1) The study examined gender roles and decision-making regarding root, tuber and banana crops in Rwanda and Burundi. 2) It found that while women provide most of the labor, men dominate decision-making for cash crops, though women make more decisions regarding food crops that feed their families. 3) Access to extension services, training, and credit was generally low but could help empower women to participate more in decision-making and improve agricultural outcomes.

1. 2 5 - 2 8 S E P 2 0 1 8
The role of women in production and
management of RTB crops in Rwanda and
Burundi: Do men decide and women work?
JOSHUA OKONYA •ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC GENDER CONFERENCE AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP,
ILRI, ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA.

2. Introduction
Potato, sweetpotato, banana and
cassava are important food, nutrition
and income security crops (Ewell &
Mutuura, 1991)
Rwanda has the highest per capita
consumption of sweetpotato roots at 89
kg compared to the global average of 14
kg.
Gender norms influence decision-making
processes in the home, which in turn affect
the ability of women to access training
opportunities (Mudege, Chevo, Nyekanyeka,
Kapalasa, & Demo, 2016) .
Income generating food
crops such as potato and
banana are usually under
the control of men
(Rietveld et al., 2016).
Access to agriculture extension is assumed to lead to better
decision-making, improved agricultural performance and better
outcomes (Anderson & Feder, 2004)

3. Introduction
The role played by women in African
agriculture cannot be down-played
and this calls for the need to
understand their power to make
decisions within a household
Access to credit or training
can increase the level of
participation in decision-
making within a household
Women’s level of participation
in decision-making in RTB
crops is not known
Poverty levels are high in the two
countries with over 50% and 70% of the
population living on less than 1 US$ per
day.
While its important to understand gender division of
roles, it is also important to understand the meaning and
reasons for such division as this can affect many
household processes including decision making and
access to benefits.

4. Introduction: research questions
What are intra-household
dynamics regarding
decision-making on crop
production?
What is the
gender division
of labour?
Are there gender
differences in
access to credit and
training?

5. • Sample size:
• 405 (261 women and
144 men) farmers in
Burundi
• 406 (184 women and
222 men) farmers in
Rwanda
Materials and Methods:

6. Who was a
member of a
farmers’
organization
who was
trained by the
agricultural
extension
worker
who
received
credit
who decided or
did the following
farm activities:
• i) land
preparation
• ii) bought inputs,
• iii) selected the
variety ,
• iv) planted,
• v) weeded,
• vi) sprayed,
• vii) harvested ,
• viii) transported
to market
• ix) processed and
• x) sold
Materials and Methods: Data was collected on

7. Results: Factors influencing decision making and labour provision
decision-making for women potato
farmers
+ve influence (Age, Education, HH size,
farming as primary occupation, owned
land size and crop ownership)
-ve influence (credit access, acreage)
labour provision for women potato
farmers
+ve influence (Education, HH size,
farming as primary occupation, owned
land size, crop ownership, woman
income and distance to the main road).
-ve influence (Age, distance to the
market & field size).
decision-making for women
sweetpotato farmers
+ve influence (Age, Education, HH
size & crop ownership)
-ve influence (husband primarily
farmer).
labour provision for women
sweetpotato farmers
+ve influence (Crop owner & acreage)
-ve influence (farming experience,
acreage & market availability.

8. Results: Factors influencing decision making and labour provision
decision-making for women banana
farmers
+ve influence (Age, education, crop
owner and distance to the market)
labour provision for women banana
farmers
+ve influence (Age, education, crop
owner, total HH income )
-ve influence (HH size)
+ve influence decision-making for
women cassava farmers
access to credit, acreage &
distance to the market.
+ve influence labour provision for
women cassava farmers
acreage & crop owner

9. 68 70
10 7
22 23
0
20
40
60
80
100
overall decide overall work
Banana in Burundi (n=215)
Men Women Both
42 40
9 8
49 52
0
20
40
60
80
100
overall decide overall work
Banana in Rwanda (n=115)
Men Women Both
Results:
Level of decision making
and labour provision
(% responses)
Male Headed HH 80% Rwanda Vs 84% Burundi

