Traditionally, security is conceptualized within the context of the ability and capacity of the government to ensure the protection of their countries from internal insurrection or external aggression of any kind through adequate preparedness of the military to ensure intelligence gathering, secrecy and the protection of resources and rights considered critical to the existence of states. In this vein, the study examines the extent to which logistics supports from the Nigerian government to the Nigerian Armed Forces impacts the national security of the nation. The study delves to analyze the violent insurgencies and insecurity issues in the Niger Delta and the Boko Haram terrorism in the northeast, and how they have undermined Nigeria's national security. The paper adopts the Structural Functional theory to analyze the issues that facilitate the persistence of the insurgent groups in Nigeria. The study argues that in fighting insecurity in Nigeria the military personnel do not receive the needed logistics support promptly. Likewise, the paper highlights that the phenomenon of ethnicity and religious intolerance have led to incessant recurrence of ethnoreligious conflicts, which have claimed the lives of thousands of Nigerians, and birthed copious ethnic militias like the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra MASSOB , Boko Haram, and Niger Delta Avengers NDA , amongst others. The study, therefore, recommends that the Federal government should monitor the funds allocated to the defence sector and ensure proper accountability of such funds and that the government should facilitate the local production of arms by the Ministry of Defence this could be done through the government's proper funding and supervision of the activities of DICON, so as to boost the domestic production of arms and ammunition for use by the military and other related agencies all encapsulated within the Nigerian defence sector. Otu Offiong Duke "The Role of Military Logistics Supports in Safeguarding National Security in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26505.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/26505/the-role-of-military-logistics-supports-in-safeguarding-national-security-in-nigeria/otu-offiong-duke
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Capacity Building of the Nigerian Armed Forces and Security Challengesijtsrd
This document summarizes a paper about capacity building of the Nigerian armed forces and security challenges. It discusses how the Boko Haram insurgency that began in 2009 has led to over 100,000 deaths and displaced over 2.3 million people. While the government claims it has defeated Boko Haram, the group remains a threat along with other violent groups. The document argues that poor training of the military has contributed to its inability to effectively confront these security threats. It examines the capacity building potential of the Nigerian armed forces through military training and mentorship programs. However, it finds that current training focuses on conventional warfare and not asymmetric tactics used by insurgent groups. Improving unconventional warfare training is needed to strengthen
Globalization and nigeria border security issues and challengesAlexander Decker
This document discusses security challenges at Nigeria's borders in the era of globalization. It notes that porous borders have allowed terrorist groups like Boko Haram to enter Nigeria and carry out attacks. Globalization calls for open borders but without proper controls this can enable criminal activities. The paper examines issues of national security, transnational crimes affecting Nigeria, and the implications of globalization. It argues that despite efforts, incursions at Nigeria's borders continue and this has spread internal insecurity within Nigeria. Better border security and control measures are needed to protect lives and property.
The document discusses various internal and external security threats faced by Pakistan. Among the major internal threats are sectarian/religious problems between Sunni and Shia groups that have led to violence; ethnic unrest between Punjab and other smaller ethnic groups; the presence of millions of Afghan refugees since the 1980s that has exacerbated social, economic and security issues; terrorism carried out by religious and ethnic groups; and poverty exacerbated by a high population growth rate. External threats include interference by the United States in supporting militant groups against Iran, and tensions with India after the 2008 Mumbai attacks. The document recommends improving education, governance, and economic development to help address these security issues.
Library and information services for nationalOnyema Nsirim
This document discusses the role of library and information services in addressing national security and insurgency in Nigeria. It outlines the security information needs of different groups like policymakers, security agents, citizens, and youths/children. It also examines the causes of insurgency in Nigeria and traces the emergence of groups like Boko Haram. The document recommends that libraries should collaborate with security agencies to provide relevant security information to different groups. It argues that an informed society through effective library services can help address the root causes of insecurity and promote peace.
National security is a state or condition where our most cherished values and beliefs, our democratic way of life, our institutions of governance and our unity, welfare and well-being as a nation and people are permanently protected and continuously enhanced
Law and order big challenge for pakistansaleem khan
The document discusses the law and order situation in Pakistan. It faces political and security uncertainties since its inception. Its strategic location also makes it susceptible to instability in neighboring countries like India, China, Afghanistan. The fight between political parties and sectarian violence have exacerbated targeting killing and bombings. This has negatively impacted the economy through reduced investments and growth. Improving the judicial system and having all stakeholders like political parties and security forces work together with effective plans is needed to address this major challenge facing Pakistan.
This document discusses Pakistan's national security policy from a historical perspective. It outlines the key elements of Pakistan's national security such as military, economic, energy, environmental, and food security. The document also examines Pakistan's defense and foreign policies, highlighting relations with countries such as China, Saudi Arabia, and India. Additionally, it analyzes Pakistan's national security policy from 2014 to 2018 and discusses strategic concepts such as the nation-state, national purpose, and national interests in concluding the presentation.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Capacity Building of the Nigerian Armed Forces and Security Challengesijtsrd
This document summarizes a paper about capacity building of the Nigerian armed forces and security challenges. It discusses how the Boko Haram insurgency that began in 2009 has led to over 100,000 deaths and displaced over 2.3 million people. While the government claims it has defeated Boko Haram, the group remains a threat along with other violent groups. The document argues that poor training of the military has contributed to its inability to effectively confront these security threats. It examines the capacity building potential of the Nigerian armed forces through military training and mentorship programs. However, it finds that current training focuses on conventional warfare and not asymmetric tactics used by insurgent groups. Improving unconventional warfare training is needed to strengthen
Globalization and nigeria border security issues and challengesAlexander Decker
This document discusses security challenges at Nigeria's borders in the era of globalization. It notes that porous borders have allowed terrorist groups like Boko Haram to enter Nigeria and carry out attacks. Globalization calls for open borders but without proper controls this can enable criminal activities. The paper examines issues of national security, transnational crimes affecting Nigeria, and the implications of globalization. It argues that despite efforts, incursions at Nigeria's borders continue and this has spread internal insecurity within Nigeria. Better border security and control measures are needed to protect lives and property.
The document discusses various internal and external security threats faced by Pakistan. Among the major internal threats are sectarian/religious problems between Sunni and Shia groups that have led to violence; ethnic unrest between Punjab and other smaller ethnic groups; the presence of millions of Afghan refugees since the 1980s that has exacerbated social, economic and security issues; terrorism carried out by religious and ethnic groups; and poverty exacerbated by a high population growth rate. External threats include interference by the United States in supporting militant groups against Iran, and tensions with India after the 2008 Mumbai attacks. The document recommends improving education, governance, and economic development to help address these security issues.
Library and information services for nationalOnyema Nsirim
This document discusses the role of library and information services in addressing national security and insurgency in Nigeria. It outlines the security information needs of different groups like policymakers, security agents, citizens, and youths/children. It also examines the causes of insurgency in Nigeria and traces the emergence of groups like Boko Haram. The document recommends that libraries should collaborate with security agencies to provide relevant security information to different groups. It argues that an informed society through effective library services can help address the root causes of insecurity and promote peace.
National security is a state or condition where our most cherished values and beliefs, our democratic way of life, our institutions of governance and our unity, welfare and well-being as a nation and people are permanently protected and continuously enhanced
Law and order big challenge for pakistansaleem khan
The document discusses the law and order situation in Pakistan. It faces political and security uncertainties since its inception. Its strategic location also makes it susceptible to instability in neighboring countries like India, China, Afghanistan. The fight between political parties and sectarian violence have exacerbated targeting killing and bombings. This has negatively impacted the economy through reduced investments and growth. Improving the judicial system and having all stakeholders like political parties and security forces work together with effective plans is needed to address this major challenge facing Pakistan.
This document discusses Pakistan's national security policy from a historical perspective. It outlines the key elements of Pakistan's national security such as military, economic, energy, environmental, and food security. The document also examines Pakistan's defense and foreign policies, highlighting relations with countries such as China, Saudi Arabia, and India. Additionally, it analyzes Pakistan's national security policy from 2014 to 2018 and discusses strategic concepts such as the nation-state, national purpose, and national interests in concluding the presentation.
Internal security and defence of pakistanNabeel Khalid
Internal security involves keeping peace within a country's borders through law enforcement and defense against internal threats such as terrorism, extremism, and sectarianism. A roadmap for Pakistan's internal security includes regularly discussing challenges, strengthening the National Counter Terrorism Authority, improving intelligence coordination, creating counterterrorism forces, and enhancing the roles of police, investigations, the judiciary, and media. Key agencies involved are the Defense and Interior Ministries, along with the military, paramilitary, and intelligence organizations under them.
Pakistan faces numerous internal and external security challenges. Internally, it struggles with religious sectarianism, ethnic tensions, large refugee populations, terrorism, crime, poverty, water disputes between provinces, and other issues. Externally, its main security threats come from India due to their disputes over Kashmir and from Afghanistan due to political instability spilling over the border. The 9/11 attacks exacerbated threats from Afghanistan by bringing US and NATO forces into the region long-term. Going forward, Pakistan remains at risk from direct attacks and attempts to provoke conflict between its forces and others in the region.
The document discusses Pakistan's national security challenges from external threats. It outlines several threats: from India due to territorial disputes over Kashmir; from Afghanistan due to instability; from Iran over border issues; and from Baloch insurgents fighting for independence. It also discusses threats from sectarian terrorism within Pakistan and how terrorism has impacted relations with the US. Pakistan faces a complex set of external security challenges from its neighbors and internal threats from non-state actors that complicate its national security environment.
Pak-National Security: Internal and External dimensionsDr Shahzad Aslam
The document outlines the composition and agenda of working groups formed as part of a national security workshop in Pakistan. It discusses increasing militarization of internal security and its implications. The working groups will evaluate issues such as the impact of militarization, devising border security strategies, and handling proscribed organizations. They will propose recommendations to strengthen civilian law enforcement and reduce excessive reliance on armed forces for domestic security matters.
The document discusses crimes in Southwestern Nigeria. It finds that the once peaceful region is becoming the crime capital of the country, with increasing cases of kidnapping, cultism, land disputes, rape, oil bunkering, robbery, and other crimes. These crimes have led to loss of lives and property worth millions annually. The study examines the major causes of crimes in the region, such as unemployment, resource control issues, political parties support, and an unresponsive government. The effects of crime include business shutdowns, poor economic development, and increased poverty. The document recommends measures to curb crime like youth empowerment, job creation, educational reforms, and establishing grazing colonies and laws to protect farmers and herders.
The document analyzes the current security situation of Pakistan. It identifies external threats such as embargoes imposed by the US, opposition from India to China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, and subversive activities supported by India, Afghanistan, and other countries. Internal threats include a lack of public awareness, weak political institutions, religious and ethnic divides, poverty, a poor education system, terrorism, and overpopulation. Recommendations include strengthening cooperation with China in defense and industry, revising education to promote skilled labor, increasing public political awareness, strengthening state institutions, improving foreign policy, and supporting local industry and security forces.
Prognosis of Theories of Intelligence in Counter Terrorism The Case of the No...YogeshIJTSRD
The Northern West part of Nigeria is faced with several security challenges that have threatened the existence of peace and security in the region. These threats to public safety and regional security have greatly undermined the governments primary responsibility of guaranteeing public safety and national security. This work, therefore, is on the prognosis of theories of intelligence in counterterrorism The case of North Western Nigeria. The study utilised primary and secondary data sources. The Primary data sources were from questionnaires administered physically and electronically via emails while, secondary data came from published books, journals, articles, lecture guides and videos. Acquired data were statistically analysed using simple percentage and Chi Square statistics. Sequel to the statistical results, findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between intelligence gathering and terrorism in Nort West, Nigeria. The study recommends that there should be training and retraining of personnel of the intelligence community to be able to meet up with the current trends and changes in the contemporary Nigerian environments for the effective gathering of intelligence and the ability to utilize it for productive law enforcement. Jonjon, Emmanuel "Prognosis of Theories of Intelligence in Counter-Terrorism: The Case of the Northwestern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40057.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/40057/prognosis-of-theories-of-intelligence-in-counterterrorism-the-case-of-the-northwestern-nigeria/jonjon-emmanuel
This document provides an overview of Nigeria as an investment destination. It begins with a quick glance section that outlines key facts about Nigeria such as its official name, capital, population, ethnic groups, languages, and currency. The next section provides a country profile, noting that Nigeria has experienced 50 years of struggles but is now seeing fruits of stability and economic growth. It highlights Nigeria's large population and fast growing economy, as well as its cultural and ethnic diversity. The document aims to focus on all possible aspects of investing in Nigeria.
Maritime Piracy and Unlawful Acts against Safety of Lives at Sea: Inimical an...AJSSMTJournal
The protection of human rights through the justice delivery system is an indispensable feature of any system governed by the
rule of law. The protection of human rights have been acknowledged to a very large extent in most civilized or developed
countries of the world because of its necessity and global acceptance not just for the safety and sanctity of life. The
universality of human rights has been recognized by the United Nations as inherent in the very nature of human beings just
for its reflection. Today, the wave of economic globalization has given rise to increasing spread and sophistication of various
inimical activities and acts that negate the lofty ideals of the rule of law and protection of human lives at sea. The crossborder movement of ships with people and cargo, merchandise, investment and finance that encourage urbanization and
globalization has been in most recent times threatened by piracy and armed robbery at sea, torture and various clandestine,
unholy attitudes that are antithetic to fundamental human rights and has opened door for global criminal economy to
flourish. Among the questions this paper seeks to address are, what is the link between trans-border or sea crime and
globalization? What is piracy (Hosti-Humanis)? Why is piracy targeted at the sea..? Why does it occur most in Nigeria and
some countries in the West African sub-region? What are the economic benefits from the sea that are being threatened by
piracy and other crimes? And what efforts are being made by Nigeria and the West African sub-region including international
cooperation’s to address the issue? Above all, to construct the way forward to arrest the ugly situation.
