This document discusses security challenges at Nigeria's borders in the era of globalization. It notes that porous borders have allowed terrorist groups like Boko Haram to enter Nigeria and carry out attacks. Globalization calls for open borders but without proper controls this can enable criminal activities. The paper examines issues of national security, transnational crimes affecting Nigeria, and the implications of globalization. It argues that despite efforts, incursions at Nigeria's borders continue and this has spread internal insecurity within Nigeria. Better border security and control measures are needed to protect lives and property.
Insecurity a threat to human existence and economic development in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document examines the causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria. It discusses how insecurity has become a major problem that threatens human existence and economic development. Some of the key causes identified include political factors like the power shift from northern to southern rule, as well as unemployment, jobs racketeering, and poor leadership. Insecurity has led to bombings, killings, kidnappings and destruction of property. It has also negatively impacted people's well-being and the economy through business disruptions and relocations. The study recommends allowing dialogue between ethnic and minority groups to find more peaceful solutions to insecurity in Nigeria.
Security challenges as threats to national unity in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document discusses security challenges threatening national unity in Nigeria. It examines the causes of security challenges, including a failing state as evidenced by inability to ensure national security and food/social security, bad governance including corruption, duplicated/inefficient security agency functions and inadequate training/equipment, and religious ideologies that divide people. The document aims to enhance national unity by suggesting ways to prevent security challenges that endanger Nigeria's heterogeneous state and development.
Socio pragmatic analysis of boko haram’s language of insurgency in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the language used by the Boko Haram insurgent group in Nigeria and its socio-pragmatic implications. It examines Boko Haram statements based on Austin's speech act theory, looking at the locutionary (what is said), illocutionary (intent/function), and perlocutionary (effect) acts. The analysis finds that Boko Haram's carefully chosen words, threatening an "Islamic state" and attacks until demands are met, have created fear among Nigerians and a sense that the government is unable to provide security. The document calls for Nigeria's government to take more innovative action to address the emergent security challenges posed by Boko Haram's insurgency
Increase Wave of Violent Crime and Insecurity: A Threat to Socio-Economic Dev...iosrjce
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the increasing rate of violent crime in Nigeria and its implications for socio-economic development. It finds that violent crime such as armed robbery, kidnapping, and terrorism have risen dramatically in Nigeria and created a climate of fear that hinders business activity and discourages investment. If not properly addressed, the rising violent crime could threaten Nigeria's socio-economic development. The paper analyzes this issue using the relative deprivation theory, which posits that frustration from the gap between expectations and capabilities can increase aggression and violence. It recommends that the government must prioritize security by improving intelligence, training, resources for security agencies, and also work to reduce unemployment in order to decrease crime and support socio-economic
This document summarizes an article about insurgencies and national security in Nigeria. It discusses several insurgencies plaguing Nigeria, including Boko Haram, Fulani herdsmen, militancy, kidnapping, banditry, and cattle rustlers. These insurgencies have undermined national security and development by escalating issues like migration, political instability, decreasing foreign investment, and underdevelopment. The document recommends that the Nigerian government improve intelligence gathering and sharing across security agencies, equip and train armed forces with modern weapons, and eliminate corruption to help curb the menace of insurgencies.
This document examines the link between bad governance and perpetuation of insecurity in Nigeria. It argues that the current security challenges plaguing Nigeria stem from injustice, corruption, and selfish governance by political leaders. Since Nigeria's return to democracy in 1999 after military rule, incidents of ethnic, communal, religious and resource conflicts have persisted across much of the country. This is exacerbated by leaders failing to address issues like poverty alleviation, unemployment, resource allocation and infrastructure development. The document concludes that overcoming insecurity in Nigeria requires strong political will from leaders and commitment to fighting it, as well as unity among Nigerians.
Library and information services for nationalOnyema Nsirim
This document discusses the role of library and information services in addressing national security and insurgency in Nigeria. It outlines the security information needs of different groups like policymakers, security agents, citizens, and youths/children. It also examines the causes of insurgency in Nigeria and traces the emergence of groups like Boko Haram. The document recommends that libraries should collaborate with security agencies to provide relevant security information to different groups. It argues that an informed society through effective library services can help address the root causes of insecurity and promote peace.
Insecurity a threat to human existence and economic development in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document examines the causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria. It discusses how insecurity has become a major problem that threatens human existence and economic development. Some of the key causes identified include political factors like the power shift from northern to southern rule, as well as unemployment, jobs racketeering, and poor leadership. Insecurity has led to bombings, killings, kidnappings and destruction of property. It has also negatively impacted people's well-being and the economy through business disruptions and relocations. The study recommends allowing dialogue between ethnic and minority groups to find more peaceful solutions to insecurity in Nigeria.
Security challenges as threats to national unity in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document discusses security challenges threatening national unity in Nigeria. It examines the causes of security challenges, including a failing state as evidenced by inability to ensure national security and food/social security, bad governance including corruption, duplicated/inefficient security agency functions and inadequate training/equipment, and religious ideologies that divide people. The document aims to enhance national unity by suggesting ways to prevent security challenges that endanger Nigeria's heterogeneous state and development.
Socio pragmatic analysis of boko haram’s language of insurgency in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the language used by the Boko Haram insurgent group in Nigeria and its socio-pragmatic implications. It examines Boko Haram statements based on Austin's speech act theory, looking at the locutionary (what is said), illocutionary (intent/function), and perlocutionary (effect) acts. The analysis finds that Boko Haram's carefully chosen words, threatening an "Islamic state" and attacks until demands are met, have created fear among Nigerians and a sense that the government is unable to provide security. The document calls for Nigeria's government to take more innovative action to address the emergent security challenges posed by Boko Haram's insurgency
Increase Wave of Violent Crime and Insecurity: A Threat to Socio-Economic Dev...iosrjce
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the increasing rate of violent crime in Nigeria and its implications for socio-economic development. It finds that violent crime such as armed robbery, kidnapping, and terrorism have risen dramatically in Nigeria and created a climate of fear that hinders business activity and discourages investment. If not properly addressed, the rising violent crime could threaten Nigeria's socio-economic development. The paper analyzes this issue using the relative deprivation theory, which posits that frustration from the gap between expectations and capabilities can increase aggression and violence. It recommends that the government must prioritize security by improving intelligence, training, resources for security agencies, and also work to reduce unemployment in order to decrease crime and support socio-economic
This document summarizes an article about insurgencies and national security in Nigeria. It discusses several insurgencies plaguing Nigeria, including Boko Haram, Fulani herdsmen, militancy, kidnapping, banditry, and cattle rustlers. These insurgencies have undermined national security and development by escalating issues like migration, political instability, decreasing foreign investment, and underdevelopment. The document recommends that the Nigerian government improve intelligence gathering and sharing across security agencies, equip and train armed forces with modern weapons, and eliminate corruption to help curb the menace of insurgencies.
This document examines the link between bad governance and perpetuation of insecurity in Nigeria. It argues that the current security challenges plaguing Nigeria stem from injustice, corruption, and selfish governance by political leaders. Since Nigeria's return to democracy in 1999 after military rule, incidents of ethnic, communal, religious and resource conflicts have persisted across much of the country. This is exacerbated by leaders failing to address issues like poverty alleviation, unemployment, resource allocation and infrastructure development. The document concludes that overcoming insecurity in Nigeria requires strong political will from leaders and commitment to fighting it, as well as unity among Nigerians.
Library and information services for nationalOnyema Nsirim
This document discusses the role of library and information services in addressing national security and insurgency in Nigeria. It outlines the security information needs of different groups like policymakers, security agents, citizens, and youths/children. It also examines the causes of insurgency in Nigeria and traces the emergence of groups like Boko Haram. The document recommends that libraries should collaborate with security agencies to provide relevant security information to different groups. It argues that an informed society through effective library services can help address the root causes of insecurity and promote peace.
This document summarizes a journal article that examines the relationship between conflicts and national development in Nigeria. It discusses several key concepts including conflict, national security, and development. It then analyzes some of the main challenges to security in Nigeria that have implications for development, including ethno-religious conflicts, high youth unemployment, and issues with electoral politics and political violence. The document concludes that addressing security challenges is critical to achieving sustainable development in Nigeria.
The scourge of socio economic insecurity in nigeria’s fourth republic, and th...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses socio-economic insecurity in Nigeria since the return to civilian rule in 1999. While expectations were high that an elected government would improve living standards, paradoxically Nigerians have faced harsh socio-economic conditions and a deterioration in their standard of living.
2) Issues like unemployment, collapse of industries, poor infrastructure, sectarian clashes, assassinations and kidnappings have created a high sense of insecurity. This undermines Nigeria's goal of becoming a top 20 global economy and its competitiveness in Africa.
3) The failure of leaders to provide "public goods" like education, healthcare, jobs and reducing inequality has been the source of violence and threatens Nigeria's relevance as an anchor country in
A Political Economy of Trans-Border Migration Crises and Human Trafficking in...Przegląd Politologiczny
Encouraged by porous border boundaries in Africa, trafficking in persons and objects is
a demand-driven global venture that has market potential for: commercial sex, cheap labour, terrorism, and drug-related crimes. Most African States, especially Nigeria, have been reputed as hardliners
in encouraging these illicit trends. Chief among the motivating factors include: domestic insecurity,
political instability, economic recession, and institutional failure, etc. Amongst other instigating factors however, this paper takes a cursory look at the relationship between the twin crime of trans-border
migration crises and human trafficking in Nigeria, and the attendant political economic implications on
the Nigerian polity. Data relied on are largely gotten from secondary sources. The paper employs the
neoclassical political economic theory of migration. Findings from conceptual and theoretical reviews
of literatures show that the incentive for human trafficking and migration-related offences is not only
profit driven but also a fall-out from institutional failure. The paper recommends a taut border security,
which can disallow border-related crimes like drug and human trafficking. The paper also sues for
people-oriented leadership that will eschew illicit crimes such as the above.
