This document examines the causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria. It discusses how insecurity has become a major problem that threatens human existence and economic development. Some of the key causes identified include political factors like the power shift from northern to southern rule, as well as unemployment, jobs racketeering, and poor leadership. Insecurity has led to bombings, killings, kidnappings and destruction of property. It has also negatively impacted people's well-being and the economy through business disruptions and relocations. The study recommends allowing dialogue between ethnic and minority groups to find more peaceful solutions to insecurity in Nigeria.
Standard For Safe Drinking Water
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has specified drinking water quality standards in India to provide safe drinking water to the people. It is pertinent that drinking water sources be tested at regular intervals and ensure that water is meeting the prescribed standards or not, if not, then, the extent of contamination/unacceptability and follows up required.
Another guideline for water quality is prescribed by the Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India in 2005. This is known as the Uniform Protocol for Water Quality Monitoring. The increasing risk of geogenic and anthropogenic contamination has led to necessitate the above.
A Detailed View of the Report
A recent water quality test conducted by BIS showed that 13 cities have the most unsafe water. Delhi’s tap water is the most unsafe among cities from where the samples were taken. A water quality report by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) showed the national capital is at the bottom of the list. The water samples of 13 cities were tested including Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, Jaipur, and Lucknow. All the cities failed the water quality test. In fact, Mumbai is the only city where the samples of tap water met all the parameters under Indian Standard 10500:2012, which is the specification for drinking water so far.
BIS Standards Set for drinking water quality
According to the Central Ground Water Board, BIS (IS_10500 and revised module IS 10500:2012) has specifications in Uniform Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Protocol. This standard has two limits i.e. acceptable limits and permissible limits in the absence of an alternate source. If any parameter exceeds the limit, the water is considered unfit for human consumption.
In broad terms, if the water is bacteriology contaminated (E-coli and viruses etc), or if chemical contamination exceeds maximum permissible limits, the BIS considers that water unfit for drinking.
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE SOILSchikslarry
Throughout the world, there is a long tradition of farming intensively within and at the edge of cities (Smit et al., 1996). However, most of these peri-urban lands are contaminated with pollutants including heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg. The major sources of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils are discharge of effluents from domestic sources, coal-burning power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters, iron and steel plants, dumping of sewage sludge and metal chelates from different industries. Once the heavy metals are released into soils, plants can absorb and bio-accumulate these heavy metals and thereby affect humans and animals’ health upon consumption (Seghal et al., 2014). Hence, there is a great need to develop effective technologies for sustainable management and remediation of the contaminated soils. There are conventionally physicochemical soil remediation engineering techniques, such as soil washing, incineration, solidification, vapour extraction, thermal desorption, but they destroy the plant productive properties of soils. Moreover, they are usually extremely expensive, limiting their extensive application, particularly in developing countries and for remediation of agricultural soils (Kokyo et al., 2014). Phytoremediation has been increasingly receiving attentions over the recent decades, as an emerging, affordable and eco-friendly approach that utilizes the natural properties of plants to remediate contaminated soils (Wang et al., 2003). Phytoremediation includes phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction using hyper-accumulator species or a chelate-enhancement strategy. The future of this technique is still mainly in the research phase, and many different Hyperaccumulators and crops that can be cultivated in heavy metal contaminated are still being tested.
Bangladesh , the largest delta on earth, is situated
in South Asia. It is located between 20°
34′ and
26°
38′ north latitude and 88°
01′ and 92°
41′ east
longitude. It is bordered by India on the west,
north, and east, by Myanmar on the southeast, and
by the Bay of Bengal on the south. The area of the
country is 147,570 km2
. Most of the country is
low-lying comprising mainly the delta of the
Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. A total of 80% of
the country is floodplain . The environment of the
country is under severe pressure due to changing
climate and destructive anthropogenic activities.
Environmental degradation is directly and
indirectly affecting human health, ecosystems
, and economic growth of the country. Demographic pressure, poverty,lack of proper
awareness on environmental issues, and lack of implementation and monitoring of
environmental rules are the main causes for existing environmental condition of
Bangladesh. The climatic condition of Bangladesh is tropical monsoon. The country
currently faces several environmental issues which threaten these resources, including
groundwater metal contamination, increased groundwater salinity, cyclones and flooding, and
sedimentation and changing patterns of stream flow due to watershed mismanagement. Some
of these, such as the changing patterns of stream flow and presence of lead in groundwater,
can be directly correlated with human activity and industrial processes, while others, such as
cyclones and flooding are naturally occurring issues.
Standard For Safe Drinking Water
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has specified drinking water quality standards in India to provide safe drinking water to the people. It is pertinent that drinking water sources be tested at regular intervals and ensure that water is meeting the prescribed standards or not, if not, then, the extent of contamination/unacceptability and follows up required.
Another guideline for water quality is prescribed by the Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India in 2005. This is known as the Uniform Protocol for Water Quality Monitoring. The increasing risk of geogenic and anthropogenic contamination has led to necessitate the above.
