The proliferation of small arms and light weapons in Nigeria has been a major security concern over the last few decades. The availability and misuse of these weapons has contributed to increased violence and insecurity, especially in the northern, southeastern and Niger Delta parts of the country. The Nigerian government has taken several measures to address the problem, including initiatives to strengthen the legal framework, improve the regulation of arms transfers, amnesty programs and increase public awareness of the issue. Despite the adoption of several strategies, the country is still facing the menace of arms proliferation, which has resulted in a series of security challenges, especially in the northeast, middle belt and other flash points of Nigeria. To this end, this study was undertaken to assess government policies on arms proliferation in Nigeria. The theoretical framework underpinning the menace of arms proliferation and its concomitant insecurity challenges is stability””security theory. The study adopted a qualitative design, and the secondary data collected were thoroughly subjected to content analysis. The study revealed that the government has adopted several policies to curb the proliferation of arms in Nigeria, including NCSALW and the Firearms Act of 2018. Amnesty program, cash for arms surrender and the use of armed forces to support the police for mop up of arms. Despite these strategies, there are some challenges, such as a lack of adequate resources and capacity to monitor the proliferation of arms, vast territory, a large population and high level of unemployment and its consequences of high level of criminality which make it difficult to effectively track the movements of arms and their sources of supply. To address the issue of arms proliferation in Nigeria, the government should focus on creating a secure environment by providing stability and security for its citizens. This can be done by tackling corruption, creating employment, increasing economic equality, justice, addressing age long issues of marginalization and adequate funding for police and other security services. AYAH David Bonny Preye | ANYALEBECHI, Shammah Mahakwe | HART, Akie Opuene | PETER, Peter Finebone "An Assessment of Government Policies in Curbing Arms Proliferation in Nigeria, 1999-2022" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57524.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/57524/an-assessment-of-government-policies-in-curbing-arms-proliferation-in-nigeria-1999-2022/ayah-david-bonny-preye
The Role of Military Logistics Supports in Safeguarding National Security in ...ijtsrd
Traditionally, security is conceptualized within the context of the ability and capacity of the government to ensure the protection of their countries from internal insurrection or external aggression of any kind through adequate preparedness of the military to ensure intelligence gathering, secrecy and the protection of resources and rights considered critical to the existence of states. In this vein, the study examines the extent to which logistics supports from the Nigerian government to the Nigerian Armed Forces impacts the national security of the nation. The study delves to analyze the violent insurgencies and insecurity issues in the Niger Delta and the Boko Haram terrorism in the northeast, and how they have undermined Nigeria's national security. The paper adopts the Structural Functional theory to analyze the issues that facilitate the persistence of the insurgent groups in Nigeria. The study argues that in fighting insecurity in Nigeria the military personnel do not receive the needed logistics support promptly. Likewise, the paper highlights that the phenomenon of ethnicity and religious intolerance have led to incessant recurrence of ethnoreligious conflicts, which have claimed the lives of thousands of Nigerians, and birthed copious ethnic militias like the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra MASSOB , Boko Haram, and Niger Delta Avengers NDA , amongst others. The study, therefore, recommends that the Federal government should monitor the funds allocated to the defence sector and ensure proper accountability of such funds and that the government should facilitate the local production of arms by the Ministry of Defence this could be done through the government's proper funding and supervision of the activities of DICON, so as to boost the domestic production of arms and ammunition for use by the military and other related agencies all encapsulated within the Nigerian defence sector. Otu Offiong Duke "The Role of Military Logistics Supports in Safeguarding National Security in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26505.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/26505/the-role-of-military-logistics-supports-in-safeguarding-national-security-in-nigeria/otu-offiong-duke
Approximating the operational and intelligence vulnerability of the nigerian ...Alexander Decker
The document discusses the operational and intelligence vulnerabilities of the Nigerian Police Force in combating terrorism from 1999 to 2010. It argues that the police force has not been able to effectively guarantee security in Nigeria due to major institutional, operational, and intelligence limitations. Specifically, the failure to implement an arms tracking system to register and monitor legal weapons has hindered the ability to identify the source of many illegal arms used by terrorist groups in Nigeria.
Prognosis of Theories of Intelligence in Counter Terrorism The Case of the No...YogeshIJTSRD
The Northern West part of Nigeria is faced with several security challenges that have threatened the existence of peace and security in the region. These threats to public safety and regional security have greatly undermined the governments primary responsibility of guaranteeing public safety and national security. This work, therefore, is on the prognosis of theories of intelligence in counterterrorism The case of North Western Nigeria. The study utilised primary and secondary data sources. The Primary data sources were from questionnaires administered physically and electronically via emails while, secondary data came from published books, journals, articles, lecture guides and videos. Acquired data were statistically analysed using simple percentage and Chi Square statistics. Sequel to the statistical results, findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between intelligence gathering and terrorism in Nort West, Nigeria. The study recommends that there should be training and retraining of personnel of the intelligence community to be able to meet up with the current trends and changes in the contemporary Nigerian environments for the effective gathering of intelligence and the ability to utilize it for productive law enforcement. Jonjon, Emmanuel "Prognosis of Theories of Intelligence in Counter-Terrorism: The Case of the Northwestern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40057.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/40057/prognosis-of-theories-of-intelligence-in-counterterrorism-the-case-of-the-northwestern-nigeria/jonjon-emmanuel
Capacity Building of the Nigerian Armed Forces and Security Challengesijtsrd
This document summarizes a paper about capacity building of the Nigerian armed forces and security challenges. It discusses how the Boko Haram insurgency that began in 2009 has led to over 100,000 deaths and displaced over 2.3 million people. While the government claims it has defeated Boko Haram, the group remains a threat along with other violent groups. The document argues that poor training of the military has contributed to its inability to effectively confront these security threats. It examines the capacity building potential of the Nigerian armed forces through military training and mentorship programs. However, it finds that current training focuses on conventional warfare and not asymmetric tactics used by insurgent groups. Improving unconventional warfare training is needed to strengthen
Library and information services for nationalOnyema Nsirim
This document discusses the role of library and information services in addressing national security and insurgency in Nigeria. It outlines the security information needs of different groups like policymakers, security agents, citizens, and youths/children. It also examines the causes of insurgency in Nigeria and traces the emergence of groups like Boko Haram. The document recommends that libraries should collaborate with security agencies to provide relevant security information to different groups. It argues that an informed society through effective library services can help address the root causes of insecurity and promote peace.
This document summarizes a study that examined emerging trends in private security companies (PSCs) and security services in Southwest Nigeria. It investigated the establishment and justification of PSCs, government regulations of PSCs, and the relationship between PSCs and public security forces. The study found that while security is the government's responsibility, the government has failed to effectively provide security. Unemployment and systemic failures have contributed to rising security threats. PSCs have emerged to fill security gaps left by understaffed and inefficient public security forces. The study concludes that PSCs can complement government efforts in protecting citizens, but regulations are needed to ensure effective security provision.
This document discusses public health approaches to addressing small arms violence. It makes three key points:
1) Small arms violence causes hundreds of thousands of deaths and over a million injuries annually, creating a major global public health problem. However, data on its health impacts is limited, especially in low-income and conflict-affected areas.
2) Research is needed on the health effects of small arms, contributing risk factors, and impacts of interventions. Surveillance systems and studies in various settings can help identify trends and priorities.
3) A public health approach views small arms violence as preventable and addresses its root causes, like availability of weapons and human insecurity. Reducing access to firearms can lower both the frequency
An Appraisal of the Challenges and Legal Protection Available for Internally ...ijtsrd
This paper has investigated the challenges and Legal Protection available for the benefit of Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria. The study relied on content analysis of extant literature to ascertain the level of challenges and legal protections given to them. The study found that Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria face a myriad of challenges which include loss of home, loss of traditional livelihood and sources of generating income, break up of families and community support networks, loss of intangible goods, and loss of documentation. A cursory look at the various causes of internal displacement in Nigeria revealed that forced migration and internal displacement in Nigeria in over a decade has been triggered by violent conflict particularly, the deadly activities Boko Haram and the militant Fulani Herdsmen. These displaced persons suffer a lot of human right violations without any significant legal protection for them. Rather, it has been identified that the existing institutional arrangement keepers, although struggling to manage the situation particularly, in the short term, are hindered by current policy deficits and the lack of a specific framework to adequately address the situation or cover medium to longer requirements for the IDPs. It is therefore, imperative to purposively design a legal framework that will specifically address the challenges bedeviling the Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria while other security measures are being taken to ensure their safety and wellbeing. Stephen Chuka Unachukwu "An Appraisal of the Challenges and Legal Protection Available for Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49485.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/49485/an-appraisal-of-the-challenges-and-legal-protection-available-for-internally-displaced-persons-in-nigeria/stephen-chuka-unachukwu
The Role of Military Logistics Supports in Safeguarding National Security in ...ijtsrd
Traditionally, security is conceptualized within the context of the ability and capacity of the government to ensure the protection of their countries from internal insurrection or external aggression of any kind through adequate preparedness of the military to ensure intelligence gathering, secrecy and the protection of resources and rights considered critical to the existence of states. In this vein, the study examines the extent to which logistics supports from the Nigerian government to the Nigerian Armed Forces impacts the national security of the nation. The study delves to analyze the violent insurgencies and insecurity issues in the Niger Delta and the Boko Haram terrorism in the northeast, and how they have undermined Nigeria's national security. The paper adopts the Structural Functional theory to analyze the issues that facilitate the persistence of the insurgent groups in Nigeria. The study argues that in fighting insecurity in Nigeria the military personnel do not receive the needed logistics support promptly. Likewise, the paper highlights that the phenomenon of ethnicity and religious intolerance have led to incessant recurrence of ethnoreligious conflicts, which have claimed the lives of thousands of Nigerians, and birthed copious ethnic militias like the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra MASSOB , Boko Haram, and Niger Delta Avengers NDA , amongst others. The study, therefore, recommends that the Federal government should monitor the funds allocated to the defence sector and ensure proper accountability of such funds and that the government should facilitate the local production of arms by the Ministry of Defence this could be done through the government's proper funding and supervision of the activities of DICON, so as to boost the domestic production of arms and ammunition for use by the military and other related agencies all encapsulated within the Nigerian defence sector. Otu Offiong Duke "The Role of Military Logistics Supports in Safeguarding National Security in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26505.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/26505/the-role-of-military-logistics-supports-in-safeguarding-national-security-in-nigeria/otu-offiong-duke
Approximating the operational and intelligence vulnerability of the nigerian ...Alexander Decker
The document discusses the operational and intelligence vulnerabilities of the Nigerian Police Force in combating terrorism from 1999 to 2010. It argues that the police force has not been able to effectively guarantee security in Nigeria due to major institutional, operational, and intelligence limitations. Specifically, the failure to implement an arms tracking system to register and monitor legal weapons has hindered the ability to identify the source of many illegal arms used by terrorist groups in Nigeria.
