The second world pp
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This document discusses second world countries, which are defined as countries that exhibit characteristics of both first and third world countries simultaneously. Historically, the term referred to communist states within the Soviet sphere of influence. Today, many former communist countries are considered second world. Economically, capital cities in second world countries are developing but conditions in rural areas still reflect poverty. Politically, governments struggle with issues like corruption while also maintaining diplomatic relations with other countries. Both benefits and challenges exist for citizens and the classes within second world nations.
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Centripetal and centrifugal forces shape the international system. Centripetal forces that promote integration include economic blocs, collective security organizations, and globalization which standardize culture and expand markets. Centrifugal forces that promote dispersion include nationalism which can spur secessionism, irredentism, or autonomism, as well as alterglobalism opposing large corporations and fundamentalism taking a strict interpretation of religious or ideological texts. Terrorism also works against integration by using violence to create panic and seize control.
Essay On The Fall Of Communism
The document provides background information on communism and Karl Marx's ideas. It discusses how Marx believed that communism would create a classless society with equal economic status for all. It also summarizes how communist regimes in the Soviet Union and other countries established authoritarian single-party states that suppressed opposition and individual freedoms. The rise of communist states after World War 2 led to tensions with Western nations in the Cold War era.
Neoliberalism manuel
The document discusses several theories related to development and underdevelopment, including neoliberalism, dependency theory, and world systems theory. It provides background on the key figures and concepts within dependency theory, such as Andre Gunder Frank and Fernando Henrique Cardoso. It also summarizes Wallerstein's world systems theory, which divides countries into cores, semi-peripheries, and peripheries. Modernization theory is discussed as well, including its assumptions about development as a progressive, homogenizing process. Criticisms of these theories are noted, such as that development is not necessarily unidirectional and traditional and modern values can co-exist.
Neoliberalism
This document provides an overview of three major development theories: modernization theory, dependency theory, and world systems theory.
1. Modernization theory emerged in the 1950s and viewed development as a linear process where traditional societies modernize by adopting Western values like industrialization, capitalism, and secularism. It was criticized for being ethnocentric and ignoring that development can occur through different paths.
2. Dependency theory arose in the 1950s-1960s as an alternative to modernization theory. It argues that underdeveloped countries are not backward but rather dependent on developed countries that exploit them as suppliers of cheap labor and raw materials. This hinders their development and benefits core nations.
3. World systems theory,
So205 Dependency Theory
This document provides an overview and introduction to Dependency Theory. It discusses:
- The origins of Dependency Theory under Raul Prebisch in response to unequal economic growth between rich and poor countries.
- Core propositions of Dependency Theory including that underdevelopment results from external influences that favor rich countries over poor ones in a dependent relationship.
- Debates around whether dependency results more from capitalism or disparities in power between countries.
- The policy implications of Dependency Theory, which rejects growth models based on rich countries and favors self-reliance over greater integration into the global economy by poor states.
The usefulness of Marxism and Critical Theory to International Relations
Marxism focuses on how economic relationships explain state behavior and views capitalism as exploitative, traditionally through class exploitation. However, the decline of the Soviet Union reduced Marxist thinking until the 2008 financial crisis provoked a resurgence. Marxism in international relations sees class exploitation occurring internationally and imperialism as a means for developed countries' elites to exploit resources. Gramscianism reformulated Marxism to emphasize elites' cultural hegemony and control of civil society. Critical theory argues ideology, not economics or culture, best explains state behavior. Both Marxism and critical theory offer unique perspectives on exploitation that realism and liberalism lack. However, they are also seen as overly utopian and not offering practical solutions for national security
Dependency Theory: A Critical Review
Critically Examines the School of Thought known as Dependency Theory, precursor to World Systems Theory
GROUP4-TheContemporaryWorld north and south.pptx
This document discusses the concept of global stratification and divides. It describes how societies have historically stratified groups through factors like class, economic status, and race. This stratification led to power imbalances that disadvantaged some groups. In the modern world, global stratification still exists between countries, referred to as the "global divide". The document reviews several theories for explaining global stratification and outlines the historical divisions of the world into the First, Second, and Third Worlds during the Cold War era. It also summarizes the key perspectives of the influential Brandt Report and subsequent analyses on addressing global economic inequalities.
Politicsof l asnewmiddleclassfrankfukuyamafinal_1
Fukuyama describe la importancia de entender bien quien es la clase media en América Latina para poder diseñar políticas adecuadas.
(Here, we are looking at two different faces of Buenos Ai.docx
(Here, we are looking at two different faces of Buenos Aires, Argentina. This contrast is rather common in Middle and
South Americas.)
