Vanessa Schoening February 13, 2014
Module 2 Revised
Annotated Bibliography Revised
1. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1999). Number of homicides and population for cities with estimated population 100,000 or more, from 1985-1997.
This paper begins by acknowledging that most studies carried out into crimes have focused on the features of the populations such as age, employment and average earnings. The writers hold that the fact that population density has not been studied much represents a knowledge gap. The paper tries to find out whether population density has a negative or positive correlation with crime. Through sifting through previous studies, the paper tries to find out the nature of crimes that are rampant in varying populations.
2. Christens, B., & Speer, P. W. (2006). Predicting violent crime using urban and suburban densities. Behavior and Social Issues, 14(2), 113-127.
Christens and Speer go through past research and statistics and try to show the varying nature of crimes in different settlements areas. Their main focus is on violent and crime and they try to show that densely populated areas are more likely to see violent crime due to increased chances of conflict. Their other argument is that low-income areas are likely to see more violent crime.
3. Duany, A., Plater-Zyberk, E., & Speck, J. (2000). Suburban nation: The rise of sprawl and thedecline of the American dream. New York: North Point Press.
The authors of this book are founders of a movement that calls for an improved planning of settlements to avoid further spread of sprawls or informal settlements. The book highlights the effects of these settlements including economic and social ills. The book gives real life examples of how unplanned and congested settlements coupled with low income can cause crime. The book also offers solutions on how to improve the planning of cities and suburbs
4. Fulton, W., Pendall, R., Nguyen, M. & Harrison, A. (2001). Who sprawls most? How growth patterns differ across the U.S. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
This book takes a look at population densities in various cities across the US between 1982 and 1997. The book also acknowledges that as cities grow, they continue to add previously unused land into their metropolitan territory. The book tries to compare the rate at which this land is being urbanized against the population growth. The book holds that cities in the west of the US have highly populated metropolitans and goes ahead to outline some of the challenges that may pose.
5. LaFree, G., Bursik, R.J., Short, J. & Taylor, R.B. (2000). The nature of crime: Continuity and change. Criminal Justice 2000, 1, 261-308.
The authors of this article begin by pointing out that the nature of crimes and reaction of societies towards various crimes do not remain constant. The writers hold that changing legislations and people’s attitudes can affect the nature of crimes. The availability of IT for instance creates a new ...
Vanessa Schoening January 24, 2014Module 1.docxdickonsondorris
Vanessa Schoening January 24, 2014
Module 1
M1 Research Journal
Question 1. Research problem
Is there a correlation between the frequency, nature of crimes, and the readiness to report them depending on the average income of neighborhoods in New York?
Question 2.
This statement captures the problem of crime in residential areas and tries to establish whether income is a factor that contributes to it. From the research, suggestions could be made on ways of trying to resolve the problem by solving the root issue.
There is no bias in this statement because once the research is commissioned; data would be collected from several neighborhoods.
The research can be carried out within a reasonable period and a small budget because data on the average incomes can be found at relevant authorities. Information on crimes is readily available from police stations. Law enforcement officers can also give useful information on the topic through interviews and questionnaires. The research would also involve collecting data from residents through questionnaires that is a faster and less expensive way of collecting information (Bhattacherjee, 2012).
This research, if conducted could lead to the discovery of new knowledge in the social sciences field. It could reveal on the kind of working relationship that exists between police officers and residents in different field. It would be important to find out the perception of the police in this field. It could also reveal past experiences with the police and their responsiveness depending on the neighborhoods. The research could also reveal whether the geographical areas that police officers work influence their level of job satisfaction. The data collected could tell whether officers view their roles differently when placed in dissimilar stations.
Question 3.
This research is quite feasible and a proposal could be drawn for funding. If conducted, the research could give insight on ways of improving the way police are perceived in different neighborhoods. When the image of police is bettered, people will be more willing to report crimes as soon as they happen in order to improve security in all areas. The research could help gain insight on why the response time in some areas may be less than in others despite the proximity of police stations to scenes of crime. The research findings would be shared with the police and they can read people’s suggestions on improvement of service delivery.
Previous research has focused more on the frequency of crime in different crimes and the conclusions have been that the income level affects the rate of crime (Bhattacherjee, 2012). Areas with high levels of unemployment have generally higher rates of petty crimes and muggings. However, research has not focused on the relationship between the police and citizens. There is an information gap on how exactly the nature of relationship affects service delivery. The research would act as a stepping-stone for future r ...
Dodge, M., Bosick, S., Antwerp, V., & Benson, M. (2013). Do Men an.docxpetehbailey729071
Dodge, M., Bosick, S., Antwerp, V., & Benson, M. (2013). Do Men and Women Perceive White-Collar and Street Crime Differently? Exploring Gender Differences in the Perception of Seriousness, Motives, and Punishment. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 29(3), 399-415.