Prognosis of Theories of Intelligence in Counter Terrorism The Case of the No...YogeshIJTSRD
The Northern West part of Nigeria is faced with several security challenges that have threatened the existence of peace and security in the region. These threats to public safety and regional security have greatly undermined the governments primary responsibility of guaranteeing public safety and national security. This work, therefore, is on the prognosis of theories of intelligence in counterterrorism The case of North Western Nigeria. The study utilised primary and secondary data sources. The Primary data sources were from questionnaires administered physically and electronically via emails while, secondary data came from published books, journals, articles, lecture guides and videos. Acquired data were statistically analysed using simple percentage and Chi Square statistics. Sequel to the statistical results, findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between intelligence gathering and terrorism in Nort West, Nigeria. The study recommends that there should be training and retraining of personnel of the intelligence community to be able to meet up with the current trends and changes in the contemporary Nigerian environments for the effective gathering of intelligence and the ability to utilize it for productive law enforcement. Jonjon, Emmanuel "Prognosis of Theories of Intelligence in Counter-Terrorism: The Case of the Northwestern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40057.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/40057/prognosis-of-theories-of-intelligence-in-counterterrorism-the-case-of-the-northwestern-nigeria/jonjon-emmanuel
Capacity Building of the Nigerian Armed Forces and Security Challengesijtsrd
This document summarizes a paper about capacity building of the Nigerian armed forces and security challenges. It discusses how the Boko Haram insurgency that began in 2009 has led to over 100,000 deaths and displaced over 2.3 million people. While the government claims it has defeated Boko Haram, the group remains a threat along with other violent groups. The document argues that poor training of the military has contributed to its inability to effectively confront these security threats. It examines the capacity building potential of the Nigerian armed forces through military training and mentorship programs. However, it finds that current training focuses on conventional warfare and not asymmetric tactics used by insurgent groups. Improving unconventional warfare training is needed to strengthen
Library and information services for nationalOnyema Nsirim
This document discusses the role of library and information services in addressing national security and insurgency in Nigeria. It outlines the security information needs of different groups like policymakers, security agents, citizens, and youths/children. It also examines the causes of insurgency in Nigeria and traces the emergence of groups like Boko Haram. The document recommends that libraries should collaborate with security agencies to provide relevant security information to different groups. It argues that an informed society through effective library services can help address the root causes of insecurity and promote peace.
This document summarizes a study that examined emerging trends in private security companies (PSCs) and security services in Southwest Nigeria. It investigated the establishment and justification of PSCs, government regulations of PSCs, and the relationship between PSCs and public security forces. The study found that while security is the government's responsibility, the government has failed to effectively provide security. Unemployment and systemic failures have contributed to rising security threats. PSCs have emerged to fill security gaps left by understaffed and inefficient public security forces. The study concludes that PSCs can complement government efforts in protecting citizens, but regulations are needed to ensure effective security provision.
This document discusses public health approaches to addressing small arms violence. It makes three key points:
1) Small arms violence causes hundreds of thousands of deaths and over a million injuries annually, creating a major global public health problem. However, data on its health impacts is limited, especially in low-income and conflict-affected areas.
2) Research is needed on the health effects of small arms, contributing risk factors, and impacts of interventions. Surveillance systems and studies in various settings can help identify trends and priorities.
3) A public health approach views small arms violence as preventable and addresses its root causes, like availability of weapons and human insecurity. Reducing access to firearms can lower both the frequency
An Appraisal of the Challenges and Legal Protection Available for Internally ...ijtsrd
This paper has investigated the challenges and Legal Protection available for the benefit of Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria. The study relied on content analysis of extant literature to ascertain the level of challenges and legal protections given to them. The study found that Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria face a myriad of challenges which include loss of home, loss of traditional livelihood and sources of generating income, break up of families and community support networks, loss of intangible goods, and loss of documentation. A cursory look at the various causes of internal displacement in Nigeria revealed that forced migration and internal displacement in Nigeria in over a decade has been triggered by violent conflict particularly, the deadly activities Boko Haram and the militant Fulani Herdsmen. These displaced persons suffer a lot of human right violations without any significant legal protection for them. Rather, it has been identified that the existing institutional arrangement keepers, although struggling to manage the situation particularly, in the short term, are hindered by current policy deficits and the lack of a specific framework to adequately address the situation or cover medium to longer requirements for the IDPs. It is therefore, imperative to purposively design a legal framework that will specifically address the challenges bedeviling the Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria while other security measures are being taken to ensure their safety and wellbeing. Stephen Chuka Unachukwu "An Appraisal of the Challenges and Legal Protection Available for Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49485.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/49485/an-appraisal-of-the-challenges-and-legal-protection-available-for-internally-displaced-persons-in-nigeria/stephen-chuka-unachukwu
Gun control is a major public health issue.WHO has declared it as a global burden. Roughly 16,459 murders were committed in the United States during 2016. Of these, about 11,961 or 73% were committed with firearms. #️⃣Guncontrol #️⃣Guncontrolpublichealth #️⃣Gunviolence #️⃣publichealth
Peace and Security A Veritable Instrument for the Achievement of Sustainable ...ijtsrd
This study examined peace and security as a veritable instrument for the achievement of sustainable development goals in Nigeria using qualitative method of data analysis and content analysis. The study relied on data from extant literature to posit that sustainable development is attainable only when peace and security of the nation is assured. The study argued that tenable and sustainable development is possible. This assertion is evident in sustained growth and development of most developed and emerging economies of the world. Examples are the developed and emerging economies of America, Europe and Asia. In Nigeria, the near absence of relative peace and the consequent threat to security of lives and properties have affected every aspect of growth and development in the country. This situation has flourished in the light of the dynamics of political instability and its concomitant outcomes. The threat to peace and security of the nation have taken several dimensions of urban violence including ethno religious violence, electoral violence, youth militancy, and civil unrest, Boko Haram, farmers herders crisis, banditry, kidnapping etc. thus, undermining the attainment of significant achievement of the Millennium Development Goals MDGs in Nigeria. A situation that leaves great negative consequences for the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs . The study concludes that the Federal Government should seriously address all security challenges in the nation. Both carrot and stick are required in addressing the various issues that threaten peace and security in the nation. Where force is seen as the best option to address a particular issue, force should be applied. However, where negotiation and ceding of necessary grounds is adjudged the best option, they should be applied. Ezeozue, Chidozie "Peace and Security: A Veritable Instrument for the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30942.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/30942/peace-and-security-a-veritable-instrument-for-the-achievement-of-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs-in-nigeria/ezeozue-chidozie
This paper explores the relationship between security and development, with a focus on how different types of violence inhibit development in fragile and conflict-affected states.
This paper is based upon a comprehensive literature review of separate pieces of research including academic studies, datasets and policy analysis. It explores statistics and figures that illustrate the barriers that insecurity poses to achieving development outcomes in fragile and conflict-afflicted states. It also examines these dynamics in detail in four countries: Afghanistan, Solomon Islands, South Sudan and Timor-Leste.
The assignment was not to come up with policy recommendations per se; rather it was to present a comprehensive synopsis of how different types of violence shackles and inhibits development in fragile and conflict-affected states. The research team believes that the material presented will be of use to inform policy debate and development, including in the field of security sector reform.
The analysis is contextualised by focusing on three types of violence: political, criminal and interpersonal. The barriers these different types of violence pose to development is presented throughout the report, and embedded in the country case studies.
The statistics uncovered in the course of the project are stark and unnerving. These statistics, among others, are used to highlight the barriers that different types of violence pose to development. It is not only the financial cost, but also the broader institutional and social costs that generate a series of barriers for meaningful development. Through synthesising these statistics, this paper contributes to the understandings of the links between security and development, paving way for policy recommendations and lines of action for Australia and development practitioners.
The document discusses crimes in Southwestern Nigeria. It finds that the once peaceful region is becoming the crime capital of the country, with increasing cases of kidnapping, cultism, land disputes, rape, oil bunkering, robbery, and other crimes. These crimes have led to loss of lives and property worth millions annually. The study examines the major causes of crimes in the region, such as unemployment, resource control issues, political parties support, and an unresponsive government. The effects of crime include business shutdowns, poor economic development, and increased poverty. The document recommends measures to curb crime like youth empowerment, job creation, educational reforms, and establishing grazing colonies and laws to protect farmers and herders.
Strategic Military Intelligence and Operational Efficiency A Study of Insecur...ijtsrd
This article looks at strategic military intelligence and operational efficiency with emphases on insecurity in Nigeria. Strategic military intelligence was discussed from strategic and operational intelligence and operational efficiency was looked from operational responsiveness and configuration. This article seeks to determine how the strategically military intelligence impact Military operational efficiency in Nigeria. The improper employment and inaccurate designation of tasks to intelligence agencies to support national security objectives has been a major challenge that the study intends to address. In the same vein, the lack of analytical skills among personnel has denigrates the value of intelligence produce to solve security operation. The descriptive research was used to analyze the data that was gathered. The respondents were selected through purposive sampling. A survey questionnaire was used to gather data which were derived from the objectives and rationale for the study. Data for the study was analyzed via analysis of variance ANOVA .The result of the analysis shows that strategic military intelligence impact operational responsiveness and configuration in Nigeria. The study concludes that military strategic intelligence impacts operational efficiency in Nigeria. And that the level or methods adopted by the Nigeria military to respond to the threat of insecurity in all the different parts of the country will not only determine the extents at which the country will succeed but will also show how committed the Nigeria Military are working toward protecting lives and properties of Nigerian. The study recommend that the federal government of Nigeria should create or set up a special unit or agency different from the military Army, Navy and Air force and the intelligent units Department of State Service DSS also known as SSS or Defense Intelligence Agency DIA etc. that will be saddled with the responsibility of ensuring that the Intel gathered by the intelligent units and handed to the Military for some special operations are sustained and applied with high level of professionalism. As this will ensure that personnel with clandestine motives are not only checked but are punished for such an action. Dr. Agbeche, Aaron Oghenevwayere | Elechi, Bobby Chime | Okechukwu, Prince Jumbo "Strategic Military Intelligence and Operational Efficiency: A Study of Insecurity in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47705.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/47705/strategic-military-intelligence-and-operational-efficiency-a-study-of-insecurity-in-nigeria/dr-agbeche-aaron-oghenevwayere
This document summarizes a journal article that examines the relationship between conflicts and national development in Nigeria. It discusses several key concepts including conflict, national security, and development. It then analyzes some of the main challenges to security in Nigeria that have implications for development, including ethno-religious conflicts, high youth unemployment, and issues with electoral politics and political violence. The document concludes that addressing security challenges is critical to achieving sustainable development in Nigeria.