10. 56 56
24
1920
25
0
20
40
60
80
100
Overall decide Overall work
Potato in Burundi (n=108)
Men Women Both
23
29
7 7
70
65
0
20
40
60
80
100
overall decide overall work
Potato in Rwanda (n=214)
Men Women Both
Results:
Level of decision making
and labour provision
(% responses)

11. 46
53
28
19
26 27
0
20
40
60
80
100
Overall decide Overall work
Cassava in Burundi (n=304)
Men Women Both
14 18
23 21
63 62
0
20
40
60
80
100
overall decide overall work
Cassava in Rwanda (n=109)
Men Women Both
Results:
Level of decision making
and labour provision
(% responses)

12. 41
49
35
2424 27
0
20
40
60
80
100
Overall decide Overall work
Sweetpotato in Burundi (n=332)
Men Women Both
17
24
36
27
47 49
0
20
40
60
80
100
overall decide overall work
Sweetpotato in Rwanda (n=275)
Men Women Both
Results:
Level of decision making
and labour provision
(% responses)

13. Results: Households which had received
training in pest and disease management
(% responses)
10
6
19
3
17
1
13
2
3
2
3
1
1
1
1
0
4
2
0
1
2
0
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Banana_ Burundi (n=246)
Cassava_ Burundi (n=298)
Potato_ Burundi (n=123)
Sweetpotato_ Burundi (n=346)
Banana_ Rwanda (n=166)
Cassava_ Rwanda (n=130)
Potato_ Rwanda (n=223)
Sweetpotato_ Rwanda (n=279)
Both_Trained Women_Trained Men_Trained

14. 145
40
0
413
158
351
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Man Woman Both
AMOUNTOFCREDITRECEIVED(US$)
RECEIVEDCREDIT(%)
SEX OF PERSON IN THE HOUSEHOLD WHO RECEIVED CREDIT
Received credit_Burundi (n=96) Received credit_Rwanda (n=185)
Amount credit_Burundi (n=96) Amount credit_Rwanda (n=185)
Results: Access to credit

15. Conclusions
Our results
challenge the
established notion
that women
provide nearly 70%
of labour in
agricultural
production
1
while women have
little decision-
making power in
men dominated
crops, men have
much better
decision making
power & control
over crops that are
dominated by
women.
2
Women invested
more of their time
in sweetpotato
and cassava
because its their
role to feed the
children and the
two crops require
low input use
3
Low access to
extension services
can further reduce
women
participation in
decision-making
due to reduced
knowledge and
skills
4
Cultural norms do
influence division
of labour eg
•In Burundi,
women don’t
establish new
banana fields and
men don’t
harvest
sweetpotato
5

16. Way forward
To improve women’s life and
wellbeing, R4D programs should
challenge the cultural norms which
underlie men's domination in cash
crops
Increase knowledge and confidence of
women to make decisions through trainings
but also engender men to increase women
participation
Low-cost labour saving technologies together with spouse support with
household chores may help to increase women participation during
production of RTB crops
Future studies should go deeper into identifying the drivers
for culture-specific gender roles that bring about the
differences in the division of roles between men and women
Capturing the exact amount of time spent doing a
specific task on each plot per household member per
day and each person reporting his/her time would be
the most ideal and can significantly reduce potential
risk of bias

17. Thank you
Co-Authors:
Mudege N.N (CIP-Kenya),
Nduwayezu A. (RAB-Rwanda),
Kantungeko D.(IITA-Burundi),
Hakizimana B.M. (ISABU-Burundi),
Kakuru M. (Bioversity-Uganda)
Rietveld A. (Bioversity - Uganda),
Blomme G. (Bioversity - Ethioipia),
Legg J.P. (IITA-Tanzania) and
Kroschel J. (CIP-India)