Theoretical understanding of conflicts and violence in nigeria the niger delt...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that explores theories to explain violence in Nigeria perpetrated by the Boko Haram militant group in the north and militant groups in the Niger Delta region. It discusses concepts of conflict and violence, and reviews literature on causes of conflicts. The paper aims to examine theories like relative deprivation, class conflict, and anomie to understand the violence in Nigeria, and suggest ways the government can manage these crises. Unemployment, poverty, and corruption are identified as major causes of violence in the country.
Print media framing of boko haram insurgency in nigeria a content analytical ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed how four Nigerian newspapers (The Guardian, Daily Sun, Vanguard, and Thisday) framed coverage of the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. The study used content analysis to examine how the newspapers employed different framing patterns and categories. Key findings were that the newspapers predominantly used a "policy response frame," focusing on government responses, except for the Daily Sun which emphasized "ethnic and religious frames." Overall, the "policy response frame" was used most often across the newspapers at 60%. The study aims to understand newspaper framing of the insurgency and how certain frames like emphasizing government responses can help minimize conflicts, while other frames like ethnic or religious ones may
The document discusses various internal and external security threats faced by Pakistan. Among the major internal threats are sectarian/religious problems between Sunni and Shia groups that have led to violence; ethnic unrest between Punjab and other smaller ethnic groups; the presence of millions of Afghan refugees since the 1980s that has exacerbated social, economic and security issues; terrorism carried out by religious and ethnic groups; and poverty exacerbated by a high population growth rate. External threats include interference by the United States in supporting militant groups against Iran, and tensions with India after the 2008 Mumbai attacks. The document recommends improving education, governance, and economic development to help address these security issues.
Internal security and defence of pakistanNabeel Khalid
Internal security involves keeping peace within a country's borders through law enforcement and defense against internal threats such as terrorism, extremism, and sectarianism. A roadmap for Pakistan's internal security includes regularly discussing challenges, strengthening the National Counter Terrorism Authority, improving intelligence coordination, creating counterterrorism forces, and enhancing the roles of police, investigations, the judiciary, and media. Key agencies involved are the Defense and Interior Ministries, along with the military, paramilitary, and intelligence organizations under them.
This document discusses the concept of national security and its primacy in foreign policy. It defines national security as protecting the survival of the nation-state from external threats. Realism theory views national security as the core objective of foreign policy. During the Cold War, national security dominated foreign policy agendas and led to the emergence of security studies. The document also examines different American grand strategies like neo-isolationism, liberal internationalism, and primacy that aim to achieve national security goals through different approaches to foreign involvement and military posture.
Global Security Policy and Nigeria's Development.pptxJosephItse
The World is experiencing issues of Security and efforts are on to finding ways to resolve them. Peace and security are twin sacred values desired by every individual, group, nation and the global community because without them. Global security includes but not limited to military and diplomatic measures that nations and international organisations such as the United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) takes to ensure mutual safety and security. An attempt has been made to x-ray the global security policy as well as Nigeria’s development challenges.
Available literature shows that the major challenges affecting the world includes but necessarily limited to terrorism, health insecurity, human trafficking as well as proliferation of small arms and light weapons.
Others include illicit arms, drug trafficking and environmental insecurity. Analysis of global security challenges shows that some countries do not have a single national security policy document but a series of policy documents, such as White Papers on Defence, speeches of the authorities, and other related papers.
presentation sustainable solutions for peace and human securityTayo Aduloju
Dr Tayo Aduloju Presentation to the 21st Nigerian Economic Summit exploring new tools, techniques and methodologies for mapping, identifying and reducing threats to sustainable peace and human security
1) The document discusses the impact of terrorism on human rights, noting that terrorist acts threaten life, liberty, security and undermine governments and civil society.
2) It provides definitions of human rights and terrorism from UN resolutions and treaties. Human rights are universal and protect individuals from state interference. Terrorism involves violent acts intended to intimidate civilians for political aims.
3) States have an obligation under international law to protect individuals from terrorist threats through counter-terrorism measures, but these measures must also comply with human rights, refugee and humanitarian law. Striking a balance between security and rights poses a challenge.
Terrorism in South Asia: Anatomy and the Root Causesiosrjce
This article examines the phenomenon of terrorism in South Asia. As we know that South Asia has a
long history of Conflicts, terrorism and trans-boarder ethnicity. The developmental challenges faced by most of
countries in South Asia leads to unemployment, Socio-economic marginalization, separatism, ethenic
nationalism and religious extremism. The technological threshold is low despite claims of high technology. Over
40 percent of total population are illiterate. There is human rights abuse, unemployment and uncontrolled
corruption. These and other factors make for a complicated crisis history marked by an assortment of events,
political violence and terrorism. South Asia is the most terror affected area of the world. Each country suffers
varying degree of insurgency and terror. In fact all countries are intertwined as far as terror networking is
concerned. The major conflicts in the region between India and Pakistan keep the resolution of terror problem
elusive. With these threats to political stability and territorial integrity, South Asia remains a region with a high
potential for violence and conflict. Terrorism is a disease which needs to be treated rather than fought. We are
not fighting an enemy but mentally sick and misguided who must be brought on course by looking in to their
grievances and aspirations. In order to find a lasting solution for terrorism in south Asia, it is necessary to find
the basic structure (i.e; Anatomy) and Root causes of terrorism in South Asia, so that the problem can be dealt
more effectively. This article also provides a detailed account regarding these complicated issues
This document summarizes a study that examined emerging trends in private security companies (PSCs) and security services in Southwest Nigeria. It investigated the establishment and justification of PSCs, government regulations of PSCs, and the relationship between PSCs and public security forces. The study found that while security is the government's responsibility, the government has failed to effectively provide security. Unemployment and systemic failures have contributed to rising security threats. PSCs have emerged to fill security gaps left by understaffed and inefficient public security forces. The study concludes that PSCs can complement government efforts in protecting citizens, but regulations are needed to ensure effective security provision.
Future challenges to international securityParas Bhutto
The document outlines several structural challenges to international security, including terrorism, cyberterrorism, nuclear proliferation, China's rise, the crisis in the Middle East, corruption, and climate change. It provides details on each challenge, such as how terrorism is difficult to define but has been an effective tactic, how cyberterrorism allows terrorists to wage war in cyberspace, and how climate change will cause global instability and pressure on resources. The conclusion states that the current rapid rate of change outpaces human and state abilities to cope, putting pressure on nation states and potentially fueling issues like terrorism.
The document discusses crimes in Southwestern Nigeria. It finds that the once peaceful region is becoming the crime capital of the country, with increasing cases of kidnapping, cultism, land disputes, rape, oil bunkering, robbery, and other crimes. These crimes have led to loss of lives and property worth millions annually. The study examines the major causes of crimes in the region, such as unemployment, resource control issues, political parties support, and an unresponsive government. The effects of crime include business shutdowns, poor economic development, and increased poverty. The document recommends measures to curb crime like youth empowerment, job creation, educational reforms, and establishing grazing colonies and laws to protect farmers and herders.
This document discusses theoretical approaches to cooperation among member states of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) to curb terrorism and maintain peace and security in the region. It outlines three main power-based theories of international cooperation: the Hegemonic Stability Theory, which posits that a dominant power provides stability by supplying public goods; the Power-based Research Programme, which emphasizes security and rationality in state interactions; and Realist Theory, which views cooperation through the lens of national interests in an anarchic system. The document recommends that IGAD members strengthen cooperation and commitment to each other to more effectively counter terrorist groups like Al-Shabaab and achieve lasting regional stability.
“LEE’s PERCEPTIONS ON HUMAN SECURITY IN AFRICA”John LEE
This document summarizes Lee's perceptions on human security in Africa. It discusses how human security is threatened in multiple ways across Africa, including economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political security dimensions. It also examines factors that shape security, like conflicts, instability, attacks, poverty, and disease. Conflict is prevalent in Africa due to factors like colonial boundaries, poverty, competition over resources, and refugee crises undermine stability. To improve human security, the document recommends policies promoting social inclusion, equitable access to resources, human rights protections, and partnerships between security institutions and other organizations.
The Rationale For Nigeria’s Peacekeeping Missions: An Appraisalinventionjournals
This paper entitled “The Rationale for Nigeria’s Peacekeeping Missions: An Appraisal” is aimed at ascertaining the rationale behind Nigeria’s unwavering commitment to peacekeeping missions. This focus of the paper is predicated on the popular assumption that nations’ involvement in peacekeeping is often intertwined with other motives and self interest, notwithstanding the sacrifice of enormous human and material resources associated with peace missions. The study is guided by a hypothesis and a research question. The survey method was employed using the questionnaire and semi structured interview (SSI) as data collection instruments. The population of the study consists of policy makers and image managers in relevant agencies of the federal government of Nigeria from which a sample size of 265 is drawn. The data were analyzed using various statistical tools and computer-based applications to validate and authenticate the research output. Findings show that Nigeria’s involvement in peacekeeping missions is not motivated by rational reasons, but by sentiments, egoism and quest for showmanship. The study concludes that embarking on irrationally motivated peacekeeping missions is tantamount to monumental wastage of precious and scarce material and human resources of the nation. It thus recommends that genuine citizen and national interest should constitute the sole raison d’être for peacekeeping missions
The author meets a 32-year-old man on a rice plantation who has three master's degrees including one from Oxford but chooses to work on a farm. The author questions this career choice but learns the man earns over $140,000 per year from farm sales and owns multiple houses and a piggery, feeding over 10,000 people per month. The author realizes he was "schooled but not educated," having degrees but lacking practical application. The farmer demonstrates that many degrees do not require working for others; education provides life solutions; and one can be highly educated yet poor without applying knowledge.