A Detailed View of the Report
A recent water quality test conducted by BIS showed that 13 cities have the most unsafe water. Delhi’s tap water is the most unsafe among cities from where the samples were taken. A water quality report by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) showed the national capital is at the bottom of the list. The water samples of 13 cities were tested including Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, Jaipur, and Lucknow. All the cities failed the water quality test. In fact, Mumbai is the only city where the samples of tap water met all the parameters under Indian Standard 10500:2012, which is the specification for drinking water so far.
BIS Standards Set for drinking water quality
According to the Central Ground Water Board, BIS (IS_10500 and revised module IS 10500:2012) has specifications in Uniform Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Protocol. This standard has two limits i.e. acceptable limits and permissible limits in the absence of an alternate source. If any parameter exceeds the limit, the water is considered unfit for human consumption.
In broad terms, if the water is bacteriology contaminated (E-coli and viruses etc), or if chemical contamination exceeds maximum permissible limits, the BIS considers that water unfit for drinking.
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE SOILSchikslarry
Throughout the world, there is a long tradition of farming intensively within and at the edge of cities (Smit et al., 1996). However, most of these peri-urban lands are contaminated with pollutants including heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg. The major sources of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils are discharge of effluents from domestic sources, coal-burning power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters, iron and steel plants, dumping of sewage sludge and metal chelates from different industries. Once the heavy metals are released into soils, plants can absorb and bio-accumulate these heavy metals and thereby affect humans and animals’ health upon consumption (Seghal et al., 2014). Hence, there is a great need to develop effective technologies for sustainable management and remediation of the contaminated soils. There are conventionally physicochemical soil remediation engineering techniques, such as soil washing, incineration, solidification, vapour extraction, thermal desorption, but they destroy the plant productive properties of soils. Moreover, they are usually extremely expensive, limiting their extensive application, particularly in developing countries and for remediation of agricultural soils (Kokyo et al., 2014). Phytoremediation has been increasingly receiving attentions over the recent decades, as an emerging, affordable and eco-friendly approach that utilizes the natural properties of plants to remediate contaminated soils (Wang et al., 2003). Phytoremediation includes phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction using hyper-accumulator species or a chelate-enhancement strategy. The future of this technique is still mainly in the research phase, and many different Hyperaccumulators and crops that can be cultivated in heavy metal contaminated are still being tested.
Bangladesh , the largest delta on earth, is situated
in South Asia. It is located between 20°
34′ and
26°
38′ north latitude and 88°
01′ and 92°
41′ east
longitude. It is bordered by India on the west,
north, and east, by Myanmar on the southeast, and
by the Bay of Bengal on the south. The area of the
country is 147,570 km2
. Most of the country is
low-lying comprising mainly the delta of the
Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. A total of 80% of
the country is floodplain . The environment of the
country is under severe pressure due to changing
climate and destructive anthropogenic activities.
Environmental degradation is directly and
indirectly affecting human health, ecosystems
, and economic growth of the country. Demographic pressure, poverty,lack of proper
awareness on environmental issues, and lack of implementation and monitoring of
environmental rules are the main causes for existing environmental condition of
Bangladesh. The climatic condition of Bangladesh is tropical monsoon. The country
currently faces several environmental issues which threaten these resources, including
groundwater metal contamination, increased groundwater salinity, cyclones and flooding, and
sedimentation and changing patterns of stream flow due to watershed mismanagement. Some
of these, such as the changing patterns of stream flow and presence of lead in groundwater,
can be directly correlated with human activity and industrial processes, while others, such as
cyclones and flooding are naturally occurring issues.
Increase Wave of Violent Crime and Insecurity: A Threat to Socio-Economic Dev...iosrjce
Within the framework of deprivation theory, the paper critically examines the issue of high rate of
violent crime in Nigeria and its implication on socio-economic development. Research has revealed an increase
dimension in the pattern and trend of crime and other forms of insecurity in Nigeria on a geometric rate which
constitutes serious threat to lives and properties, hinders business activities and discourages local and foreign
investors. The rising wave of violent crime if not properly checked could become a threat to socio-economic
development of the country The paper submits that, apart from given critical attention to issue of security in the
areas of intelligence gathering and synergy among security agencies; adequate and appropriate training in line
with global best practices; logistics; motivation of members of the security agents; and deploying advanced
technology in the fight against the emerging crime as well as addressing the issue of unemployment so as to
reduce crime rate in the country and by implication enhanced the socio – economic development in Nigeria..
