The document discusses the issue of space debris and its negative effects. It outlines that there are over 3,000 defunct objects in Earth's orbit that are considered space junk. This debris poses a risk to active satellites and can also negatively impact the environment. When debris reenters the atmosphere, it can release chemicals that deplete the ozone layer and pollute oceans. The document examines existing policies from countries and organizations to regulate space debris and proposes potential solutions to mitigate the problem, such as using solar sails or electrodynamic tethers to remove debris from orbit.

1. “THE SPACE JUNK”
SPACE DEBRIS AS ENVIRONMENTAL
THREAT AND POLICY TOOLS FOR
COMBATING IT.
MAGESH SARAVANAN
16BLB1022

2. INTRODUCTION
3,000 THAT ARE
DEFUNCTS
Space debris (also known as space
junk) is defunct artificial objects in
space—principally in Earth orbit—
which no longer serve a useful
function. These include derelict
spacecraft—nonfunctional spacecraft
and abandoned launch vehicle
stages—mission-related debris, and
particularly numerous in Earth orbit,
fragmentation debris from the breakup
of derelict rocket bodies and
spacecraft. In addition to derelict man-
built objects left in orbit, other
examples of space debris include
fragments from their disintegration,
erosion and collisions, or even paint
flecks, solidified liquids expelled from
spacecraft, and unburned particles
from solid rocket motors. Space
debris represents a risk to spacecraft.
2,000 ACTIVE
SATELLITES ORBITING
EARTH

3. IN THE SIX DECADES SINCE WE BEGAN
LAUNCHING THINGS INTO SPACE, THERE HAS
ONLY BEEN ONE RECORDED INCIDENT OF A
PERSON BEING STRUCK BY FALLING SPACE
DEBRIS.
THE DISPOSAL OF FIBRE-REINFORCED
PLASTIC (FRP) VESSELS,ARE DUMPED AT
SEA EACH YEAR, POSSIBLY BECAUSE OF A
LACK OF LAND-BASED DISPOSAL
FACILITIES.
80 TONS OF SPACE
DEBRIS RE-ENTERS
EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE
EACH YEAR.
BURN UP IN THE
ATMOSPHERE OR FALL TO
EARTH.
THE COMPOSITIONAL
CHEMICALS ARE STILL BEING
RELEASED INTO THE
ATMOSPHERE.
NITRIC OXIDE, WHICH
DEPLETES THE OZONE
LAYER.

4. OBJECTIVES
TO EXPLORE AND INVESTIGATE SPACE DEBRIS’
NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON THE OZONE LAYER AND IT’S
CAUSES ON THE CLIMATE CHANGE.
TO ANALYSE IN ADVANCE ON SPACE DEBRIS CAUSING
MARINE POLLUTION AND IT’S EFFECTS ON THE
MARINE LIFE.
TO DERIVE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS, BY EXAMINING EXISTING
POLICIES AND LEGAL REGULATIONS IMPLEMENTED BY
SPECIFIC COUNTRIES (USA, CHINA, INDIA AND EUROPEAN
COUNTRIES) TO SIGNIFICANTLY COMBAT SPACE DEBRIS.

5. METHODOLOGY
RESEARC
H
BACKGRO
UND
COMPARI
SON
REGULATI
ON TOOLS
AND
POLICIES
NEGATIVE
CAUSE OF
SPACE
DEBRIS
LITERATU
RE
REVIEW
CONCLUS
ION
CASE
LAWS/JUD
GEMENTS
ESTIMATED 20 BOOKS 1) OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
2) MARINE POLLUTION
1) RESULT
2) SUGGESTION

6. SPACE DEBRIS’ NEGATIVE EFFECT ON THE OZONE LAYER
ABOUT 2 TONNES (2.2 TONS) OF DEAD
SATELLITES REENTERING EARTH'S
ATMOSPHERE DAILY.
COULD DAMAGE EARTH’S PROTECTIVE
OZONE LAYER IF PLANS TO BUILD
MEGACONSTELLATIONS OF TENS OF
THOUSANDS OF SATELLITES.
THOSE CHEMICALS COULD LEAD TO AN
UNCONTROLLED GEOENGINEERING
EXPERIMENT, THE CONSEQUENCES OF WHICH
ARE UNKNOWN.
WITH METEOROIDS FAR EXCEEDS
THE MASS OF DEFUNCT
SATELLITES MEETING THE SAME
FATE.