Anesthesia And Congenital Heart DiseaseAhmed Shalabi
This document summarizes adult congenital heart disease and considerations for anesthesia management. It discusses that:
1) Congenital heart diseases are increasingly common as more children with complex defects now survive into adulthood.
2) Adults with CHD can be categorized as those with complete repair, partial/palliative repair, or no operation.
3) Five factors influence perioperative risk - pulmonary hypertension, cyanosis, reoperation, arrhythmias, and ventricular dysfunction.
This document summarizes a journal article that examines the relationship between conflicts and national development in Nigeria. It discusses several key concepts including conflict, national security, and development. It then analyzes some of the main challenges to security in Nigeria that have implications for development, including ethno-religious conflicts, high youth unemployment, and issues with electoral politics and political violence. The document concludes that addressing security challenges is critical to achieving sustainable development in Nigeria.
The scourge of socio economic insecurity in nigeria’s fourth republic, and th...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses socio-economic insecurity in Nigeria since the return to civilian rule in 1999. While expectations were high that an elected government would improve living standards, paradoxically Nigerians have faced harsh socio-economic conditions and a deterioration in their standard of living.
2) Issues like unemployment, collapse of industries, poor infrastructure, sectarian clashes, assassinations and kidnappings have created a high sense of insecurity. This undermines Nigeria's goal of becoming a top 20 global economy and its competitiveness in Africa.
3) The failure of leaders to provide "public goods" like education, healthcare, jobs and reducing inequality has been the source of violence and threatens Nigeria's relevance as an anchor country in
A Political Economy of Trans-Border Migration Crises and Human Trafficking in...Przegląd Politologiczny
Encouraged by porous border boundaries in Africa, trafficking in persons and objects is
a demand-driven global venture that has market potential for: commercial sex, cheap labour, terrorism, and drug-related crimes. Most African States, especially Nigeria, have been reputed as hardliners
in encouraging these illicit trends. Chief among the motivating factors include: domestic insecurity,
political instability, economic recession, and institutional failure, etc. Amongst other instigating factors however, this paper takes a cursory look at the relationship between the twin crime of trans-border
migration crises and human trafficking in Nigeria, and the attendant political economic implications on
the Nigerian polity. Data relied on are largely gotten from secondary sources. The paper employs the
neoclassical political economic theory of migration. Findings from conceptual and theoretical reviews
of literatures show that the incentive for human trafficking and migration-related offences is not only
profit driven but also a fall-out from institutional failure. The paper recommends a taut border security,
which can disallow border-related crimes like drug and human trafficking. The paper also sues for
people-oriented leadership that will eschew illicit crimes such as the above.
Theoretical understanding of conflicts and violence in nigeria the niger delt...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that explores theories to explain violence in Nigeria perpetrated by the Boko Haram militant group in the north and militant groups in the Niger Delta region. It discusses concepts of conflict and violence, and reviews literature on causes of conflicts. The paper aims to examine theories like relative deprivation, class conflict, and anomie to understand the violence in Nigeria, and suggest ways the government can manage these crises. Unemployment, poverty, and corruption are identified as major causes of violence in the country.
Print media framing of boko haram insurgency in nigeria a content analytical ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed how four Nigerian newspapers (The Guardian, Daily Sun, Vanguard, and Thisday) framed coverage of the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. The study used content analysis to examine how the newspapers employed different framing patterns and categories. Key findings were that the newspapers predominantly used a "policy response frame," focusing on government responses, except for the Daily Sun which emphasized "ethnic and religious frames." Overall, the "policy response frame" was used most often across the newspapers at 60%. The study aims to understand newspaper framing of the insurgency and how certain frames like emphasizing government responses can help minimize conflicts, while other frames like ethnic or religious ones may
The document discusses various internal and external security threats faced by Pakistan. Among the major internal threats are sectarian/religious problems between Sunni and Shia groups that have led to violence; ethnic unrest between Punjab and other smaller ethnic groups; the presence of millions of Afghan refugees since the 1980s that has exacerbated social, economic and security issues; terrorism carried out by religious and ethnic groups; and poverty exacerbated by a high population growth rate. External threats include interference by the United States in supporting militant groups against Iran, and tensions with India after the 2008 Mumbai attacks. The document recommends improving education, governance, and economic development to help address these security issues.
Internal security and defence of pakistanNabeel Khalid
Internal security involves keeping peace within a country's borders through law enforcement and defense against internal threats such as terrorism, extremism, and sectarianism. A roadmap for Pakistan's internal security includes regularly discussing challenges, strengthening the National Counter Terrorism Authority, improving intelligence coordination, creating counterterrorism forces, and enhancing the roles of police, investigations, the judiciary, and media. Key agencies involved are the Defense and Interior Ministries, along with the military, paramilitary, and intelligence organizations under them.
This document discusses the concept of national security and its primacy in foreign policy. It defines national security as protecting the survival of the nation-state from external threats. Realism theory views national security as the core objective of foreign policy. During the Cold War, national security dominated foreign policy agendas and led to the emergence of security studies. The document also examines different American grand strategies like neo-isolationism, liberal internationalism, and primacy that aim to achieve national security goals through different approaches to foreign involvement and military posture.
Global Security Policy and Nigeria's Development.pptxJosephItse
The World is experiencing issues of Security and efforts are on to finding ways to resolve them. Peace and security are twin sacred values desired by every individual, group, nation and the global community because without them. Global security includes but not limited to military and diplomatic measures that nations and international organisations such as the United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) takes to ensure mutual safety and security. An attempt has been made to x-ray the global security policy as well as Nigeria’s development challenges.
Available literature shows that the major challenges affecting the world includes but necessarily limited to terrorism, health insecurity, human trafficking as well as proliferation of small arms and light weapons.
Others include illicit arms, drug trafficking and environmental insecurity. Analysis of global security challenges shows that some countries do not have a single national security policy document but a series of policy documents, such as White Papers on Defence, speeches of the authorities, and other related papers.
presentation sustainable solutions for peace and human securityTayo Aduloju
Dr Tayo Aduloju Presentation to the 21st Nigerian Economic Summit exploring new tools, techniques and methodologies for mapping, identifying and reducing threats to sustainable peace and human security
1) The document discusses the impact of terrorism on human rights, noting that terrorist acts threaten life, liberty, security and undermine governments and civil society.
2) It provides definitions of human rights and terrorism from UN resolutions and treaties. Human rights are universal and protect individuals from state interference. Terrorism involves violent acts intended to intimidate civilians for political aims.
3) States have an obligation under international law to protect individuals from terrorist threats through counter-terrorism measures, but these measures must also comply with human rights, refugee and humanitarian law. Striking a balance between security and rights poses a challenge.
Terrorism in South Asia: Anatomy and the Root Causesiosrjce
This article examines the phenomenon of terrorism in South Asia. As we know that South Asia has a
long history of Conflicts, terrorism and trans-boarder ethnicity. The developmental challenges faced by most of
countries in South Asia leads to unemployment, Socio-economic marginalization, separatism, ethenic
nationalism and religious extremism. The technological threshold is low despite claims of high technology. Over
40 percent of total population are illiterate. There is human rights abuse, unemployment and uncontrolled
corruption. These and other factors make for a complicated crisis history marked by an assortment of events,
political violence and terrorism. South Asia is the most terror affected area of the world. Each country suffers
varying degree of insurgency and terror. In fact all countries are intertwined as far as terror networking is
concerned. The major conflicts in the region between India and Pakistan keep the resolution of terror problem
elusive. With these threats to political stability and territorial integrity, South Asia remains a region with a high
potential for violence and conflict. Terrorism is a disease which needs to be treated rather than fought. We are
not fighting an enemy but mentally sick and misguided who must be brought on course by looking in to their
grievances and aspirations. In order to find a lasting solution for terrorism in south Asia, it is necessary to find
the basic structure (i.e; Anatomy) and Root causes of terrorism in South Asia, so that the problem can be dealt
more effectively. This article also provides a detailed account regarding these complicated issues
This document summarizes a study that examined emerging trends in private security companies (PSCs) and security services in Southwest Nigeria. It investigated the establishment and justification of PSCs, government regulations of PSCs, and the relationship between PSCs and public security forces. The study found that while security is the government's responsibility, the government has failed to effectively provide security. Unemployment and systemic failures have contributed to rising security threats. PSCs have emerged to fill security gaps left by understaffed and inefficient public security forces. The study concludes that PSCs can complement government efforts in protecting citizens, but regulations are needed to ensure effective security provision.
Future challenges to international securityParas Bhutto
The document outlines several structural challenges to international security, including terrorism, cyberterrorism, nuclear proliferation, China's rise, the crisis in the Middle East, corruption, and climate change. It provides details on each challenge, such as how terrorism is difficult to define but has been an effective tactic, how cyberterrorism allows terrorists to wage war in cyberspace, and how climate change will cause global instability and pressure on resources. The conclusion states that the current rapid rate of change outpaces human and state abilities to cope, putting pressure on nation states and potentially fueling issues like terrorism.
