted to know if Syphilis was the same disease between
black and white people. Clark also believed Syphilis did not cause death ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Instead of treating syphilis, the U.S Public Health Service wanted to study the effects of syphilis
untreated in black males. The U.S Public Health Service method was to withhold treatment from
400 black males who were poor and uneducated. They also recruited 200 participants who were not
infected with syphilis. These males were promised free medical care and free medicine for
treatment. The experiment was only supposed to last for six months, but lasted longer. While
watching the Deadly Conception , two survivors by the names of Herman Shaw , and Charles
Pollard revealed that they were not allowed to quit the study, be allowed help from outside doctors,
and did not know exactly they were being treated for. When the U.S Government found a cure for
syphilis called penicillin, they withheld this medication and information from the black males. The
U.S Government could have cure these men, but chose not to because they had went so long without
treatment. Almost half of the black men died, and passed syphilis to their wives and eventually to
the babies. Unfortunately, these black people did not question these white doctors and were used as
guinea

Tuskegee Experiment
MEMORANDUM
To: Dr. Hira and Dr. Middendorf, Science and Public Policy Professor
From: Ayanna Dallas, Howard University Student
Date: March 21, 2016
Subject: Tuskegee Study: "Study" or "Experiment"
Introduction
According to Carol A. Heintzelman (2003, Vol. 10, No. 4), the Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis
in the African American male was the longest nontherapeutic experiment on human beings in
medical history. The study began in 1932 in Macon County, Alabama, where the government used
600 men in a forty–year experiment. The purpose of the Tuskegee study was to record the history of
syphilis in blacks, but to ultimately determine if syphilis had the same effect on African Americans
as whites. The African American men were told that they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The experiment of this study was to take African American males, inject them with syphilis, and
watch their reaction to the disease. A total of 600 men were in this experiment. 399 of the men had
syphilis and were a part of the experimental group and 201 men were in the control group. The
experiment took many ethical turns from what it was originally supposed to be. Though the men
were not being treated because there was no cure for syphilis in 1932, they could have been in 1945.
In 1945, penicillin was accepted as a treatment of for syphilis. Jones (1981 p. 17), "After 1955,
penicillin was introduced as a syphilis good treatment, but was denied to the participants because
treatment at a late stage would be harmful". Between 1950 and 1965, the experiment continued as a
regular routine though men were dying and in 1972, the study ended. The results of this experiment
was that all 600 men died from not being treated with penicillin or any type of medicine and the
conclusion is that the doctor's hypothesis was proven incorrect. African American men do react the
same as white men to syphilis; if not treated, you

The Tuskegee Experiments
The only thing the Tuskegee Experiments were successful in was creating a living hell for all
participants. The United States government conducted a study spanning from 1932 to 1972, testing
the long–term effects of untreated Syphilis in African American males in Tuskegee, Alabama. By
1997, American citizens, after being repeatedly lied to, learned the extent of these experiments and
their treatment of African Americans: Failure to disclose the possession of syphilis, false treatment,
lack of consent, and the avoidable harm and deaths of participants. The Tuskegee Syphilis
Experiments were detrimental because they perpetuated institutionalized racism. These government
run tests targeted African Americans in impoverished communities, dehumanizing ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alankaar describes this process as a "castration", literally dehumanizing the participants through
terminology associated with cattle, sheep, and swine. By separating of animal versus man, the
Tuskegee experiments were able to be conducted, as they were feeding off stereotypes engraved on
the minds of the conductors. The dehumanization of participants allowed doctors to distance
themselves from the subjects and ensured their superior status. In a primary recollection from
Herman Shaw, one of the five survivors of the study, the extent of dehumanization was outlined.
Shaw states, "Marable (1994:70–71) has discussed that historically black men were considered in an
'institutionally racist society' as "only a step above the animals–possessing awesome physical power
but lacking in intellectual ability." The referral to "pigs", again possess dehumanizing traits which
allowed doctors to justify their experiments. Stereotypes of wildness and savagery compounded
with previous perceptions of minorities in, in Shaw's words, "an institutionally racist society,"
highlights the status quo at that time in