Internal Dynamics of Pakistan and its Impact on National SecurityFarooq Ahmad Butt
This document discusses the internal dynamics and security situation within Pakistan. It outlines several divisive forces like religious extremism, sectarian violence, ethnic separatist movements, and provincial tensions that are destabilizing Pakistan and impacting its national security. The Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Balochistan conflict, urban terrorism in Karachi, and center-province relations are highlighted as major challenges. The document also notes Pakistan's economic problems and how militancy has exploited poverty. It warns that if the internal chaos continues, Pakistan risks a fate similar to Yugoslavia through balkanization.
A Week of turbulent events in Nepal with no breakthrough in Constitution drafting and dissolution of the Assembly but more hopes for Afghanistan where the Chicago summit confirmed commitment of international community
Government and the Politics of Ruga Settlement Implications for the Unity of ...ijtsrd
Farmers in Nigeria have ceased to worry about the imminent dangers of climate change and field attacks from rodents, pests, and diseases on their crops in the field. They have shifted their worries to the menace of the nihilist nomads of the Fulani extraction. Following this is the concern in recent times of the imminent danger in the plan to establish for the nihilist Fulani nomads, Ruga which in Hausa is a settlement for herders and their cattle, also known as cattle colonies, throughout the nation by the Muhammadu Buhari administration. This study examines the fundamental issues surrounding the conflict between Fulani herdsmen and sedentary farmers, and the politics surrounding government's intent to establish Ruga settlements all over the country. To achieve this, the study uses qualitative and explorative research methods, while it derives relevant data from secondary sources such as books, journal articles, newspapers, official documents and Internet materials. The study adopts Chabal's 2009 twofold conflict theory and the Richard Hofstadter 2008 and Peter Knight's 2003 conspiracy theories to juxtapose the causes of the conflict between Fulani herdsmen and sedentary famers in the country, and ascertain the implications of establishing cattle colonies across the country by the Federal Government. Considering these, the study proffers useful recommendations that will benefit the sedentary farmers and herdsmen on the one hand and, the nation in general, on the other hand. Overall, the research noted that a total compliance to the doctrine of true federalism and respect for the rule of law enshrine, among others are recommended. Oluka, Nduka Lucas | Ativie, C. Ailende | Efeosa-Temple, Gladness Chinwe "Government and the Politics of Ruga Settlement: Implications for the Unity of Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29386.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/29386/government-and-the-politics-of-ruga-settlement-implications-for-the-unity-of-nigeria/oluka-nduka-lucas
THIS WEEKS SOUTH ASIA WEEKLY SECURITY TRENDS WEEK ENDING 17 JUNE IS OUT GIVING OUT SALIENT EVENTS IN THE REGION INCLUDING DEVELOPMENTS IN MYANMAR,AFGHANISTAN, INDIA, BANGLADSSH PAKISTAN AND OTEHRS
The Niger Delta Challenges: Re-thinking the Strategy for Combating Militancy ...paperpublications3
Abstract: In-spite of the cessation of activities by militant groups in the Niger Delta (ND), which follows the grant of amnesty and its appurtenances by the administration of President Umaru Musa Yar’adua in 2009, Nigeria’s mono-cultural economy, was once again, besieged by rising cases of militancy with the advent of President Muhammad Buhari’s administration in 2015. While these growing activities of militants have ensured the destruction of the country’s vital oil infrastructure, it also ensured a drop in the country’s oil productions to an all-time low of 800,000 bpd, from a daily production of 2.2 mbpd. This dealt a heavy blow to the country’s economic life line and thus, set in the country’s current economic malaise in the form of recession (for instance, President Muhammad Buhari and Vice President Osibanjo have at various times described the current economic recession as militancy-induced), which further threatened the country’s economic interest and by extension, national security. This paper, using library research and content analysis was posed, amongst others; further interrogate the dynamics which give rise to militancy in the Niger Delta. Related to this was also on the need to, particularly, interrogate whether such activities serve the interest of the common man in the region and the country in general. It is the implications arising from the general discussions of the paper which formed the likely conclusion of this study.
Keywords: Challenges, Amnesty, Strategy.
Title: The Niger Delta Challenges: Re-thinking the Strategy for Combating Militancy in the Region
Author: Abubakar Sadiq Ahmed
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
The document discusses the need for the National Defence College of Tanzania to conduct a study exploring Tanzania's security landscape and developing a Grand National Security Strategy. It notes that Tanzania faces increasing complex threats from changes in the global, regional and national environment. The study would examine how economic shifts towards mining and resources, societal changes from globalization, evolving political dynamics, and military needs overlap and impact Tanzania's security. The aim is to construct a holistic security framework that addresses both traditional and non-traditional threats to Tanzania's sovereignty, integrity and values in the 21st century.
The Rationale For Nigeria’s Peacekeeping Missions: An Appraisalinventionjournals
This paper entitled “The Rationale for Nigeria’s Peacekeeping Missions: An Appraisal” is aimed at ascertaining the rationale behind Nigeria’s unwavering commitment to peacekeeping missions. This focus of the paper is predicated on the popular assumption that nations’ involvement in peacekeeping is often intertwined with other motives and self interest, notwithstanding the sacrifice of enormous human and material resources associated with peace missions. The study is guided by a hypothesis and a research question. The survey method was employed using the questionnaire and semi structured interview (SSI) as data collection instruments. The population of the study consists of policy makers and image managers in relevant agencies of the federal government of Nigeria from which a sample size of 265 is drawn. The data were analyzed using various statistical tools and computer-based applications to validate and authenticate the research output. Findings show that Nigeria’s involvement in peacekeeping missions is not motivated by rational reasons, but by sentiments, egoism and quest for showmanship. The study concludes that embarking on irrationally motivated peacekeeping missions is tantamount to monumental wastage of precious and scarce material and human resources of the nation. It thus recommends that genuine citizen and national interest should constitute the sole raison d’être for peacekeeping missions
Development in Nigeria Politics: Challenges of Federalism and Resource Contro...Paradise
The paper delves into issues that have plunged Nigeria into what she is today. Pertinent to note that resource problem contingent on federalism needs a redress. Solutions were however postulated.
Future challenges to international securityParas Bhutto
The document outlines several structural challenges to international security, including terrorism, cyberterrorism, nuclear proliferation, China's rise, the crisis in the Middle East, corruption, and climate change. It provides details on each challenge, such as how terrorism is difficult to define but has been an effective tactic, how cyberterrorism allows terrorists to wage war in cyberspace, and how climate change will cause global instability and pressure on resources. The conclusion states that the current rapid rate of change outpaces human and state abilities to cope, putting pressure on nation states and potentially fueling issues like terrorism.
Evaluating EndSARS - What Nigerians are sayingyemisifaleye1
The month of October was indeed a month to remember in Nigeria amongst its citizens home and abroad. Universally, in all its cities there was protests and even in major cities of the world as Nigerian Youths decided to take their destinies in their hands by staging an unprecedented protest against police brutality.
The protest was tagged #EndSARS and lasted for weeks until hoodlums and looters took over.
Lots of lives were lost and the most painful of all the deaths was the one at the Lekki toll gate which most believed was state sponsored.
The whole event was very ugly, sad and painful with material losses capping the deaths. However, there are so many things that are not balanced, hence Action Plan International decided to conduct a study amongst Nigeria to help throw up light on the views of Nigerians about the whole protest saga and the attendant wanton destruction that made a big mockery of the most effective and effective protest ever organised in Nigeria.
The findings were quite revealing and we hope that readers will take away insights that will help them rethink how they manage news and information.
This document summarizes a study that examined emerging trends in private security companies (PSCs) and security services in Southwest Nigeria. It investigated the establishment and justification of PSCs, government regulations of PSCs, and the relationship between PSCs and public security forces. The study found that while security is the government's responsibility, the government has failed to effectively provide security. Unemployment and systemic failures have contributed to rising security threats. PSCs have emerged to fill security gaps left by understaffed and inefficient public security forces. The study concludes that PSCs can complement government efforts in protecting citizens, but regulations are needed to ensure effective security provision.
The scourge of socio economic insecurity in nigeria’s fourth republic, and th...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses socio-economic insecurity in Nigeria since the return to civilian rule in 1999. While expectations were high that an elected government would improve living standards, paradoxically Nigerians have faced harsh socio-economic conditions and a deterioration in their standard of living.
2) Issues like unemployment, collapse of industries, poor infrastructure, sectarian clashes, assassinations and kidnappings have created a high sense of insecurity. This undermines Nigeria's goal of becoming a top 20 global economy and its competitiveness in Africa.
3) The failure of leaders to provide "public goods" like education, healthcare, jobs and reducing inequality has been the source of violence and threatens Nigeria's relevance as an anchor country in
Internal security and defence of pakistanNabeel Khalid
Internal security involves keeping peace within a country's borders through law enforcement and defense against internal threats such as terrorism, extremism, and sectarianism. A roadmap for Pakistan's internal security includes regularly discussing challenges, strengthening the National Counter Terrorism Authority, improving intelligence coordination, creating counterterrorism forces, and enhancing the roles of police, investigations, the judiciary, and media. Key agencies involved are the Defense and Interior Ministries, along with the military, paramilitary, and intelligence organizations under them.
Pakistan faces numerous internal and external security challenges. Internally, it struggles with religious sectarianism, ethnic tensions, large refugee populations, terrorism, crime, poverty, water disputes between provinces, and other issues. Externally, its main security threats come from India due to their disputes over Kashmir and from Afghanistan due to political instability spilling over the border. The 9/11 attacks exacerbated threats from Afghanistan by bringing US and NATO forces into the region long-term. Going forward, Pakistan remains at risk from direct attacks and attempts to provoke conflict between its forces and others in the region.
The document discusses Pakistan's national security challenges from external threats. It outlines several threats: from India due to territorial disputes over Kashmir; from Afghanistan due to instability; from Iran over border issues; and from Baloch insurgents fighting for independence. It also discusses threats from sectarian terrorism within Pakistan and how terrorism has impacted relations with the US. Pakistan faces a complex set of external security challenges from its neighbors and internal threats from non-state actors that complicate its national security environment.
Pak-National Security: Internal and External dimensionsDr Shahzad Aslam
The document outlines the composition and agenda of working groups formed as part of a national security workshop in Pakistan. It discusses increasing militarization of internal security and its implications. The working groups will evaluate issues such as the impact of militarization, devising border security strategies, and handling proscribed organizations. They will propose recommendations to strengthen civilian law enforcement and reduce excessive reliance on armed forces for domestic security matters.
The document discusses crimes in Southwestern Nigeria. It finds that the once peaceful region is becoming the crime capital of the country, with increasing cases of kidnapping, cultism, land disputes, rape, oil bunkering, robbery, and other crimes. These crimes have led to loss of lives and property worth millions annually. The study examines the major causes of crimes in the region, such as unemployment, resource control issues, political parties support, and an unresponsive government. The effects of crime include business shutdowns, poor economic development, and increased poverty. The document recommends measures to curb crime like youth empowerment, job creation, educational reforms, and establishing grazing colonies and laws to protect farmers and herders.
The document analyzes the current security situation of Pakistan. It identifies external threats such as embargoes imposed by the US, opposition from India to China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, and subversive activities supported by India, Afghanistan, and other countries. Internal threats include a lack of public awareness, weak political institutions, religious and ethnic divides, poverty, a poor education system, terrorism, and overpopulation. Recommendations include strengthening cooperation with China in defense and industry, revising education to promote skilled labor, increasing public political awareness, strengthening state institutions, improving foreign policy, and supporting local industry and security forces.
Prognosis of Theories of Intelligence in Counter Terrorism The Case of the No...YogeshIJTSRD
The Northern West part of Nigeria is faced with several security challenges that have threatened the existence of peace and security in the region. These threats to public safety and regional security have greatly undermined the governments primary responsibility of guaranteeing public safety and national security. This work, therefore, is on the prognosis of theories of intelligence in counterterrorism The case of North Western Nigeria. The study utilised primary and secondary data sources. The Primary data sources were from questionnaires administered physically and electronically via emails while, secondary data came from published books, journals, articles, lecture guides and videos. Acquired data were statistically analysed using simple percentage and Chi Square statistics. Sequel to the statistical results, findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between intelligence gathering and terrorism in Nort West, Nigeria. The study recommends that there should be training and retraining of personnel of the intelligence community to be able to meet up with the current trends and changes in the contemporary Nigerian environments for the effective gathering of intelligence and the ability to utilize it for productive law enforcement. Jonjon, Emmanuel "Prognosis of Theories of Intelligence in Counter-Terrorism: The Case of the Northwestern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40057.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/40057/prognosis-of-theories-of-intelligence-in-counterterrorism-the-case-of-the-northwestern-nigeria/jonjon-emmanuel
This document provides an overview of Nigeria as an investment destination. It begins with a quick glance section that outlines key facts about Nigeria such as its official name, capital, population, ethnic groups, languages, and currency. The next section provides a country profile, noting that Nigeria has experienced 50 years of struggles but is now seeing fruits of stability and economic growth. It highlights Nigeria's large population and fast growing economy, as well as its cultural and ethnic diversity. The document aims to focus on all possible aspects of investing in Nigeria.