This paper examined the link between bad governance and perpetuation of insecurity in Nigeria. Using theoretical arguments, the paper holds that, the current security challenges that bedeviled Nigeria are attributable to injustice, corruption and selfish governance by the leadership class. Since Nigerias return to democracy in 1999, after a lengthy military rule that lasted for almost three decades, incidences of ethnic, communal, religious and resource conflicts continue to persist across most part of the country. This is aggravated by the apparent failure of the leadership to address key issues affecting the country such as poverty alleviation, employment generation, resource allocation, infrastructural development etc. Thus, the paper concludes that tackling insecurity in Nigeria is an enormous task, but one which is not impossible. Therefore, Nigerians must unite and the governing class must develop a strong political will and total commitment to fighting insecurity. Jamilu Ibrahim Mukhtar | Aminu Abdullahi | Muazu Abdullahi Ishaq | Suleiman Mohammed Isyaku"Bad Governance and Insecurity in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5814.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/5814/bad-governance-and-insecurity-in-nigeria/jamilu-ibrahim-mukhtar
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Idowu Olusegun Oladele “Emerging Trends in Private Security Companies (PSCs) and Security Services in Southwest Nigeria” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT), Volume 01, Issue 09, pp. 04-18, 2020. https://uijrt.com/articles/v1i9/UIJRTV1I90002.pdf
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Library and information services for nationalOnyema Nsirim
This paper discussed the library and information services for national security and fight against insurgency. It traced the emergence of insecurity, the causes, security information needs by different groups: policy makers, security agents, citizens and children/youths. The importance of national security and stresses how library and information services are the best point of contact on the issue of national security. It was therefore recommended that: there should be collaboration between libraries and security agencies on security matters. Local, state and federal governments should synergize in the funding of the library and library services so that research works emanating from universities and research institutes could be utilized effectively.
Increase Wave of Violent Crime and Insecurity: A Threat to Socio-Economic Dev...iosrjce
Within the framework of deprivation theory, the paper critically examines the issue of high rate of
violent crime in Nigeria and its implication on socio-economic development. Research has revealed an increase
dimension in the pattern and trend of crime and other forms of insecurity in Nigeria on a geometric rate which
constitutes serious threat to lives and properties, hinders business activities and discourages local and foreign
investors. The rising wave of violent crime if not properly checked could become a threat to socio-economic
development of the country The paper submits that, apart from given critical attention to issue of security in the
areas of intelligence gathering and synergy among security agencies; adequate and appropriate training in line
with global best practices; logistics; motivation of members of the security agents; and deploying advanced
technology in the fight against the emerging crime as well as addressing the issue of unemployment so as to
reduce crime rate in the country and by implication enhanced the socio – economic development in Nigeria..
This paper examined the link between bad governance and perpetuation of insecurity in Nigeria. Using theoretical arguments, the paper holds that, the current security challenges that bedeviled Nigeria are attributable to injustice, corruption and selfish governance by the leadership class. Since Nigerias return to democracy in 1999, after a lengthy military rule that lasted for almost three decades, incidences of ethnic, communal, religious and resource conflicts continue to persist across most part of the country. This is aggravated by the apparent failure of the leadership to address key issues affecting the country such as poverty alleviation, employment generation, resource allocation, infrastructural development etc. Thus, the paper concludes that tackling insecurity in Nigeria is an enormous task, but one which is not impossible. Therefore, Nigerians must unite and the governing class must develop a strong political will and total commitment to fighting insecurity. Jamilu Ibrahim Mukhtar | Aminu Abdullahi | Muazu Abdullahi Ishaq | Suleiman Mohammed Isyaku"Bad Governance and Insecurity in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5814.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/5814/bad-governance-and-insecurity-in-nigeria/jamilu-ibrahim-mukhtar
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Idowu Olusegun Oladele “Emerging Trends in Private Security Companies (PSCs) and Security Services in Southwest Nigeria” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT), Volume 01, Issue 09, pp. 04-18, 2020. https://uijrt.com/articles/v1i9/UIJRTV1I90002.pdf
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Library and information services for nationalOnyema Nsirim
This paper discussed the library and information services for national security and fight against insurgency. It traced the emergence of insecurity, the causes, security information needs by different groups: policy makers, security agents, citizens and children/youths. The importance of national security and stresses how library and information services are the best point of contact on the issue of national security. It was therefore recommended that: there should be collaboration between libraries and security agencies on security matters. Local, state and federal governments should synergize in the funding of the library and library services so that research works emanating from universities and research institutes could be utilized effectively.