This document summarizes an article about insurgencies and national security in Nigeria. It discusses several insurgencies plaguing Nigeria, including Boko Haram, Fulani herdsmen, militancy, kidnapping, banditry, and cattle rustlers. These insurgencies have undermined national security and development by escalating issues like migration, political instability, decreasing foreign investment, and underdevelopment. The document recommends that the Nigerian government improve intelligence gathering and sharing across security agencies, equip and train armed forces with modern weapons, and eliminate corruption to help curb the menace of insurgencies.
This document examines the link between bad governance and perpetuation of insecurity in Nigeria. It argues that the current security challenges plaguing Nigeria stem from injustice, corruption, and selfish governance by political leaders. Since Nigeria's return to democracy in 1999 after military rule, incidents of ethnic, communal, religious and resource conflicts have persisted across much of the country. This is exacerbated by leaders failing to address issues like poverty alleviation, unemployment, resource allocation and infrastructure development. The document concludes that overcoming insecurity in Nigeria requires strong political will from leaders and commitment to fighting it, as well as unity among Nigerians.
Frank Boateng Asomani, National Commission on Small Arms & Light Weapons | ...Geneva Declaration
Session on "Controlling the tools of violence"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Nairobi, Kenya | 26-27 November 2014
The study tried to examine the effect of environmental forces on foreign exchange market in Nigeria. The PEST- Political variables such as change in government (CIG) and democratic rule (DMR); Economical variables such as interest rate spread (IRS) and inflation in consumer prices (ICP); Social variable like population growth (PGR); and Technological variables such as fuel exports in merchandise (FEM) and technology export (TEX) were used to evaluate the impact these environmental factors have on foreign exchange market (official exchange rate). This study employed a time series data with the time frame 1973-2015. A multiple regression model was developed and analyzed using the ordinary least square method (OLS) with the help of E-views, a statistical package. The result showed that in isolation, IRS, FEM and DMR significantly influenced dealing rates in the Nigerian foreign exchange market while ICP, CIG, PGR, and TEX did not show any significant influence on foreign exchange market in Nigeria. However, the overall result showed a significant positive relationship between the environmental forces and the foreign exchange market in Nigeria with a p -value of 0.000000. We therefore concluded that environmental factors have significant influence on the Nigerian Foreign Exchange market. Hence, we recommended that relevant stake holders should pay proper attention to those environmental factors with significant impact on our Foreign Exchange Market in Nigeria.
This study interrogates the place of leadership and strategic communication in the actualization of overall national security in Nigeria. These tools of communication have been used to both incite violence as well as carry messages that help prevent violent conflict, and promote peace and reconciliation and Nigerian military is not exceptional. For instance, countering the Boko Haram insurgency was psychological operations. The Army was more successful in using this approach when Boko Haram’s use of violence was at its peak. Details for this are not hard to decipher, though they have never publicly explained why they engaged in psychological operations nor have they even admitted using them. There was a collective fear then, even among journalists and media establishments, some of whom were victims of Boko Haram’s attacks. The support the security services received from the media might have come from the need to address this for lasting solution in the nearest future. Due to government negligence on strategic communicate for national security, these gaps have unavoidably resulted in the resilience and devastating consequences in the state. Therefore, there is need for leaders to integrate a new culture of communication among agencies which can leads to greater efficiency in information and intelligence sharing under the established Strategic Communication Inter – Agency Policy Coordination Committee in overseeing strategic communication for national security.
Increase Wave of Violent Crime and Insecurity: A Threat to Socio-Economic Dev...iosrjce
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the increasing rate of violent crime in Nigeria and its implications for socio-economic development. It finds that violent crime such as armed robbery, kidnapping, and terrorism have risen dramatically in Nigeria and created a climate of fear that hinders business activity and discourages investment. If not properly addressed, the rising violent crime could threaten Nigeria's socio-economic development. The paper analyzes this issue using the relative deprivation theory, which posits that frustration from the gap between expectations and capabilities can increase aggression and violence. It recommends that the government must prioritize security by improving intelligence, training, resources for security agencies, and also work to reduce unemployment in order to decrease crime and support socio-economic
Anticipatory Measures for Policy Success: Beyond the Crafting of the National...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: There is a growing enthusiasm and increasing demands for social protection policy in Nigeria. Although there is now a draft National Social Protection Policy (NSPP) in Nigeria, the apparent inherent contradictory or centrifugal tendencies that characterised the crafting of the NSPP must be carefully managed and resolved, especially at the implementation phase to guarantee the realisation of policy success. Informed by these antecedents, anticipatory measures for policy success must be deliberately put in place in advance and meticulously followed during the implementation phase. Four of such anticipatory measures are identified here in this policy action oriented article
The Rationale For Nigeria’s Peacekeeping Missions: An Appraisalinventionjournals
This paper entitled “The Rationale for Nigeria’s Peacekeeping Missions: An Appraisal” is aimed at ascertaining the rationale behind Nigeria’s unwavering commitment to peacekeeping missions. This focus of the paper is predicated on the popular assumption that nations’ involvement in peacekeeping is often intertwined with other motives and self interest, notwithstanding the sacrifice of enormous human and material resources associated with peace missions. The study is guided by a hypothesis and a research question. The survey method was employed using the questionnaire and semi structured interview (SSI) as data collection instruments. The population of the study consists of policy makers and image managers in relevant agencies of the federal government of Nigeria from which a sample size of 265 is drawn. The data were analyzed using various statistical tools and computer-based applications to validate and authenticate the research output. Findings show that Nigeria’s involvement in peacekeeping missions is not motivated by rational reasons, but by sentiments, egoism and quest for showmanship. The study concludes that embarking on irrationally motivated peacekeeping missions is tantamount to monumental wastage of precious and scarce material and human resources of the nation. It thus recommends that genuine citizen and national interest should constitute the sole raison d’être for peacekeeping missions
MEASURING FOREIGN EXCHANGE PRESSURE: A TEXT MINNING APPROACHAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study investigates the effectiveness of sentiment analysis, using text-mining approach within
the context of big-data analytics, in measuring foreign exchange pressure in Nigeria. It begins with the construction
of two sentiment-based index of foreign exchange pressure; the first, labelled EMP, constructed by text-mining
public sentiments about foreign exchange management in Nigeria, within the platform of twitter, while the second,
labelled EMP_Trend, constructed from Google Trend as an index of sampled search of related words around foreign
management in Nigeria. Thereafter, the study tested the effectiveness of both indices in signaling movement in
exchange rate (IEW) in Nigeria relative to existing traditional measures of foreign exchange pressure in Nigeria.
The Predictive Regression Model (PRM) and Clark and West (2007) frameworks were employed. Findings from
the study suggest that foreign exchange market pressure index using Sentiment Analysis may hold sufficient
information in predicting and signaling movement in exchange rate (IEW) in Nigeria. Specifically, EMP_Trend
and EMP were found to improve the forecast of IEW, as their estimated Clark and West coefficients were both
positive and statistically significant at 5 per cent. The study recommends that monetary authorities leverage
sentiment analysis to monitor future direction in exchange rate, with a view to implementing policies that would
moderate the prevailing instability in the foreign exchange market in the Nigeria.
KEYWORDS: Foreign Exchange Pressure, Sentiment Analysis, Text-mining, leading indicator, predictive
regression model.
Insecurity a threat to human existence and economic development in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document examines the causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria. It discusses how insecurity has become a major problem that threatens human existence and economic development. Some of the key causes identified include political factors like the power shift from northern to southern rule, as well as unemployment, jobs racketeering, and poor leadership. Insecurity has led to bombings, killings, kidnappings and destruction of property. It has also negatively impacted people's well-being and the economy through business disruptions and relocations. The study recommends allowing dialogue between ethnic and minority groups to find more peaceful solutions to insecurity in Nigeria.
How does Terrorism Effect on Business and Relation Between Countriesijtsrd
The international business or IB is threatened by the indirect and direct effects of terrorism. Since the moment governments have tightened the safety of public sites, the various businesses have turned into exponential attractive targets for terrorist attacks, with vital implications for the performance and operations of the companies that are multinational in nature. Though, substantial studies have been done in different fields about terrorism, less scholarly research has been done on the various challenges which it inflicts upon international business as well as how to address terrorism as a problem. Through this particular article we would conceptualize the terrorism concerned with international business. The background on effects and dimensions of terrorism as well as developing theoretical grounding for researching terrorism by sketching on literature provided by international business, political science, economics and different sectors; shall be provided by us. Once discussion on findings from review of the literature is done, a comprehensive program for subsequent research concerning the connection between international business and terrorism is offered by us. The program that we offer emphasizes on the effects of organizational preparedness, terrorism, company performance and its strategy, global distribution and global supply channels, as well as the issues pertaining human resource. The review that we render, aid in establishing a baseline that further assists in empirical research in the future. This consistent with research in an early stage, international business scholars get encouragement to offer perspectives as well as effective solution that are useful and throw required light on the various aspects of terrorism and also aid in reducing its devastating effects for multinational firms and international business.. Prof. Sidharth S. Raju | Pooja"How does Terrorism Effect on Business and Relation Between Countries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd4598.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/international-business-issues/4598/how-does-terrorism-effect-on-business-and-relation--between-countries/prof-sidharth-s-raju
Violence Against Women (VAW) in Ghana: Interventions by NGOsRonald Essel
Violence against Women in Ghana: The interventions by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs)
PATRICIA ISSABELLA ESSEL
Women in Law and Development in Africa (WiLDAF)
P. O. Box LG 488, Legon
Accra – Ghana
E-mail: patbella9@yahoo.com
RONALD EBENEZER ESSEL
University of Cape Coast,
College of Distance Education (CoDE)
PMB, University Post Office
Cape coast – Ghana
E-mail: esselronald@yahoo.com
Abstract: Violence Against Women (VAW) is a worldwide pandemic that permeates across all geographical boundaries and impacts all people and societies regardless of culture, class, ethnicity, age, race, socio-economic status, political leaning, or religion. It is a daily phenomenon faced by humanity from the household level to national levels. Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) have devised several means of curbing VAW but the menace still persist. This qualitative research assessed the effectiveness of the strategies adopted by four key NGOs in addressing VAW within the Ghanaian context. The study targeted a total of fifty two respondents comprising; eight personnel from the four selected NGOs; twelve state actors; fourteen non-state actors and eighteen direct beneficiaries through the usage of in-depth (informal) and key informant interviews, semi-structured questionnaires, direct field observations as well as desk top review of official documents. The study found out that, all four NGOs utilised among others, five key strategies in tackling the menace of VAW in Ghana and these are awareness creation, lobbying and advocacy, community mobilisation, activism and networking, training/capacity building and service provision. The study results further indicated that, notwithstanding the efficacy of the strategies deployed by the NGOs, there were some challenges that confronted the NGOs in their fight against VAW. Notable among them were the lack of willingness on the part of victims of VAW to report and further pursue perpetrators of VAW, financial constraints facing the NGOs as well as state actors and lack of well-coordinated approach on the part of all stakeholders in their effort to eradicate VAW in Ghana. The study made a number of recommendations, including collaborative efforts of all stakeholders to fight VAW, adequate resourcing and funding of the NGOs by both government and donor agencies. Also recommended is the intensification of the education on the unlawfulness of VAW and that, any culprits apprehended would be punished by law. These and many others will serve as measures to improve the effectiveness of the strategies employed by the NGOs in their fight against the cancerous menace of VAW in Ghana.