Maritime Piracy and Unlawful Acts against Safety of Lives at Sea: Inimical an...AJSSMTJournal
The protection of human rights through the justice delivery system is an indispensable feature of any system governed by the
rule of law. The protection of human rights have been acknowledged to a very large extent in most civilized or developed
countries of the world because of its necessity and global acceptance not just for the safety and sanctity of life. The
universality of human rights has been recognized by the United Nations as inherent in the very nature of human beings just
for its reflection. Today, the wave of economic globalization has given rise to increasing spread and sophistication of various
inimical activities and acts that negate the lofty ideals of the rule of law and protection of human lives at sea. The crossborder movement of ships with people and cargo, merchandise, investment and finance that encourage urbanization and
globalization has been in most recent times threatened by piracy and armed robbery at sea, torture and various clandestine,
unholy attitudes that are antithetic to fundamental human rights and has opened door for global criminal economy to
flourish. Among the questions this paper seeks to address are, what is the link between trans-border or sea crime and
globalization? What is piracy (Hosti-Humanis)? Why is piracy targeted at the sea..? Why does it occur most in Nigeria and
some countries in the West African sub-region? What are the economic benefits from the sea that are being threatened by
piracy and other crimes? And what efforts are being made by Nigeria and the West African sub-region including international
cooperation’s to address the issue? Above all, to construct the way forward to arrest the ugly situation.
Internal Dynamics of Pakistan and its Impact on National SecurityFarooq Ahmad Butt
This document discusses the internal dynamics and security situation within Pakistan. It outlines several divisive forces like religious extremism, sectarian violence, ethnic separatist movements, and provincial tensions that are destabilizing Pakistan and impacting its national security. The Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Balochistan conflict, urban terrorism in Karachi, and center-province relations are highlighted as major challenges. The document also notes Pakistan's economic problems and how militancy has exploited poverty. It warns that if the internal chaos continues, Pakistan risks a fate similar to Yugoslavia through balkanization.
A Week of turbulent events in Nepal with no breakthrough in Constitution drafting and dissolution of the Assembly but more hopes for Afghanistan where the Chicago summit confirmed commitment of international community
Government and the Politics of Ruga Settlement Implications for the Unity of ...ijtsrd
Farmers in Nigeria have ceased to worry about the imminent dangers of climate change and field attacks from rodents, pests, and diseases on their crops in the field. They have shifted their worries to the menace of the nihilist nomads of the Fulani extraction. Following this is the concern in recent times of the imminent danger in the plan to establish for the nihilist Fulani nomads, Ruga which in Hausa is a settlement for herders and their cattle, also known as cattle colonies, throughout the nation by the Muhammadu Buhari administration. This study examines the fundamental issues surrounding the conflict between Fulani herdsmen and sedentary farmers, and the politics surrounding government's intent to establish Ruga settlements all over the country. To achieve this, the study uses qualitative and explorative research methods, while it derives relevant data from secondary sources such as books, journal articles, newspapers, official documents and Internet materials. The study adopts Chabal's 2009 twofold conflict theory and the Richard Hofstadter 2008 and Peter Knight's 2003 conspiracy theories to juxtapose the causes of the conflict between Fulani herdsmen and sedentary famers in the country, and ascertain the implications of establishing cattle colonies across the country by the Federal Government. Considering these, the study proffers useful recommendations that will benefit the sedentary farmers and herdsmen on the one hand and, the nation in general, on the other hand. Overall, the research noted that a total compliance to the doctrine of true federalism and respect for the rule of law enshrine, among others are recommended. Oluka, Nduka Lucas | Ativie, C. Ailende | Efeosa-Temple, Gladness Chinwe "Government and the Politics of Ruga Settlement: Implications for the Unity of Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29386.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/29386/government-and-the-politics-of-ruga-settlement-implications-for-the-unity-of-nigeria/oluka-nduka-lucas
THIS WEEKS SOUTH ASIA WEEKLY SECURITY TRENDS WEEK ENDING 17 JUNE IS OUT GIVING OUT SALIENT EVENTS IN THE REGION INCLUDING DEVELOPMENTS IN MYANMAR,AFGHANISTAN, INDIA, BANGLADSSH PAKISTAN AND OTEHRS
The Niger Delta Challenges: Re-thinking the Strategy for Combating Militancy ...paperpublications3
Abstract: In-spite of the cessation of activities by militant groups in the Niger Delta (ND), which follows the grant of amnesty and its appurtenances by the administration of President Umaru Musa Yar’adua in 2009, Nigeria’s mono-cultural economy, was once again, besieged by rising cases of militancy with the advent of President Muhammad Buhari’s administration in 2015. While these growing activities of militants have ensured the destruction of the country’s vital oil infrastructure, it also ensured a drop in the country’s oil productions to an all-time low of 800,000 bpd, from a daily production of 2.2 mbpd. This dealt a heavy blow to the country’s economic life line and thus, set in the country’s current economic malaise in the form of recession (for instance, President Muhammad Buhari and Vice President Osibanjo have at various times described the current economic recession as militancy-induced), which further threatened the country’s economic interest and by extension, national security. This paper, using library research and content analysis was posed, amongst others; further interrogate the dynamics which give rise to militancy in the Niger Delta. Related to this was also on the need to, particularly, interrogate whether such activities serve the interest of the common man in the region and the country in general. It is the implications arising from the general discussions of the paper which formed the likely conclusion of this study.
Keywords: Challenges, Amnesty, Strategy.
Title: The Niger Delta Challenges: Re-thinking the Strategy for Combating Militancy in the Region
Author: Abubakar Sadiq Ahmed
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
The document discusses the need for the National Defence College of Tanzania to conduct a study exploring Tanzania's security landscape and developing a Grand National Security Strategy. It notes that Tanzania faces increasing complex threats from changes in the global, regional and national environment. The study would examine how economic shifts towards mining and resources, societal changes from globalization, evolving political dynamics, and military needs overlap and impact Tanzania's security. The aim is to construct a holistic security framework that addresses both traditional and non-traditional threats to Tanzania's sovereignty, integrity and values in the 21st century.
The Rationale For Nigeria’s Peacekeeping Missions: An Appraisalinventionjournals
This paper entitled “The Rationale for Nigeria’s Peacekeeping Missions: An Appraisal” is aimed at ascertaining the rationale behind Nigeria’s unwavering commitment to peacekeeping missions. This focus of the paper is predicated on the popular assumption that nations’ involvement in peacekeeping is often intertwined with other motives and self interest, notwithstanding the sacrifice of enormous human and material resources associated with peace missions. The study is guided by a hypothesis and a research question. The survey method was employed using the questionnaire and semi structured interview (SSI) as data collection instruments. The population of the study consists of policy makers and image managers in relevant agencies of the federal government of Nigeria from which a sample size of 265 is drawn. The data were analyzed using various statistical tools and computer-based applications to validate and authenticate the research output. Findings show that Nigeria’s involvement in peacekeeping missions is not motivated by rational reasons, but by sentiments, egoism and quest for showmanship. The study concludes that embarking on irrationally motivated peacekeeping missions is tantamount to monumental wastage of precious and scarce material and human resources of the nation. It thus recommends that genuine citizen and national interest should constitute the sole raison d’être for peacekeeping missions
Development in Nigeria Politics: Challenges of Federalism and Resource Contro...Paradise
The paper delves into issues that have plunged Nigeria into what she is today. Pertinent to note that resource problem contingent on federalism needs a redress. Solutions were however postulated.
Future challenges to international securityParas Bhutto
The document outlines several structural challenges to international security, including terrorism, cyberterrorism, nuclear proliferation, China's rise, the crisis in the Middle East, corruption, and climate change. It provides details on each challenge, such as how terrorism is difficult to define but has been an effective tactic, how cyberterrorism allows terrorists to wage war in cyberspace, and how climate change will cause global instability and pressure on resources. The conclusion states that the current rapid rate of change outpaces human and state abilities to cope, putting pressure on nation states and potentially fueling issues like terrorism.
Evaluating EndSARS - What Nigerians are sayingyemisifaleye1
The month of October was indeed a month to remember in Nigeria amongst its citizens home and abroad. Universally, in all its cities there was protests and even in major cities of the world as Nigerian Youths decided to take their destinies in their hands by staging an unprecedented protest against police brutality.
The protest was tagged #EndSARS and lasted for weeks until hoodlums and looters took over.
Lots of lives were lost and the most painful of all the deaths was the one at the Lekki toll gate which most believed was state sponsored.
The whole event was very ugly, sad and painful with material losses capping the deaths. However, there are so many things that are not balanced, hence Action Plan International decided to conduct a study amongst Nigeria to help throw up light on the views of Nigerians about the whole protest saga and the attendant wanton destruction that made a big mockery of the most effective and effective protest ever organised in Nigeria.
The findings were quite revealing and we hope that readers will take away insights that will help them rethink how they manage news and information.
This document summarizes a study that examined emerging trends in private security companies (PSCs) and security services in Southwest Nigeria. It investigated the establishment and justification of PSCs, government regulations of PSCs, and the relationship between PSCs and public security forces. The study found that while security is the government's responsibility, the government has failed to effectively provide security. Unemployment and systemic failures have contributed to rising security threats. PSCs have emerged to fill security gaps left by understaffed and inefficient public security forces. The study concludes that PSCs can complement government efforts in protecting citizens, but regulations are needed to ensure effective security provision.
The scourge of socio economic insecurity in nigeria’s fourth republic, and th...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses socio-economic insecurity in Nigeria since the return to civilian rule in 1999. While expectations were high that an elected government would improve living standards, paradoxically Nigerians have faced harsh socio-economic conditions and a deterioration in their standard of living.
2) Issues like unemployment, collapse of industries, poor infrastructure, sectarian clashes, assassinations and kidnappings have created a high sense of insecurity. This undermines Nigeria's goal of becoming a top 20 global economy and its competitiveness in Africa.
3) The failure of leaders to provide "public goods" like education, healthcare, jobs and reducing inequality has been the source of violence and threatens Nigeria's relevance as an anchor country in
This document summarizes an article about insurgencies and national security in Nigeria. It discusses several insurgencies plaguing Nigeria, including Boko Haram, Fulani herdsmen, militancy, kidnapping, banditry, and cattle rustlers. These insurgencies have undermined national security and development by escalating issues like migration, political instability, decreasing foreign investment, and underdevelopment. The document recommends that the Nigerian government improve intelligence gathering and sharing across security agencies, equip and train armed forces with modern weapons, and eliminate corruption to help curb the menace of insurgencies.
An Assessment of Government Policies in Curbing Arms Proliferation in Nigeria...ijtsrd
The proliferation of small arms and light weapons in Nigeria has been a major security concern over the last few decades. The availability and misuse of these weapons has contributed to increased violence and insecurity, especially in the northern, southeastern and Niger Delta parts of the country. The Nigerian government has taken several measures to address the problem, including initiatives to strengthen the legal framework, improve the regulation of arms transfers, amnesty programs and increase public awareness of the issue. Despite the adoption of several strategies, the country is still facing the menace of arms proliferation, which has resulted in a series of security challenges, especially in the northeast, middle belt and other flash points of Nigeria. To this end, this study was undertaken to assess government policies on arms proliferation in Nigeria. The theoretical framework underpinning the menace of arms proliferation and its concomitant insecurity challenges is stability””security theory. The study adopted a qualitative design, and the secondary data collected were thoroughly subjected to content analysis. The study revealed that the government has adopted several policies to curb the proliferation of arms in Nigeria, including NCSALW and the Firearms Act of 2018. Amnesty program, cash for arms surrender and the use of armed forces to support the police for mop up of arms. Despite these strategies, there are some challenges, such as a lack of adequate resources and capacity to monitor the proliferation of arms, vast territory, a large population and high level of unemployment and its consequences of high level of criminality which make it difficult to effectively track the movements of arms and their sources of supply. To address the issue of arms proliferation in Nigeria, the government should focus on creating a secure environment by providing stability and security for its citizens. This can be done by tackling corruption, creating employment, increasing economic equality, justice, addressing age long issues of marginalization and adequate funding for police and other security services. AYAH David Bonny Preye | ANYALEBECHI, Shammah Mahakwe | HART, Akie Opuene | PETER, Peter Finebone "An Assessment of Government Policies in Curbing Arms Proliferation in Nigeria, 1999-2022" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57524.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/57524/an-assessment-of-government-policies-in-curbing-arms-proliferation-in-nigeria-1999-2022/ayah-david-bonny-preye
Peace and Security A Veritable Instrument for the Achievement of Sustainable ...ijtsrd
This study examined peace and security as a veritable instrument for the achievement of sustainable development goals in Nigeria using qualitative method of data analysis and content analysis. The study relied on data from extant literature to posit that sustainable development is attainable only when peace and security of the nation is assured. The study argued that tenable and sustainable development is possible. This assertion is evident in sustained growth and development of most developed and emerging economies of the world. Examples are the developed and emerging economies of America, Europe and Asia. In Nigeria, the near absence of relative peace and the consequent threat to security of lives and properties have affected every aspect of growth and development in the country. This situation has flourished in the light of the dynamics of political instability and its concomitant outcomes. The threat to peace and security of the nation have taken several dimensions of urban violence including ethno religious violence, electoral violence, youth militancy, and civil unrest, Boko Haram, farmers herders crisis, banditry, kidnapping etc. thus, undermining the attainment of significant achievement of the Millennium Development Goals MDGs in Nigeria. A situation that leaves great negative consequences for the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs . The study concludes that the Federal Government should seriously address all security challenges in the nation. Both carrot and stick are required in addressing the various issues that threaten peace and security in the nation. Where force is seen as the best option to address a particular issue, force should be applied. However, where negotiation and ceding of necessary grounds is adjudged the best option, they should be applied. Ezeozue, Chidozie "Peace and Security: A Veritable Instrument for the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30942.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/30942/peace-and-security-a-veritable-instrument-for-the-achievement-of-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs-in-nigeria/ezeozue-chidozie
The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of insecurity on business activities in Kogi State.