Tuskegee Syphilis Study Essay
What were the ethical implications of the decisions taken at the time of the study?
How can you apply the learning from this module (either universalism or utilitarianism) to the
Tuskegee case?
The Tuskegee syphilis study involved 600 African American men. In this controversial study 399
had syphilis and 201 did not. This was a study conducted without any informed consent. They were
intentionally misled to believe that they were being treated for "bad blood" a term they had come to
recognize during this era. This deception allowed the test subjects to believe that they possibly had
anemia and fatigue which was included with syphilis. During this study they were not permitted to
receive any adequate treatment for the disease. They were never counseled on the intent or purpose
of the study. Even after the penicillin was introduced as the cure drug for syphilis they were still
denied proper treatment for the disease. In spite of the constant studies that favored treating syphilis
even in the latest stages of the infection there was no consideration to try and eradicate this illness in
the test subjects.
After an investigation discovered while the study was being performed the subjects were never ...
In German and England they referred to it as French Pox. The Russians considered it to be Polish
sickness. While in Asia the Japanese knew it as the Chinese ulcer. It also shoes an expressed fear or
threat from a white society that enforced pain while camouflaging its fear of an African American
community behind the words sciences. Even some in white society viewed this unethical experiment
as a study to aide research for the lager population. It emphasizes the ethical egoism practiced to
excuse the action of putting one's own interest before others welfare. The study totally ignored the
utilitarian principle which would have given some consideration and moral relief on the African
Americans men in this

The Tuskeee Study: Radically Changed the Views and...
The Tuskegee Study has radically changed the views and practice of medicine and ethics. The 40
year long study impacted 600 African American men and their families. It began as a scientific
investigation of syphilis as it affected black men. Back in the 1930's, it was thought to be true that
black men were genetically different from white men and that black men's bodies reacted differently
to syphilis. The goal was to see what would happen to the men who had syphilis if they were left
untreated (CDC, 2009). Not only did this study affect those directly involved, but also future
generations as well. Many things let this highly unethical study continue for way too long. With the
end of slavery not far off from the start of The Tuskegee ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fact that this study was to uncover the outcome of syphilis, justified that it was harming many
individuals because it would later benefit America as a whole. Just because it was socially
acceptable at the time, does not give them the right to conduct this study. There are ways that they
could have run a similar study without violating the rights of the participants. For one, they could
have designed the study that followed a universal code of ethics. During the course of the study, the
Nuremberg Code was created and enforced (The Nuremberg Code, 1946, p.181). This document's
purpose is to set a standard to which all human beings should be treated during experimentation. The
Tuskegee Study violated all of the points of conduct. For example, the first goal that must be
addressed is "The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential" (The Nuremberg
Code, 1946, p.181). The Tuskegee participants were not told by the scientist the full reason why
they were needed, nor were they told what was going to be studied. The consent must be informed,
and they clearly were not. Another issue in the Nuremberg Code is "The experiment should be so
conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury" (The Nuremberg
Code, 1946, p.182). During the study, the knowledge of penicillin curing syphilis came to be, and
yet none of the

Tuskegee Study Summary
When I watch the video about the research on "The Tuskegee Syphilis Study" by the US Public
Health Service, I shocked and suprised on what had been done to the black people.The Tuskegee
Experiment was a shameful act done by the researcher towards the black people. How can the
researcher carry out the experiment without told the blacks about the aim of the experiment. The
black africa–american should been told that they were infected with siflis. The researcher also
clearly agains the ethical rules of experiment when they denied the right of the black to get the
Penicilin for the treatment. There are many innocent people were affected from the experiment
especially the women and children. They were infected with syphlis and eventhough the cure

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was an experiment on African American males and the effects of
untreated syphilis. When the study began in 1932, the men were not fully aware of what the doctors
were "treating" them with. They were wrongly informed that they were receiving treatments for
"bad blood". In reality, about 600 Alabama participants were infected with syphilis. Unfortunately,
as these men were not aware of the virus they carried, they infected their loved ones as well. The
men in this study were drawn in by the promise of medical benefits and more. As the study
continued on, penicillin was found to be a cure for syphilis in 1947. However, it was withheld from
these men and they continued to suffer unnecessarily. Finally, in 1972 the truth

Ethical Violations In The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
In the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, doctors examined a group of black men who were diagnosed with
syphilis in order to follow physical manifestations that arise over the course of the disease. These
researchers told the men that they would receive free medical treatment; however, there were
numerous ethical violations that would be of great concern today. First, these men were never told
they had syphilis, so they didn't know that they were dealing with a disease. Furthermore, during the
study, penicillin came out as the first antibiotic and as a cure for syphilis. Yet, these patients were
not treated for their disease, which resulted in deteriorating physical conditions. Both of these
ethical violations bring up the issue of informed consent.