The document discusses crimes in Southwestern Nigeria. It finds that the once peaceful region is becoming the crime capital of the country, with increasing cases of kidnapping, cultism, land disputes, rape, oil bunkering, robbery, and other crimes. These crimes have led to loss of lives and property worth millions annually. The study examines the major causes of crimes in the region, such as unemployment, resource control issues, political parties support, and an unresponsive government. The effects of crime include business shutdowns, poor economic development, and increased poverty. The document recommends measures to curb crime like youth empowerment, job creation, educational reforms, and establishing grazing colonies and laws to protect farmers and herders.
This document discusses theoretical approaches to cooperation among member states of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) to curb terrorism and maintain peace and security in the region. It outlines three main power-based theories of international cooperation: the Hegemonic Stability Theory, which posits that a dominant power provides stability by supplying public goods; the Power-based Research Programme, which emphasizes security and rationality in state interactions; and Realist Theory, which views cooperation through the lens of national interests in an anarchic system. The document recommends that IGAD members strengthen cooperation and commitment to each other to more effectively counter terrorist groups like Al-Shabaab and achieve lasting regional stability.
“LEE’s PERCEPTIONS ON HUMAN SECURITY IN AFRICA”John LEE
This document summarizes Lee's perceptions on human security in Africa. It discusses how human security is threatened in multiple ways across Africa, including economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political security dimensions. It also examines factors that shape security, like conflicts, instability, attacks, poverty, and disease. Conflict is prevalent in Africa due to factors like colonial boundaries, poverty, competition over resources, and refugee crises undermine stability. To improve human security, the document recommends policies promoting social inclusion, equitable access to resources, human rights protections, and partnerships between security institutions and other organizations.
The Rationale For Nigeria’s Peacekeeping Missions: An Appraisalinventionjournals
This paper entitled “The Rationale for Nigeria’s Peacekeeping Missions: An Appraisal” is aimed at ascertaining the rationale behind Nigeria’s unwavering commitment to peacekeeping missions. This focus of the paper is predicated on the popular assumption that nations’ involvement in peacekeeping is often intertwined with other motives and self interest, notwithstanding the sacrifice of enormous human and material resources associated with peace missions. The study is guided by a hypothesis and a research question. The survey method was employed using the questionnaire and semi structured interview (SSI) as data collection instruments. The population of the study consists of policy makers and image managers in relevant agencies of the federal government of Nigeria from which a sample size of 265 is drawn. The data were analyzed using various statistical tools and computer-based applications to validate and authenticate the research output. Findings show that Nigeria’s involvement in peacekeeping missions is not motivated by rational reasons, but by sentiments, egoism and quest for showmanship. The study concludes that embarking on irrationally motivated peacekeeping missions is tantamount to monumental wastage of precious and scarce material and human resources of the nation. It thus recommends that genuine citizen and national interest should constitute the sole raison d’être for peacekeeping missions
The author meets a 32-year-old man on a rice plantation who has three master's degrees including one from Oxford but chooses to work on a farm. The author questions this career choice but learns the man earns over $140,000 per year from farm sales and owns multiple houses and a piggery, feeding over 10,000 people per month. The author realizes he was "schooled but not educated," having degrees but lacking practical application. The farmer demonstrates that many degrees do not require working for others; education provides life solutions; and one can be highly educated yet poor without applying knowledge.
Anesthesia And Congenital Heart DiseaseAhmed Shalabi
This document summarizes adult congenital heart disease and considerations for anesthesia management. It discusses that:
1) Congenital heart diseases are increasingly common as more children with complex defects now survive into adulthood.
2) Adults with CHD can be categorized as those with complete repair, partial/palliative repair, or no operation.
3) Five factors influence perioperative risk - pulmonary hypertension, cyanosis, reoperation, arrhythmias, and ventricular dysfunction.
MSc Thesis "Optimization of Emergency Departments in the Netherlands"Elisa van Poelgeest
The document discusses optimizing emergency departments in the Netherlands. It aims to identify variables that influence emergency department efficiency and how to use these variables to create an optimal emergency department. The authors conducted qualitative research through interviews at 12 emergency departments. Key findings include:
1) Emergency department layout, use of technology like digital patient records, and presence of emergency doctors can impact efficiency.
2) Financial analysis of emergency departments is difficult as revenues generated are unclear.
3) Improving communication with patients, especially around wait times, can boost patient satisfaction which is increasingly important.
In conclusion, the efficiency of an emergency department is influenced by seven factors: infrastructure, technology, service, employees, logistics, finances
Our school is a large two-storied building located beside a main road. It has 25 rooms including classrooms, offices and a library. There are around 600 students and 20 teachers. The school results are good with many students passing exams and receiving scholarships each year. It has sports facilities and holds annual events.
This cover letter guide provides information on when to send a cover letter, guidelines for writing an effective cover letter, content to include in each paragraph of the cover letter, sample cover letters, and tips for following up. Key points covered include addressing the letter to a specific person, highlighting relevant qualifications and experiences, stating why you are interested in the employer/position, and requesting an interview. The document aims to help job seekers craft polished, targeted cover letters to accompany their resumes.
Employment generation and expansion: a panacea for security challenge in Nige...Chijioke Ukwuegbu
The document discusses how employment generation and expansion can help address security challenges in Nigeria. It begins by looking at Nigeria's employment landscape since independence and how unemployment has risen. It then explains Joachim Von Braun's employment generation chain which shows how job creation leads to short and long term benefits. The document proposes that for employment programs to be effective in Nigeria they need to provide marketable skills, start-up capital, and encourage labor intensive jobs. It recommends strategies like boosting agriculture, ICT, SMEs, and public works projects to generate employment opportunities.
Orientation of Critical Theories by M. H. AbramsSarah Abdussalam
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
500 best topics_for_argumentative_persuasive_essaysHelpfulPapers
No more problems with ideas for argumentative/persuasive essay topics!
These 500+ ideas will be enough till your graduation.
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This proposal outlines a strategic communication plan from Vision Consulting for Ford Motor Company. It begins with an executive summary of Ford's history and current negative image situation. It then provides details on Vision Consulting's mission and values. The proposal analyzes Ford's current organizational structure, identity issues, and what they are doing correctly regarding technology. Vision Consulting proposes a year-long strategic plan with three main objectives: 1) Communicate Ford's positives to all constituencies, 2) Create individualized messages for each group, and 3) Communicate commitment to financial recovery, communities, and employees. The central event is a community BBQ called "Let Ford Feed You" to connect with local employees and residents. Subsequent advertising will spread the same positive
An evaluation is a value judgment about a person, place, event or thing that is supported by clear criteria and specific evidence. It must persuade others to accept the judgment through the use of criteria, standards, specific evidence from descriptions, statistics, expert opinions, testimony, examples or personal experiences. Key features of an effective evaluation include a concise description of the subject, clearly defined criteria, a knowledgeable discussion, a balanced assessment, and well-supported reasons. There are various types of evaluations and guidelines for organizing them effectively through different structures such as starting with the subject or criteria. Proper citation of sources and following formatting guidelines are also important.
Como preparar sua publicação para ser aceita em uma boa revista?Sandro Esteves
Este documento fornece orientações sobre como preparar uma publicação para ser aceita em uma boa revista científica. Ele discute a classificação de revistas, ferramentas para auxiliar na escrita e publicação, e como organizar um artigo original em 18 parágrafos, cobrindo introdução, métodos, resultados, discussão e conclusão. O documento também fornece exemplos de cada seção de um artigo.
This document outlines the syllabus for the Literature in English component of the STPM/S920 Malaysian Higher School Certificate Examination. It provides information on the aims, learning outcomes, assessment objectives, prescribed texts, examination format, and sample questions for three exam papers. The prescribed texts include poems, short stories from a Malaysian anthology, Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun, Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, and Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club. The syllabus aims to develop students' critical thinking skills and ability to analyze texts from different literary traditions and genres.
This document provides guidance on writing thesis statements. It defines a thesis statement as a central idea or argument that a paper will explore. A thesis statement should be specific, reveal the author's position, and preview the major points to be discussed. The document offers tips for formulating a thesis statement, such as considering the main ideas from pre-writing and research. It also lists characteristics of an effective thesis statement, such as responding to the assignment, being focused, and leaving the reader wondering "so what?" Exercises are included to help readers practice deriving thesis statements from general topics.
Debate paper cons for legalizing marijuanaKarena Busch
The document argues against legalizing marijuana by presenting several cons. It claims marijuana is a gateway drug that often leads to usage of harder illegal drugs like cocaine and heroin. It also discusses various physical and mental health disadvantages of marijuana usage, such as increased risk of heart attacks, lung cancer, and impaired memory and decision making. Furthermore, it argues legalizing marijuana would lead to more drugged driving accidents since driving under the influence of marijuana impairs reaction time and motor skills.
In 19th century English society as depicted in Pride and Prejudice, a woman's primary role was to marry well to secure her own and her family's social status and economic security. Without a male heir, the Bennet family estate would pass to their distant male relative Mr. Collins upon Mr. Bennet's death. This motivated Mrs. Bennet to try to marry off her daughters to wealthy bachelors. Elizabeth rejects this gender role by refusing unwelcome proposals. A woman's reputation and access to education, occupations, independence, and social standing were also severely limited by society's norms.