Towards Addressing Global Security Challenges Through Professional Counsellin...iosrjce
This paper sought to discuss the pervading challenges of crises and insecurity on the surface of the
globe, the consequences which invariably affect human beings in different parts of the world. Insecurity knows
no boundary, hence no country of the world, developed or developing is exonerated or immuned. Measures have
been taken at different times by governments of world countries, but all to no avail. Seemingly, the problems of
insecurity tend to defy all tried solutions. Resources, energies and times have been expended as well as other
strategies adopted. Professional counseling, at both micro and macro levels will go a long way in addressing
and assuaging the negative impacts or effects of insecurity. Counselling models, frameworks and specific
approaches if applied will help prevent, manage or cope with the devastation of insecurity at the level of
individuals, groups or society. Human lives and properties are so precious that conserving and utilizing them
will foster development. Negative consequences of insecurity will gradually slide to naught, to guarantee peace,
unity, tranquility and well being of the citizenry the world over
Socio-Political Implications of Youth Unemployment on Nigeria’s Economic Deve...iosrjce
Youth unemployment may be regarded as one of the major problems confronting the Nigerian state
presently. Unemployed youths feel alienated from the society and have a total distrust of the political system. A
person’s job beyond providing for daily subsistence also determines the individual’s social status, affecting
relationship with peers, people in the person’s neighborhood as well as extended family members. The paper a
desk research, relied entirely on secondary data, sourced from scholarly peer-reviewed journal articles,
relevant published books, materials downloaded from the internet, as well as government and institutional
publications. In this paper, we argue that high level of youth unemployment in both urban and rural areas in
Nigeria has generated a situation of acute social and political unrest. The frustrated youths have become
aggressive in making themselves available to be used by politicians who are not sure of winning the people’s
mandate during general election. These politicians pay them to engage in anti-democratic process activities,
including pre- election, election-day and post election violence. Some youths engage in various criminal
activities that frustrate economic development of the state. We recommend that government should put in place
social welfare programmes that attend to the needs of unemployed youths, provide the enabling environment for
private investors to establish industries that will employ the youths as well as introduce the fiscal policies that
will make banks to provide soft loans to the youths who have entrepreneurial skills.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Running head ISOL 534 – Application Security 1Running head.docxwlynn1
Running head: ISOL 534 – Application Security 1
Running head: ISOL 534 – Application Security 2
Week-2 Research Paper Topic
Name: Nikhil Vasani
Course: ISOL-534
Professor: Dr. Jerry Alsay
University of the Cumberland
May 23, 2019
Introduction
The topic of security has been an issue for many countries and citizens alike as countries struggle to root out the vice of insecurity that is posing a great threat especially during this technological era where everything is virtually done online. Today every country around the world is grappling with keeping its citizens and institutions safe from external attacks and threats. Some of these threats could be motivated by various factors ranging from political, economic and social issues which make individuals or groups plan some sort of leveling score mission. If we were to review history in the early days during the 17th and 18th century the issues of insecurity among various nations were in existence but not at the height it is in the wake of the 21st century. Those days’ strategic alliances worked best in culminating threats of external and internal invasion, various leaders would call for peaceful resolution of the indifference that might exist between or among groups of nations. The mode or means of attack was not as sophisticated as it today since the only way terrorists would invade empires those days were through the physical means of actually leading an invasion group or plotting with a team on the ground to execute their plan.
Today this tactic has changed leaving institutions mandated with protecting our boundaries and keeping the people safe with a huge task of coming up with various ways of knowing how, where and when the security threats might actually occur. Some of the world leading security institutions that have earned a name for themselves are the homeland security, the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI and Scotland Yard. These institutions have in the recent past prevented so many attacks plotted against the United States of America and many countries around the world through tapping the wide insecurity network around the world.
Background research
The issue of terrorism and external attacks has led to numerous loss of lives and property and must be cubed and properly managed using the most efficient methods so as to ensure proper security. It is evident that terrorists no longer use outdated strategies while carrying out attacks. With technology evolving with time, they have learned and mastered the use of new technology and have succeeded in coming up with some of the toughest attacks to prevent. Therefore, the DHS is left with a tough task and must improvise some of the best tactics in their strategic plan so as to have a proper chance in managing the situation. The intelligent gathering is one of the best elements that can be applied by the DHS in order to come up with the right solutions that will stop or prevent external attacks and terrorism.
Tactful Intelligence Sharing and Synergy among the Nigerian Security Operativ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nigeria‟s peace and human security is currently engulfed in turmoil. And one of the notable
problems of insecurity in the country is menace of advanced cult killings on daily basis most especially the
upsurge of a dreaded cult group known as “Badoo”, that carries out attacks on human lives in Ikorodu suburb of
Lagos State, Nigeria. Residents of Ikorodu and others suburbs in Lagos State, Nigeria now live in perpetual
phobia and the menace has forced several others to have fled the state. The dreaded “Badoo” cult group killings
and attacks pose dangerous threats to human lives, national peace and security. Among the notable factors
aiding the emergence of such dreaded cult group in the state are; poor intelligence gathering and synergy on the
part of Nigerian security operatives, frustration, financial assistance, injustice, forced membership,
unemployment among youths, get-rich-quick syndrome on the part of many Nigerian youths, drug abuse among
others. The study examines threats posed by the menace to human lives, state‟s peace and security; it assesses
the concerted efforts of Nigerian government and security operatives in combating the menace. The study
concludes that, lack of adequate intelligence gathering, general insecurity in the country, corruption, abject
poverty and youth unemployment remain the factors hindering a total arrest of the menace in Nigeria. It also
requests the need for giving adequate support to security operatives by the citizens; continuous
orientation/education for the youths, good laws and governance, adequate intelligence gathering on the part of
security agents to nip the menace in the bud.