Keywords: Ghana; Non-governmental organizations (NGOs); Strategies; Violence against women (VAW);
The document summarizes the SIPRI Yearbook 2013. It covers topics such as armed conflicts, peace operations, military spending, arms production, nuclear forces, and arms control efforts. In 2012, the total number of peace operations was 53 while the number of personnel serving in these operations fell by over 10% due to withdrawals from Afghanistan. World military spending in 2012 was estimated at $1756 billion, about 0.4% lower than 2011 but still higher than any year prior to 2008 due to the global economic crisis. The largest military spenders were the US, China, UK, Russia and Japan.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Gun control is a major public health issue.WHO has declared it as a global burden. Roughly 16,459 murders were committed in the United States during 2016. Of these, about 11,961 or 73% were committed with firearms. #️⃣Guncontrol #️⃣Guncontrolpublichealth #️⃣Gunviolence #️⃣publichealth
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This study examined peace and security as a veritable instrument for the achievement of sustainable development goals in Nigeria using qualitative method of data analysis and content analysis. The study relied on data from extant literature to posit that sustainable development is attainable only when peace and security of the nation is assured. The study argued that tenable and sustainable development is possible. This assertion is evident in sustained growth and development of most developed and emerging economies of the world. Examples are the developed and emerging economies of America, Europe and Asia. In Nigeria, the near absence of relative peace and the consequent threat to security of lives and properties have affected every aspect of growth and development in the country. This situation has flourished in the light of the dynamics of political instability and its concomitant outcomes. The threat to peace and security of the nation have taken several dimensions of urban violence including ethno religious violence, electoral violence, youth militancy, and civil unrest, Boko Haram, farmers herders crisis, banditry, kidnapping etc. thus, undermining the attainment of significant achievement of the Millennium Development Goals MDGs in Nigeria. A situation that leaves great negative consequences for the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs . The study concludes that the Federal Government should seriously address all security challenges in the nation. Both carrot and stick are required in addressing the various issues that threaten peace and security in the nation. Where force is seen as the best option to address a particular issue, force should be applied. However, where negotiation and ceding of necessary grounds is adjudged the best option, they should be applied. Ezeozue, Chidozie "Peace and Security: A Veritable Instrument for the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30942.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/30942/peace-and-security-a-veritable-instrument-for-the-achievement-of-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs-in-nigeria/ezeozue-chidozie
This paper explores the relationship between security and development, with a focus on how different types of violence inhibit development in fragile and conflict-affected states.
This paper is based upon a comprehensive literature review of separate pieces of research including academic studies, datasets and policy analysis. It explores statistics and figures that illustrate the barriers that insecurity poses to achieving development outcomes in fragile and conflict-afflicted states. It also examines these dynamics in detail in four countries: Afghanistan, Solomon Islands, South Sudan and Timor-Leste.
The assignment was not to come up with policy recommendations per se; rather it was to present a comprehensive synopsis of how different types of violence shackles and inhibits development in fragile and conflict-affected states. The research team believes that the material presented will be of use to inform policy debate and development, including in the field of security sector reform.
The analysis is contextualised by focusing on three types of violence: political, criminal and interpersonal. The barriers these different types of violence pose to development is presented throughout the report, and embedded in the country case studies.
The statistics uncovered in the course of the project are stark and unnerving. These statistics, among others, are used to highlight the barriers that different types of violence pose to development. It is not only the financial cost, but also the broader institutional and social costs that generate a series of barriers for meaningful development. Through synthesising these statistics, this paper contributes to the understandings of the links between security and development, paving way for policy recommendations and lines of action for Australia and development practitioners.
The document discusses crimes in Southwestern Nigeria. It finds that the once peaceful region is becoming the crime capital of the country, with increasing cases of kidnapping, cultism, land disputes, rape, oil bunkering, robbery, and other crimes. These crimes have led to loss of lives and property worth millions annually. The study examines the major causes of crimes in the region, such as unemployment, resource control issues, political parties support, and an unresponsive government. The effects of crime include business shutdowns, poor economic development, and increased poverty. The document recommends measures to curb crime like youth empowerment, job creation, educational reforms, and establishing grazing colonies and laws to protect farmers and herders.
Strategic Military Intelligence and Operational Efficiency A Study of Insecur...ijtsrd
This article looks at strategic military intelligence and operational efficiency with emphases on insecurity in Nigeria. Strategic military intelligence was discussed from strategic and operational intelligence and operational efficiency was looked from operational responsiveness and configuration. This article seeks to determine how the strategically military intelligence impact Military operational efficiency in Nigeria. The improper employment and inaccurate designation of tasks to intelligence agencies to support national security objectives has been a major challenge that the study intends to address. In the same vein, the lack of analytical skills among personnel has denigrates the value of intelligence produce to solve security operation. The descriptive research was used to analyze the data that was gathered. The respondents were selected through purposive sampling. A survey questionnaire was used to gather data which were derived from the objectives and rationale for the study. Data for the study was analyzed via analysis of variance ANOVA .The result of the analysis shows that strategic military intelligence impact operational responsiveness and configuration in Nigeria. The study concludes that military strategic intelligence impacts operational efficiency in Nigeria. And that the level or methods adopted by the Nigeria military to respond to the threat of insecurity in all the different parts of the country will not only determine the extents at which the country will succeed but will also show how committed the Nigeria Military are working toward protecting lives and properties of Nigerian. The study recommend that the federal government of Nigeria should create or set up a special unit or agency different from the military Army, Navy and Air force and the intelligent units Department of State Service DSS also known as SSS or Defense Intelligence Agency DIA etc. that will be saddled with the responsibility of ensuring that the Intel gathered by the intelligent units and handed to the Military for some special operations are sustained and applied with high level of professionalism. As this will ensure that personnel with clandestine motives are not only checked but are punished for such an action. Dr. Agbeche, Aaron Oghenevwayere | Elechi, Bobby Chime | Okechukwu, Prince Jumbo "Strategic Military Intelligence and Operational Efficiency: A Study of Insecurity in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47705.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/47705/strategic-military-intelligence-and-operational-efficiency-a-study-of-insecurity-in-nigeria/dr-agbeche-aaron-oghenevwayere
This document summarizes a journal article that examines the relationship between conflicts and national development in Nigeria. It discusses several key concepts including conflict, national security, and development. It then analyzes some of the main challenges to security in Nigeria that have implications for development, including ethno-religious conflicts, high youth unemployment, and issues with electoral politics and political violence. The document concludes that addressing security challenges is critical to achieving sustainable development in Nigeria.
This document summarizes an article about insurgencies and national security in Nigeria. It discusses several insurgencies plaguing Nigeria, including Boko Haram, Fulani herdsmen, militancy, kidnapping, banditry, and cattle rustlers. These insurgencies have undermined national security and development by escalating issues like migration, political instability, decreasing foreign investment, and underdevelopment. The document recommends that the Nigerian government improve intelligence gathering and sharing across security agencies, equip and train armed forces with modern weapons, and eliminate corruption to help curb the menace of insurgencies.
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Frank Boateng Asomani, National Commission on Small Arms & Light Weapons | ...Geneva Declaration
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The study tried to examine the effect of environmental forces on foreign exchange market in Nigeria. The PEST- Political variables such as change in government (CIG) and democratic rule (DMR); Economical variables such as interest rate spread (IRS) and inflation in consumer prices (ICP); Social variable like population growth (PGR); and Technological variables such as fuel exports in merchandise (FEM) and technology export (TEX) were used to evaluate the impact these environmental factors have on foreign exchange market (official exchange rate). This study employed a time series data with the time frame 1973-2015. A multiple regression model was developed and analyzed using the ordinary least square method (OLS) with the help of E-views, a statistical package. The result showed that in isolation, IRS, FEM and DMR significantly influenced dealing rates in the Nigerian foreign exchange market while ICP, CIG, PGR, and TEX did not show any significant influence on foreign exchange market in Nigeria. However, the overall result showed a significant positive relationship between the environmental forces and the foreign exchange market in Nigeria with a p -value of 0.000000. We therefore concluded that environmental factors have significant influence on the Nigerian Foreign Exchange market. Hence, we recommended that relevant stake holders should pay proper attention to those environmental factors with significant impact on our Foreign Exchange Market in Nigeria.
This study interrogates the place of leadership and strategic communication in the actualization of overall national security in Nigeria. These tools of communication have been used to both incite violence as well as carry messages that help prevent violent conflict, and promote peace and reconciliation and Nigerian military is not exceptional. For instance, countering the Boko Haram insurgency was psychological operations. The Army was more successful in using this approach when Boko Haram’s use of violence was at its peak. Details for this are not hard to decipher, though they have never publicly explained why they engaged in psychological operations nor have they even admitted using them. There was a collective fear then, even among journalists and media establishments, some of whom were victims of Boko Haram’s attacks. The support the security services received from the media might have come from the need to address this for lasting solution in the nearest future. Due to government negligence on strategic communicate for national security, these gaps have unavoidably resulted in the resilience and devastating consequences in the state. Therefore, there is need for leaders to integrate a new culture of communication among agencies which can leads to greater efficiency in information and intelligence sharing under the established Strategic Communication Inter – Agency Policy Coordination Committee in overseeing strategic communication for national security.
Increase Wave of Violent Crime and Insecurity: A Threat to Socio-Economic Dev...iosrjce
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the context of big-data analytics, in measuring foreign exchange pressure in Nigeria. It begins with the construction
of two sentiment-based index of foreign exchange pressure; the first, labelled EMP, constructed by text-mining
public sentiments about foreign exchange management in Nigeria, within the platform of twitter, while the second,
labelled EMP_Trend, constructed from Google Trend as an index of sampled search of related words around foreign
management in Nigeria. Thereafter, the study tested the effectiveness of both indices in signaling movement in
exchange rate (IEW) in Nigeria relative to existing traditional measures of foreign exchange pressure in Nigeria.
The Predictive Regression Model (PRM) and Clark and West (2007) frameworks were employed. Findings from
the study suggest that foreign exchange market pressure index using Sentiment Analysis may hold sufficient
information in predicting and signaling movement in exchange rate (IEW) in Nigeria. Specifically, EMP_Trend
and EMP were found to improve the forecast of IEW, as their estimated Clark and West coefficients were both
positive and statistically significant at 5 per cent. The study recommends that monetary authorities leverage
sentiment analysis to monitor future direction in exchange rate, with a view to implementing policies that would
moderate the prevailing instability in the foreign exchange market in the Nigeria.