The document provides an overview of Peru as an emerging economy through a case study presentation. It covers Peru's country overview, strengths and weaknesses through a SWOT analysis, and opportunities and threats. Key points include Peru's dependence on natural resources and mining/agriculture which face volatility, as well as opportunities in tourism growth and trade agreements but threats from socioeconomic instability.
This document provides an overview of the structure and components of an argumentative essay. An argumentative essay presents a clear position on an issue and aims to persuade the reader through evidence-based arguments. It includes an introduction with a thesis statement, body paragraphs with opposing arguments and the author's response and evidence to refute them, and a conclusion that restates the key points. Body paragraphs each address one opposing argument, the author's counterargument, and how they refute the initial argument. The introduction provides background on the issue, and the conclusion summarizes the main arguments and refutations.
Argumentative Essay - format and Language usemrashleyhsu
1) The document provides the format and language guidelines for an argumentative essay arguing that marine mammals should not be kept in captivity.
2) It outlines the typical essay structure including an introduction with the thesis statement, three body paragraphs with arguments and evidence, a counter-argument paragraph, and a conclusion.
3) It also provides guidance on the language to use within the essay, including maintaining present tense throughout, using past tense for examples, emotive and rhetorical language, and words of belief to strengthen the argument.
Ford Motors was once the second largest automobile manufacturer in the US, but it faced declining market share, high debt, and failed products in the late 1990s. New CEO Alan Mulally devised strategies to cut costs, pay down debt, refocus products, and improve communications. These efforts helped Ford pay off some debts and earn a profit again by 2010. However, it still faces competition from Toyota, General Motors, and other automakers.
The document provides guidance on writing a comparative essay, including understanding the prompt, brainstorming, finding a focus, writing an introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. It emphasizes thoroughly reading the assignment prompt, completing brainstorming before writing, selecting the three most important comparisons, including those points in a strong thesis statement, using either point-by-point or whole-by-whole formatting in the body paragraphs, and ending with a "so what" statement in the conclusion without restating the thesis. Revision involves ensuring each point reflects the thesis and having peers eliminate unnecessary elements and identify errors.
This paper traces the development of Boko-Haram from two perspectives (Socio-economic and Political), it exposes the reasons for the re-emergence of insecurity in Nigeria, precisely Northern zone which shares the same culture with Northern Cameroon. The paper equally explores the various groups threatening Nigerian sovereignty and countries of the Lake Chad Basin. It also outlines some responses to adapt to the changing modus operandi of the terrorist organization.
Security challenges as threats to national unity in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document discusses security challenges threatening national unity in Nigeria. It examines the causes of security challenges, the relationship between security challenges and national unity, and suggestions for prevention. The key causes identified are a failing state as evidenced by inability to ensure national security and food/social security for citizens, bad governance including corruption, overlapping/inadequate security agencies, and extremist religious ideologies. The paper aims to enhance national unity through addressing these root causes of security threats in Nigeria.
Tactful Intelligence Sharing and Synergy among the Nigerian Security Operativ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nigeria‟s peace and human security is currently engulfed in turmoil. And one of the notable
problems of insecurity in the country is menace of advanced cult killings on daily basis most especially the
upsurge of a dreaded cult group known as “Badoo”, that carries out attacks on human lives in Ikorodu suburb of
Lagos State, Nigeria. Residents of Ikorodu and others suburbs in Lagos State, Nigeria now live in perpetual
phobia and the menace has forced several others to have fled the state. The dreaded “Badoo” cult group killings
and attacks pose dangerous threats to human lives, national peace and security. Among the notable factors
aiding the emergence of such dreaded cult group in the state are; poor intelligence gathering and synergy on the
part of Nigerian security operatives, frustration, financial assistance, injustice, forced membership,
unemployment among youths, get-rich-quick syndrome on the part of many Nigerian youths, drug abuse among
others. The study examines threats posed by the menace to human lives, state‟s peace and security; it assesses
the concerted efforts of Nigerian government and security operatives in combating the menace. The study
concludes that, lack of adequate intelligence gathering, general insecurity in the country, corruption, abject
poverty and youth unemployment remain the factors hindering a total arrest of the menace in Nigeria. It also
requests the need for giving adequate support to security operatives by the citizens; continuous
orientation/education for the youths, good laws and governance, adequate intelligence gathering on the part of
security agents to nip the menace in the bud.
KEYWORDS: Badoo cultists, Human security, Security intelligence, Unemployment, Good governance,
Lagos.
The document announces the 6th annual conference of the Society for Peace Studies and Practice in collaboration with the Nigeria Army Peacekeeping Centre. The conference will take place from March 7-9, 2012 in Jaji, Kaduna, Nigeria. The conference aims to discuss challenges to national and international security in a globalized world, with sub-themes including domestic and international terrorism, border security, and the role of civil society in peacebuilding. It calls for abstract and paper submissions on topics related to security issues in Africa.
This document provides an overview of international relations theory, including concepts of security in the international arena. It discusses traditional security approaches focused on the state and military concerns, as well as more modern human security approaches. It also outlines several theoretical perspectives in international relations like realism, liberalism, constructivism, and compares realism and liberalism. Key concepts covered include the multi-sum security principle, women in international security, and the UNDP human security proposal.
Predictors and Incidence of Kidnapping in Contemporary Nigeria: A Socio-Crimi...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, which is essentially a literature review, the researcher undertook a critical investigation into the major predictors and incidence of kidnapping in contemporary Nigeria. The paper further reviewed the various scholars’ and media pundits’ perspectives on kidnapping. Nigeria is in the throes of kidnapping occasioned by a multiplicity of both individual risk factors and social forces. The rising incidence of kidnapping is disturbingly high and destructive to both human and capital development in the country. The current pattern or trend of kidnapping in contemporary Nigeria is a basket case; little wonder therefore that the latest global ranking placed Nigeria as the fourth most notorious kidnapping nation where people can be easily kidnapped with impunity. The quest to settle political differences, inordinate ambition to acquire and accumulate wealth, poverty and social exclusion, perpetual pains of unemployment, and reaction to existing detestable social and political developments are some of the main causes of kidnapping in Nigeria. The central policy implication of this paper is that it will guide security agencies and policy makers on crime and criminality in making reliable policies that will reduce the incidence of kidnapping in Nigeria to the barest minimum.
Maritime Piracy and Unlawful Acts against Safety of Lives at Sea: Inimical an...AJSSMTJournal
The protection of human rights through the justice delivery system is an indispensable feature of any system governed by the
rule of law. The protection of human rights have been acknowledged to a very large extent in most civilized or developed
countries of the world because of its necessity and global acceptance not just for the safety and sanctity of life. The
universality of human rights has been recognized by the United Nations as inherent in the very nature of human beings just
for its reflection. Today, the wave of economic globalization has given rise to increasing spread and sophistication of various
inimical activities and acts that negate the lofty ideals of the rule of law and protection of human lives at sea. The crossborder movement of ships with people and cargo, merchandise, investment and finance that encourage urbanization and
globalization has been in most recent times threatened by piracy and armed robbery at sea, torture and various clandestine,
unholy attitudes that are antithetic to fundamental human rights and has opened door for global criminal economy to
flourish. Among the questions this paper seeks to address are, what is the link between trans-border or sea crime and
globalization? What is piracy (Hosti-Humanis)? Why is piracy targeted at the sea..? Why does it occur most in Nigeria and
some countries in the West African sub-region? What are the economic benefits from the sea that are being threatened by
piracy and other crimes? And what efforts are being made by Nigeria and the West African sub-region including international
cooperation’s to address the issue? Above all, to construct the way forward to arrest the ugly situation.