The Tuskegee Experiment Essay
The Tuskegee experiment was a medical research project that began at 1932 to 1972 in Macon
County, Alabama. In 1930s, there was no known treatment for syphilis, and Tuskegee experiment
was one of the experiment that was done by the doctors form the U.S. Public Health Service to find
out the cure for syphilis. In 1932, the Public Health Service (PHS) enlisted the support of the
Tuskegee Institute and the Tuskegee project was started. All of the participants were black and poor
– 399 men in latent syphilis and a control group of 201 others who were disease free (Nix, 2017).
The people who participated in the study were told that they suffered from "bad blood", a local term
used to refer to a range of ills not specific as syphilis and they could get a free treatment. In the first
stage of Tuskegee project, the doctors agreed using arsenic, bismuth, mercury in the treatment and ...
Consequently, informed consent was not preserved because the participants were not informed about
the research purpose, risk and benefits or any detail explanation about syphilis. Moreover, a free
treatment for "bad blood" – not really a specific disease was the only information that the black men
in Macon County, Alabama had; therefore, they did not know they would get a painful spinal tape to
determine the neurological which was not really necessary in syphilis

Compare And Contrast Vendectomies And Tuskegee
The Tuskegee Experiments and the Mississippi Appendectomies were similar in that it targeted a
specific population and it was located in the South. This population of black people were already
being restricted from access to many opportunities other inhabitants of the U.S had. Their life was
not held to the same value as others and were therefore were used by the science community. They
both in fact targeted vital rights of humans to be able to reproduce and make a family. The
differences between them is that the Tuskegee Experiment somewhat informed the black subjects
what they were going to go through. It could even be said that these black subjects thought they
were being respected because they were given information and benefits that they probably couldn't
have had otherwise. The Mississippi Appendectomies were never ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
She went in because she was told she needed treatment for her malignant knot. In the consent form
they did not mention what the treatment consisted of specifically. It did not inform Henrietta of what
was about to come and for how long or how much pain was involved (Skloot 31). She was only
given information when her wishes to have another child clashed with what her unknown reality
was ( Skloot 47). Like in the fate of those in the Mississippi Appendectomies she was denied the
right of reproduction, but she was given the chance to be given treatment. Other African–American
victims would never be given treatment or as much care during the treatment process the way
Henrietta Lacks had. They would also not be given consent forms or be allowed to ask questions.
Henrietta Lacks had some questions answered and at least her medical records were recorded and
kept. African–American victims during her time in other hospitals or slightly before her time would
not have many written records or documentation of their

The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
I found the Tuskegee Syphilis experiment to be very disturbing and sad to hear about. I believe some
of the most important qualities of a scientist are he/her integrity and respect. After the researchers
performed this experiment, they lost those qualities, at least in my eyes. There are certain
experiments that may tread the line of ethicality, but I would definitely have to say that the Tuskegee
experiment completely crossed that line. The first, and maybe most important, mistake made by
these researchers was the fact that they did not tell their research subjects what was actually
happening. They were promised treatment, but instead were not treated at all. Public health services
even went to extreme lengths to make sure the subjects ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It seemed as if these subjects were expendable to the researchers, and they were only after the goal
of making a scientific breakthrough (even though it was concluded that nothing of real scientific
merit came out of the study). They did not take into account the consequences for their subjects. The
researchers took away the right of the participants to choose if they wanted treatment or not because
they lied about what was actually going on in the experiment. They were deceitful (saying the spinal
tap was a free, special treatment) and vague (telling the subjects they were being treated for "bad
blood"). After the invention of penicillin and indisputable evidence that men in the study were
dying, they still chose not to administer penicillin or let their subjects receive treatment elsewhere.
Even after 40 years, they continued to hold onto the idea that the damage had already been done and
there wasn't much that could be done, so why tell the patients at all. This shows that the scientist
were only concerned with their own self–interests, and not at all with the interests of the

Tuskegee Experiment
Introduction
The Tuskegee Study consisted of experiments done by the U.S. Public Health Service in which
government doctors conducted the studies on poor African American males. Government doctors
promised their subjects free treatment for syphilis and $50 for life insurance. The experiments took
place in Macon County, Alabama. Around this time, it was a very poor area in which not many
African Americans were educated. During the 1920s, treating and diagnosing syphilis was extremely
important, as it was highly feared. The term "bad blood" was also used in reference to syphilis and
many other illnesses. In 1932, the Tuskegee University decided to collaborate with the experiment.
The experiment lasted a course of over 40 years and ended in 1972 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The researchers in the Tuskegee study totally disregarded human rights in the name of science. They
used race, gender, and socioeconomic studies to decide who would participate in the experiment.
They purposefully used Macon County because most were sharecroppers who did not have an
education and would not ask questions. They technically bribed them with free medical care and $50
for life insurance. However, the participants who died in the study received $35 dollars of life
insurance after death. They deceived them for 40 years by making them think they were receiving
treatments for "bad blood" when in fact they were withholding treatment. However, in present day,
researchers must comply with guidelines and undergo a review panel to be approved. Participants
must be informed of the study and its risks as well as the right to decline participation at any given
time. The subjects must also be competent and be able to understand what is happening in the
experiment as well as its