KEYWORDS: Badoo cultists, Human security, Security intelligence, Unemployment, Good governance,
Lagos.
Prognosis of Theories of Intelligence in Counter Terrorism The Case of the No...YogeshIJTSRD
The Northern West part of Nigeria is faced with several security challenges that have threatened the existence of peace and security in the region. These threats to public safety and regional security have greatly undermined the governments primary responsibility of guaranteeing public safety and national security. This work, therefore, is on the prognosis of theories of intelligence in counterterrorism The case of North Western Nigeria. The study utilised primary and secondary data sources. The Primary data sources were from questionnaires administered physically and electronically via emails while, secondary data came from published books, journals, articles, lecture guides and videos. Acquired data were statistically analysed using simple percentage and Chi Square statistics. Sequel to the statistical results, findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between intelligence gathering and terrorism in Nort West, Nigeria. The study recommends that there should be training and retraining of personnel of the intelligence community to be able to meet up with the current trends and changes in the contemporary Nigerian environments for the effective gathering of intelligence and the ability to utilize it for productive law enforcement. Jonjon, Emmanuel "Prognosis of Theories of Intelligence in Counter-Terrorism: The Case of the Northwestern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40057.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/40057/prognosis-of-theories-of-intelligence-in-counterterrorism-the-case-of-the-northwestern-nigeria/jonjon-emmanuel
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Insecurity a threat to human existence and economic development in nigeria
1. Public Policy and Administration Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5731(Paper) ISSN 2225-0972(Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
8
Insecurity: A Threat to Human Existence and Economic
Development in Nigeria
Adeleke Adegbami
Department of Public Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife.
e-mail: adeadegbami@yahoo.com, Tel: 08034056781
Abstract
Insecurity has become a hydra headed monster which security agents in Nigeria appear incapable of handling vis
a vis its multifaceted manifestations like bombing, kidnapping/hostage taking, destruction of property, creation
of fear, to mention but a few. This paper therefore examines the causes, government efforts at fostering peace as
well as the effect of insecurity on human being and the nation economy. The study revealed that the power shift
from the northern hegemony to a minority geo-political zone of South-south is currently on top in the list of
issues that are instigating groups and individuals against the interests of the state. Other matters of concern
include intra/inter-party rancour; porous boundaries; unemployment, jobs racketeering and illiteracy. This is
targeted at minimally debunking the usual argument about religion being the major cause of insecurity in Nigeria.
It is a known fact that insecurity is detrimental to general well being of the people with its resultant effects in the
areas of illnesses; low life expectancy; low quality of life and even death. On the economy, insecurity has led to
the destruction of business, properties and equipments; relocation and closing down of businesses. The study
suggests that since Nigeria can not be sold to private managers as usually can be done to public enterprises, the
government should allow for dialogue through the convocation of a conference of ethnic and minority groups to
fine-tune a more peaceful way-forward for Nigeria.
Keywords: Insecurity, Human Existence and Economic Development
Introduction
One of the fundamental human rights of the people in any given state is the right to security and this is why it is
always provided for in the constitution of most sovereign states. Nigeria is not an exception, thus Section 14 (2)
(b) of the Nigerian 1999 constitution states clearly that “the security and welfare of the people shall be the
primary purpose of the government”. Although the problem of insecurity is not new in Nigeria, however since
the confirmation of Goodluck Jonathan in February 2010 as the President and Commander-in-Chief of Armed
Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria following the hospitalisation and eventual death of President Yar’adua
the nation has been witnessing unparalleled security challenges. Now, hardly a day goes by without a report of
one security challenge or the other. Unfortunately, ordinary citizens as well as the nation’s economic resources
are at the receiving end of this wanton destruction. The series of bombings and killings in the north; kidnapping
and armed robbery attack in the south; political and economic related assassinations as well as the politically-
influenced communal wars has become a multi-hydra headed monster which security agents in Nigeria appear
incapable of handling.
Security has long been a part of human existence and sustenance and could be aptly viewed as freedom from
threat or violence which could lead to the loss of lives and properties. That is, security is a situation in which
citizens are free from any threats to their life and means of livelihood, safe from bodily harm, diseases,
unemployment, and human rights violations wherever they may find themselves within a sovereign nation. This
paper therefore examines the causes of insecurity, the effect of insecurity on the citizens and the nation’s
economy and government efforts at fostering peace.
A Review of Related Literature
Various scholars across the globe have postulated differing viewpoints on the concept of security; according to
the United Nations Development Programme (1994) human security could be defined as protection from hidden
and hurtful disruptions in the daily activities, at homes, offices or communities. That is, security is the state of
being safe and secure from danger, it could also be protection from chronic threats such as hunger, disease and
repression.
For the Commission on Human Security (2003), human security is the protection of important aspect of human
lives in a way that would enhance human freedoms and fulfillment. Human security encompasses freedom from
want, harm, fear and the freedom to take appropriate actions without any form of hindrance. It is also the
assurance of future well being and freedom from threat.