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Insecurity a threat to human existence and economic development in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document examines the causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria. It discusses how insecurity has become a major problem that threatens human existence and economic development. Some of the key causes identified include political factors like the power shift from northern to southern rule, as well as unemployment, jobs racketeering, and poor leadership. Insecurity has led to bombings, killings, kidnappings and destruction of property. It has also negatively impacted people's well-being and the economy through business disruptions and relocations. The study recommends allowing dialogue between ethnic and minority groups to find more peaceful solutions to insecurity in Nigeria.
How does Terrorism Effect on Business and Relation Between Countriesijtsrd
The international business or IB is threatened by the indirect and direct effects of terrorism. Since the moment governments have tightened the safety of public sites, the various businesses have turned into exponential attractive targets for terrorist attacks, with vital implications for the performance and operations of the companies that are multinational in nature. Though, substantial studies have been done in different fields about terrorism, less scholarly research has been done on the various challenges which it inflicts upon international business as well as how to address terrorism as a problem. Through this particular article we would conceptualize the terrorism concerned with international business. The background on effects and dimensions of terrorism as well as developing theoretical grounding for researching terrorism by sketching on literature provided by international business, political science, economics and different sectors; shall be provided by us. Once discussion on findings from review of the literature is done, a comprehensive program for subsequent research concerning the connection between international business and terrorism is offered by us. The program that we offer emphasizes on the effects of organizational preparedness, terrorism, company performance and its strategy, global distribution and global supply channels, as well as the issues pertaining human resource. The review that we render, aid in establishing a baseline that further assists in empirical research in the future. This consistent with research in an early stage, international business scholars get encouragement to offer perspectives as well as effective solution that are useful and throw required light on the various aspects of terrorism and also aid in reducing its devastating effects for multinational firms and international business.. Prof. Sidharth S. Raju | Pooja"How does Terrorism Effect on Business and Relation Between Countries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd4598.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/international-business-issues/4598/how-does-terrorism-effect-on-business-and-relation--between-countries/prof-sidharth-s-raju
Violence Against Women (VAW) in Ghana: Interventions by NGOsRonald Essel
Violence against Women in Ghana: The interventions by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs)
PATRICIA ISSABELLA ESSEL
Women in Law and Development in Africa (WiLDAF)
P. O. Box LG 488, Legon
Accra – Ghana
E-mail: patbella9@yahoo.com
RONALD EBENEZER ESSEL
University of Cape Coast,
College of Distance Education (CoDE)
PMB, University Post Office
Cape coast – Ghana
E-mail: esselronald@yahoo.com
Abstract: Violence Against Women (VAW) is a worldwide pandemic that permeates across all geographical boundaries and impacts all people and societies regardless of culture, class, ethnicity, age, race, socio-economic status, political leaning, or religion. It is a daily phenomenon faced by humanity from the household level to national levels. Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) have devised several means of curbing VAW but the menace still persist. This qualitative research assessed the effectiveness of the strategies adopted by four key NGOs in addressing VAW within the Ghanaian context. The study targeted a total of fifty two respondents comprising; eight personnel from the four selected NGOs; twelve state actors; fourteen non-state actors and eighteen direct beneficiaries through the usage of in-depth (informal) and key informant interviews, semi-structured questionnaires, direct field observations as well as desk top review of official documents. The study found out that, all four NGOs utilised among others, five key strategies in tackling the menace of VAW in Ghana and these are awareness creation, lobbying and advocacy, community mobilisation, activism and networking, training/capacity building and service provision. The study results further indicated that, notwithstanding the efficacy of the strategies deployed by the NGOs, there were some challenges that confronted the NGOs in their fight against VAW. Notable among them were the lack of willingness on the part of victims of VAW to report and further pursue perpetrators of VAW, financial constraints facing the NGOs as well as state actors and lack of well-coordinated approach on the part of all stakeholders in their effort to eradicate VAW in Ghana. The study made a number of recommendations, including collaborative efforts of all stakeholders to fight VAW, adequate resourcing and funding of the NGOs by both government and donor agencies. Also recommended is the intensification of the education on the unlawfulness of VAW and that, any culprits apprehended would be punished by law. These and many others will serve as measures to improve the effectiveness of the strategies employed by the NGOs in their fight against the cancerous menace of VAW in Ghana.
Keywords: Ghana; Non-governmental organizations (NGOs); Strategies; Violence against women (VAW);
The document summarizes the SIPRI Yearbook 2013. It covers topics such as armed conflicts, peace operations, military spending, arms production, nuclear forces, and arms control efforts. In 2012, the total number of peace operations was 53 while the number of personnel serving in these operations fell by over 10% due to withdrawals from Afghanistan. World military spending in 2012 was estimated at $1756 billion, about 0.4% lower than 2011 but still higher than any year prior to 2008 due to the global economic crisis. The largest military spenders were the US, China, UK, Russia and Japan.
Similar to An Assessment of Government Policies in Curbing Arms Proliferation in Nigeria, 1999-2022 (20)
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The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
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Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD57524 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 3 | May-June 2023 Page 925
conflicts, as well as an increase in the cost of
maintaining peace and security.
The end of the Cold War saw a dramatic increase in
the availability of weapons due to the dissolution of
the Soviet Union and the subsequent increase in the
number of countries with nuclear weapons (Smith,
2016). This has resulted in an increase in the number
of countries with the capacity to produce and transfer
weapons and the emergence of a global arms trade
(Fisher, 2019). Additionally, the development of
advanced technology has facilitated the development
of new and more sophisticated weapons, which are
often sold to countries with limited resources and
weak security forces.
In addition, the proliferation of arms can lead to a
destabilizing arms race as states, and other actors
attempt to out-arm their opponents (Regan, 2013).
The proliferation of arms also has a significant
economic impact. The costs associated with the
production, maintenance, and use of weapons can be
significant (Smith, 2016). In addition, the
proliferation of arms can lead to increased military
expenditure, which can have a negative effect on the
economic stability of a region. In addition, the
proliferation of arms can lead to decreased investment
and economic growth, as resources are diverted away
from productive activities and towards the acquisition
of arms (Powell, 2011).
Arms proliferation is a complex phenomenon with
serious implications for global security and stability.
It is caused by the availability of weapons and
technology, as well as weak arms control measures.
Its effects include an increase in violence and
insecurity, as well as the risk of arms races and
nuclear proliferation (Powell, 2011). Due to its
devastating impact, Nigerian government has
implemented series of policies to curtail arms
proliferation.
Government policies, which are also known as public
policies, are the laws, regulations, and courses of
action that are established by the government for the
purpose of achieving its goals and objectives. As
such, assessing government policies is a very
important process that helps to ensure that the policies
in place are effective and are meeting the needs of the
nation, society, and its citizens.
One of the main policies implemented by the
Nigerian government to reduce arms proliferation has
been the passage of the Firearms Act of 2004. This
act imposes strict regulations on the possession and
use of firearms, including requiring all firearms
owners to obtain a license and prohibiting the
possession of certain types of weapons. This act has
been successful in reducing the number of firearms in
circulation, as evidenced by a 2015 report by the
Small Arms Survey which found that the number of
licensed firearms in Nigeria had decreased by
approximately 30% since the passage of the act
(Kroijer, 2015).
At the same time, the Nigerian government has also
implemented policies aimed at reducing the supply of
arms from abroad. For example, the government has
imposed strict import regulations on weapons and has
worked with other countries to strengthen regional
arms control measures. These measures have also
been successful in reducing the number of firearms in
circulation, as evidenced by a 2019 report by the
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime which
found that the amount of illicit arms imports into
Nigeria had decreased by approximately 50% since
2013 (UNODC, 2019).
Additionally, the Nigerian government has
undertaken measures to disrupt the activities of
organized crime networks involved in arms
trafficking. These measures have included increased
enforcement of existing laws and the deployment of
military forces to combat arms traffickers. These
efforts have had some success, as evidenced by a
2020 report by the International Crisis Group which
found that the number of arms trafficking incidents in
Nigeria had decreased by nearly 40% since 2016
(ICG, 2020). However, despite some success, the
Nigerian state is still facing the menace of arms
proliferation which fuels conflicts, armed-robbery and
terrorism especially in the northeastern part of
Nigeria. This scenario propelled some scholars to
ponder on the efficacy of arms control mechanism in
curbing arms proliferation in Nigeria. Therefore, this
paper examined the causes, impacts and government
policies in curbing arms proliferation in Nigeria.
II. Literature Review
Arms
Arms is a term used to describe any kind of weapon,
usually those carried by individuals or used by
military forces. It can refer to small arms such as
handguns, rifles, and shotguns, or to larger weapons
such as howitzers and tanks (Sullivan, 2008). It can
also include chemical and biological weapons, as well
as non-lethal weapons such as stun guns or rubber
bullets (Borrie, 2006). When discussing arms, it is
important to consider the purpose for which arms are
used. Some arms are designed for self-defense, while
others are designed for offensive purposes. For
example, a handgun may be used to protect an
individual from an attack, while a tank may be used
to launch an offensive attack on an enemy (Sullivan,
2008).
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The use of arms can also vary depending on the type
of conflict. For example, during a war, arms may be
used to fight against an enemy and destroy targets,
while during a civil conflict, arms may be used to
keep the peace and protect civilians (Borrie, 2006).
The arms trade is also an important factor when
discussing arms. This refers to the sale and transfer of
weapons from one country to another. It is estimated
that the global arms trade is worth more than $100
billion a year (Sullivan, 2008). The arms trade is
closely regulated by international law, and countries
must adhere to these laws when trading arms (Borrie,
2006).
In summary, arms are weapons used by individuals or
military forces for various purposes. They can be
used for self-defense, offensive purposes, or to keep
the peace. The arms trade is also an important factor
when discussing arms, as it is a billion-dollar industry
that is closely regulated by international law.
Arms Control
Arms control is defined as “the regulation of the
development, production, stockpiling, proliferation,
and usage of conventional, biological, chemical, and
nuclear weapons” (Zurkow, 2020, p. 1). Arms control
aims to reduce the risk of war and armed conflict by
decreasing the number of weapons available and their
destructive power (Zurkow, 2020). It also seeks to
restrain the spread of weapons and limit the
development of new and more powerful weapons.
Arms control can take many forms. Bilateral and
multilateral arms control agreements are one of the
most common methods of arms control. These
agreements are negotiated between two or more
countries, and can be formal or informal (Mertz,
2020). Bilateral agreements are often negotiated to
reduce the size of each country's nuclear arsenal,
while multilateral agreements are negotiated to reduce
the number of weapons available across the globe
(Mertz, 2020).