The Tuskegee Study
Where and Why The Tuskegee study took place in Macon,Alabama at the campus of Tuskegee
Institute. Macon was known to be highly populated with African Americans,which was necessary
for this study, because at the time they were twelve times more likely to get syphilis than
Caucasians(CDC 2013). The study lasted from 1932 to 1972.(Tuskegee University) How The
Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, originally consisted of six hundred men,
three hundred and ninety nine of them had syphilis while two hundred and one consisted of the
control group. The men were all offered health care and survivors insurance, making it almost
impossible to decline participating in the study seeing as most of the men were extremely poor.

The Deadly Deception Summary
The movie The Deadly Deception is about the infamous clinical study done over a time span of
between early 30s and 70s. The government's intention to study such scientific research lead to
unethical behavior by luring men, whom did not know about such experiment. The Tuskegee
syphilis ("bad blood") experiment was done in Tuskegee, Alabama by the US Public Health Service.
Syphilis terrified people and it created phobias among people. Syphilis can cause "life sentence
illness like blindness, dementia, arthritis, heart disease and premature death". The Tuskegee Study
purpose was to study and experiment what untreated syphilis progress in a natural environment in
poor, mainly black men who thought they were provided a free health care from the public health
service from the government. Most of the men were mostly uneducated sharecroppers from the
poorest part of Alabama. The study gathered over 600 African–American from Alabama and of
those 600 people, 400 have been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I understand that we had no technological advances back in the day and needed to do experiments
on people, but this crossed the line in every senses. The purpose of the movie was to show the
importance of ethic in social research in areas as well as our private life, biases and genre out of the
scheme. However, this study showed that these men were basically cheated and thinking that they
were getting the benefit of the doubt, but U.S. Public Health Service violated the rights of the men
in the study. And there was racism part of the documentary. If blacks weren't getting treated, then it
can infect white people and that lead to such event in our history. Whether it was out of hatred or
racism, black men had the right to know what was happening to their body and what was being
experimented. Just like a survey, they should be given the option to whether to participate in the
study and receiving

Susceptible To Kindness: The Tuskegee Study
The Tuskegee study is historically known as one of the most controversial medical studies in
America. This study chose lower class African American Males to participate in a deceitful study.
Something that began as a treatment program was changed by the public health service researchers
into an experimental study known as The Tuskegee Study. The doctors and leaders of the study told
men that they had bad blood but they actually had a disease known as Syphilis. This study was the
focus point of the film Susceptible to Kindness: Miss Evers' Boys and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
The film goes into interviews with scholars about the study and flashes to scenes from the play Miss
Evers' boys. The issues and reasoning for the study are both discussed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Why did these Black men take part in this study where they were getting little benefits? Why did the
health professionals not worry about the ethics of this study? It was racial attitudes in America that
helped keep this study alive. So many white Americans, including the white physicians involved,
were convinced that syphilis was a black disease and whites could only get it from blacks spreading
it. For anyone to say that race didn't play a role in the Tuskegee study is impossible. First and most
obvious, all participants in this study were Black. This simple choice of the participants was race
based and severely unethical. Race was the gas fuel that kept this fire burning. From the start of this
study in 1932 the unethical points of the experiment were very evident. A point regarding to the
ethics, the officials in charge of the study, who were mostly all white, failed to gain informed
consent from the black men before the study began. By the doctor's negligence to get informed
consent and bribing the participants with incentives, it is pretty apparent that they were conducting
an unethical experiment on black men. They claimed that informed consent was not required
because the men simply could not have comprehended the details of the study. The officials, instead
of giving the men all the necessary information on the study, bribed the men with incentives to
participate. These incentives included free physical examinations, free rides from Nurse Rivers,
good meals, and $50 dollars towards their burial insurance. The researchers were not required to
explain the study details so therefore did not inform participants of what they were enduring.
Researchers were never concerned by the ethics of this study, rather their concern was how to keep

The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

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