Questionnaire was used to collect the primary data from targeted groups in the population. The findings of this
study suggest that the security situation in Kogi state has become a major challenge for investors, and this could
pose a threat for its economy with implication for investment and job losses. The present security challenge could
diminish the state’s ability to command local and international respect. The study recommended among others
that government of Kogi state should overhaul the security agencies in the state to meet the current security
challenges. Provision of new infrastructure as well as mending of dilapidate ones should be carried out in the
state. It should be ensured that the major cities have functional street lights to enhance security. Similarly, the
state government should create more job opportunities for the teeming number of unemployed youths.in the fair
value hierarchy would increase comparability in accounting practice among entities.
Government Expenditure on Defence and Internal Security A Prerequisite for Ac...ijtsrd
Government expenditure on defence and internal security has been on the increase in the last few decades making it vital to look at its effect on the growth and development of the economy. The study examined the Government expenditure on defence and internal security a prerequisite for achieving sustainable economic growth and development in Nigeria. The study used time series data, from 1994 2020. The issue of security has become a serious threat to sustainable development in any economy and it has become a great concern in view of its escalating trend. The objective of the study is to determine the effect of government expenditure on defence and internal security on economic growth and development in Nigeria. The data employed were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria publications and World Bank World Development Indicators WDI . The study was anchored on progressive theory of public expenditure. The dependent variables for the study are economic growth proxy by real gross domestic product RGDP and economic development proxy by Human development index HDI while the independent variables are recurrent government expenditure on defence and internal security. The data were analyzed using Vector Autoregressive Estimates VAR to ascertain the effect of government recurrent expenditure on defence and internal security on economic growth and development at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that the impact of government recurrent expenditure on defence and internal security on RGDP and HDI is insignificant within the period under review. Therefore, the study recommends that government should invest more on defence and security and also design a device to ensure all the expenditures on Security and defence are considered guardedly as to consolidate on the gains realized so far. Okeke Ijeoma Chinwe | Chukwu, Kenechukwu Origin | Ogbonnaya-Udo, Nneka "Government Expenditure on Defence and Internal Security: A Prerequisite for Achieving Sustainable Economic Growth and Development. 1994-2020" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47552.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/47552/government-expenditure-on-defence-and-internal-security-a-prerequisite-for-achieving-sustainable-economic-growth-and-development-19942020/okeke-ijeoma-chinwe
Strategic Military Intelligence and Operational Efficiency A Study of Insecur...ijtsrd
This article looks at strategic military intelligence and operational efficiency with emphases on insecurity in Nigeria. Strategic military intelligence was discussed from strategic and operational intelligence and operational efficiency was looked from operational responsiveness and configuration. This article seeks to determine how the strategically military intelligence impact Military operational efficiency in Nigeria. The improper employment and inaccurate designation of tasks to intelligence agencies to support national security objectives has been a major challenge that the study intends to address. In the same vein, the lack of analytical skills among personnel has denigrates the value of intelligence produce to solve security operation. The descriptive research was used to analyze the data that was gathered. The respondents were selected through purposive sampling. A survey questionnaire was used to gather data which were derived from the objectives and rationale for the study. Data for the study was analyzed via analysis of variance ANOVA .The result of the analysis shows that strategic military intelligence impact operational responsiveness and configuration in Nigeria. The study concludes that military strategic intelligence impacts operational efficiency in Nigeria. And that the level or methods adopted by the Nigeria military to respond to the threat of insecurity in all the different parts of the country will not only determine the extents at which the country will succeed but will also show how committed the Nigeria Military are working toward protecting lives and properties of Nigerian. The study recommend that the federal government of Nigeria should create or set up a special unit or agency different from the military Army, Navy and Air force and the intelligent units Department of State Service DSS also known as SSS or Defense Intelligence Agency DIA etc. that will be saddled with the responsibility of ensuring that the Intel gathered by the intelligent units and handed to the Military for some special operations are sustained and applied with high level of professionalism. As this will ensure that personnel with clandestine motives are not only checked but are punished for such an action. Dr. Agbeche, Aaron Oghenevwayere | Elechi, Bobby Chime | Okechukwu, Prince Jumbo "Strategic Military Intelligence and Operational Efficiency: A Study of Insecurity in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47705.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/47705/strategic-military-intelligence-and-operational-efficiency-a-study-of-insecurity-in-nigeria/dr-agbeche-aaron-oghenevwayere
An Appraisal of the Challenges and Legal Protection Available for Internally ...ijtsrd
This paper has investigated the challenges and Legal Protection available for the benefit of Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria. The study relied on content analysis of extant literature to ascertain the level of challenges and legal protections given to them. The study found that Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria face a myriad of challenges which include loss of home, loss of traditional livelihood and sources of generating income, break up of families and community support networks, loss of intangible goods, and loss of documentation. A cursory look at the various causes of internal displacement in Nigeria revealed that forced migration and internal displacement in Nigeria in over a decade has been triggered by violent conflict particularly, the deadly activities Boko Haram and the militant Fulani Herdsmen. These displaced persons suffer a lot of human right violations without any significant legal protection for them. Rather, it has been identified that the existing institutional arrangement keepers, although struggling to manage the situation particularly, in the short term, are hindered by current policy deficits and the lack of a specific framework to adequately address the situation or cover medium to longer requirements for the IDPs. It is therefore, imperative to purposively design a legal framework that will specifically address the challenges bedeviling the Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria while other security measures are being taken to ensure their safety and wellbeing. Stephen Chuka Unachukwu "An Appraisal of the Challenges and Legal Protection Available for Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49485.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/49485/an-appraisal-of-the-challenges-and-legal-protection-available-for-internally-displaced-persons-in-nigeria/stephen-chuka-unachukwu
This document examines the link between bad governance and perpetuation of insecurity in Nigeria. It argues that the current security challenges plaguing Nigeria stem from injustice, corruption, and selfish governance by political leaders. Since Nigeria's return to democracy in 1999 after military rule, incidents of ethnic, communal, religious and resource conflicts have persisted across much of the country. This is exacerbated by leaders failing to address issues like poverty alleviation, unemployment, resource allocation and infrastructure development. The document concludes that overcoming insecurity in Nigeria requires strong political will from leaders and commitment to fighting it, as well as unity among Nigerians.
Approximating the operational and intelligence vulnerability of the nigerian ...Alexander Decker
The document discusses the operational and intelligence vulnerabilities of the Nigerian Police Force in combating terrorism from 1999 to 2010. It argues that the police force has not been able to effectively guarantee security in Nigeria due to major institutional, operational, and intelligence limitations. Specifically, the failure to implement an arms tracking system to register and monitor legal weapons has hindered the ability to identify the source of many illegal arms used by terrorist groups in Nigeria.
Increase Wave of Violent Crime and Insecurity: A Threat to Socio-Economic Dev...iosrjce
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the increasing rate of violent crime in Nigeria and its implications for socio-economic development. It finds that violent crime such as armed robbery, kidnapping, and terrorism have risen dramatically in Nigeria and created a climate of fear that hinders business activity and discourages investment. If not properly addressed, the rising violent crime could threaten Nigeria's socio-economic development. The paper analyzes this issue using the relative deprivation theory, which posits that frustration from the gap between expectations and capabilities can increase aggression and violence. It recommends that the government must prioritize security by improving intelligence, training, resources for security agencies, and also work to reduce unemployment in order to decrease crime and support socio-economic
Insecurity a threat to human existence and economic development in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document examines the causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria. It discusses how insecurity has become a major problem that threatens human existence and economic development. Some of the key causes identified include political factors like the power shift from northern to southern rule, as well as unemployment, jobs racketeering, and poor leadership. Insecurity has led to bombings, killings, kidnappings and destruction of property. It has also negatively impacted people's well-being and the economy through business disruptions and relocations. The study recommends allowing dialogue between ethnic and minority groups to find more peaceful solutions to insecurity in Nigeria.
Sustainable peace and security remains a key challenge in the Niger Delta region. But the Niger Delta question seems to defy all known solutions. Due to fact that the parties are not sincere at getting the issues resolved because certain individual(s) or group(s) are benefiting or the government lacks the will power to confront the problem politically. Despite the region justified for over 80% of government revenue, 95 % of export receipts and 90% of foreign exchange earnings, the region still nursing with communal tensions, political competition, organized criminality, and resource-based conflicts, militancy, piracy, cultism, election violence, communal violence, armed robbery, kidnapping, unemployment, poverty, land disputes and lack of infrastructures varying at state and Local Government Area (LGA) levels. The study therefore recommended: the development areas should be funded by the Federal Government through direct budgetary allocations. The development areas would have the mandate to ensure urgent infrastructural and socio- economic transformation of the Niger Delta. They should be domiciled in the oil producing communities, and should carry the locals along in the execution of their mandate. Activities of the development areas should be subjected to periodic review through a feed- back mechanism put in place by the Federal Government to ensure optimal performance, appropriate skill knowledge to ameliorate poverty, strengthening of anti-corruption agencies among others.
Tactful Intelligence Sharing and Synergy among the Nigerian Security Operativ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nigeria‟s peace and human security is currently engulfed in turmoil. And one of the notable
problems of insecurity in the country is menace of advanced cult killings on daily basis most especially the
upsurge of a dreaded cult group known as “Badoo”, that carries out attacks on human lives in Ikorodu suburb of
Lagos State, Nigeria. Residents of Ikorodu and others suburbs in Lagos State, Nigeria now live in perpetual
phobia and the menace has forced several others to have fled the state. The dreaded “Badoo” cult group killings
and attacks pose dangerous threats to human lives, national peace and security. Among the notable factors
aiding the emergence of such dreaded cult group in the state are; poor intelligence gathering and synergy on the
part of Nigerian security operatives, frustration, financial assistance, injustice, forced membership,
unemployment among youths, get-rich-quick syndrome on the part of many Nigerian youths, drug abuse among
others. The study examines threats posed by the menace to human lives, state‟s peace and security; it assesses
the concerted efforts of Nigerian government and security operatives in combating the menace. The study
concludes that, lack of adequate intelligence gathering, general insecurity in the country, corruption, abject
poverty and youth unemployment remain the factors hindering a total arrest of the menace in Nigeria. It also
requests the need for giving adequate support to security operatives by the citizens; continuous
orientation/education for the youths, good laws and governance, adequate intelligence gathering on the part of
security agents to nip the menace in the bud.
KEYWORDS: Badoo cultists, Human security, Security intelligence, Unemployment, Good governance,
Lagos.
This paper traces the development of Boko-Haram from two perspectives (Socio-economic and Political), it exposes the reasons for the re-emergence of insecurity in Nigeria, precisely Northern zone which shares the same culture with Northern Cameroon. The paper equally explores the various groups threatening Nigerian sovereignty and countries of the Lake Chad Basin. It also outlines some responses to adapt to the changing modus operandi of the terrorist organization.
Real estate investment and management strategies in nigeria the global meltd...IAEME Publication
The document discusses real estate investment and management strategies in Nigeria in light of the global economic meltdown. It makes three key points:
1) Real estate investment is capital-driven and requires good management to meet investment objectives and realize long-term goals, yet Nigeria's real estate sector faces many challenges that have been exacerbated by the global economic crisis. These include housing shortages, abandoned projects, and dilapidated properties.
2) Investment in Nigeria's real estate has long faced issues like policy inconsistency, an undeveloped mortgage system, and broader economic and political instability. The Land Use Act also limits liquidity in real estate investment.
3) To improve the sector, Nigeria requires reforms like making
Legal and policy bases of direct foreign investments in the ear of indigeniza...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a paper that examines the legal and policy frameworks governing direct foreign investment in Nigeria between 1975-1985 during a period of economic nationalism known as indigenization. The paper analyzes the Third National Development Plan of 1975-1980 which aimed to increase incomes, employment, and indigenization of the economy through redistribution of wealth and ownership. The plan sought to use oil revenue to develop Nigeria's productive capacity but met limited success due to weak legal systems, corruption, and socioeconomic instability during periods of military rule.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26505 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 831
Federal Republic of Nigeria (1960, 1963, 1979 and 1999)
provide for the establishment of the Nigerian Armed Forces,
whose functions include: defending Nigeria from external
aggression; maintaining its territorial integrity andsecuring
its borders from violation on land, sea, or air; suppressing
insurrection and acting in aid of civil authorities to restore
order when called upon to do so by the President, but
subject to such conditions as may be prescribed by an act of
the National Assembly and performing such functions as
may be prescribed by an Act of the National Assembly
(Section 217) (Okoli & Orinya, 2013). Also, Article 3’s
provision for Military Assistance to Civil Authority (MACA)
forms the legal cum constitutional basis for the involvement
of the military in internal security operations (ISOPs) in
Nigeria. This is necessary owing to the contemporary
security challenge in the country.
Nigeria is in this mess of insecurity as a result of the kind of
leadership in place. Even when government officials are
targets of the violent attacks and some of them are
kidnapped on a daily basis by hungry youths,nothingor very
little is being done to halt the trend. Lives have been lostand
property worth millions, destroyed. Apparently, there is no
end in sight to this ugly development. No Nigerian is
insulated from bomb explosions. Churches, mosques and
corporate offices, schools, are not spared. Successive
governments in Nigeria have not relented efforts in tackling
these problem by continuously raising thecountry’sdefence
and security votes. Budget allocations in key ministries and
agencies, especially in the security and defence sector, has
continued to get the greater share in the last few years. For
instance, the defence sector, as isseeninTable4.2 below, got
N921.91 billion in 2012 and this rose to N1.055 trillion in
2013. Also, according to Eme and Anyadike (2013), in 2008,
“the policy thrusts of the budget as presented by Late
President Umaru Yar’Adua to the legislatureonNovember8,
2007, reflected about N444.6 billion for security and the
Niger Delta. It would appear that this figure was aimed at
providing solution to the neglected oil rich region of the
country and possibly intended to show new commitment
heights for security and the development needs of the Niger
Delta”. Apparently, in justifying the need for the bogus
budgetary allocationstothedefencesector,researchers have
noted that it was a calculated attempt to signal to the
international community that Nigeria is sparing no
expenditure in ensuring a peaceful co-existence among the
citizenry and the interest of her businesses in this region.