Williams (2008) who sees security from the socio-political perspective averred that security involves the
capacity to pursue cherished political and social ambitions. That is, security is socio-political in nature as without
security there can be no political stability and consequently social activities will be in chaos. Palme (1992)
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argues that there is a connection between security and survival. For him, security is a basic condition for the
survival of human beings. Thus, security is synonymous to freedom from danger, fear and doubt among others.
Security, Nwagboso (2012) argues is an essential concept which is commonly associated with the alleviation of
threats to the survival of individuals or groups. Thus, for him, security can be equated with freedom from present
and future danger, harm or anxiety however, security may not be the absence of threats but it is the ability to
respond to these threats with appropriate skill and expertise.
In the views of Otto and Ukpere (2012), security relates to the presence of peace, safety, happiness and the
protection of human and physical resources or the absence of crisis. For Akin (2008) security is any laid down
procedures toward the protection of persons and property against hostile persons. It is a situation where by a
conducive atmosphere is created within which people in the state can go about their normal daily activities
without threat to either their lives or properties. Thus, security encompasses all approach toward safeguarding
human as well as material resources in the state against all forms of aggressions or violent conduct.
Critically appraising Nigeria’s security problems Omoyibo and Akpomera (2012) avowed that security in
Nigeria is synonymous to an individual who put iron bars across his or her windows which eventually prevents
the individual from escaping a fire outbreak. For them, the only condition for the maintenance of peace and the
guarantee of security is by upholding law and order. By this, state could be secured against threats which may
include low-level civil disorder, crime, organised violence, or even an armed insurgency (El-Rufai, 2012).
Forms and the Causes of Insecurity
Political Factors
The unexpected power shift from the northern hegemony to a minority geo-political zone of South-south, as a
result of the death of President Yar’adua could be linked to the high tempo of insecurity. That is, the death of
President Yar’adua resulted in an alteration of the northern perpetual claim on political power in Nigeria. In
addition, the refutation of the North-South agreement on rotational presidency within the People’s Democratic
Party (PDP) is also another major factor, thus the death of Yar’Adua and the ascendancy of Goodluck Jonathan
as the president upset careful political arrangement (Ferrell, 2012). Other forms of insecurity include politically
related assassinations. In addition to this is the continuing rancour among political leaders even within same
party and rancour between the ruling party and the opposition (Wali, n.d.). There are also several economic
related assassinations all over the nation which creates danger to the nation’s economy. Furthermore, there is the
power play and over-ambition of politicians who willfully encourage the procurement of weapons in order to
pursue their inordinate political ambition (Egbewole, 2013).
Leadership Factor
The Nigerian state for sometime now has not had the benefit of being administered by good leaders as most of
the political leaders are in office for pecuniary gains. Often, sadly, these crops of political leaders oppress the
citizens with the looted money, train thugs and hooligans who later turn to robbers or engage in other forms of
crime when they are dumped by the politicians after elections thus constituting a major threat to the security of
the nation.
Unemployment Factor
Idle hand, they say is the devil workshop so as the rate of unemployment continues to rise so does the wave of
crime and its attendant effect. The Nigerian Bureau of Statistics (NBS) cited in Ogah et al., (2011) puts
unemployment in Nigeria at 23.9 per cent and still raising. These unemployed people now employ themselves by
engaging in illegal activities such as kidnapping, robbery, bunkering, and other nefarious activities.
Jobs Racketeering Factor
Today in Nigeria, jobs are for sales and only for the highest bidders. Jobseekers to this extent have continued to
suffer great losses, as often a lot of money has been collected from them without getting the promised jobs. For
instance, recently job seekers filled online application for recruitment into the Nigeria Security and Civil
Defense Corps (NSCDC) and were asked to pay certain amount of money into designated bank accounts or cash
to some persons who claimed to be consultants to the Corps (Vanguard, 2013).
On job racketeering also, the erstwhile Comptroller-General of Immigration (CGI), Mrs. Rose Uzoma, was
sacked over alleged job racketeering at the Nigerian Immigration Service (NIS). This has brought to the fore the
shady deals that permeate recruitment exercises in Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in Nigeria.
Reports had it that the recruitment scandal was blown open when a House of Representatives Committee probed
the CGI for carrying out a recruitment exercise without advertising it in the media as was usually the practice
(sunnewsonline, 2013). The Senate Committees on Federal Character and Inter-governmental Affairs has noted
with dismay the irregularities which pervade employment at the Nigerian Immigration Services, Nigerian
Customs Service, Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps and other Ministries, Departments and Agencies in
Nigeria.
Other reasons may include- growing poverty, poor infrastructural facilities, high illiteracy level (especially in
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northern Nigeria), social dislocation as a result of rural/urban migration and the breakdown of societal values,
community unrest and the inefficient and ineffective security agents which are saddled with the responsibility of
guaranteeing security to the citizens (Daniel, 2011).