7. UNCONTROLLED GEOENGINEERING
"ALUMINA REFLECTS LIGHT AT CERTAIN
WAVELENGTHS AND IF YOU DUMP ENOUGH ALUMINA
INTO THE ATMOSPHERE, YOU ARE GOING TO CREATE
SCATTERING AND EVENTUALLY CHANGE THE
ALBEDO OF THE PLANET,"
PUMPING CERTAIN TYPES OF CHEMICALS
INTO THE HIGHER LAYERS OF THE
ATMOSPHERE

8. REENTERING SATELLITES USUALLY EVAPORATE AT
ALTITUDES BETWEEN 55 AND 30 MILES (90 AND 50 KM),
JUST ABOVE THE OZONE-RICH STRATOSPHERE.
OZONE HOLE 2.0
BANS ON THE USE OF
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS,
CHEMICALS USED IN THE
PAST IN AEROSOL SPRAYS
AND REFRIGERATORS.
"WE KNOW THAT ALUMINA DOES DEPLETE
OZONE JUST FROM ROCKET LAUNCHES
THEMSELVES BECAUSE A LOT OF SOLID-
FUEL ROCKETS USE, OR HAVE, ALUMINA AS
A BYPRODUCT,"
"THAT CREATES THESE LITTLE
TEMPORARY HOLES IN THE
STRATOSPHERIC OZONE LAYER.”
THE OZONE LAYER PROTECTS LIFE ON EARTH FROM
HARMFUL UV RADIATION

9. SPACE DEBRIS CAUSING MARINE POLLUTION AND IT’S EFFECTS ON THE MARINE LIFE
THERE ARE INDEED MORE THAN SEVEN
HUNDRED THOUSAND PIECES OF METAL AND
PLASTIC LARGER THAN ONE CENTIMETRE
THAT REVOLVE AROUND THE EARTH.
FRICTION BETWEEN THE AIR
MOLECULES AND THE
SATELLITE
THE “NEMO POINT”, WHICH TAKES ITS
NAME FROM THE FAMOUS CAPTAIN
OF TWENTY THOUSAND LEAGUES
UNDER THE SEA, IS THUS REFERRED.
“SPACECRAFT CEMETERY” IN THE
SOUTH PACIFIC
EVEN THE MARINE LIFE IS IN SCARCE
WE COULD ALSO DROP THEM IN THE
ATLANTIC, BUT THIS OCEAN IS
NARROWER, WHICH WOULD MAKE THE
OPERATION MORE COMPLICATED
A “EUROPEAN CODE OF CONDUCT FOR THE
MITIGATION OF SPACE DEBRIS” WAS
ESTABLISHED IN 2004 VOLVO OCEAN RACE

10. EXISTING POLICIES AND LEGAL REGULATIONS IMPLEMENTED
ARTICLE IX OUTER SPACE TREATY
ARTICLE III OF INTERNATIONAL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY SPACE OBJECTS
ARTICLE 2 1(A) OF PARIS CLIMATE AGREEMENT
ACTIVITY OR EXPERIMENT PLANNED BY ANOTHER STATE PARTY
IN OUTER SPACE, INCLUDING THE MOON AND OTHER CELESTIAL
BODIES, MAY REQUEST CONSULTATION CONCERNING THE
ACTIVITY OR EXPERIMENT.
ACTIVITY OR EXPERIMENT PLANNED BY IT OR ITS NATIONALS IN
OUTER SPACE, SHALL UNDERTAKE APPROPRIATE
INTERNATIONAL CONSULTATIONS BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH
ANY SUCH ACTIVITY OR EXPERIMENT.
DAMAGE BEING CAUSED TO A SPACE OBJECT OF ONE
LAUNCHING STATE OR TO PERSONS THE LATTER SHALL
BE LIABLE ONLY IF THE DAMAGE IS DUE TO ITS FAULT OR
THE FAULT OF PERSONS FOR WHOM IT IS RESPONSIBLE.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION, INCLUDING ITS
OBJECTIVE, AIMS TO STRENGTHEN THE GLOBAL
RESPONSE TO THE THREAT OF CLIMATE CHANGE.

11. MEASURES TAKEN SO FAR TO REMOVE SPACE DEBRIS
EUROPE'S DEORBIT IDEA
SWISS CLEAN SPACE ONE NANOSATELLITE

12. SPACE JUNK SOLAR SAIL
JAPANESE ELECTRODYNAMIC TETHER

13. CONCLUSION