Notably, the violence unleashed by Boko Haram, which is
complemented by armed robbery, kidnapping,ritualkillings
and ethnic clashes across the six geo-political zones,ismuch
to be concerned about. Therefore, this study intends to
investigate the Nigeria Armed Forces and National security
challenges: Emerging trends and structural Evaluation
between 1970 and 2014.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Since 1970, following the end of many years of military rule
in the country, Nigeria has been confronted with the
problem of national security arising from violent crimes,
including armed robbery, assassinations, ethno-religious
violence, kidnapping for ransom and terrorist bomb blasts.
This unfortunate development has made the country, to
borrow from Adebayo (2011), to become one of the most
unsafe countries to visit and invest in. Regrettably, the
country has joined the league of war-torn and terrorist
enclaves in the world such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia,
Pakistan, Yemen, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
Guinea, Sudan, Southern Sudan and Chad. Unarguably, the
latest additions to the list of security challenges in the
country namely, Boko Haram terrorism, the Niger Delta
Avengers, Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB)- agroupsome
writes call the neo-Biafrans - , have surpassed the rest in
every ramifications.
Since 1970 three major challenges have engraved Nigeria
which include the incessant religious crisis in the North, the
emergence of militancy activities in the Niger Delta region
and emergence of Boko Haram insurgency in the NorthEast.
These three security challenges that Nigeria has witnessed
between 1970 and 2014 formed the basis for our research
and discussion in this study. Security is indeed the primary
purpose of government, any government that cannot
guarantee it, to say the least, has lost its essence
Figures of the amount of lives and property lost in Nigeria as
a result of Boko-Haram terrorist activities is frightening.
Facts that emerged from the US Department’s Global Report
on Terrorism indicate that in 2011 Nigeria ranked second
with 593 deaths from terrorist killings, only coming behind
Somalia in Africa, and at the world level, Nigeria was fifth. In
fact, by 2012, Boko Haram sect was said to have conducted
about 136 attacks, largely on police stations, churches and
mosques. With the recent upsurge in the activities of the
sect, especially since 2013, these figures have tripled. What
many thought would be surmounted within a short period
have now graduated to the abduction of over 200 teenage
school girls in one single operation. While the country was
bemoaning the abduction of the innocent school girls in a
small town called Chibok in Borno State, an attempt was
made on the life of the Nigerian elder statesman, Rtd.
General Muhammadu Buhari as well as the seat of
government at Abuja, sometime in July 2014. These flash
points demonstrate the critical state of security in the
country.
The Boko Haram terrorism, militancy and other violent
crimes in the country have negative implications onnational
security, democracy, good governance and economic
development. This is because, among other things, their
activitiesdismantledemocraticstructures,preventprovision
of state services, such as health, education, commerce and
security. Also, their activities have forced thousands to flee
their homes, jobs and communities. Thereby pushing them
into abject poverty.
Challenges of security arises from human interaction with
other human beings and the society they live, but the
increasing spate has never assumed the dimension it has, in
recent times. Arms acquisition, possession and use have
compounded the security situation in the world in general
and Nigeria in particular. The possession and use of these
arms has dire consequences because, it has prevented the
creation of a congenial atmosphere for individuals to
develop their potentials and go about their endeavours
unmolested. There is no gainsaying that security challenges
are not peculiar to Nigeria neither is it anewphenomenon in
the world. Available evidencesshowthatactsofviolence and
terrorism which threaten security have existed in theworld,
perhaps for over 2,000 years. Instances existed in most
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communities of the ancient world whereby terrorist
activities thrived.
Despite the presence of the military (Armed Forces) and
their involvement in internal security management (in line
with the constitutional role of assisting in internal security),
the spate of violence and conflict remains on the increase in
Nigeria. The Armed Forces seem almost incapable of
surmounting the internal violencein Nigeria.Thequestionis
what could be responsible for the near weakness of the
Nigerian Armed Forces in overcoming the internal security
challenge faced by Nigeria in recent times? Could the
problem lie in the capacity, structure and direction of
organizational support of the Armed Forces? Here lies the
problematique of the study.
CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS
A. SECURITY
The concept of national security could be traced to the
notion of feeling safe especially at the national level.
According to Eme and Onyishi (2014), security generally isa
crosscutting, and multi-dimensionalconceptwhich has,over
the last century, been the subject of great debate. Ibrahim
(2014) observed that the concept developed mostly in the
United States of America after World War II. Initially
focusing on military might; it now encompasses a broad
range of facets, many of which impinge on the non-military
or economic security of the nation and the values espoused
by the national society. Accordingly, in order to possess
national security, a nation needs to possess economic
security, energy security, environmental security, etc.
Security threats involve not only conventionalforces suchas
other nation-states but also non-state actors such as violent
non-state actors, narcoticcartels,multinationalcorporations
and non-governmental organizations; some authorsinclude
natural disasters and events causing severe environmental
damage in this category.
Security is a state of being safe and the absence of fear,
anxiety, danger, poverty and oppression. It is the
preservation of core values and the absence of threats to
these values (Alli, 2010). For Nwolise (2006), security is an
all-encompassing condition which suggests that a territory
must be secured by a network of armed forces; that the
sovereignty of the state must be guaranteed by a democratic
and patriotic government, which in turn must be protected
by the military, police and the people themselves; that the
people must not only be secured from external attacks but
also from devastating consequences of internal upheavals
such as unemployment, hunger, starvation, diseases,
ignorance, homelessness, environmental degradation and
pollution cum socio-economic injustices.
In the words of Zabadi (2005), security is a state in which
people or things are not exposed to danger of physical or
moral aggression, accident, theft or decline. This view is
associated with the survival of thestateand thepreservation
of its citizens. In other words, the state hastheresponsibility
of the use of force and power for the safety of its territory
and its people. According to Adebayo (2011, in Albert,
Danjibo, Isola, & Faleti, 2011), security could be referred to
as a measure that ensures peaceful co-existence and
development at large. This means that where ever there is
security, there is absence of fear, threat, and tension.
B. INSECURITY
It is also pertinent to consider briefly the concept of
insecurity here. Insecurity in itself is the antithesis of
security and has attracted such common descriptorsaswant
of safety, danger, hazard, uncertainty, want of confidence,
state of doubt, inadequately guarded or protected,
instability, trouble, lack of protection and being unsafe, and
others (Achumba, Ighomereho & Akpor-Robaro, 2013). For
Beland (2005, cited in Igbokwu & Orhero, 2015), insecurity
is the state of fear or anxiety stemming from a concrete or
alleged lack of protection. It refers to lack or inadequate
freedom from danger. This definition reflects physical
insecurity which is the most visible form of insecurity, andit
feeds into many other forms of insecurity such as economic
security and social security. In this paper, insecurity is
conceived as a situation where the human and national
security of a state is compromised by internal or external
forces or interests exacerbated by the former’s weak orpoor
economic, military and/or human resource development
conditions.
C. NATIONAL SECURITY
Yibaikwal (1988) both believe in the link between security,
unity and tranquility. For instance, the tranquility and well-
being of a society are the pre-conditions for security, which
naturally promotes human capital building and Yibaikwal
(1988) believed that national security can be said to be
protection of values previously acquired (cited in Ani,2010).
It is a condition where the government is able to adequately
provide and protect most cherished values and beliefs,
democratic way of life, institutions of governance, unity,
welfare and well-being as a nation and people.
What has now become a rather conventional perspective of
national security question centering on the military has
equally received academic wash-down from another school
of thought who believes that the military perspective of
national security is an all-inclusive paradigm for political
analysis, is grossly incompatible with emerging reality. This
form of militaristic conception of national security is
fundamentally weakened by its negligence of the dynamism
inherent in domestic security, which shapes the nature and
position of the state in the face of power games amongst
nations (Okpaga, 2007, in Ani, 2010).
National security is a collection of precautions, resources
and institutions built to secure a sovereign state. Providing
national security for the lives and properties within a
sovereign state is a vital social contract between the masses,
the government and the state. The state is legally bound to
offer protection against possible loss, harm or total
destruction of human and material resources that promotes
human capital development in its sovereign environment. A
secured state allows for the growth of human capital
development while an unsecured nation allows for easy
attacks on the foundation(s) that builds human capital
development and promotes the destruction of human
capacity of a state (Ani & Saliba, 2010).
According to Al-Mashat (1985) in EmeandAnyadike(2012),
national security is more than territorial defense andshould
focus on “the physical, social and psychologicalqualityof life
of a society and its members, both in the domestic setting
and within the larger regional and global system”.
Braithwaite (1988) adds that it is submitted, therefore, that
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in the final analysis, the domestic, socioeconomic and
political environment of a sovereign state is the all-
important and critical factor in national security
considerations. Put succinctly, national securityispositively
correlated with the increase in the distributive capability
and genuine democratization of a given state. That is, the
tranquility and well-being of a society are pre-conditionsfor
security (Al-Mashat, 1985, in Eme & Anyadike, 2012).
According to McGrew (1988), the national security of a
nation hangs on two important pillars which are; first, the
maintenance and protection of the socioeconomic order in
the face of internal and external threat. Second the
promotion of a preferred international order, which
minimizes the threat to core values and interests, as well as
to the domestic order. Nwagboso (2012) argued that in the
long sweep of history, security has been about people and
without reference to the security of the individual, security
makes no sense at all (see also McSweeney, 1999). Dike
(2010) took this argument a step further by emphasizing
that a nation’s security should be based on a holistic view
which sees the citizens as the primary beneficiaries of every
security and developmental deliverable that the state can
offer. Little wonder the term, human security, has attained
increasing popularity.
To that extent, therefore, Bassey (2011), Phenson,Ojie, Esin,
and Atai (2014), Sharma (2004) identified the principles of
national security. These principles include the following:
1. Security ensures the protection of lives and property of
both citizens and that of government (personnel and
property).
2. To provide a tranquil and peaceful atmosphere for
individuals and groups to go about their lawful
engagements.
3. To create measures and opportunityforassessmentand
prompt neutralization of threats and the exposure of
agents of such threats to legal sanctions.
4. Security creates a barrier and buildsthewalls of defense
(separation) around the state and its people.
5. It builds confidence of safety, promotes peaceandorder
and ensures safe working and residential environment.
6. It builds a foundation (bedrock) for socio-economicand
political growth, development and stability.
7. Security minimizes panic and fear of attack.
8. It solves societal problems, exposes criminals, their
activities, hideouts, and enhances social justice.
9. It uncovers threats and deters aggression.
10. Security provides the enabling atmosphere for good
social and political order to survive.
11. Security prevents criminal activities in a society. Crime
is an act which, because it affects injurious society as a
whole or a member of it, infringes some law enacted to
prevent such injury and thereby attracts the
punishments prescribed by the law for such
infringement.
The importance of security cannot be over-emphasized.
However, life must be secured before man thinks about how
to eat, clothe and protect himself and then proceed to talk
about politics, culture and ideology. There is nothing
absolute that gives meaning and essence to life except
security. Security is that condition of being free from threat,
stress, strains or fear of losing life and other valuablesof life.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The structural-functional theory or simply functionalism
explains the society as a whole regarding the functions of its
subordinate (constituent) elements like norms, customs,
traditions and institutions. Some popular names regarding
the structural functional theory include; Herbert Spencer,
Talcott Parsons, Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Niklas
Luhmann, Gabriel Almond, David Easton. According to Urry
(2000), a common analogy popularized by Spencer presents
these parts of society as “organs” that work towards the
proper functioning of the “body” as a whole. Functionalism
came to describe a particular stage in the methodological
development of social science, rather than a specific school
of thought (Parsons, 1975). The structural functional theory
considers system and sub-systems, interrelations among
parts as well as processes; maintenance, equilibrium,
adaptation and change.
The central idea of structural-functionalism is that societies
and systems are complex unit that are composed of
interrelated parts. The theory assumesthatinstitutionsexist
and survive because they perform certain functions in the
society that promote stability and integration. It argues
clearly that where a given institution (structure) fails to
carry out the role it was established to perform, it leads to
system failure or death.
Scholars from the political science persuasion who apply
this theory study political structures and political functions.
Political scientists use a structural-functional approach to
understand how any particular political structure performs
(function) inside a larger political system. The theory
assumes clearly that a nation-state (whatisoftenknownasa
bounded system) exist with multiple structures and
understands those structures within the context of the
functions they perform. In other words what roles do
structures such as politicalparties,judiciary,themilitary,the
legislature etc play in a political system of a country? Are
they performing their required roles? The goal of structural
functionalism is “to find out what something (structure)
actually does in a political system, as opposed to what it is
supposed to do (function)” (Urry, 200).
Almond (1956) was apt in explaining the political system
from the theoretical assumptionsofstructuralfunctionalism
including David Easton who seethepoliticalsystemfrom the
perspective of structure and functions. In explaining his
views, Almond kept the structures of political system in
mind. He stressed that every political system has some
structures and these structures perform certain functions
meant for it. In his seminal work titled “The Politics of the
Developing Areas” Almond argued that even though
differences abound between the nature of the political
structures in developed and developing countries, the
structures perform the same functions.