Level of Insecurity and Security Degeneration in Nigeria
Insecurity paranoia is continuing to haunt all inhabitants of Nigeria as it is already fast dawning on them that
government cannot effectively guarantee the security of lives and properties. The state security agents who are
saddled with the responsibility for the security of life and property which include- the police, state security
agencies, the military, immigration, and prison service have all performed abysmally in the discharge of their
duties. The level of insecurity in Nigeria is multifaceted as such one cannot accurately categorise the patterns of
insecurity. Agomuo (2013) posits regarding the nature of insecurity in Nigeria that
At different times in the past, these different groups have held the Nigerian nation to
ransom. In each of these different times, the groups reigned, the nation’s security
agencies were unable to deal with them or quell their lawless conduct through
superior fire power. The government has always reached a form of settlement with
these organisations. The trend is that each time the government reached a compromise
with these lawless groups, it became weaker and new groups emerged to use violent
means to extract a commitment from government. In a typical behaviour of a nation
that thrives on a rent economy, the government has always sought to buy peace and
always ended with the peace of the graveyard like the current situation in the Niger
Delta where former militants have been transformed into either top level government
contractors or emergency crude oil refiners in the creeks or kidnap merchants, despite
an amnesty programme that still costs the government billions of Naira every year
(Agomuo, http://businessdayonline.com, 2013).
There are different forms of insecurity in Nigeria. For example in the South-West geo-political zone, armed
robbery is prevalent especially in cities like Lagos, Ibadan, Akure and Abeokuta; in the South-South and South-
East which is the oil base of the nation, kidnapping is rampant and the activities cover every part of the zone
with victims of all ages and all walks of life; in the North, robbery across the border coupled with Boko Haram
insurgence is the security challenge. The menace of the Boko Haram for sometime now has constituted a thorn in
the flesh of Nigerians; from the first time they struck in Borno State part of Nigeria in 2009, over 4000 people
including Nigeria citizens as well as expatriates has been killed in violent deadly attacks targeting Christian
churches, police, a few mosques, military installations, Western-type educational institutions with innocent
students and even children (Edukugho, 2012). They have also carried out a series of deadly and costly bombing
campaigns in the country - the Independence anniversary bombing, the bombing of the United Nations office in
Abuja, the bombing of the Police Headquarters in Abuja, the bombing of the military base in Kaduna (cited in
Egbewole, 2013).
Security Challenges and Governmental Efforts at Fostering Peace
The government has made several efforts at putting an end to this menace of insecurity. One of which is the
inauguration of the security outfit known as the Joint Task Force (JTF) with the singular aim of quenching the
activities of robbers, ethnic Militia, kidnappers as well as terrorism. Furthermore, in the Niger-Delta government
has granted amnesty to the erstwhile militants as well as setting up rehabilitation programmes for them.
Government has also set up several extra-ministerial bodies such as the Oil Mineral Producing Area
Development Commission (OMPADEC), Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC), Technical
Committees, Ministry of the Niger Delta, and the National Council of Niger Delta (NCND).
Insecurity: Implications for Human Wellbeing and Economic Development
Although the cost of the prevalent insecurity in Nigeria is difficult to measure in monetary or real terms,
however it is clear to observers that it has cost Nigerians enormous human and material resources. Security plays
a major role in the existence and sustenance of human being. In this wise Coupland (2007) observed that
insecurity has a far reaching impact on people’s lives and well-being and for this singular reason the government
has to be alive to its responsibility of guaranteeing security. When people’s security are guaranteed, it gives them
the freedom, physically and mentally to get on with the business of building their lives without fear of
molestation or violent death. Thus, to experience a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
security is essential (Meddings, 2001), without security, there can be no stable society rather there will be
prevalent fear and danger from violent death (Hobbes 1651, cited in Coupland, ibid).
There are links between human security and health as insecurity leads to the collapse in the health care delivery
which has concomitant effect on the people’s well being (Mori, Meddings and Bettcher, 2004). There are also
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the associated effects of insecurity which include fear, coercion, displacement and deprivation of basic daily
needs such as drinking-water, food and health care. Human security entails access to food, nutrition, clean
drinking water, hygiene and sanitation and housing which could only be got through peace. For instance,
displaced populations are subject to a variety of health risks and are prone to a high mortality rate. This is largely
because they are dispossessed of food, clean water, proper sanitation, and possibilities of providing economic
security for themselves. Malnutrition, overcrowding, and lack of sanitation frequently combine to facilitate the
emergence of epidemics of transmissible disease in such populations. Often, children and the elderly are the
population groups most susceptible to death from such causes. Thus, where basic conditions of peace and
development are met, good health can be attained as part of human security (Meddings, ibid; Ghobarah, Huth
and Russett, 2004; Mori, et al., 2004; Bhadelia, 2005).