Another form of arms control is the use of economic
sanctions. Economic sanctions are used to punish
countries that violate international agreements on
weapons, such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty, which seeks to limit the spread of nuclear
weapons (Orozco, 2017). Sanctions can be targeted
against specific individuals or entities, or they can be
used to restrict trade and investment between
countries (Orozco, 2017).
Furthermore, arms control can be achieved through
international organizations such as the United
Nations. The United Nations seeks to limit the spread
of weapons of mass destruction and promote
disarmament, and has developed several treaties and
conventions to this end (Kroenig, 2017). The most
notable of these is the Non-Proliferation Treaty,
which seeks to limit the spread of nuclear weapons
(Kroenig, 2017).
Arms control is a broad concept that refers to a wide
range of measures and strategies aimed at limiting the
size, scope, and availability of weapons and weapons
systems. The theory of arms control is based on the
idea that security can be enhanced through the
prevention and/or reduction of the proliferation and
deployment of weapons. Arms control is often used
as a tool for conflict resolution, as it can help to
ensure that conflicts remain limited in scope and
duration and that their resolution can be achieved
without resorting to war. The theory of arms control
is often linked to international arms control treaties
and regimes, such as the Treaty on the Non-
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT),
and the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).
Proliferation
Proliferation is a term used to refer to the rapid
growth of a population or the rapid spread of a
process or phenomenon. It is most commonly used to
refer to the proliferation of nuclear weapons, but can
also refer to the rapid spread of information,
technology, diseases, and other phenomena (Haugen
and Musser, 2018). The proliferation of nuclear
weapons has been a major concern since the
development of the atomic bomb. The Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was established in 1968 in
an effort to reduce the risk of a nuclear arms race, by
placing legal limits on the amount of nuclear material
and weapons possessed by each nation and restricting
the transfer of nuclear technology to other countries
(Chang and Lee, 2020). The NPT has been successful
in preventing the spread of nuclear weapons to
countries that do not already possess them, however,
it has been less successful in limiting the nuclear
arsenals of existing nuclear powers.
Arms Proliferation
Arms proliferation is the spread of weapons
throughout a region or globally. In recent years, this
phenomenon has become increasingly concerning to
governments and international organizations due to
the potential for conflict and instability that it can
bring. The global arms trade has become an
increasingly lucrative industry, with an estimated
value of over $100 billion annually (Grimes, 2020).
This has led to an increase in the number of countries
that possess and manufacture weapons, as well as an
increase in the types and sizes of weapons available.
The proliferation of arms is primarily driven by three
factors. The first is the demand for weapons from
both governments and non-state actors. Governments
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may seek to purchase weapons to bolster their
military capabilities or to maintain their strategic
advantages. Non-state actors may seek to purchase
weapons to gain power or influence in a region or to
engage in armed conflict with rivals.
In addition, the development of new technologies has
made weapons more affordable and accessible. This
has made them more attractive to potential buyers,
leading to an increase in the number of countries with
access to weapons. The second factor driving arms
proliferation is the availability of weapons. The
global arms trade has enabled countries to buy
weapons from other countries or from manufacturers
in other countries. This has made weapons more
accessible and affordable to a wider range of buyers.
In addition, the development of advanced weapons
systems has allowed countries to acquire more
sophisticated weapons at a lower cost. This has also
contributed to an increase in the number of countries
with access to weapons. The third factor driving arms
proliferation is the geopolitical environment. In recent
years, there have been a number of geopolitical
changes that have led to an increase in the number of
countries with access to weapons. For example, the
end of the Cold War saw a number of countries,
particularly in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet
Union, gain access to weapons.
Therefore, the emergence of new powers such as
China and India has resulted in an increase in the
number of countries with access to weapons. Arms
proliferation has a number of implications for
international security. The presence of weapons in the
hands of non-state actors or unstable governments can
lead to an increased risk of armed conflict and
instability in a region. In addition, the spread of
weapons can lead to an increase in the number of
countries with access to weapons, which can further
complicate the security situation.
Furthermore, the development of new technologies,
such as nuclear weapons, has made it easier for
countries to acquire weapons of mass destruction,
which can be used to threaten or attack other
countries. Despite the potential risks posed by arms
proliferation, there are also potential benefits. The
availability of weapons can be used to deter potential
aggressors, while the presence of weapons can also be
used to maintain stability in a region. In addition, the
availability of weapons can be used to advance
economic development and to support regional
security initiatives.
III. Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework underpinnings the menace
of arms proliferation and it concomitant insecurity
challenges is stability–security theory (SST). SST is
an interdisciplinary approach to international relations
which claims that political stability and security are
the primary goals of international politics. It was first
proposed by Harvard Professor Joseph Nye in his
1989 book, Nuclear Ethics.
The stability-security theory (SST) is an important
concept in international relations which argues that
states are more likely to cooperate and enter into arms
control agreements if they believe their security will
not be threatened by the actions of other states
(McGarvey, 2020). This theory is based on the
understanding that states have an inherent interest in
preserving their security and, to do this, they must
ensure that the actions of other states do not threaten
their own security. In order to do this, states must be
able to trust that other states will not take actions that
could potentially undermine their security. This trust
can be achieved through arms control agreements
which guarantee that states will not take action that
could threaten the security of another state.
The SST has been used to explain why states are
often willing to enter into arms control agreements. It
argues that states are more likely to enter into arms
control agreements if they believe that the agreement
will reduce the chances of their security being
threatened by the actions of other states. The theory
suggests that states are more likely to cooperate and
enter into arms control agreements if they are
confident that their security will not be undermined
by the actions of other states (Bell, 2020). This is
because the states can trust that the other states will
not take actions that could potentially threaten their
security.
The SST has also been used to explain why states are
sometimes willing to accept significant concessions in
order to enter into arms control agreements. The
theory suggests that states are willing to accept
significant concessions in order to ensure that their
security will not be threatened by the actions of other
states (Lipson, 2020). This is because states are more
likely to accept significant concessions if they believe
that the agreement will reduce the chances of their
security being threatened by the actions of other
states.
The SST has had an important influence on arms
control negotiations and agreements. It has been used
to explain why states have often been willing to enter
into arms control agreements and why they have
sometimes been willing to accept significant
concessions in order to enter into such agreements.
The SST has also been used to explain why states
have been willing to cooperate and enter into arms
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control agreements when they trust that their security
will not be threatened by the actions of other states.
The theory advocated that states’ securityis enhanced
by stability in the international environment.
Stability–security theory argues that states will be
more willing to cooperate and enter into arms control
agreements if they are confident that their security
will not be undermined by the actions of other states.
In order for arms control agreements to be effective,
states must trust that the other parties to the
agreement will comply with their obligations. This is
often referred to as “mutual assured destruction”
(MAD), whereby each party to the agreement
understands that any breach of the agreement by the
other party could result in their own destruction.
IV. Data Presentation and Analysis
Here, data will be anslysed systematically through the
use of content analysis.
Causes of arms proliferation in Nigeria
There are several causes of arms proliferation in
Nigeria. Some of them are:
Political Instability: "Political instability has been
cited as one of the main causes of arms proliferation
in Nigeria" (Eze, 2018, p. 3). Political instability has
been widely cited as a major cause of arms
proliferation in Nigeria (Okon, 2014; Ogbondah,
2012; Onuoha, 2013). In Nigeria, the proliferation of
small arms has been linked to a number of internal
conflicts, including sectarian conflicts, inter-ethnic
conflicts, and political disputes (Okon, 2014;
Ogbondah, 2012). The presence of armed groups,
often linked to political parties, has contributed to a
state of insecurity and instability in the country
(Onuoha, 2013). The Nigerian government has been
unable to manage the proliferation of small arms and
light weapons due to a lack of effective legislation
and enforcement (Okon, 2014). This has led to a lack
of accountability, which has in turn contributed to the
prevalence of illegal arms trading (Okon, 2014).
Furthermore, the government has failed to provide
adequate resources to adequately monitor and control
the spread of arms, leaving the country vulnerable to
arms trafficking (Ogbondah, 2012). The Nigerian
government has also been unable to effectively
address the underlying causes of political instability,
such as the lack of effective rule of law, weak
political institutions, and widespread corruption
(Onuoha, 2013). This has further exacerbated the
proliferation of arms in the country, as armed groups
have been able to take advantage of the lack of
effective regulation and enforcement (Onuoha, 2013).
In addition, the conflict in the Niger Delta region has
contributed to the proliferation of small arms and
light weapons in Nigeria (Okon, 2014). The conflict
has been fueled by the presence of armed groups,
often linked to political parties, which have been able
to acquire weapons from the region's illegal arms
trade (Okon, 2014). The prevalence of small arms and
light weapons has also enabled the emergence of
militias, which have further exacerbated political
instability in the region (Okon, 2014).
Economic Inequality: The unequal distribution of
economic resources has been identified as a factor
that has contributed to the proliferation of small arms
in Nigeria (Okonta, 2013, p. 28). Economic inequality
has been identified as a major factor that has
contributed to the proliferation of small arms in
Nigeria. According to a recent United Nations report,
Nigeria is among the top five countries in the world
with the highest levels of economic inequality
(Balzano, 2020). This economic inequality is
characterized by a wide disparity in the distribution of
economic resources, such as income, wealth, and
access to basic services, among different groups in
the population. The unequal distribution of economic
resources has been identified as a major driver of the
proliferation of small arms in Nigeria.
Studies have found that individuals living in
economically disadvantaged areas are more likely to
acquire firearms than those living in more affluent
areas (Kiras, 2021). This is largely due to the fact that
individuals in economically disadvantaged areas are
more likely to engage in criminal activities such as
theft, armed robbery, and drug trafficking in order to
make ends meet. These activities often involve the
use of firearms, which further perpetuates their
availability and use in the country. In addition,
economic inequality has been linked to the illicit
trafficking of small arms in Nigeria.
Furthermore, studies have shown that individuals
involved in the illicit arms trade are often motivated
by economic gains, as they are able to make large
profits from the sale of firearms (Oluwole, 2020).
This is particularly true in economically
disadvantaged areas, where the demand for firearms
is often high due to the prevalence of criminal
activities. As a result, the unequal distribution of
economic resources has been identified as a major
factor contributing to the proliferation of small arms
in the country.
Finally, economic inequality has been identified as a
major factor that has contributed to the proliferation
of small arms in Nigeria due to the lack of public trust
in the government. Studies have found that
individuals in economically disadvantaged areas are
less likely to trust the government and its institutions,
leading them to rely on personal protection through
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the acquisition of firearms (Kiras, 2021). This lack of
trust in the government has further been linked to the
proliferation of small arms in the country, as
individuals are more likely to acquire firearms as a
means of self-protection rather than relying on the
government for protection.