Everyday like 9 11 terrorism timeline in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document provides an overview of terrorism globally and in Nigeria. It defines terrorism and outlines its historical origins dating back to 1948 with Palestinian suicide bombings resisting Israeli occupation. It then discusses the rise of terrorist groups in various countries in the 1970s and the different motivations for terrorism, both by state and non-state actors. The bulk of the document focuses on the rise of Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria since 2009, providing a timeline of its bombings targeting government, military, media and religious sites. It analyzes Boko Haram's modus operandi and argues that containment requires improved law enforcement measures like surveillance cameras, DNA databases and international intervention rather than just military options.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Prognosis of Theories of Intelligence in Counter Terrorism The Case of the No...YogeshIJTSRD
The Northern West part of Nigeria is faced with several security challenges that have threatened the existence of peace and security in the region. These threats to public safety and regional security have greatly undermined the governments primary responsibility of guaranteeing public safety and national security. This work, therefore, is on the prognosis of theories of intelligence in counterterrorism The case of North Western Nigeria. The study utilised primary and secondary data sources. The Primary data sources were from questionnaires administered physically and electronically via emails while, secondary data came from published books, journals, articles, lecture guides and videos. Acquired data were statistically analysed using simple percentage and Chi Square statistics. Sequel to the statistical results, findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between intelligence gathering and terrorism in Nort West, Nigeria. The study recommends that there should be training and retraining of personnel of the intelligence community to be able to meet up with the current trends and changes in the contemporary Nigerian environments for the effective gathering of intelligence and the ability to utilize it for productive law enforcement. Jonjon, Emmanuel "Prognosis of Theories of Intelligence in Counter-Terrorism: The Case of the Northwestern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40057.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/40057/prognosis-of-theories-of-intelligence-in-counterterrorism-the-case-of-the-northwestern-nigeria/jonjon-emmanuel
Towards Addressing Global Security Challenges Through Professional Counsellin...iosrjce
This paper sought to discuss the pervading challenges of crises and insecurity on the surface of the
globe, the consequences which invariably affect human beings in different parts of the world. Insecurity knows
no boundary, hence no country of the world, developed or developing is exonerated or immuned. Measures have
been taken at different times by governments of world countries, but all to no avail. Seemingly, the problems of
insecurity tend to defy all tried solutions. Resources, energies and times have been expended as well as other
strategies adopted. Professional counseling, at both micro and macro levels will go a long way in addressing
and assuaging the negative impacts or effects of insecurity. Counselling models, frameworks and specific
approaches if applied will help prevent, manage or cope with the devastation of insecurity at the level of
individuals, groups or society. Human lives and properties are so precious that conserving and utilizing them
will foster development. Negative consequences of insecurity will gradually slide to naught, to guarantee peace,
unity, tranquility and well being of the citizenry the world over
An Appraisal of the Challenges and Legal Protection Available for Internally ...ijtsrd
This paper has investigated the challenges and Legal Protection available for the benefit of Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria. The study relied on content analysis of extant literature to ascertain the level of challenges and legal protections given to them. The study found that Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria face a myriad of challenges which include loss of home, loss of traditional livelihood and sources of generating income, break up of families and community support networks, loss of intangible goods, and loss of documentation. A cursory look at the various causes of internal displacement in Nigeria revealed that forced migration and internal displacement in Nigeria in over a decade has been triggered by violent conflict particularly, the deadly activities Boko Haram and the militant Fulani Herdsmen. These displaced persons suffer a lot of human right violations without any significant legal protection for them. Rather, it has been identified that the existing institutional arrangement keepers, although struggling to manage the situation particularly, in the short term, are hindered by current policy deficits and the lack of a specific framework to adequately address the situation or cover medium to longer requirements for the IDPs. It is therefore, imperative to purposively design a legal framework that will specifically address the challenges bedeviling the Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria while other security measures are being taken to ensure their safety and wellbeing. Stephen Chuka Unachukwu "An Appraisal of the Challenges and Legal Protection Available for Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49485.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/49485/an-appraisal-of-the-challenges-and-legal-protection-available-for-internally-displaced-persons-in-nigeria/stephen-chuka-unachukwu
Terrorism a new challenge to nigeria`s stability in the 21st centuryAlexander Decker
Terrorism poses challenges for defining the concept. Historically, terrorism dates back to organized human interactions and was used as a tool to achieve political and religious goals starting in the French Revolution. In the 20th century, terrorism shifted to opposition groups challenging existing authorities. Nigeria now faces threats from terrorism, as evidenced by Boko Haram's insurgency in northern Nigeria adopting tactics similar to global terrorist groups. The paper aims to examine the impact, origins, scale and threats of terrorism on Nigeria's stability in the 21st century.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
15062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
Why We Chose ScyllaDB over DynamoDB for "User Watch Status"ScyllaDB
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Globalization and nigeria border security issues and challenges
1. International Affairs and Global Strategy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-574X (Paper) ISSN 2224-8951 (Online)
Vol.11, 2013
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Globalization and Nigeria Border Security: Issues and Challenges.
Omolara Akinyemi
Department of International Relations,Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria.
*larvickky@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract
This paper examines the security challenges in Nigeria and its borders in the era of globalization. This has
become necessary in view of the border incursions posing security threat at our national borders as well as their
activities of the terrorist group known as Boko Haram in which lives and property are no longer secure.
Examples are not far-fetched from bombing here and there in which many lives were lost, such as the United
Nations building in Nigeria, the Chief Security office in Nigeria, Churches in the northern part of Nigeria and
many more. These are the manifestations of security challenges in Nigeria. There are speculations that the
groups must have found their way through our porous borders. The paper also examines the globalization
process which calls for border to be increasingly open with little or no barriers, as the negative part of the
globalization has brought about contrabands, criminals, illegal migrants and terrorist and the relevant efforts to
develop measures to manage the security threats and other crimes associated with borders from destroying the
integration process of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Therefore, the paper addresses
the implications of globalization on national security and suggests for a new paradigm shift from traditional
approaches to combat new security threats that comes with globalization as all efforts put in place to curb these
incursions at the borders have not yielded a positive result. Beyond this, the paper contends that the insecurity at
the border spread to the internal security of lives and property and the need to embark on more protective
measures in order for borders as well as people therein to be adequately secured because openness without
adequate controls tend to make crimes at the borders including terrorism to be successful. The study concludes
that Nigeria borders are porous; hence the environment is not safe.
Keywords: National Security, Borders, Globalization, Boko Haram
1. Introduction
Border security has come to assume heightened importance in the world today as the rate of criminal activities
have also increased in scale especially since the end of Cold War and in the wake of globalization. It has become
easy for transitional crimes to be conducted such as the moving of money, people and goods across the world
because of advancement in telecommunications, transportation and technology in general. The world has turned
into a ‘global village’ with its own peculiarities as well as problems. Globalization has allowed criminals to
move across the borders unhindered and even continue with illicit business with impunity as this affects the
socio-economic development and security of lives and property. However, it should be noted that Nigeria is of
no exception of this growing phenomenon, hence this brings about the increasingly need for security and
protection at our borders. In any country of the world, developed and developing, security has been a major
concern. Perhaps, it is the belief that social, economic and political developments are the function of peace and
security. To this end, all governments take the issue of security as primary objectives. Nigeria has been battling
with transnational crimes which pose a serious threat to national security ranging from drug trafficking, money
laundering, illegal arms trafficking, smuggling of all kinds,(contraband, stolen cars, firearms) theft, Advance fee
fraud known as 419, kidnapping and many more. These activities constitute a threat to global and national
security as they affect the socio-economic development and tarnishing the image of the country as Nigeria is
daily embarrassing base on financial scams and other related transborder crimes. Also, another challenge of
insecurity of lives and property descends on Nigeria borders and the internal communities known as the Boko
Haram. Boko Haram is the combination of Hausa and Arabic languages simply means ‘western education is
forbidden’. The group started as Islamic sect and later transformed into armed group as evident in killings and
bombings in the northern part of Nigeria. Examples are not far-fetched from Christmas bombings at Saint
Theresa Catholic Church in Madalla town near the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja killed 42 worshippers in
2011, the bombing of United Nations Building in Nigeria resulting in the death of so many people, suicide
bombing of three churches in the northern Nigeria state of Kogi, killing 19 worshippers and many more (The
News, 2012). There are speculations that these people were not only Nigerians but also from neighboring
countries as they enter and smuggle their weapons through the borders. The following questions arise; is there
enough security at our borders? What are the functions of the security operatives at the borders? Why do we still
experience incursions at our national borders? These are the questions this paper seeks to address.
Furthermore, it is important to examine globalization in reference to these transitional crimes; the positive as
well as the negative effects which has become a serious problem to the world. In spite of increasing number of
insecurities, borders must remain open to the movement of people, goods and services, if they are to succeed and
2. International Affairs and Global Strategy www.iiste.org
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openness without adequate control allows the possibility of threats such as transitional crimes and even terrorism
to be successful (Eselebor 2008) as Nigeria is experiencing in recent times. It is against this backdrop that the
study will examine the Nigeria border security in the globalization era, the challenges as well as the way forward.
It is evident that Nigeria has a lot of security responsibilities at the borders as government facing insurgency
readily get access to weapons and logistics in international market as insurgents cannot successfully operate
without the active support of the neighboring governments as insurgents may have close relatives living across
the border who provide arms and safe havens as this enhance cross border activities to be a national security
threat for government. Incidentally, all efforts put in place by the government such as the establishment of
institutional frameworks to curb this menace at the borders have not yielded positive results.