In addition, insecurity can also inhibit health care system as such facilities are often destroyed leaving no place
for people to seek treatment. Furthermore, governments spend more money on fighting the insurgents and so
allocate less money in health services hence we see deteriorating health infrastructures (Dodge, 1990). In this
situation, medical supplies and equipments become scarce and skilled doctors and nurses flee to more stable
areas leading to the spread of communicable disease (Mori, et al., ibid). A vivid example is the recent case of
health workers who were designated to immunize children against polio who lost their lives in the cause of
discharging their duties in different parts of northern Nigeria. The unfortunate resultant effect was that the
immunisation activity was put on hold as health workers stayed away for their safety. Also, the series of
bombings has cost citizens vital organs of their body such as noses, ears, and eyes turning them into dependants.
Some have had their hands or legs amputated, while others have incurred different forms of ailment such as high
blood pressure, shock, due to the loss of relatives, breadwinners and valuable properties or means of livelihood.
Besides many people due to security deterioration are living in perpetual fear while some are practically ‘living
deads’ with no hope for the future having lost everything in the pervading insecurity.
On the impact of insecurity on the economy, the productive aspect of most manufacturing business depends
largely on the availability and regular supply of raw materials for production. Insecurity has cut off the supply of
such raw materials hence, jeopardizing production activities. Besides this, insecurity affects marketing of
finished product as there is a continuous exodus from areas of insecurity. There is also an increase in security
spending as most business organisations operating in Nigeria spend a lot in maintaining private security outfits.
The destruction of their business building, properties and equipment is tantamount to loss of capital which has
ruined not a few businesses in Nigeria. Thus, security is critical for the nation’s development and its absence of
security means that economic growth and development cannot be achieved (Achumba, Ighomereho and Akpor-
Robaro, 2013).
Insecurity is a risk factor which business owners and managers dread and avoid by relocating their businesses
elsewhere. In the case of Nigeria, there is also evidence of some businessmen and manufacturing companies
having to relocate particularly from the North in recent times to other peaceful parts of the country (Nwagboso,
2012). Many of the Igbos and Yorubas from Southern Nigeria who are engaged in various businesses in
Northern Nigeria have had to return to their home states to avoid the violence orchestrated by the terrorist group
Boko Haram (Suleiman, 2012). Thus the Boko Haram insurgency which begun in Maiduguri, Borno State, in
2009, has badly affected the economy of the North as major consumer goods and the companies which produce
these consumer goods have withdrawn from the region. A good example are the telecommunication companies
which have been forced to close down as their telecommunication apparatuses were repeatedly destroyed; media
houses were equally attacked as well as having some of their staff killed; banks too were not spared from the
destruction as some branches of the banks were attacked and robbed. Thus the resources which could have been
used in strengthening the infrastructural amenities are increasingly being diverted to fund the security system,
therefore constituting a drain on the nation resources (Nwagboso, 2012).
Oil production per day has also drastically declined as a result of kidnappings of oil workers in the region.
Nigeria is therefore estimated to be losing about 600,000 barrels of crude oil on daily basis to illegal bunkers
which amounts to about N3.7 trillion yearly (The Punch, May 20, 2011, cited in Omoyibo and Akpomera, 2012).
Besides, the wave of kidnapping in some parts of Nigeria has forced investors, businessmen and manufacturing
companies to relocate to other peaceful cities in Nigeria or even to leave the country entirely. In Aba for
example, the Nigeria Breweries Limited (NBL), Seven- Up PLC, UNILEVER PLC, Paterson Zochonis (PZ)
PLC relocated to Enugu largely due to constant kidnapping of their expatriate staff (Nwagboso, 2012). Thus the
decline in foreign investment in Nigeria as a result of insecurity when combined with the effects of global
economic showdown has caused the closing down of tens of thousands of factories in Nigeria (Omoyibo and
Akpomera, ibid).
Conclusion
Security without doubt is sine qua non for the sound existence of human beings, a nation, its unity and economic
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prosperity as well as political stability. Security entails the presence of peace, safety, happiness and the
protection of human and physical resources. All threats to human security are also challenges to health and
consequently are detrimental to the physical, psychological and over all well being of the individual. Thus, we
note that insecurity leads to illnesses, low life expectancy rate, low quality of life and even death.
The productive sector of the economy which depends largely on the availability and regular supply of raw
materials is suffering from the cutting off of the supply of raw materials and also facing untold difficulty in the
marketing of finished product. In the area of finance, insecurity has increased security or defense spending as the
country and most business organisations now spend a lot in maintaining security outfits. Insecurity has thus,
become a drain on national resources as the resources expended on security could have been otherwise deployed
in developing national infrastructure. Finally and perhaps most importantly to Nigeria, insecurity has
significantly affected oil production as a result of kidnappings and the hostage taking of oil workers and this has
adversely reduced government revenue.
Therefore, this paper suggests that there should be an open dialogue among Nigerians cutting across all ethnic
groups in order to negotiate and proffer ways of living together harmoniously so that Nigeria would be able to
overcome its security challenges.
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