Corruption: "Corruption has been identified as a
major factor contributing to the proliferation of arms
in Nigeria" (Ademola, 2017, p. 9). Corruption is a
widespread problem that has a large impact on many
governments and institutions, including the arms
industry. In Nigeria, corruption has been identified as
a major factor contributing to the proliferation of
arms (Aina, 2008; Akinyemi, 2013). Corruption in the
Nigerian arms industry is the result of the
mismanagement of funds, lack of transparency, and
the presence of numerous actors that can take
advantage of these weaknesses. The mismanagement
of funds leads to the misuse of resources and the
misallocation of funds, which in turn can lead to the
proliferation of arms.
According to Akinyemi (2013) this mismanagement
has led to the diversion of funds intended for arms
procurement and has resulted in a lack of
accountability, which has allowed arms to be diverted
to non-state actors in the country. This has resulted in
the growth of armed groups, including Boko Haram,
and an increase in violence. The lack of transparency
in the Nigerian arms industry has also been identified
as a major factor contributing to the proliferation of
arms. Aina (2008) argues that in Nigeria, “there is a
lack of transparency regarding arms transfers and
contracts, which has enabled the diversion of arms to
non-state actors.” This lack of transparency has
allowed for the proliferation of arms to be hidden and
has made it difficult to control and regulate the arms
market.
The presence of numerous actors in the Nigerian arms
market has also been identified as a major factor
contributing to the proliferation of arms. Akinyemi
(2013) notes that “the presence of multiple actors in
the arms market has created an environment of
corruption and has led to a lack of control over the
arms trade.” This has resulted in a lack of regulation
and oversight, which has allowed for the proliferation
of arms to non-state actors.
Drug Trafficking: "Drug trafficking has been
identified as a major factor that has contributed to the
proliferation of arms in Nigeria" (Omoregie, 2019, p.
25). The illicit trade of narcotic drugs has been linked
to many negative outcomes, including increased
violence and insecurity, increased corruption, and
socio-economic disruption. In Nigeria, drug
trafficking has been identified as a major factor that
has contributed to the proliferation of arms in the
country.
According to a report published by the United
Nations Institute for Disarmament Research
(UNIDIR, 2020), drug trafficking has become a major
source of funding for arms trafficking in Nigeria. The
report states that criminal networks involved in drug
trafficking are often the same ones involved in arms
trafficking, and that the proceeds of drug trafficking
are used to finance the purchase of arms and
ammunition. This has led to an increase in the
availability of weapons and ammunition in the
country, which in turn has contributed to an increase
in criminal activity, particularly in conflict-affected
areas.
In addition, drug trafficking has been linked to the
proliferation of small arms in Nigeria. According to a
study by the Nigerian Institute of Security Studies
(NISS, 2017), there has been an increase in the
availability of small arms in the country, which is
largely attributed to the illicit trade of drugs.
Narcotics traffickers use small arms to protect and
defend their drug shipments and to intimidate and
coerce local populations into paying taxes or
providing protection. This has resulted in increased
levels of violence and insecurity in affected areas.
Moreover, drug trafficking has been linked to the
increasing prevalence of organized crime in Nigeria.
According to a report by the Nigerian Drug Law
Enforcement Agency (NDLEA, 2019), drug
traffickers have been linked to a number of organized
criminal activities in the country, including money
laundering, human trafficking, and arms trafficking.
The report states that these criminal activities have
been facilitated by the illicit drug trade, as the
proceeds of drug trafficking are used to finance the
purchase of weapons and ammunition.
Porous Nigerian Border: Porous Nigerian Border
(PNB) is a term used to refer to the permeability of
Nigeria’s borders, which allows for the easy
movement of goods and people into the country. This
has been identified as a major contributing factor to
the proliferation of arms in Nigeria (Akinola, Ojo &
Ojo, 2017). The availability of firearms in
neighbouring countries, such as Mali, Togo, and
Benin, has enabled trans-border smugglers to bring
weapons into the country with relative ease (Olaoye,
2018). Since Nigeria is a major transit hub for illegal
arms trafficking, the PNB poses a threat to security
and stability of the country (Odumosu, 2018). The
lack of effective border control measures has enabled
easy access to firearms for various armed groups,
such as the Nigerian Boko Haram and the Islamic
State West Africa Province (ISWAP), which have
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caused great destruction in the country (Tahir, 2020).
The PNB has also led to the influx of small arms and
light weapons (SALW), which are often used to fuel
violent conflicts in the country (Olaoye, 2018).
Additionally, the PNB has facilitated the smuggling
of drugs and narcotics into Nigeria, further
exacerbating the security situation (Tahir, 2020).
Furthermore, the existence of PNB has resulted in the
exploitation of vulnerable individuals by criminal
syndicates. Criminal groups have used the PNB to
smuggle goods and people, such as victims of human
trafficking, into Nigeria (Olaoye, 2018). The lack of
effective border control has enabled the smuggling of
goods such as counterfeit goods, drugs, and human
beings (Tahir, 2020). This has resulted in the
exploitation of vulnerable individuals, as well as the
loss of government revenue due to the smuggling of
counterfeit goods (Tahir, 2020).
The Nigerian government has taken a number of
measures to address the issue of the PNB. These
measures include the establishment of a border patrol
force, the deployment of ground troops and
surveillance equipment, the construction of physical
barriers along the borders, and the deployment of
electronic monitors (Tahir, 2020). Also, the
government has also introduced legislative measures
to tackle the smuggling of goods across the PNB
(Odumosu, 2018). However, these measures have not
been able to adequately address the issue of the PNB,
and more needs to be done to improve the security of
Nigeria’s borders.
Conclusively, Political instability, economic
inequality, corruption, drug trafficking, and porous
Nigerian borders are the basic causes of arms
proliferation in Nigeria. These causes have been
persistent and have often been at the root of armed
conflicts and instability in the country. Political
instability is one of the primary causes of arms
proliferation in Nigeria.
Impacts of Arms Proliferation on the National
security of Nigeria
Arms proliferation is the rapid growth in the amount
of weapons and military hardware available to
various states and non-state actors. It has a wide range
of impacts on the national security of Nigeria, ranging
from increased risk of war and the destabilization of
the region to the growth of the global arms trade and
the emergence of new security threats. In this paper, I
will discuss the impacts of arms proliferation on the
national security of Nigeria.
First, arms proliferation increases the risk of war and
destabilizes the region. The availability of more
weapons and military hardware to different actors in
the region increases the potential for violent conflict
and makes it more likely that states will engage in
aggressive behavior. This can lead to a greater risk of
war between states in the region and potentially
destabilize the entire region. Additionally, arms
proliferation can increase the risk of civil wars and
other internal conflicts, as states may feel more
emboldened to use force against their own citizens if
they have access to more powerful weapons.
(Kirchherr et al., 2018).
Second, arms proliferation enables the growth of the
global arms trade. This can be both a source of
revenue for states as well as a source of instability, as
states may be incentivized to sell weapons to non-
state actors who may use them for nefarious purposes.
This can lead to greater insecurity for states in the
region, as it increases the potential for the arms to be
used against them. Additionally, the global arms trade
can lead to an increase in corruption, as states may be
more willing to accept bribes in exchange for
weapons sales. (Smith & Trenz, 2019).
Third, arms proliferation can lead to the emergence of
new security threats. For example, states may use the
weapons they acquire to engage in terrorism or other
activities that can threaten the security of their
neighbors. Additionally, non-state actors may use the
weapons they acquire to engage in activities that can
destabilize the region, such as supporting
insurgencies or carrying out attacks against civilian
populations. (Kirchherr et al., 2018).
Furthermore, arms proliferation can lead to increased
costs for states in the region, as they may be forced to
spend more money on defense and security related
activities. This can lead to economic decline and
poverty in the region, as states may be unable to
invest in other areas such as education or health.
Additionally, states may be forced to divert funds
from other areas to fund the acquisition of weapons
and military hardware, leading to a decrease in the
overall quality of life for citizens in the region. (Smith
& Trenz, 2019).
Finally, arms proliferation fuel communal conflict,
arms-robbery and terrorism in Nigerian. Arms
proliferation has been found to be a major factor in
fueling communal conflict, arms-robbery and
terrorism in Nigeria. According to Eze (2011), arms
proliferation is one of the main causes of communal
conflicts in Nigeria, particularly in the Niger Delta
region. He further states that arms proliferation is the
result of the influx of small arms and light weapons
from neighboring countries, such as Cameroon and
Niger. These weapons are then used by criminal
gangs and insurgent groups to engage in armed
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robberies, attacks on police stations, and other violent
activities.
According to Eze (2011), the prevalence of small
arms and light weapons in the hands of criminal
gangs and insurgent groups has made it easier for
them to perpetrate acts of violence and terrorism in
the country. In addition, Okpanachi and Ogbuagu
(2013) suggest that the proliferation of small arms
and light weapons in Nigeria was further fuelled by
the civil war in Liberia, which resulted in the influx
of weapons from the war-torn country. The authors
state that the proliferation of these weapons resulted
in the emergence of violent armed groups, such as the
Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force (NDPVF),
which engaged in armed robbery and other acts of
terrorism.
Moreover, the authors noted that the NDPVF was
responsible for the Niger Delta crisis, which resulted
in the displacement of thousands of people and the
destruction of the region's infrastructure. Moreover,
Eze (2014) argues that the proliferation of small arms
and light weapons has also facilitated the emergence
of other violent groups, such as the Boko Haram, in
Nigeria. According to the author, the group has used
small arms and light weapons to perpetrate acts of
violence and terrorism in the region. Furthermore, the
author notes that the proliferation of weapons has
enabled the group to recruit members and carry out
attacks on government facilities, as well as civilians.
Furthermore, arms proliferation has been found to be
a major factor in fueling communal conflict, arms-
robbery and terrorism in Nigeria. The proliferation of
small arms and light weapons has enabled criminal
gangs and insurgent groups to perpetrate acts of
violence and terrorism in the country. Furthermore,
the emergence of the Niger Delta People's Volunteer
Force and Boko Haram has been facilitated by the
influx of weapons from neighboring countries and the
civil war in Liberia. Consequently, the proliferation
of small arms and light weapons has had a significant
impact on the security situation in Nigeria.
In conclusion, arms proliferation has a wide range of
impacts on the national security of Nigeria, ranging
from increased risk of war and the destabilization of
the region to the growth of the global arms trade and
the emergence of new security threats. It is important
for states in the region to be aware of these impacts
and to work together to mitigate their effects.
Nigerian Government Policies in curbing Arms
Proliferation
In recent years, the proliferation of small arms and
light weapons has been a major source of concern for
the Nigerian government. The proliferation of these
weapons is a major cause of crime, insecurity, and
human rights abuses in the country (Obi, 2020).