2. Conceptual Issues
2.1 Security
Reflecting to the background of this paper, security is very paramount at the border and also first assignment of
any government as nothing could be done under insecurity of lives and property. If the borders are insecure, the
social and economic development of such country will be a herculean task. Hence, poverty, diseases, hunger and
fear will dominate the society. For instance, the increasing number of transnational crimes as well as the
prevalent terrorist groups that pervaded the country disturbed the socio-economic and research efforts. The
rationale for this paper is the reoccurring
security challenges at the borders that spread to the internal insecurity of lives and property. It is on this basis
that security issues will be questioned in spite of the huge money and human resources expended on security,
people still remain unprotected and apprehensive of the activities of the emerging terrorist group known as Boko
Haram group and others such as increasing circulation of fake drugs, banditry, prohibited items in market and
many more. All these call to question the security at our borders especially with the involvement of security
agencies in our national borders. The Custom department will have to examine the conveyances of goods and
services, the immigration will look into the movement of people while the armed forces are to defend the
territorial integrity of the country. It is on this note that the following concepts will be analyzed- Security and
Globalization for the purpose of this study and clarifications. However, the concept security has been subjected
to various interpretations by scholars or analyst in International system and can also be divided into two;
Traditional and non traditionalist school of thought. The former school favours the maintenance of the Cold War
that is the ideological rivalry between the West and East which focus on the rolling back of communism and
containing capitalism, as security is defined in military and state centric approaches while the non-traditionalist
school on the other hand, broaden the meaning of security to include issues such as human, economic,
environmental, social, feminists and other threats. This includes what possibly endanger the survival of the
individual as well as the state. In common usage, security is the lack of threat, and the opposite is insecurity as
recently witnessed in Nigeria with a particular reference to the national borders. According to Wolfer (1962) he
posits that ‘Security rises and falls with the ability of a nation to deter an attack or defeat’’. Berkowitz and Bock
(1968) see it as ‘the ability of a nation to protect its internal values from external threats. Ayoob (1997) reiterates
‘’that which threatens or have the potential to bring down or weaken state structures, both territorial and
institutional and governing regimes. It can be deduce from these definitions or conceptualizations that security
are state centric which concerns itself mainly on military capability to deter external aggression and also favours
the traditional meaning of security which is beyond the meaning in this paper. Security has much to do with our
national borders, in a state of insecurity; threat can be regarded as flux. However, border areas have become one
of the major sources of conflict in Africa over the years, such as neighbour assisted in attempt to overthrow
President Eyadema of Togo in late 1986 that led to the souring of relations between Togo, Ghana and Burkina
Faso. Likewise, the attempted overthrow of the Jerry Rawlings’s government in 1985 was blamed on Togo. In
short, unfriendly neighbours could undermine the economic security of the state by encouraging or condoning
smuggling at the border. Smuggling or illegal entry are important issues of current border management which
could undermine the security of the state. It was on this basis that the former President of Nigeria, Mohammed
Buhari put in place a Decree 20 stipulating death for those guilty of smuggling of dangerous drugs and
petroleum products was introduced in 1985. Also, Walt (1991) argues that security may be defined as the study
of threat, use and control of military force. It explores the conditions that make use of force on individuals, states
adopt in order to prepare for, prevent and engage in war. Security is important and connected with the concept of
border which requires protective measures to combat any activities that could endanger the lives and property as
well as putting the integrity of the state (Nigeria) into question. Therefore, security should be given utmost
importance and to link border security with that of national security because the proliferation of small arms and
light weapons that brought about communal conflict in many countries can be linked to cross border arms
trafficking. There has been a growing discontent with Nigeria lack of security at our borders as terrorists used
this as a means of entering and other illegal activities at our national borders, this calls for more attention at
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securing and management of our borders. Star and Most (1976), said that even if ‘’a border does not necessarily
cause either conflictual or cooperation, international integration existence (non existence) of border impinges on
the range of possible policy options which are unavailable to the decision makers and biases them toward (and
away from) interactions with other nations. This simply means that one of the main responsibilities of a state is
the extent to which it controls its borders especially in the globalization era which has made it easy for criminals
to move money, people and transact business across the globe because of technological innovations such as vast
improvements in telecommunication, transportation, banking and even becomes difficult to track the criminals,
states are more becoming weaker and boundaries are becoming increasingly porous. These activities constitute a
major threat at global and national security as they really affect the socio-economic development of the country.
Also, for the purpose of this study, it is imperative to examine the concept of globalization and its effects in
international system. Ripsman and Paul (2010) cast a critical eye on the expansive claims of globalization
theorists who argue that the decline of great power war and the rise of non-traditional security challenges such as
terrorism, drug trafficking and environmental problems are now eroding the traditional national security of states
as it posses the following questions: is globalization altering the way security policy is being conducted at the
global level? Are states reducing military expenditure refocusing their attention on new transitional security
threats and ceding authority to non-state actors and international organizations? However, examining the way
states pursued security since the end of Cold War, the authors did not really see any difference than expected
while some wealth realized from globalization has led some states to increase defense spending in their states. In
this context, trans-border crimes such as terrorism, banditry, trafficking and other infractions at the borders are
main concern for states with negative effects as globalized world now face serious challenges and threats. It
should be understood that when nations are much more connected, it became a threat to international security.
This brings about a need for re-conceptualization of security from the traditional perception to non-traditional to
be able to address the new challenges brought by globalization in which a lot of people have died, injured and
some also becomes the victims of these clandestine workers. Clark (1999) says ‘Globalization also needs to be
understood as a number of changes within the state, and not simply as a range of external forces set against it and
that the East/West divide was replaced by fragmentation versus globalization where globalization is viewed as
good and fragmentation as evil. Both Guehenno and Clark were of the view that these two concepts are linked to
each other and co-exist rather than in opposition.
The study emphasizes on the impact of globalization on national and international security, this is necessary in
order to understand the more reason why security should be broadened as well as the failure of traditional
security to recognize the new security threats that transcends beyond the national borders. Traditionally, security
is seen in terms of military threat arising beyond borders as the ‘acquisition, deployment and the use of military
force to achieve national goals. This paper views security beyond military approaches and external threats
beyond armed armed conflicts, civil war and many others. According to Aydin (1970), he posits that the Cold
War era focused on traditional security and in 1970’s and 1980’s the concerned changed to trans-national crimes
and 2005 the concern is energy, cyber and social security as well as terrorism have all broadened the meaning of
security, As stated by Clark, the concept of security has been attributed to the effects of globalization while Cha
believed that globalization widens the scope of security. Globalization means the transformation in,
communication, information and economy as this brings about so many dangers in this contemporary time such
as global warming, ozone depletion, acidic rain, and crimes such as financial scam, smuggling of contrabands,
human trafficking, and Advance fee fraud known as 419, pornographies, impersonation and many more. Also,
domestic issues such as poverty in African countries are becoming international issues. Nwolise (1985)
postulates that
a country may have the best armed forces in terms of training and equipment, the efficient custom
men, the most active secret services agents and the best quality prisons, but yet be the most insecure
nation in the world as a result of defense security problems with bad government alienated and
suffering masses, ignorance, hunger, unemployment or even activities of foreign residents or
companies.
Also, Namara(1986) posists that
any society that seeks to achieve adequate military security against the backdrop of acute food
shortages, population explosion, low level productivity and per capita income, low technological
development, inadequate and inefficient public utilities and chronic problems of unemployment has a
false sense of security.
From the above, it could be viewed that military approach is not enough to combat security but to also balance it
with national development such as economic, political, social and many more in order to be truly secure, this is
so because a country suffering from food shortages, crises, diseases, low per capita income, high level of
unemployment will expose its subjects to any means of surviving including trans-national crimes and clandestine
activities to make ends meet, thereby posing a serious threat to the country. Furthermore, we can see that border
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security is related to national security which needs urgent attention in order for peace and security to be
adequately sustained. The national border of state is very important to the survival of the state, it is on this note
that border posts were constructed at borders not only to control and prevent smuggling but prevent irregular
entry into the country. National security can be affected by uncontrolled flow of men across the borders as social
problems are often generated in a country where there is serious flow of immigrants into that country. For
instance, the war in Chad and the attempted military coup in Cameroon in 1984 have had some social
consequences for Nigeria with national security implications. It has been observed by the Nigerian authorities
that Nigeria and its neighbors are inseparable and therefore what affect one naturally spill over to the other. This
was also affirmed by President Babangida, Nigeria’s leader in his official visit to Niger in 1986. ‘None of us in
this sub-region can really benefit from the economic collapse of any country in the sub-region’’. The national
security of Nigeria is the security of its contagious neighbours, as this is demonstrated in the intensity of cross
border smuggling activities which obtain in their daily interactions. Therefore, the paper contends for adequate
security at our national borders and condemns the military approach as the only means of securing the state in
the period of globalization as globalization comes with its own characteristics as well as challenges which
requires a new trend.
3. Issues and Challenges in Nigeria Border Security
The study discovered in details the challenges to border security as it could be observed that Nigeria lacks border
protection and much importance has not been accorded to our national borders as evident in the vulnerabilities of
threat pose at our national borders such as trans border activities and the prevalent terrorist attack that befall the
country resulting in the unrestrained influx of migrants through the routes. The challenges are discussed below:
3.1 Porosity of Borders
The porous borders contributed and continue to encourage the cross border crimes and instability in the region.
Also, promotes the increasing number of illegal trade such as smuggling of contra bands goods- adulterated
drugs, stolen cars including cars that have exceeded the permissible age limit prescribed for use in Nigeria and
other goods like shoes, poultry products and many more. The porous borders could also be explained in the use
of dried tree, oil drums as well as rims of tyres to demarcate the national borders, this makes the border to be
disorganized, poorly managed and in secured. This promotes the unrestrained influx of illegal migrants and cross
border activities. However, there are indefinable corridors or regions that served as a route to these illegal
migrants, thereby posing a serious threat to the country and the national borders. For instance, it has been
discovered that Nigeria has 1497 irregular and 84 regular routes as movements were done through the illegal
routes.( Nigeria Immigration Service). There are so many outlets for smuggling of various goods across the
border.
3.2 Corruption
The corrupt practices of the security operatives at the borders pose a serious challenge to the border security. The
corrupt and inept attitudes of border officials resulting in the numerous check points of bamboo suspended by oil
drums also contributed negatively to the border security. It is important to note that these checkpoints are not
meant to check passport by but to extort money from people. Hence, the criminals easily infiltrate the borders as
smugglers bribe their way into the country. It also explains why we have many criminals involving in trans
border activities and terrorists in the country as criminals move in arms and ammunition and thousands of
innocent Nigerians have been killed and many more die in the hands of Islamic sects with the influx of weapons
in the country as smugglers continue with their business without being punished.
3.3 Inadequate Manpower and Logistic Support
Another problem related to border security in Nigeria is the inadequate manpower or personnel which has a
negative impact on the security of our national borders. It makes it difficult for the security operatives to
adequately maim the national boundaries and effectively patrol these several corridors that lead to the country.
The inadequate manpower does not allow for adequate patrolling of these illegal routes as criminals use the
illegal routes as a means of entry into the country. Also the criminals sometimes outsmarted the security
operatives at the borders due to inadequate personnel and logistics problems.
3.4 Poorly patterned Borders
Nigeria borders are artificial creation from colonialism which continues to pose a serious threat to the country.