Middle and South America: Present and Future
In my first two lectures on Middle and South America, I focused on historical legacies that shaped the realities of this
geographical realm. In this lecture we will analyze the economic realties of the region and conclude with what the
future holds there. Let me remind your that when averaged out, Middle and South American countries are not
underdeveloped. Most of them are identified by our textbook as either lower-middle or upper-middle income
economies. Our question still remains though: why not higher or better living condition, despite their strong
geographical attributes?
The problems Middle and American societies face stem from their unproductive use of land. Agricultural productivity
is low due in large part to a mixture of three factors: lack of
landownership on the part of the farmers, a slow pace of
modernization and the exploitative nature of commercial agriculture.
(Argentina, however, is an exception that it contains a vast and fertile
agricultural land called pampas, which serves as a breadbasket as well
as the grazing capital of the region. Argentina exports a large share of
its agricultural products.) Since farmers are not the owners in most of
cases, they have no desire or means to mechanize their agricultural
production. Without the use of farm machineries and fertilizers,
obviously, productivity is low, thereby relegating the peasants into a
life of subsistence farming. (Take a look at the picture to your right.) It
means producing and existing on the minimum necessities to sustain
life and spending most of the time in pursuit of survival. Also, in
commercial, plantation agriculture, peasants are paid the lowest
possible wage by the corporations that own and operate the
plantations according to the laws of profit maximization.
Debt Crisis: Do you know that the world’s major debtors are located in Middle and South America? Their habit of
borrowing heavily and falling behind in their payment goes back to 1950s when these Latin American countries
sought to develop their economies in speed. Their developmental strategy is generally known as import substitution.
What the countries such as Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil did was building different industrial production lines of their
own while putting up the tariff wall against foreign products to protect their own domestic products. Guess what. The
products these factories churned out proved to be inferior in quality therefore, not very attractive. The result was a
disaster in many countries. (Well, one positive consequence was increased number of people working in the factories,
rather than in agricultural fields. But that change by itself does not say much about the well being of the economy or
people.)
You know that in order for a nation to develop ind ...
dependency andworld-systems theoriesChristopher Chase-.docx
dependency and
world-systems theories
Christopher Chase-Dunn
Dependency approaches emerged out of Latin
America in the 1960s in reaction to moderniza-
tion theories of development. Dependentistas
attributed the difficulties of development in
the global South to the legacies of the long
history of colonialism as well as contemporary
international power relations. This approach
suggested that international inequalities were
socially structured and that hierarchy is a cen-
tral feature of the global system of societies.
The world-systems perspective is a strategy
for explaining social change that focuses on
whole intersocietal systems rather than single
societies. The main insight is that important
interaction networks (trade, information flows,
alliances, and fighting) have woven polities
and cultures together since the beginning of
human social evolution. Explanations of social
change need to take intersocietal systems
(world-systems) as the units that evolve. How-
ever, intersocietal interaction networks were
rather small when transportation was mainly a
matter of hiking with a pack. Globalization, in
the sense of the expansion and intensification of
larger interaction networks, has been increasing
for millennia, albeit unevenly and in waves.
The intellectual history of world-systems
theory has roots in classical sociology, Marxian
political economy, and the thinking of the
dependentistas. But in explicit form the world-
systems perspective emerged only in the 1970s
when Samir Amin, André Gunder Frank, and
Immanuel Wallerstein began to formulate the
concepts and to narrate the analytic history of
the modern world-system.
The idea of the whole system ought to mean
that all the human interaction networks, small
and large, from the household to global trade,
constitute the world-system. It is not just a
matter of ‘‘international relations’’ or global-
scale institutions such as the World Bank.
Rather, at the present time, the world-system
is all the people of the earth and all their
cultural, economic, and political institutions
and the interactions and connections among
them. The world-systems perspective looks at
human institutions over long periods of time
and employs the spatial scales that are required
for comprehending these whole interaction sys-
tems.
The modern world-system can be under-
stood structurally as a stratification system
composed of economically, culturally, and mili-
tarily dominant core societies (themselves in
competition with one another), and dependent
peripheral and semiperipheral regions. Some
dependent regions have been successful in
improving their positions in the larger core/
periphery hierarchy, while most have simply
maintained their peripheral and semiperipheral
positions. This structural perspective on world
history allows us to analyze the cyclical features
of social change and the long-term patterns
of development in historical and comparativ.
CAPE Sociologymarxonpopulation
This document summarizes key points from Marxism regarding population theory:
1) According to Marxism, the "reserve army" of unemployed workers created by machines keeps wages low and condemns workers to poverty.
2) Rulers are not concerned with limiting population growth that could threaten their rule. However, as colonies gained independence, rulers feared a rise in "costly" partial subjects seeking rights.
3) One day, according to Marxism, wealthy countries may need to organize deliveries of goods to growing poorer populations, dramatically changing global power dynamics with wealthy peoples becoming smaller minorities.