To address this social menace, the Nigerian
government has taken several measures to combat the
proliferation of arms in the country. These measures
include the promulgation of the Small Arms and
Light Weapons Control Act of 2004, which
established a National Commission on Small Arms
and Light Weapons (NCSLW) (Azih, 2017). This
legislation provides for the registration and control of
small arms and light weapons in Nigeria, and it also
outlines the responsibilities of the NCSLW.
The NCSLW is tasked with the responsibility of
monitoring and controlling the import, export, and
manufacture of small arms and light weapons in
Nigeria. It also has the authority to investigate and
prosecute offences related to small arms and light
weapons (Azih, 2017). Additionally, the NCSLW is
responsible for developing, implementing, and
enforcing regulations to ensure the control of small
arms and light weapons. The NCSLW also works in
collaboration with other government agencies, such
as the Nigerian Armed Forces, to ensure compliance
with the Small Arms and Light Weapons Control Act
of 2004. The Nigerian Armed Forces are responsible
for the collection, destruction, and disposal of small
arms and light weapons (Azih, 2017). The NCSLW
also works to ensure that any person who is found to
be in possession of a small arms or light weapons
must be registered with the NCSLW.
Additionally, the NCSLW has established a
nationwide public awareness campaign to raise
awareness about the dangers of small arms and light
weapons. The campaign includes television and radio
advertising, print media, posters, and workshops. The
campaign aims to educate the public about the risks
associated with small arms and light weapons and to
discourage people from obtaining them (Azih, 2017).
Furthermore, the NCSLW has also collaborated with
other international organizations, such as the United
Nations (UN), in order to combat the proliferation of
small arms and light weapons. The UN's Arms Trade
Treaty (ATT) is an international agreement that seeks
to regulate the international trade in conventional
weapons (Azih, 2017). The NCSLW has been
instrumental in helping Nigeria to become a party to
the ATT and in ensuring that Nigeria complies with
the agreement. The Firearms Act of 2018 was enacted
to regulate the possession and use of firearms in
Nigeria. The Act prohibits the manufacture and
circulation of small arms and light weapons, and
grants the police the authority to confiscate and
destroy any illegal weapons they find (Obi, 2020).
The Act also requires licensed gun owners to keep
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their firearms locked away, and prohibits the sale of
firearms to people under the age of 18.
In conclusion, the Nigerian government has taken a
number of steps to address the problem of small arms
proliferation in the country. The establishment of the
NCSALW and the passage of the Firearms Act of
2018 have been successful in raising awareness about
the dangers of illegal arms trafficking and have led to
some progress in the efforts to reduce the availability
of firearms. However, there is still much work to be
done in order to effectively address the problem, as
there are several factors that continue to facilitate the
illegal production and circulation of firearms.
Challenges in curbing Arms proliferation in
Nigeria
Arms proliferation in Nigeria has been an issue of
great concern for many years, as continuous arms
proliferation has caused an increase in violent crimes,
insecurity, and political instability in the country
(Gursoy & Aslanoğlu, 2021). The Nigerian
government has taken several steps to tackle this
problem, including the establishment of the National
Committee on Small Arms and Light Weapons
(NCSALW) in 2004 (Obi, 2012). Despite these
efforts, arms proliferation has continued to be a major
challenge in Nigeria and requires further action. This
essay will discuss the challenges in curbing arms
proliferation in Nigeria.
First, there is a lack of adequate resources and
capacity to monitor the proliferation of arms. Nigeria
has a vast territory and a large population, making it
difficult to effectively track the movements of arms
and their sources of supply (Kerr, 2015).
Furthermore, the government lacks the financial
resources to train and equip personnel to undertake
effective surveillance and enforcement operations
(Obi, 2012). As a result, arms traffickers have been
able to exploit weak border controls and lack of
proper monitoring systems to smuggle weapons into
Nigeria (Gursoy & Aslanoğlu, 2021).
Second, corruption has been identified as a major
factor contributing to the proliferation of arms in
Nigeria. The NCSALW has identified corruption as a
major obstacle to its efforts to combat arms
proliferation in the country (Obi, 2012). Corrupt
government officials have been found to be involved
in the illegal trade of arms, either through direct
involvement or by providing protection to arms
traffickers (Kerr, 2015). In addition, bribery and
favoritism have been identified as major sources of
arms for criminal organizations and militant groups
(Gursoy & Aslanoğlu, 2021).
Third, there is a lack of effective legislation to
regulate the proliferation of arms in Nigeria.
Although the NCSALW has developed several
national laws to regulate the import and possession of
firearms, these laws are often weak and inadequately
enforced (Obi, 2012).
Furthermore, the government has not taken adequate
steps to ensure that arms dealers are properlylicensed
and that arms are not smuggled across national
borders (Kerr, 2015). As a result, arms traffickers
have been able to exploit weak regulation and
inadequate enforcement to smuggle weapons into
Nigeria. Fourth, there is a lack of public awareness of
the dangers of arms proliferation. Many people in
Nigeria are unaware of the consequences of arms
proliferation, such as increased violence and
insecurity (Gursoy & Aslanoğlu, 2021). Furthermore,
there is a lack of education and information about the
legal requirements for the possession of firearms,
which has enabled arms traffickers to exploit the
ignorance of the general public (Obi, 2012).
Finally, the proliferation of arms in Nigeria has been
facilitated by the proliferation of small arms and light
weapons. These weapons are relatively cheap and
easy to acquire, making them attractive to criminals
and militant groups (Kerr, 2015). Furthermore, these
weapons are often smuggled across borders or sold on
the black market, making them difficult to track and
control (Gursoy & Aslanoğlu, 2021).
V. Findings
Based on the available secondary data collected and
analyzed, the followings are identified as the major
findings:
1. The major causes of arms proliferation in Nigeria
are Political Instability, Economic Inequality,
Corruption, Drug Trafficking, and Porous
Nigerian Border.
2. Arms proliferation in Nigeria increases the risk of
war and destabilises the region; it enables the
growth of the global arms trade; it can lead to the
emergence of new security threats; it can lead to
increased costs of governance for states in the
region; and it fuels communal conflict, arms
robbery, and terrorism in Nigeria.
3. In order to curb the proliferation of arms, the
Nigerian government has taken a number of steps
to address the problem of small arms proliferation
in the country. One of them is the establishment
of the NCSALW and the passage of the Firearms
Act of 2018 have been successful in raising
awareness about the dangers of illegal arms
trafficking and have led to some progress in the
efforts to reduce the availability of firearms.
4. Lack of adequate resources and capacity to
monitor the proliferation of arms is one the
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challenges in curbing arms proliferation in
Nigeria. Nigeria has a vast territory and a large
population, making it difficult to effectivelytrack
the movements of arms and their sources of
supply. Contending issues of marginalization,
environmental degradation, suppression, minority
rights agitation and ethnicity has led to violence
that requires illegal acquisition of weapons.
VI. Conclusion
An assessment of government policies on curbing
arms proliferation in Nigeria is necessary to
understand and address the issue in the most effective
manner. The proliferation of small arms and light
weapons has become a major security challenge for
the Nigerian government in recent years (Azih, 2017).
The proliferation of arms has reached a level where it
has become a major threat to the stability of the
country and its security forces (Adeniyi, 2019).
The Nigerian government has taken several measures
to combat the proliferation of arms in the country.
These measures include the promulgation of the
Small Arms and Light Weapons Control Act of 2004,
which established a National Commission on Small
Arms and Light Weapons (NCSLW) (Azih, 2017).
This commission is responsible for the regulation and
control of the import, production, transfer, storage,
and disposal of small arms and light weapons in the
country. The government has also enacted the Arms
and Ammunition Act of 1995, which regulates the
manufacture, sale, possession, transfer, and use of
firearms within the country (Adeniyi, 2019).
In addition to these measures, the government has
adopted a number of initiatives to combat the
proliferation of arms. These include the establishment
of the Nigerian Armed Forces Retirees Association
(NAFRA) which is responsible for the collection and
destruction of surplus arms (Azih, 2017). The
government has also formed the National Security
and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC), which is
responsible for the monitoring and control of arms in
the country (Adeniyi, 2019).
The government has also established the National
Focal Point on Arms Control, which is responsible for
the development, implementation, and monitoring of
arms control policies in the country. Furthermore, the
government has established the National Arms
Control Committee (NACC), which is responsible for
coordinating and monitoring arms control measures in
the country (Azih, 2017). The government has also
adopted a strategy for the management of arms
proliferation in Nigeria. This strategy includes the
strengthening of existing laws and regulations,
increased public awareness, improved coordination
between government agencies, and improved
information sharing (Adeniyi, 2019).
In conclusion, the Nigerian government has taken
several measures to combat the proliferation of arms
in the country. These measures have been largely
successful in curbing the proliferation of arms, but
there is still much work to be done in order to fully
address the issue. Through continued efforts and
improved coordination between government agencies,
it is possible to reduce the level of arms proliferation
in Nigeria. However, it is not enough if the issues of
marginalization, impressions of minority interest and
unemployment are not addressed as they are some of
the factors that fuel weaponisation.
VII. Recommendations
Based on the identified findings, the following
recommendations were highlighted:
1. To address the issue of arms proliferation in
Nigeria, the government should focus on creating
a secure environment by providing stability and
security for its citizens. This can be done by
tackling corruption and increasing economic
equality. Additionally, the government should
increase border security to curb illegal arms
trafficking and drug smuggling. Finally, the
government shement measures to reduce demand
for weapons by increasing the availability of
educational and employment opportunities for
people living in poverty.
2. To address the impacts of arms proliferation in
Nigeria, it is important to take a comprehensive
approach to curbing the proliferation of arms.
This should include strengthening arms control
legislation, implementing effective enforcement
measures, and increasing public awareness of the
risks associated with arms proliferation.
3. In addition, it is important to ensure that states in
the region are working together to develop
effective strategies to combat the proliferation of
arms. This could include regional initiatives to
strengthen border security and monitoring, as well
as increased cooperation between states to combat
illicit arms trafficking. It is important to ensure
that states in the region are engaging in
meaningful dialogue to address the root causes of
conflict and instability.
4. The Nigerian government has taken a number of
steps to address the problem of small arms
proliferation in the country, and these should be
continued and expanded upon. The government
can make further progress in reducing the
availability of firearms and curbing the
proliferation of arms by introducing a national
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firearms registration system, passing additional
legislation to increase the penalties for illegal
arms trafficking, launching awareness campaigns
to educate citizens, and working with
international organizations to control the flow of
firearms.
5. In addition, the government must invest more
resources in monitoring and enforcement
operations to ensure that arms traffickers are not
able to exploit weak border controls and
inadequate regulation.
6. The government should tackle all contending
issues of marginalization, fair play and equity that
are leading to agitations, violence and counter
violence
7. Finally, the government and all relevant
stakeholders both local and international should
create the enabling environment for full
employment, full industrial capacity utilization to
productively engage the unemployed and idle
segment of the population that are the soft targets
for recruitment for militancy and criminality.
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