Structures as explicated in structuralfunctionalism connotes
repetitive behaviours, i.e., a recurrent activity that takes
place frequently. Whilefunctionsimplysystemmaintenance.
The underlying assumptions in functionalism are; First, all
social phenomena have functions for the larger social
system. Second, the social system is the prior causal reality
and system parts are functionally interrelated. Therefore,
recurrent behaviours (structures) are thought to exist
because they, in some ways, contribute to system
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maintenance (function). There are several functions which
are required for the existence of the system (society).
Functionalismprovidesawide-rangingexplanationformany
social phenomena.TalcottParsonexplicatedthat“solidarity”
is crucial for the adequate functioning of a social system.
Solidarity connotesmembers’motivation readinesstoaccept
their common belongingness as members of a collective
system and to trust each other to fulfil mutual expectations
attached to members in their respective roles.
The focus of this study is on Nigerian Armed Forces and
national security challenges. Therefore, the structural
functional theory is suitable for applicationinthisstudy. The
structural functional theory is relevant to this studybecause
the Armed forces is an institution (structure) of the state
that has an assigned responsibility (function). Where it fails
to perform its duties, there is likely going to be a system
collapse. Other structures of the political system such as the
legislature and the executive also play certain roles that can
lead to the military discharging its responsibilities with
utmost success. Where they renege intheirfunctions such as
approving and releasing funds for armament procurement
and capacity building of the military, the institution called
the military is likely going to perform minimally. To win the
battle against insurgency, every part of the system must
perform its duty optimally and together as a team with
mutual respect, each mustbe readytomakeits contributions
in the overall interest of the whole. The fight against
insurgency must not be left in the hands of only the defence
outfit, although they have prominent role to play, other
sectors like education, agriculture, mineral resources,
transportation and housing must step up their activities.
This is because, if for instance the agricultural sector
malfunctions or functions below expectation, there will be
shortages in food supply which will result in mass food
insecurity. Food insecurity will therefore lead the masses,
especially youth to certain violence activities which are
unhealthy for national security.
Functions as explained aboveconnotessystemmaintenance.
In the defence sector, proper maintenance embodies
capacity building, funding, and provision for conducive
environment for intelligence gathering as well as logistics.
These cardinal areasarehandledbydifferentdepartmentsin
the defence sector and they are all needed,ifsuccessmustbe
achieved. The structural functional theory explains why all
the departments are saddled with solidarity to the whole
(which is the society in this context). If one department fails
in its function, then a lacuna is created in the entire system.
For instance poor logistical supports will kill the morale of
military personnel. Also, when there is shortage in funding,
the military is unable to acquire sophisticated weapons and
weaponry. The same goes for intelligence gathering as well
as capacity building. These four areas was addressed in this
work relying on the thesis of thestructuralfunctionaltheory.
INSURGENCY AND NATIONALSECURITYCHALLENGES IN
NIGERIA
According to Salawu (2010), the phenomenon of ethnicity
and religious intolerance have led to incessantrecurrence of
ethno-religious conflicts, which have birthed copious ethnic
militias like the Bakassi Boys, O'dua People Congress (OPC),
the Egbesu Boys; the Ijaw Youth Congress (IYC); the Arewa
People’s Congress (APC), the IgboPeopleCongress(IPC)and
the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of
Biafra (MASSOB), amongst others.
The offshoot of these local militia groups has advanced
ethnic and religious intolerance in Nigeria and has claimed
the lives of not less than twenty thousand Nigeriansresiding
within and around the Nigerian borders. The most
renounced of these groups includes Boko Haram in the
North and Niger-Delta Avengers (NDA) in the South.
INSURGENCY IN THE NIGER DELTA
The Niger Delta region is one of the most resource-endowed
regions in Nigeria. The exploration,extractionandsalesofits
huge deposit of oil reserves has amounted to a gargantuan
proportion of Nigeria’s revenue. However, over 50 years of
oil exploration and exploitation has occasioned
environmental degradation and pollution, resulting in
excruciating and brutalizing poverty, unemployment,
diseases and health hazards and even death among the
people living in theregion(TELLMagazine,2008). According
to Azigbo (2008, cited in Duru & Ogbonnaya, 2012):
The major culprits in these ugly incidents are the
multinational oil corporations. From one community to
another, vast acres of farmlands are devastated by oil spills;
aquatic lives are destroyed and the very existence of the
people is threatened by the toxic effects of gas flares in
addition to the cumulative effects of all disasters. Thus,
threatened by decades of operations of the multinational oil
companies and abandoned by successive governments at the
centre, which has resulted in high level of socio-economic
underdevelopment (manifesting in the absence of
infrastructural facilities and poor standards of living), the
region became enveloped by a feeling of abandonment,
denial and frustration. Consequently, there has been since
the 1990s, the emergence of resistant organizations from
various ethnic nationalities in the Niger Delta to confront
the multinational oil corporations and the Nigerian state.
Duru and Ogbonnaya (2012) added that, the Niger Delta
agitation actually began as peaceful protests by community
development committees of a range of host communities to
multinational oil companies. Peaceful protests however
degenerated into forcefulagitations whentherequestsof the
groups as regards the development of the region were slow
in coming. Further, the agitations were heightened by the
massacre of the nine Ogoni leaders and Ken Saro-Wiwa in
1995 by the military dictatorship of General Sani Abacha,
who had ignored all international and local entreaties and
appeals to commute the death sentence of the
environmentalists. By 1998, anarchy overwhelmed most of
the Niger Delta region (Folarin, 2007; Folarin & Okodua,
2010).
In their views, Nwogwugwu, Alao and Egwuonwu (2012)
assert that aside the basic problems outlined above, other
causes of militancy in the region included marginalization,
abject poverty, massive unemployment, destruction of
aquatic ecosystem, and the alteration of the soil quality, air
pollution, and socio-economic disorganization). The
activities of the groups in the Niger Delta manifested in
diverse ways such as militancy, kidnapping, killings,
bombing, hostage taking, demolition of oil and gas facilities,
pipeline vandalization, illegal oil bunkering (Duru &
Ogbonnaya, 2012). The militants launched attacks on the
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Shell Petroleum Development Corporation (SPDC), Chevron
and Total Final Elf (TFE) staff and facilities. MEND killed oil
workers at Chevron, Total Final Elf (TFE), damaged a rescue
helicopter sent to rescue employees, killed naval officers,
injured soldiers, attacked police stationsliketheMini-Okoro
Elenlewo and killed some officers on duty, attacked five-star
hotels, and carried out a bomb attack on the Eagle Square,
Abuja on October 1, 2010 during thefiftyyear anniversaryof
independence. Between 1999 and 2007 a total of 308
hostage incidents were recorded in theregion(Ogbonnaya&
Ehigiamusoe, 2013).
The superiority of the armaments plus the agility of action
questioned the security of the Nigerian State. Despite the
seeming prevailing calmness of the region at the moment, as
regards the issues of terrorism, the outstanding issues of
resource control and allocation, poverty alleviation and
environmental security remain potential sources of
explosive situations. Incidentally, whiletheamnestyfor,and
rehabilitation of the Niger Delta militants were beginning to
mitigate the situation in the country, behold, the Boko
Haram menace came up.
BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY IN NIGERIA
According to Duke, Agbaji and Bassey (2017) there have
been conflicting views concerning the origin and rationale
for the formation of Boko Haram. While some believe that
the group is a recent creation which came around 2000,
other posits that the group has existed far back 1995 but
only became popular around 2009 when it started to attack
places of social and religious gathering and other terrorist
actions like kidnapping, bombing and killing of innocent
citizens of the country. According to Onuoha (2010), there
are differences in opinion over the accurate date and
conditions under which the group that became known as
Boko Haram was first established. Accordingtohim, asenior
Nigerian military officer has suggested that the group has
existed in some form or another since 1995, while others
have written that it was founded in 2003 or 2004. However,
Boko Haram has been in subsistence since 2002 but became
popular and notorious in July 2009 when its members had a
brutal and prolonged clash with security agents who had
wanted to dismantle the group, comparable to what it did to
the Maitatsine group in 1981 and 1984. However, Boko
Haram fought back obstinately and the death toll on both
sides was estimated at about 500 in 2009 alone. Maiduguri,
Jos and Kaduna have recorded veryhigh levelofBokoHaram
attacks (for the areas where Boko Haram perpetrates its
activities see Appendix 1). There was a recurrence of the
group in July 2010 at northeast Nigeria, starting with low-
intensity violence and subsequent transformation into
sophisticated methods of operation that was not identical
with the sect in the past.
Correspondingly, Adeniyi (2011) suggested that the origins
of Boko Haram dated back to 2002 when Muhammad Yusuf,
the spiritual leader and founder of the sect, an indigene of
Jakusko in Yobe State, rose to recognition within the Salafi
Islamic circle (Wahabites) preaching against western
education, the government and calling for Jihad with a
special focus on the youths. He moved from Muhammadu
Ndimi Mosque to Daggash Mosque bothinMaiduguri,before
he finally got a piece of land at the Railway quarters to build
a mosque and house from his father-in-law, Baba Fugu. He
was seen as a crusader for the poor and thereby got
numerous followers which increased his influence and
authority.
A splinter group among Yusuf’s followers went on to form
the ‘Taliban’ and attacked police stations in Yobe Stations in
September 2004, with succeeding attacks on policemen in
Bama and Gwoza in Borno State. They were to escape into
the Mandara mountains on the border with Cameroon upon
a crackdown from Nigerian security agents. Yusuf reconciled
with this faction in 2005 who had accused him of being too
flexible in his approach to the Islamic jihad campaigns; from
April 2007, violent attacksstemmed from Yusuf’sgroup with
assaults on public buildings and police posts in parts of
Bauchi, Borno, Kano and Yobe states.
Unlike the militants in the Niger Delta that were driven by
purely economic goals, Boko Haramisdrivenbyproclivity in
religious conviction, political aspirations and socialpractice.
Specifically, its ultimate goal is to make Nigeria an Islamic
State and uphold only the laws of as set out in the Koran
(Duke, Agbaji & Etim, 2016; Walker, 2012).BokoHaram sect
is of the belief that Islam detests western civilization and
that western education is blasphemous. Literally, “Boko
Haram” means ‘western education is forbidden”.
According to Eso (2011), the push factor to recourse to
terrorism in the bid to influence public policy is beyond
sectarianism. He buttresses this by arguing that most of the
attacks of the sect have been focused at the state and its
institutions, plus the civilian populations. It has launched
attacks on military institutions such as military barracks,
police stations (including the Force Headquarters in Abuja);
and have also swooped on educational institutions at all
levels, government establishments, places of worship (both
churches and mosques) and have assassinated key political
figures, statesmen and religious leaders that oppose their
philosophy. The strategies, Eso (2011) added, haveincluded
kidnapping, targeted killing, assassination,suicidebombing,
bombing with Improvised ExplosiveDevices (IEDs),VBIEDS,
ambush, and drive-by shooting.
Going by its alleged creation and sponsorship by a famous
politician in Borno State in the early 2000s and its socio-
religious outlook and agenda,BokoHaramisthusan Islamist
insurgent group that arosefrompolitical,social and religious
discontent within the Nigerian State (Adesoji, 2011). The
recruits of the sect are mostly youths from the northern
parts of Nigeria that are dissatisfied with the economic,
political and social status quo. They include unemployed
youth, stark illiterates, and refugees from neighbouring
African countries. Thus, the sect explores the social-
economic negativities of the countrytorecruitand radicalize
its members (Nicoll, 2011).
As a terrorist sect, Boko Haram makes use of the civilian
population as a cover up from security agents while they
perpetuate their evil actions. It established its cell in Yobe
State called ‘Afghanistan’, stockpiled arms and ammunition
at Fadama Madawas in Bauchi state, used a school as
training ground for its fighters in Jalingo, Taraba State and
used a mosque in Kano to preach its doctrines and
ideologies. Moreover, they made attempts to penetrate the
South-West Nigeria when 38 of its members were arrested
on their journey to Lagos in 2009 (Olomojobi, 2013).
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Kolawole (2013) recalled that Boko Haram launched
retaliatory attacks on the personnel of Nigerian police in
Maiduguri after the killing of their members and burning of
their mosques in Bauchi state on the night of July 25, 2009
and rioted in the Federal Low-cost Housing Estate and
Dutsen Tanshi areas of Bauchi; adding that it was beginning
of the group’s attacks. He identified three motivations of the
sect to include religious extremism, resentment over the
killing of their members and poverty. He went further to
classify three main targets of the group as (i) the Northern
establishment (ii) the moderate Muslims (iii) the Christian;
elucidating further that“thesecurityagencies are,inevitably,
in the line of fire. Boko Haram’s grouse against the Northern
establishment is well documented. They have killed
Northern politicians and launched attacks on the Shehu of
Borno and Emir of Kano. When the Sultan of Sokoto called
for amnesty recently, he probably was the next target”
(Kolawole, 2013).
THE NIGERIAN ARMED FORCES
The Nigerian Military comprises of the Army, Navy and Air
Force. AccordingtotheFederalConstitution(1999,amended
2011), the Armed Forces are saddled with the
responsibilities of defending Nigeria form external
aggression, maintain its territorial integrity and secure its
borders from violation on land, sea or air. According toLuku
Yusuf (Bassey, 2011), the Nigerian Army (NA) dates back to
1863 and is an offshoot of the West African Frontier Force
(WAFF), a colonial creation. Yusuf noted further that the
primary objective of nay nation is toensurethedefenceof its
territorial integrity, which a view to advancing her interest
and ensuring the safety of the citizens, which reflects in the
NA mission statement that “to win all land battles in defence
of the territorial integrity of Nigeria,protectand advance her
national interests and accomplish other tasks as may be
assigned in aid to civil authority.
