This document discusses the concept of global stratification and divides. It describes how societies have historically stratified groups through factors like class, economic status, and race. This stratification led to power imbalances that disadvantaged some groups. In the modern world, global stratification still exists between countries, referred to as the "global divide". The document reviews several theories for explaining global stratification and outlines the historical divisions of the world into the First, Second, and Third Worlds during the Cold War era. It also summarizes the key perspectives of the influential Brandt Report and subsequent analyses on addressing global economic inequalities.

1. GLOBAL DIVIDES

2. LESSON
OBJECTIVES
1. identify perspectives
in global stratification;
3. review some of
historical antecedents
relating to the
understanding of the
global divide.
2. discuss the concept
of global divide; and

3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Global divide - global disparities, often due
to stratification due to differing economic
affluence but can also be in other aspects of
globalization.

4. INTRODUCTION

5. Social stratification is essentially the phenomenon of
separating, grouping, and ranking people based on
differences of class, race, economic status, and other
categories.
Throughout history, there are many manifestations of
stratification in different societies, in early civilizations.
we hear of nobles and commoners, the lord and the
peasant, and many other statuses and positions in society
that contain a hierarchy of power in a social system.
These hierarchies, especially when pushed to the
extreme, often lead to the group in control of power and
resources being granted many privileges to the detriment
of those who are deprived.
This is problematic because there should also be equal
access to resources both material and non-material.
Unfortunately, in the contemporary world, these
hierarchies still exist, albeit in different forms.

6. Perspectives in
Global Stratification

7. In Global Stratification, There are various theories that attempt to explain the
dynamics and effects of stratification on people in the world, especially in the
context of their power to acquire resources and maximize them towards
development and towards existence. a better quality of life.
Modernization theory is One of the theories attempting to explain pathways of
development, this theory suggests that all societies undergo a similar evolutionary
process from agricultural, industrial, and urbanized to modern that is motivated and
catalyzed by internal factors.
The modernization theory also suggests that more than external influences, internal
processes within states are responsible for social change.
Dependency theories based on the works of Raul Prebisch and Hans Singer,
suggest that countries are either "core" (developed) or "peripheral" (developing)
with resources tending to flow from the peripheries to the core.
World System Theory A related theory discussed in earlier lessons is that of
Wallerstein (1975), who speaks of a world system consisting of boundaries,
structures, member groups, rules of legitimacy, and interconnectedness. - connect.
This world system is assumed to "consist of a capitalist world economy".
Even today there are countries that are very rich in natural resources, but their
people remain experiencing extreme poverty, amidst the affordances in scientific
and technological advancements that have been spread around the world, there are
still some countries that remain disadvantaged in terms of transfer of digital
technology that they are still left behind in the economy.

8. The concept of global
divide

9. In the contemporary world,
the buzz word used to refer
to these stratifications
among countries is the term
global divide.

10. Review some historical
antecedents relating to the
understanding of the global
divide.

11. Several contemporary works have analyzed this
event in light of post-war events,
It includes the writings of: Gaddis (2005), Zubok
(2007), Westad (2017), etc.
In other words, the Cold War arose out of political
doubts among the allies during the war.
in the mid-1940s to early 1990s after World War II, the
United States and the Soviet Union, wartime allies, entered
the Cold War a state of political tension and conflict.
United States Soviet Union
First, Second, and Third
Worlds

12. The Western Bloc, consisting of
the industrial/capitalist US and the
North Atlantic Alliance (NATO),
which includes the United
Kingdom, Canada, France, Italy
and others,
The Cold War gave rise to two main political factions:
And the Eastern Bloc (Albania, Poland,
Bulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, and Afghanistan), led by the
communist/socialist Russian Soviet
Federative Socialist Republic.
The Western Bloc is defined as First World countries, while the Eastern Bloc
is defined as Second World countries.

13. In this article, Sauvy likens the Third
World to the Third Estates the French
commoners, whose misery and unrest
led to the French revolution.
In 1952, Alfred Sauvy said, in
his article Trois Mondes, Une
Planète (Three Worlds, One
Planet) in the end, the Third
World, ignored, exploited, and
misunderstood just as the
Third Estates wanted to be
something.

14. In 1974, Teng Hsiao-Ping, vice-premier
of the People's Republic of China
addressed the United Nations General
Assembly.
in this statement, Teng spoke deeply
about the difference in the Three
Worlds:
"The United States and the Soviet Union make up
the First World.
The developing countries in Asia, Africa, Latin
America and other regions make up the Third World.
The developed countries between the two make up
the Second World.

15. The Brandt Report and Its
Criticism
In the 1980s, a comprehensive analysis of global
economy was reported by the Independent
Commission on International Development Issues.
The commission was led by Willy Brandt, West
German chancellor.
This analysis was encapsulated in what is popularly
known as the Brandt Report.
Briefly, this report categorized countries in the
northern hemisphere as comparatively smaller in
population and more economically affluent than
countries in the southern hemisphere a
categorization that gave birth to the Brandt line-an
imaginary line that divides the world into the
developed north and the developing south.
The bottom line of this report was the contention on mutuality-that
for both the northern and southern countries to thrive, global
economy must be restructured, for instance by transferring
resources to southern economies thus ending poverty.

16. In the early 2000s, another
report, The Brandt Equation,
was prepared by James
Bernard Quilligan, describing
the new global economy as
facing "financial contagion,"
and requiring "major
international relief program"

17. Daniel Sneider (1980), in a special
report in EIR News Service Inc.,
summarized the contentions of the
Brandt Report.
"one world economic system" that
governs even countries' taxation of
certain items
"zero growth and Malthusianism",
which suggests that controlling
overpopulation will cure
underdevelopment
"basic needs and appropriate
technology", focusing on labor than
technology
"promotion of solar energy"
"strengthen the IMF/World Bank
system".

18. William D. Graf, a political and foreign affairs
expert at that time, wrote a comprehensive
critique in The Socialist Register (1981).
(1) see "historical evolution of the world order";
(2) examine "world relations" includiig "class
relations";
(3) "determine goals and objectives"; and
(4) "determine strategy and tactics,"
things that seem to be absent or not very clearly
defined in the Brandt Report.
For Graf (1980) a proposal for a global
economic reform should be:

19. SUMMARY
Although it cannot be disputed, we can say that our world
today is better compared to what it was then.
more access to opportunities, more options.
differences remain between countries or within countries.
Our discussion of global stratification and the existence
of a Global North Global South only emerges from the
challenge to our people, to persevere so that we can
include many people in enjoying these affordances and
opportunities.

20. THANK YOU