The document discusses several aspects of religion, social structure, gender roles, slavery, and slave trade in pre-colonial sub-Saharan Africa. It notes that Islam spread along the East African coast and was adopted by rulers and elites without forced conversion. West African rulers also converted to Islam or Christianity. It describes traditional African religion as having a single creator god and lesser nature deities, with practices including ancestor worship, divination, and oracle reading. The document outlines the kinship-based social structure, gender roles with some women having power and opportunity, and the existence of age-grade social groups and slavery as an established institution within Africa and in the Indian Ocean trade network.
Improving human nutrition through food systems: studies in China, Columbia, M...Waite Research Institute
Micronutrient deficiencies affect over half the world’s human population. Biofortification may be an important component of a food system approach to reducing micronutrient malnutrition. Agronomic biofortification involves adding such micronutrients as zinc, iron, selenium and iodine either to the soil at planting or as a foliar spray when food crops are growing.
In order to keep horticultural produce fresh for longer, members of the supply chain have various post-harvest solutions available to them. However the effectiveness of these technologies is reliant upon an understanding of the physiology of the produce.
The laboratory of Dr Amanda J. Able at the University of Adelaide’s Waite Campus focuses upon gaining this understanding and the development of suitable post-harvest technologies.
Current research includes:
- developing the use of the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), as a tool to extend shelf life of banana and determining the impact of 1-MCP on aroma, volatiles and consumer acceptability;
- understanding why capsicum does not ripen when harvested green;
- the effect of Ca and B application (pre- and post-harvest) on the development of grey mould; and;
- the effect of 1-MCP and controlled atmosphere storage on health qualities of apples (such as antioxidant content).
However, there is a real need to link post-harvest technology with an increase in the long term benefits that could be derived from food (especially for human health). The Able laboratory is now seeking to examine the impact of post-harvest technologies on bioactive compounds, their bioavailability and impact on human health.
Improving human nutrition through food systems: studies in China, Columbia, M...Waite Research Institute
Micronutrient deficiencies affect over half the world’s human population. Biofortification may be an important component of a food system approach to reducing micronutrient malnutrition. Agronomic biofortification involves adding such micronutrients as zinc, iron, selenium and iodine either to the soil at planting or as a foliar spray when food crops are growing.
In order to keep horticultural produce fresh for longer, members of the supply chain have various post-harvest solutions available to them. However the effectiveness of these technologies is reliant upon an understanding of the physiology of the produce.
The laboratory of Dr Amanda J. Able at the University of Adelaide’s Waite Campus focuses upon gaining this understanding and the development of suitable post-harvest technologies.
Current research includes:
- developing the use of the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), as a tool to extend shelf life of banana and determining the impact of 1-MCP on aroma, volatiles and consumer acceptability;
- understanding why capsicum does not ripen when harvested green;
- the effect of Ca and B application (pre- and post-harvest) on the development of grey mould; and;
- the effect of 1-MCP and controlled atmosphere storage on health qualities of apples (such as antioxidant content).
However, there is a real need to link post-harvest technology with an increase in the long term benefits that could be derived from food (especially for human health). The Able laboratory is now seeking to examine the impact of post-harvest technologies on bioactive compounds, their bioavailability and impact on human health.
Why Post Harvest Management and cold chain is applied to Perishable produce. Basics of Post harvest care. What packaging is required, what kind of food safety is required, contamination and tainting, HAACP control. Download from www.crosstree.info
Ethylene is a very important plant hormone and it plays a significant role in the post harvest life of fresh produce. Sometimes being positive and sometimes not. The damage resulting from ethylene exposure could easily be minimized if there was a greater awareness of the potential harm and the simple measures that can be used to prevent damage.
Food Preservation Methods and Food Processing rmasterson
Microbes are important to our food; however, there are processes that can eliminate the "bad bugs" from our food. Dive into this presentation for a look at 8 different methods of food preservation. Take a look at 2 different ways of meat processing and view those differences.
7. Charlemagne
• Brought about centralized authority in
Western Europe.
• Lived from 768-814
• Had diplomatic contact with Abbasids and
Byzantine Empire, unified his empire
through warfare.
• Built a capital at Aachen
• Crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800
9. grandson of Charles, “The Hammer” Martel came to the throne. Though his father
was known as Pepin “the Short,” Charlemagne stood at 1.84 meters (about 6 feet)
which made him tall for his day. He is described as being heavily built, with lively
round eyes in a round head, white hair, and a short thick neck. He favored the color
blue, and preferred having swords with gold and silver handles. Otherwise, he
dressed like the ordinary people of his time. His favorite food was roasted meat.