The section 217 Nigerian Constitution of 1999 (Amended
2011), provides for armed forces of the Federation which
shall consist of the army, navy and air force. These armed
forces according to the constitution, shall be equipped and
maintain effectively for the purpose of:
A. Defending Nigeria from external aggressions;
B. Maintaining its territorial integrity and securing its
borders from violation on land, air and sea;
C. Suppressing insurrection and acting in aid of civil
authorities to restore order when called upon to do so
by the President, but subject to such conditions as may
be prescribed by an Act of the National Assembly; and
D. Perform such other functions as may be prescribed by
an Act of the National Assembly.
A careful consideration of the above objectives shows that
the Nigeria's defence policy is the substratum for reaching
foreign policy and national security policy of Nigeria. Thus,
since the focus of the investigation is on micro security – the
internal security problems in Nigeria, it therefore, becomes
imperative to assess the extent to which Nigeria has
successfully implemented her internal security policy to
preserve the safety of Nigerians at home and the protection
of the territorial integrity of the country. Historically, after
the 2007 general elections in Nigeria, there were reported
cases of violence and crises particularly in the Niger Delta
region and the South-East geo-political zone. In the Niger
Delta region for instance, the Movement for the
Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) adopted several
approaches to drive out foreign oil companies. Thus, MEND
was determined to compel the federal government to share
oil - derived wealth with the Niger Delta region. Although
MEND disclaimed affiliation with any external terrorist
group such as Al-Qaeda, it clearly engaged in serious acts of
violence, including sabotage of energy-related
infrastructures and the kidnapping of foreign oil workers
(Onoyume, 2008).
There have been major military setups in the country, with
focus on permanently addressing the issue of insecurity in
the country. For instance, by 1986, Decree No. 19 of the
General Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida Administration
formally abolished the NSO and created the National
Intelligence Agency (NIA) and the State Security Service
(SSS) (Leon & Walt, 2001). By virtue of the provisions of this
decree, it meant that the Intelligence Agency had become
decentralized. In the words of Oghi and Unumen (2014), the
State Security Service became saddled with the duty of
prevention and detection withinNigeriaof anycrimeagainst
internal security, protection and preservation of all non-
military classified mattersconcerningtheinternalsecurityof
Nigeria and such other responsibilities affecting internal
security within the country, including the Armed Forces
Ruling Council or the President, Commander-in-Chief of the
Armed Forces as the case may be.
Unfortunately, the security challenges that the country has
faced since the dawn of the Twenty-first Century, especially
since the upsurge in the terrorist activities of the Boko
Haramsect since 2011, seem to give the impression that the
intelligence branch of the Armed Forces has gone to “sleep”.
This is regrettable because the continuity of killings as has
been experienced in the recent past portends nothing
positive hut grave danger to the Nigeria nation-state.
Terrorism, no doubt, is a global threat to peace but
government must fight it head-long and this requires
political will. Conflicts, where unchecked could leadtothreat
of unimaginable dimension as happenings in other climes
have shown.
LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO THE NIGERIAN ARMED
FORCES AND THE FIGHT AGAINST INSURGENCY IN
NIGERIA
The concept, logistics, is used both in civil and military
administrations. This is because governmental regimes the
world-over need standing armies so as to protect the
territory from external aggressions and internal
insurrections. How these armies are catered for, how they
get their uniforms and weapons, how they are transported,
how the get their medical and food supplies, etc., are all
embedded within the concept of logistics. What then is
logistics? The Nigerian Navy Transformation Plan (NNTP)
(2012) defined logistics as theefficientprocurement,supply,
maintenance and transportation of equipment, facilitiesand
personnel. Also, logistics could be seen as the process of
planning goods and services in the support of the military
force (Abidoye, 2011). That is, as Ogun (2011) noted,
moving, supplying and maintaining the military forces. Igwe
(2011) saw logistics as the science of production, storage,
retrieved, movement and supplies to diverse destinations
whether tactical, operational or strategicbutconsistentwith
the entire plan of action. One point that is missed a lot is that
logistics in not just about the supply of military men and
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materiel instead it also involved the effective utilization of
these efficiently and effectively so as to favorably affect the
result of war as well as the provision of food, military
clothing, shelter and entertainment to troops in order to
safeguard morale and discipline (Ogun, 2011).
To accomplish this process of planning and providingforthe
military, resources need to be tapped from the economy. To
that extent, therefore, the economic strength and economic
system in place as well as the art of war tell a huge taleabout
the logistics adopted. Little wonder Abidoye (2011) opined
that logistics is the bridge connecting a nation’s economy to
its war fighting forces.
The nature of and what constitutes logistics in the pre-20th
century may not be relevant in the 21st century as it may be
largely invalidated with the development in science and
technology. This fact,nevertheless,fromtheviews above, the
components of logistics in its most comprehensivesenseare
those aspects of the military that deal with:
1. The design, development acquisition, storage,
distribution, maintenance, evacuationand disposition of
military equipmentor hardware (like fuel, arms and
ammunition, weapons systems etc.) (Osokogu, 2011);
2. Transport of personnel equipment (NNTP, 2012);
3. Acquisition or construction,maintenance, operationand
disposition of facilities (like training camps, command
centers, military bases, garrisons, etc.);
4. Acquisition or furnishing of services (like uniforms,
jungle boots, belts, entertainment, etc.); and
5. Medical and health service support (like food, water,
medicines, etc.) (Ogun, 2011)
The case of Nigeria is no different. Logistics have become a
very crucial aspect of the Nigerian military operations. This
is because, as the Chief of Logistics, Army Headquarters,
Major Gen. Patrick A. T. Akem noted, in the past decade
Nigerian Army operations had witnessed dramatic changes
from conventional to asymmetric warfare, thereby
necessitating the development of competent logisticians to
meet the reality on ground. As such, one way to meet the
reality was to train officers on modern concepts and
techniques in the field of logistics (Adefake, 2016). In this
vein, the components of logistics as it pertains to the
Nigerian state will be discussed below.
THE NIGERIAN ARMED FORCES ARMS AND EQUIPMENT
SUPPLY
Like most third world states, Nigeria depends largely on
foreign sources for arms and militarymaterials.However, its
arms acquisition exhibited two distinctive features. First,
Nigeria had one of the most internationally diversified and
balanced defense procurement strategies. Nigeria acquired
arms from about eight suppliers during 1978-1982, tying
Zaira as the most diversified sub-Saharam state. Its largest
supplier during that period, West Germany provided only
about one-third of its 845 million USD total (i.e., 281.7
million USD). This diversified pattern became even more
pronounced in the mid-1980s. During 1983-1987, Nigeria
imported military equipment or hardwares valued at 1.5
billion USD from about ten major suppliers-more than any
other African state, and Italy being its largest suppliers,
accounted for only 23 percent (i.e., 345 million USD)
(photius.com, 1991). United States arms transfer and
security assistance to Nigeria were modest. During fiscal
years (FY) 1972-1990, United States foreign military sales
deliveries and licensed commercial exports of defence
articles and services totaled between 63 million USD and
110.8 million USD (www.photius.com, 1991).
Nigeria relied on equallydiverseforeign suppliersof military
technical services while making gradual progress towards
indigenization. This is exemplified in the Nigeria’s fledging
domestic defence industry which was the second distinctive
source of military material, particularly for small arms,
ammunition and maintenance and repair services. The
states-owned Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria
(DICON), established in 1964, was the main industry in
Nigeria statutorily charged with the responsibility of
manufacturing arms and ammunition (Nyong, 2011) DICON
geared-up to produce West German-designed HK-G3 rifles,
BM-59 and PM-12 handguns, and 7.63mm and 9mm
parabellum ammunition (www.country.data.com). In 1977
the army decided to standardize its infantry weapons with
Belgian PAL assult rifles, Browning GP pistols, and MAG
machine guns. In 1987, licensed production rights were
acquired, and in 1980 the DIC’s facilities in Kaduna were
adapted and upgraded by Belgian technicians to assemble
these weapons. Production began in 1983; full production
capacity was achieved in 1987, and the next year DICONwas
reported to be relying entirely on local raw materials and to
be producing all the basic rifles and ammunition the army
and police used. Its annual production capacity was 15, 000
FAL rifles, 9000 to 10000 GP pistols, and 1000MAGmachine
guns. The FAL rifles entered services in 1989 as the NR-1
(www.photius.com, 1991).
Two plants in addition to the facility in Kaduna were
constructed and were operational in the early 1990s where
armored fighting vehicles and light tanks were produced.
These plants are in Bauchi (where Steyr Daimler Puch of
Austria armored personnel carriers and tactical military
trucks are produced) and in Kano (where Fiat of Italy
military and special range vehicles are produced). Other
subsidiary companies includes Leyland vehicle of the U.K
and Daimler Benz of (West) Germany. According to the
former director of the DIC, Brigadier David Jemibewon,local
production of some basic components for weapons and
military vehicles have been stipulated as a high priority
objective for these companies (Bassey, 2011).
Unfortunately, DICON as the case with most state-owned
enterprises (SOEs) in Nigeria suffer neglect and
underfunding. The different governments have only paid lip
services to DICON but provided little funding to the
corporation for its development. For instance, as Nyong
(2011) observed, “the yearly capital expenditure of DICON
between1975 and 1980 was only N25.7 million or about
three-quarters less than the total investment initially
earmarked for DICON project under the Third National
Development Plan”.
This neglect on the part on the government resulted in the
huge reduction of the output of DICON and concomitant
limitedness in the availability of arms and ammunition,
vehicles and other equipment. In this vein, the Nigerian
military war largely under-equipped. The government’s
attention tilted towards the importation of more
sophisticated arms andweaponssystemsfrom overseas.The
images of hi-tech weapons acquiredbetween2014 and2015
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released by the National Security Adviser (NSA), (Rtd.) Col.
Sambo Dasuki, tell a quintessential case. Rtd. Col Dasuki
enumerated the arms and equipment acquisition to include
Alpha jets, APCs MRAP vehicle advanced artillery pieces,
assorted arms and ammunition, highly sophisticated
surveillance drones, T-72 and carried-outmodification of F7
supersonic jet fighters. In an interview with PR Nigeria,
Dasuki stated that, “the armored tanks have comprehensive
NBC protection system, just as we deployed Mine-Resistant
Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles that we bought and
could withstand improvised explosive device (IEB) attacks
and ambushes” (Godwin, 2014). Additionally PM News
(2015), reported that (Czech RepublicarmsdealerExcalibur
Group shipped weapons to Nigeria’s military to fight with
the militants in Nigeria. ExcaliburGroup’sspokesman Andrej
Cirtek confirmed that the weapons include modernized
Soviet made tanks T-72 M1 and 16 other vehicles, armored
infantry fighting vehicles BVP and rocket launchers. Peter
Pham, Director of the African Centre, Washington D.C., cites
Nigeria’s purchase of U.S, British and Israeli made
surveillance drones (Baker, 2015).
Furthermore, following a recent strain in relations with the
United States, Nigeria turned to Russia for the procurement
of military hardware. After the US rejected a requested for
Cobra attack helicopters, Nigeria cancelled a U.S military
training program linked to the fight against Boko Haram
militants (DeCapue, 2014). Ben Moore, senior analyst at the
defence and security analysis organization HIS Jane’s 360,
explains why Nigeria turned to Russia. For him, “Russia is
known to sell equipment at a relatively low cost; it is known
to sell to pretty much anyone without anyquestions asked.It
does not ask for any guarantees in terms of where the
equipment will go- how the equipment is used. There is no
oversight. They do not have to sign up for agreement. Not
only that, Russia is able to supply equipment’s relatively
quickly and to supply equipment that is fairly easy for less
technically capable militaries to get that equipment into the
frontline at a relatively fast pace” (DeCapue, 2014).
Truly, the military has recorded somesuccessesowingtothe
arms and weapons systems procurement, like the recovery
of more than 22 local government areas under Boko Haram
terrorists and ensured that Shekau did not disrupt the 2015
election as he had threatened (Godwin, 2014). The recovery
of these town and village especially in Borno, Yobe, and
Adamawa states, has enabled access and revealed the
humanitarian needs of civilians living in territories
previously under Boko Haram control and in newly
accessible areas that are under military control.
These arms procurements and large defense spending,
nonetheless, the military has fared badly in the fight against
insurgency in Nigeria. In fact, there are reports that the
military is ill-equipped or that arms and ammunition and
transport vehicles do not always reach the frontlines, thus,
we have a situation in our hands where soldiers are usually
sent into combat with limited weaponry. This point is aptly
captured in the study undertaken by Fulani (2014). In the
study, Fulani (2014) noted that some soldiers in the Mubi
military base, Adamawa State, stated that they use inferior
weapons against a well-armed bloat-thirsty dare-devilBoko
Haram fighters. These soldiers said that while they were
equipped with just AK-47 rifles, the insurgents deploy the
most sophisticated arms and ammunition, including
Browsing MachineGuns(BMGs),armored personnel carriers
(APC) and rocket propelled grenades (RPGs).
Another scenario painted by the soldiers which Fulani
captured was the attack by the insurgents on one of the
Nigerian troop’s defensive location on February 12, 2014.
Fulani (2014) writes:
The attack came at midnight, the insurgents were strongly
prepared because they have first class weapons that even
the Nigerian Army troops in the defensive location do not
have. The gunmen were well equipped and even had night
vision goggles, which enabled them to see the soldiers well
in the dare. They also drove in armored personnel carriers,
with a BMG (Browning MachineGun) mounted on them.
Their footmen were armed with assault rifles hand grenades
and rocket propelled grenades. The Nigerian Army troops in
Izhge do not even have an anti-tank weapon let alone an
APC (Armored Personnel Carrier).