Chapter 9. Development Myths and RealitiesLearning Objectives.docx
Chapter 9. Development: Myths and Realities
Learning Objectives
· 1Explain the concept of development in the study of politics and economics.
· 2Discuss the challenges involved in building a new nation-state.
· 3Compare and evaluate India and Nigeria as models of economic development.
· 4Identify and elaborate on five obstacles to development.
· 5Choose one failed state, describe how it failed, and analyze the failure.
· 6Explain why failed states pose problems for regional stability and world order.
This chapter focuses on the problems arising in the context of too little development too late, rather than too much too soon. We use the term least developed countries (LDCs), a term adopted by the United Nations, instead of “developing countries” (see Table 9.1). LDCs encompass the poorest of the poor.
Table 9.1.
The World’s Least Developed Countries*
Africa (33)
1
Angola
2
Benin
3
Burkina Faso
4
Burundi
5
Central African Republic
6
Chad
7
Comoros
8
Democratic Republic of the Congo
9
Djibouti
10
Equatorial Guinea
11
Eritrea
12
Ethiopia
13
Gambia
14
Guinea
15
Guinea-Bissau
16
Lesotho
17
Liberia
18
Madagascar
19
Malawi
20
Mali
21
Mauritania
22
Mozambique
23
Niger
24
Rwanda
25
São Tomé and Príncipe
26
Senegal
27
Sierra Leone
28
Somalia
29
Sudan
30
Togo
31
Uganda
32
United Republic of Tanzania
33
Zambia
Asia and Pacific (15)
1
Afghanistan
2
Bangladesh
3
Bhutan
4
Cambodia
5
Kiribati
6
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
7
Myanmar
8
Nepal
9
Samoa
10
Solomon Islands
11
Timor-Leste
12
Tuvalu
13
Vanuatu
14
Yemen
15
Maldives
Latin America and the Caribbean (1)
1
Haiti
SOURCE: United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries. http://www.unohrlls.org/en/home/.
During the second half of the last century, the West lumped Africa, Asia, and Latin America together into what was commonly called the Third World. In this narrative, the First World was epitomized by the United States, Western Europe and Japan, plus Canada, Australia, and New Zealand—rich countries with stable societies and well-established democratic political institutions. The citizens of these fortunate states were free to criticize the government. The communist states—Soviet Russia and Eastern Europe—comprised the Second World. All the rest were known as the Third World, collectively referred to as “underdeveloped” or “less developed” countries.
Today it is considered politically incorrect to use such pejorative terms. Indeed, the term “developing countries” is rarely used to describe the former colonies. Many of these countries now have diversified economies, meaning they are no longer simply agrarian or nomadic but have industries and service sectors as well. Indeed, major companies in the United States and Europe outsource manufacturing and services to China, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia where labor costs (wages) are low.
In fact, all countries are developing, no matter how rich or how poor. Indeed, if some countries are not developed enough to sustain them.
Dominance-Dependence and World Systems Approach views of development
Dependency theory and world systems theory view development differently than traditional models. They argue that poor countries are not "behind" rich countries, but remain poor due to their role in the global capitalist system. Core dominant countries exploit poorer peripheral countries by controlling their economies and imposing patterns of resource use that benefit core nations at the expense of development in poorer countries. Elites within peripheral nations also maintain dependencies that uphold this unequal system.
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The second world pp
- 1. The Second World By: Marquie Krpec Alexis Ayala Lenette Gonzales
- 2. "Countries that are not stuck in third world poverty or arrived in first world modernity, but are both at the same time--not half-way, but both--these are second world countries."
- 3. ParagKhanna
- 4. VIDEO
- 5. Historical Background Definition: Phrase used to describe the communist states within the soviet union’s sphere of influence or those countries that had centrally-planned economies. The term has fallen out and not used so much anymore Used to describe countries that are in between poverty and prosperity, many of which are communist and former communist countries today.
- 7. Economical Consequences Capital Cities Sprouting Hotels Banks Malls “What about the rest of the country?” “Are things getting better?”
- 8. Political Consequences The civility of people’s behavior tend to reflect the decency of their governments. Roads Tourists Garbage Corruption Diplomatically
- 9. Suffers Countries with little resources Middle Class workers Families with minimum supplies Benefits United States of America Europe Union China Upper class citizens
- 10. Causes Trying to follow the US’s ways. Middle class workers not having a place to go Solutioins Keys to success: Not only political and military relationships are important You need to focus on education, governance with human rights, economics and political issues.
- 11. ACTIVITY!! Country: India Capitol City: Bangalore, India
- 12. Two cities Bangalore Agra
- 13. Questions??? What does a second world country mean to you? Who do the first world countries ally?