Charlemagne was married 4 times and had 11 legitimate children and 9 illegitimate
children. He had two sets of twins. He also had 5 known concubines, who also
bore him 9 children. Though he inherited a kingdom, it was not at peace. He waged
war against the Saxons for 32 years before finally defeating them. He also defeated
the Bavarians, Slavs, Lombards, and Avars, and put down a rebellion in Rome, earning
the love of Pope Leo III, who crowned him Emperor of the Romans on December
25, 800. Despite being illiterate himself, Charlemagne valued education and set up
schools for law, literacy and Latin, and through his direct actions, preserved much of
the ancient world’s written work. Charlemagne died January 28, 814 at the age of
71 of Pleurisy, an inflammation of the lining around the lungs. This usually is caused
by repeated infections (like bronchitis and pneumonia). He was buried the same day
he died.
Charlemagne was married 4 times and had 11 legitimate children and 9 illegitimate
children. He had two sets of twins. He also had 5 known concubines, who also
bore him 9 children. Though he inherited a kingdom, it was not at peace. He waged
war against the Saxons for 32 years before finally defeating them. He also defeated
the Bavarians, Slavs, Lombards, and Avars, and put down a rebellion in Rome, earning
the love of Pope Leo III, who crowned him Emperor of the Romans on December
25, 800. Despite being illiterate himself, Charlemagne valued education and set up
schools for law, literacy and Latin, and through his direct actions, preserved much of
12. “I am a griot . . . we are vessels of speech, we are the repositories which
harbor secrets many centuries old. The art of eloquence has no secrets
for us; without us the names of kings would vanish into oblivion, we are
the memory of mankind; by the spoken word we bring to life the deeds
and exploits of kings for younger generations . . . I teach kings the history
of their ancestors so that the lives of the ancients might serve them as an
example, for the world is old, but the future springs from the past” (D.T.
Niane, Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali, p. 1).
13. Take a look at page 490
for the story of
Sundiata, the first Lion
King.
14.
15. Is this map accurate? Is it fair?
• Groups: Z, Kilwa, Kongo, Axum-how does
the text describe them? Modify the map
based on that description
• Add the presence of religion
• Add goods exported/imported
• expand the trade routes
16. Then, on your blog:
• Post answers to these questions:
• Why show an isolated Africa?
• Why not color code religions?
• Why not color code other kingdoms?
• Why not show goods and trade partners?
• What’s the overall impact on your image
of Africa that comes from these
omissions? What’s changed?
17. Religion in S.S. Africa
• Islam in East Africa (Swahili Coast)
• Rulers/Elites convert but don’t force others
to do so.
• Retain pagan practices at home, Islam in
public.
• Islam becomes a social “glue” for
merchants and political partnerships.
18. Religion in S.S. Africa cont.
• West African rulers/elites convert
• Kings of Ghana in 10th century
• Forms positive connections with North
Africa; syncretic versions arise
• Sundiata nominally Muslim, but doesn’t
force conversion
• Mansa Musa devout, encourages conversion
19. Religion in S.S. Africa cont.
• Christianity popular in Egypt & North
Africa, weak in S.S. Africa
• Axum is converted to Christian kingdom
• merchants bring it, elites convert
• Bible translated liberally into Ethiopian
• Isolated from the rest of Africa (Muslim)
and Euro-Christendom
• Syncretic with African traditions
20. Religion in S.S. Africa cont.
• Traditional African religion: Hugely diverse.
• Common element is a single male creator
god; lesser deities associated with nature
• Ancestor worship common
• Oracle reading, medicine men, magical
interventions, Diviners all common
• Stresses morality and balance, not theology
21. Social Structure
• Some kingdoms/empires/city-states have
defined social groups:
• Merchants, Ruling Elites, Peasants
• Most areas follow kinship group structure
22. Kinship Groups
• Extended families or clans
• Age is the factor that matters
• Little private property
• Land held communally, children raised
communally
• Harvest distributed by council of elders
23. Gender Roles
• Men work in specialized skill areas
• Tanning, iron working, heavy labor
• Both work equally in agriculture
• Women have opportunities in politics,
economics and military--not full equality,
but closest we see in the world
• Islamic and Christian norms slow to arrive.
24. Something unique
• Age grades
• Cross social class, family, and locale
• Like your school stratification
25. Slavery
• Practiced since Bantu migration
• POWs, suspected witches, criminals, rarely
debtors (little private property...)
• used in agriculture, mostly male
• Slaves become status symbols--labor is
wealth, not property.
26. Slave trade
• Vibrant and the norm within Africa
• Trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trade tap
slave trade in 9th century--high demand
• shifts internal slave trade: large states raid
smaller kinship groups for slaves to sell
• 10,000-20,000 per year exported
• Swahili Coast the center for slave trade
27. Big revolt--Zanj
• Mesopotamia--slaves used to harvest sugar
cane and mine salt deposits
• 869, slave named Ali bin Muhammad leads a
revolt of 15,000 slaves
• Captures the city of Basra.
• Crushed by Abbasid military