Also, on 9th August, 2014, wives of soldiers in the
21stArmored Brigade blockaded a barrack to prevent their
husbands from being deployed to Gwoza. The women
blocked the gates of the barracks preventing the soldiers’
departure. They said the Nigerian military was providing
insufficient and archaic weapons for the soldiers to fight
terrorist who had sophisticated and adequate weapons
(globalsecurity.com).
THE NIGERIAN ARMED FORCES MEDICAL AND FOOD
SUPPLY
As part of the logistics demands of the Nigerian Armed
Forces, the provision and/or supply of food and water as
well as health and medical services is imperatives. As a
means of ensuring that these services are provided for the
Nigerian Armed Forces personnel, the 2014 Federal
Government of Nigerian Budget proposal for the Federal
Ministry of Defense shows that:
1. N211,603,430 was budgeted for the purchase of
health/medical equipment;
2. N39,834,241 was budgeted for MOD Health Research
Ethics (MODHREE);
3. N307,676,500 was budgeted for the
construction/provision of hospitals/health centers;
4. N100,955,046 was budgeted for the procurement of
medical equipment;
5. N110,320,761 was budgeted for medical expenses;
6. N46,925,975 was budgeted for drugs and medical
supplies;
7. N159,549,136 was budgeted for food/cateringsupplies;
8. N24,000,000 was budgeted for water supply to
participants quarters at permanent site; and
9. N58, 920, 416 was budgeted for water rates.
There is also the availability of medical services/staff clinic
under the Ministry of Defense. This Clinic delivers medical
services and its activities have gradually expanded beyond
clinical healthcare services to include public health
preventive/promotional program, health policyformulation
as well as health administrative matters. This Clinic (or
department as the case may be) is headed by a Director with
the following sub-units: Pharmacy; Laboratory; Public
Health Out-Reach Program; Family Planning and
Reproductive Health Program;Health Awareness/Education
Program; and X-ray and Ultrasound Units (NNTP, 2012).
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More so, the Nigerian Army Medical Corps (NAMC) provides
medical and health services for the Nigerian Army. The
overall control of the medical services is vested in the
Commander Nigerian Army Medical Corps. Heisresponsible
to the Chief of Army Staff (COAS) for the efficiency of the
medical, dental, pharmaceutical and nursing services
provided by the corps. The corps have a casualty evacuation
system. This is the system for collecting,sorting,treatingand
evacuation of the sick and wounded as quickly as possible
from units. This will enable them (the sick and wounded) to
be evacuated far from the battle area as necessary to enable
effective treatment to be carried-out. Diseases, most of
which are preventable, have always caused more casualties
in war than enemy action, and as such, the Nigerian Army
Medical Corps cater for the supply of medical and dental
stores and equipment to all units. This covers drugs,
dressing and medical equipment (www.nigerianafcsc.org).
The Nigerian military also has some secondary healthcare
providers. Below is a list of these healthcare provider:
LIST OF SECONDARY HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS (MILITARY)
NIGERIAN ARMY
HCP CODE NAME & ADDRESS OF SECONDARY/TERTIARY HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS SPECIALTIES
LA/0507/P 68 NIGERIAN ARMY REFERENCE HOSPITAL,
MYHOUNG BARRACKS,YABA
ALL SPECIALTIES
LA/0098/P MILITARY HOSPITAL,AWOLOWO RD,IKOYI,LAGOS ALL SPECIALTIES
LA/0509/P 81 DIVISION HOSPITAL,DODAN BARRACKS,LAGOS ALL SPECIALTIES
OY/0165/P 2 DIVISION HOSPITAL,ADEKUNKE FAJUYI CANTONMENT, IBADAN ALL SPECIALTIES
KD/0089/P 44 NIGERIAN ARMY REFERENCE HOSPITAL,SOKOTO RD,KADUNA ALL SPECIALTIES
KD/0152/P 1 DIVISION HOSPITAL,KAWO,KADUNA ALL SPECIALTIES
EN/0103/P 82 DIVISION HOSPITAL,ENUGU ALL SPECIALTIES
PL/0057/P 3 DIVISION HOSPITAL,MAXWELL KHOBE CANTONMENT,JOS ALL SPECIALTIES
ED/0120/P MILITARY HOSPITAL,AIRPORT RD,GRA,BENIN-CITY,EDO STATE ALL SPECIALTIES
RV/0220/P MILITARY HOSPITAL,ABA RD,PORT HACOURT,
RIVERS STATE
ALL SPECIALTIES
FCT/0345/P GUARDS BRIGADE MEDICAL CENTRE,ABUJA DENTAL
KW/0092/P 22 BRIGADE MEDICAL CENTRE,SOBI-ILORIN ALL SPECIALTIES
BA/0027/P 33 ARTILLERY BRIGADE MEDICAL CENTRE,BAUCHI DENTAL,
LABORATORY
BO/0054/P 21 BRIGADE MEDICAL CENTRE,MAIDUGURI DENTAL
Source: www.dhml.nigeria.com
NIGERIAN AIR FORCE
HCP CODE NAME & ADDRESS OF SECONDARY/TERTIARY HEALTHCARE PROVIDER SPECIALTIES
LA/0510/P 445 NIGERIAN AIRFORCE HOSPITAL,IKEJA,LAGOS ALL SPECIALTIES
LA/0511/P NIGERIAN AIR FORCE MEDICAL CENTRE,12 KING GEORGE V RD,ONIKAN,LAGOS ALL SPECIALTIES
NG/0092/P 99 AIR COMBAT TRAINING GROUP MEDICAL CENTRE,NAF,KAINJI,NIGER ALL SPECIALTIES
ED/0121/P 81 AIR MARITIMEGROUP,MEDICAL CENTRE,
AIRPORT RD,GRA,BENIN-CITY,EDO STATE
ALL SPECIALTIES
KN/0074/P 303 FTS MEDICAL CENTRE,NAF,KANO ALL SPECIALTIES
FCT/0348/P 108 NIGERIAN AIR FORCE MEDICAL CENTRE,
NAF BASE,BILL CLINTON DRIVE,ABUJA
ALL SPECIALTIES
KD/0005/P 345 AEROMEDICAL HOSPITAL,NAF,
MANDO,KADUNA
ALL SPECIALTIES
BN/0030/P 45 NIGERIAN AIR FORCE HOSPITAL,NAF BASE,MAKURDI ALL SPECIALTIES
PL/0058/P 347 NIGERIAN AIR FORCE HOSPITAL,
NAF STATION,JOS
ALL SPECIALTIES
Source: www.dhml.nigeria.com
NIGERIAN NAVY
HCP CODE NAME & ADDRESS OF SECONDARY/TERTIARY HEALTHCARE PROVIDER SPECIALTIES
LA/0591/P NIGERIAN NAVAL REFERENCE HOSPITAL,SATELLITE TOWN,OJO,LAGOS ALL SPECIALTIES
CR/0068/P NIGERIAN NAVAL HOSPITAL,CLUB RD,
CALABAR,CROSS-RIVER
ALL SPECIALTIES
DT/0095/P NIGERIAN NAVY HOSPITAL,NAVAL BARRACKS,EFFURUN,WARRI,
DELTA STATE
ALL SPECIALTIES
RV/0238/P NIGERIAN NAVAL HOSPITAL,BOROKIRI,
PORT HACOURT
ALL SPECIALTIES
LA/0593/P OBISESAN NAVAL MEDICAL CENTRE,MOBILE RD,APAPA,LAGOS ALL SPECIALTIES
Source: www.dhml.nigeria.com
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TRI SERVICE
HCP CODE NAME & ADDRESS OF SECONDARY/TERTIARY HEALTHCARE PROVIDER SPECIALTIES
KN/0073/P ARMED FORCES SPECIALIST HOSPITAL,
2 ASHTON RD,KANO
ALL SPECIALTIES
FCT/0377P DEFENCE HEADQUATERS MEDICAL CENTRE,
MOGADISHU CANT,ABUJA
DENTAL SURGERY
FCT/0334/P DEFENCE INTELLIGENCE AGENCYCLINIC,
ASOKORO,ABUJA
OPHTHALMOLOGY
FCT/0375/P MINISTRY OF DEFENCE STAFF CLINIC,
OLUSEGUN OBASANJO WAY,AREA 10,
GARKI,ABUJA
LABORATORY
Source: www.dhml.nigeria.com
Despite this huge budgetary statements and available
medical corps and healthcare provided for the Nigerian
military, why is there is problems based on the provision
healthcare and food services to soldiers especially to those
on the frontline? Fulani (2014) also observed in his study
that “the soldiers’ daily food ration of mainly a miserable
mess of pottage is inadequate for a ten year old, an
uncomplicated indication that the troops are poorly fed”.
One of the soldiers Fulani (2014) interviewed, Moses
Adeleke (name been change for his protection) had this to
say: “Many of us have to find means of buying food to
supplement our ration. In this place, where we have to be
alert 24 hours, where, sometimes, we go out for over 24
hours on military campaign, food should not be an issue.But
they just don’t care”.Also, to complement theabove position,
Fulani (2014) writes that in the oppressive desert heat,
soldiers officially get only three sachets of water to quench
their thirst, a situation which leaves many of them thirsty
and dehydrated most of the day. Also, Baker (2015) noted
that disgruntled soldiers who spoke to CNN describing how
they are sent out to fight militants armed with RPGs while
they only have dozens of bullets each, also complained that
they had to cover medical expenses for wounds received in
battle and that the spouses of dead soldiers were only
granted a minimal stipend. This should not be case the case
at all in a country whose annual military budget as John
Campbell, former U.S Ambassador to Nigeria, noted is
somewhere between five and six billion dollars.
To that extent, therefore, it may not be wrong to state that
there is no way poorly fed, sick and wounded soldiers who
are also inadequately armed can defeat the insurgents, to
borrow from Fulani (2014), whose strong homicidal will is
augmented by better weaponry.
CONCLUSION
After a careful observation of the totality of the fragile
security situation in the country, it is glaring that the anti-
terrorism units of Nigeria’s security agencies, though
attaining some successes, have been unable to tame or
annihilate the insurgents despite theirperiodicbogusclaims
of expertise, superiority of arms, winning the battle and
renewed moral vigour injected into the Army with advent of
the new regime. Nigerian government had not sufficiently
developed her intelligence information gathering unit to
expressly carter for the need to protect the lives of her
citizens due to these inaptitude, the problem of violent
insurgency persists.
At the heart of this problem, however, is the question of
leadership. The situation no doubt requires leadership to
tackle the serious challenges confronting the military in
fighting the insurgency. Leadership is needed to seize
opportunities, convert setbacks into opportunities to
mobilize resources, goodwill and commitment of the
soldiers, the people and international partners to neutralize
the insurgency. It also requires a total overhaul of the
current military symmetric warfare strategy and the
immediate change of security agencies service chiefs, who
have outlived their usefulness in terms of giving efficacious
ideas, lack of integrity and the strength to prosecutethewar.
In other words, the insurgency thrivesfrompoor handlingof
government inability to apply the right mix of strategies to
handle the situation. The advocatesof requestingthe current
regime’s President Muhammadu Buhari to buy more time
and work with the current military chiefs is
counterproductive that would amount to nothing if
sustained, other than increase in Boko Haram attacks, as
recently seen in Borno, Yobe, Kano, Kaduna, and Jos.
The starting point on combating insurgency should be with
the effective supply of logistic supports in the forms of arms
and ammunition, food, and medical supplies. The senior
military officers and administrators must ensure thattheres
logistical supports get to the military personnel on the
frontline in time. More so, the leadershipofthecountrymust
ensure that the purchase of these weaponry must be done
with transparency and see to the purchase of high quality
military hardware for combatting insurgencies in Nigeria.
Added to logistical support is the utilization, empowerment,
re-shuffling and deployment of security intelligence
operatives to take the lead in gathering, evaluating and
communicating of strategic security information aimed at
preventing and detecting of crimes that might affect the
security stability of the nation given utmost attention. The
security operatives saddled with the responsibility of
carrying out such an arduous task in the like of the Police
Criminal Investigative Department (CIDs) and its Special
Fraud Units (SFU); Department of State Service (DSS);
Nigeria Intelligence Agency (NIA); Defense Intelligence
Agency (DIA); Customsand ExciseIntelligenceUnit,Nigerian
Immigration Service (NIS); Nigerian Drug Law Enforcement
Agency (NDLEA); and Nigerian Civil Defense Corp Service
(NCDSC) should be made to step up their intelligence roles
and work in collaboration with each other to fight the
insurgency. The operatives are expected to provide the
country’s policy-makerswith accurateinformation aboutthe
power and behavior probabilities of any element or group
that is perceived to be a security threat.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings of study, the following
recommendations are made:
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26505 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 841
1. The Federal government should monitor the funds
allocated to the defence sector and ensure proper
accountability of such funds.
2. There should be provision for adequate training for the
Nigerian Armed Forces in terms of counter-terrorism
(duration, curricula, equipment, and facilities needed).
3. The government should facilitate thelocalproduction of
arms by the Ministry of Defence; this could be done
through the government’s proper funding and
supervision of the activities of DICON, so as to boost the
domestic production of arms and ammunitionfor useby
the military and other related agencies all encapsulated
within the Nigerian defence sector.
4. The military should develop policy that can improvethe
welfare of its personnel in order to motivate them
towards effective combating.
5. There should be solidification of the Joint Task Force in
the area of intelligence gathering, effective surveillance,
security strategies etc. through international
collaboration with developed countries. This is
advocated towards defeating the insurgencies and
nipping the problem in the bud’ once and for all.
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APPENDICE
Appendix 1: Map of Nigeria showing some areas that have been affected by ethnic and religious groups