The demarcation of the borders were done by the colonial masters without considerations to the culture of the
people as can be seen in the cultural ties of marriages, celebration of religious festivities, language and many
more. It should be noted therefore, that boundary delimitation affects the cultural and ethnic homogeneity of the
border communities to the extent that one cannot differentiate a Nigerian from Nigerrien due to culture and
linguistics in which communities with homogenous culture and language are found at different sides of the
borderline hence makes it difficult to put in place immigration laws when members can just change their identity
when they feel like.
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3.5 Institutional Framework
ECOWAS Protocol on Free Movement of People, Goods and Services was established by the ECOWAS
Member States in 1979. The main aim of this Protocol is to facilitate the free movement of people, goods and
services within the West Africa without Visa; this simply means that any ECOWAS citizen who poses valid
travelling document and International Health Certificate can transverse the entire region without a visa. Thereby,
compelling all member states to abolish the use of visa in order to ease the movement of people in the region.
However, in spite of the positive pronouncement of this protocol, it has its own negative effects. This protocol
allows the movement of criminals to move across the border and also engage in cross border activities under the
pretext of this protocol. It is important to note that; border has become a safe passage for people without
identities as ECOWAS Protocol on Free Movement has been abused to mean an entry without valid documents.
The following factors pose a serious threat to the internal security of lives and property in the country, as the
infractions at the border calls for enforcement of reforms of the border control system. While terrorists move
from in and out of the country, smugglers of all kinds of contrabands continue with their business. For instance,
the recent security challenges in Nigeria, there are speculations that these groups are also from neighboring
countries, this would not have been possible if there were adequate security at our national borders. The borders
are seen as means of smuggling of illegal weapons and all contrabands goods, even armed robbers usually
escape through the boundaries after committing crimes in the country. All these tend to endanger the socio-
economic development of the country as well as the political stability. Also, the integrity and the image of the
country is now put to questioning as Nigerians face a lot of harassment and subject to all kinds of humiliation
outside the country.
3.6 Lack of provision of Basic Amenities
The lack of development by the government to provide basic social amenities in the rural areas as well as the
border communities. This is another factor militating against good border security, when the people at the rural
areas and the border communities are living in abject poverty and lack of basic infrastructure, this makes them to
encourage cross border activities and also involve them in clandestine activities such as armed banditry,
smuggling and many more. There is need for the government to develop the rural areas and the border
communities.
3.7 Political Instability and Economic Crisis in Neighboring Countries
Nigeria is the most populous as well as the richest in West Africa, in terms of economic, population
preponderant, military capability, Nigeria dwarfs all these countries. This explains the more reason why crisis in
neighboring countries such as political instability, famine and diseases split over to Nigeria as her proximate
neighbors depend solely on Nigeria. This was also evident in Babangida’s speech the former President of Nigeria,
when he said that none can benefit in the economic collapse of any country in the sub-region. This simply means
that Nigeria national security of Nigeria is the security of its immediate neighbors as this is demonstrated in both
scope and intensity of cross border smuggling activities which obtain in their daily interaction. However, when
Ghana was suffering from economic downturn in which many citizens of Ghana flew to Nigeria to make ends
meet. Nigeria was badly affected that she had to send them back to their country due to these illegal aliens that
invaded the country.
Furthermore, the factors enumerated above tend to pose a serious challenge to the country by spreading to the
internal insecurity of lives and property and inform cross border activities one way or other. Also, in the 21st
century which is characterized by globalization, there is need for integration and cooperation if not we will lose
out in the new global order. As globalization emerges, so is the challenges become more complex and requires a
new approach. It is against this background that we cannot be dormant to the pursuit of security at our national
borders in Nigeria or else the environment will continue to be hostile and insecure for the people therein.
4. Globalization and Challenge of Border Security.
4.1 Implications for National Security.
Here, it is important to trace the implications of globalization on national security. Goldstein (1991) view
national security as closely connected to the preservation of the border of a state. He looks at the concept of
security closely connected to the protection of the national border of a state, and seen as an important aspect of
any political institution, in a state of insecurity, threat is regarded as flux. The emergence of globalization that
come with new information and communication brings about new threat to national security and challenge the
traditional approach to national security as being obsolete and inadequate to combat the new threats. The events
of 9/11 also further moved meaningful security discourses both at the national and international levels away
from conventional conceptions.
However, globalization has its own positive effects such as the revolution in transportation, communication and
all spheres of life. Globalization makes the mode of communication easy and new innovations in the conduct of
relations between and among countries of the world. Despite the positive effects, there are still some negative
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consequences which continue to threaten the survival of state in international system. Trans national crime is a
criminal activity that transcends beyond national borders as it has become easier for criminals to engage in these
clandestine activities through globalization, money, goods and people can easily be moved across the national
borders without restrictions and thereby, difficult to track down these criminals due to the advancement of
technology. With all benefit that globalization has offered mankind, it becomes difficult if not impossible to
overlook some of its negative consequences particularly in the area of crime. One of the consequences in the area
of promoting transnational crimes which is a serious threat to the international system. Also, the emergence of
computer and the internet facilities make it possible for these criminals to engage in cyber crimes as locally
called ‘yahoo yahoo or yahoo plus’ in which they can easily tap into one’s account and do away with all the
money. Globalization also brings about moral decadence in youth of these days ranging from watching from
pornographic films and all sort, thereby exposing them to sexual abuse which is inimical to the society. This
therefore, requires a new trend of security approach as well as shifting from conventional security. These threats
include the following:
-Smuggling of Contraband Goods such as firearms, Human trafficking including Child and Woman, Money
laundering, Fraud/ Theft, Prostitution, Proliferation of Arms/ Nuclear Products, illegal Migrants, Hard Drug
Trafficking such as cocaine, heroin and many more. All these pose a threat to Nigeria’s national security and put
the state at the risk of violence and crisis. These crimes not only pose security threat but also dent the image of
the country in which citizens are subjected to harassment in abroad, deny the country of foreign investors and
also fear to do business with the Nigeria. In this context terrorism, banditry and other incursions at the
borders are main concern for states with its highly complicated characteristics as the global world is now faced
with an immediate threat.
Furthermore, when states are much connected and interdependent, it becomes a threat to international security as
this is a turning point for all states to redirect our security policy and create awareness of the increasing damages
in which many innocent people have injured and killed. Globalization and trans border crimes are matters of
growing concern not only for governments in the modern time, also dominating topics in the study of
international relations due to the increasingly damages on states in international system. The advancement of
technology is the cause of development and the spread of sophisticated arms, porous borders resulting in open
nature of national borders, the increase in military hardware of terrorist and also the rate of crimes at the borders.
Despite all efforts put in place both at the national and global levels to curb these Trans national crime, the
incursions have remained on increase. The institutional framework put in place such as the National Drug Law
Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) to check the activities of the hard drug trafficking is yet to stem these crimes.
Indeed, these incursions continue to challenge the security and stability of the country resulting from deep ethnic,
political, social and religious cleavages.
Also, the implication is the loss of revenue for the governments. Governments declare loss to these trades, as the
trades are not known or reordered thereby; leading to underestimation of the contribution of trade in the sub-
region and the trade also creates problems associated with national security. For instance, Nigeria has witnessed
so many cases where trailer carrying bags of rice was later discovered carrying arms and ammunition in to the
country which is dangerous to the security of the country. The influx of illegal migrants have also increased the
rate of unemployment problems in Nigeria especially as private employers prefer to employ migrant workers
who are ready to accept low wages and also criminal uprisings and riots in the country as these tend to promote
fear and threat to the national security.
5. Conclusion: The Imperative need of Border Security in Nigeria.
The paper discovered in details the security challenges in the era of globalization in Nigeria. It also hinges on the
improvements of border security because it is important and its protection is equate to national security. The
challenges posed by trans-border activities are signs of substantial danger to the political, social and economic
stability of states. The extent of these crimes committed lead to the widespread fear, violence and crisis; also
undermine the security of the states. It is obvious that security in Nigeria and its borders seem to be porous.
However, the defense and security arrangement of Nigeria has much to do with our borders. When borders cease
to function effectively, different forms of crimes will befall the country and the security of the country will be
challenged as Nigeria is experiencing in recent times. For instance, the terrorist groups that pervaded the country
causing security challenges and political unrest. Therefore, it could be said that all is not well with our border
security with the vulnerabilities of threats that befall the country. The following recommendations are made for
effective border security in Nigeria and they are; first, training and retraining of the security personnel is
important aspect of effective border security and also for them to discharge their duties effectively and
efficiently. Second, is the effective patrol of the border and much attention should be given to our national
borders. Third, is the provision of equipment, sophisticated military hardware including good vehicles for border
patrol. Fourth, is the need to put in place legal framework that will see to the corrupt practices for punishing the
7. International Affairs and Global Strategy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-574X (Paper) ISSN 2224-8951 (Online)
Vol.11, 2013
7
security operatives that engage in such act at our borders. There is need to think beyond the traditional approach
to be able to meet with the future challenges especially in the era of globalization requires collective
responsibility. Finally, is the high need for the Nigeria government to develop certain aspects of life such as
infrastructure, economic, social, environmental and human needs in order for security in Nigeria as well as her
borders to be adequately secured.
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Author: Omolara Akinyemi, a lecturer at the Department of International Relations, Obafemi Awolowo
University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, born on the 3rd
of April 1982, holds a Bachelor’s degree 2004 and Master of Science
in International Relations 2011 at Obafemi Awolowo University and also a doctoral student in the same
department and institution.
Field of Study includes: Regional integration; Border Problems; Trans National Crimes; and Security Issues in
West Africa.
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