In this journal it talks about the public’s perception on white-collar crime and its focus on gender. It talks about the relationship between crime type and the respondent’s perception of appropriate punishment and Its relation to gender. I do feel like a weakness to this survey would be location. They chose to talk to people that were coming from jury duty and I feel that puts a bias factor on keeping the data general. Most people coming from jury duty are most likely inclined to feel that the criminals deserve to be charged. Which is shown in the results because all respondents perceived the six crimes to be very serious offense. I also feel that the scenarios should not have been so vague as reported in the study because it does leave a lot of room of confusion and misunderstanding for the people filling out the survey. I do feel that this study is relative to my paper because they talk about how public views the punishment, attitudes and motivation which is going to interesting to do more research.
Leeper Piquero, N., Carmichael, S., & Piquero, A. (2008). Research Note: Assessing the Perceived Seriousness of White-Collar and Street Crimes. Crime & Delinquency, 54(2), 291-312.
In this journal it talks about the controversy surrounding the ranking of crime seriousness of white-collar crimes relative to street crimes. I do feel that a limitation in this study is that they did not include enough varieties in crimes which could alter the results possibly. I found this survey interesting because I feel that it was the most random survey done. I feel like the information on here would be the most accurate in getting a consensus on the public’s opinion. I also liked how they included the criminal justice system personnel’s perception in the study because no other study discussed that which gives a whole different perspective on my whole topic. This will help my paper because they used random, national probability samples that will help my theory that white-collar crime is as bad or even worse than street crime.
Michel, C. (2016). Violent Street Crime Versus Harmful White-Collar Crime: A Comparison of Perceived Seriousness and Punitiveness. Critical Criminology, 24(1), 127-143.
In this journal it talks about how studies have opposed old understandings of the publics feelings towards white-collar crime. They participants were asked to look at white-collar crimes and non-violent street crimes and then decided which of the two was more serious. Some strengths of this study is that they used Amazon Mechanical Turk which helped the analysis be less bias. I think a weakness of this study would be that the vagueness of the vignettes as described in the limitation's sections. “Verbiag.
Research and Policy DevelopmentAfter reading Chapter 5 of th.docxrgladys1
Research and Policy Development
After reading Chapter 5 of the Mosher textbook, the article entitled "Internet Development, Censorship, and
Cyber
Crimes in China" by Liang and Lu, and the article entitled "'Snitches End Up in Ditches' and Other Cautionary Tales" by Morris, I can relate to how the contents of these sources affect research and policy development. While they are presented differently, these research articles have unique implications on the development of criminal justice policy. I am particularly drawn towards the text by Morris (2010). If members of the society such as teenagers can establish a culture that inhibits sharing information with formal authorities, one construct that is affected is the criminal justice public policy development process that depends on the ability of
law
enforcement to deliberate with members of the society to establish a consensus regarding which policies to pursue. Policing is a social process and if officers are denied information by the community through such codes, the criminal justice system cannot execute its mandate.
As a criminal justice leader, the National Crime Victimization Survey would concern me because this
survey
avails important information about the frequency of crime and the proportion that goes unreported (Ybarra & Lohr, 2002). When compared to the Uniform Crime Report, I would say that incident-based reporting provides official crime data and may be limited as with regards to its ability to provide a general view of crime rates that take place. In fact, it fails to capture crimes that are not reported to the police. As I have already mentioned, the “Snitches End Up in Ditches' and Other Cautionary Tales” is a particularly powerful article because it invokes action from criminal justice leaders. The action that I would take is to promote better relations between law enforcement entities and the community to establish a mutually inclusive work environment for better policy making.
References
Morris, E. W. (2010). “Snitches end up in ditches” and other cautionary tales.
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice
,
26
(3), 254-272.
Ybarra, L. M., & Lohr, S. L. (2002). Estimates of repeat victimization using the National Crime Victimization Survey.
Journal of Quantitative Criminology
,
18
(1), 1-21.
.
January 24, 2014Module 1M1 Research Jour.docxjoyjonna282
January 24, 2014
Module 1
M1 Research Journal
Question 1. Research problem
Is there a correlation between the frequency, nature of crimes, and the readiness to report them depending on the average income of neighborhoods in New York?
Question 2.
This statement captures the problem of crime in residential areas and tries to establish whether income is a factor that contributes to it. From the research, suggestions could be made on ways of trying to resolve the problem by solving the root issue.
There is no bias in this statement because once the research is commissioned; data would be collected from several neighborhoods.
The research can be carried out within a reasonable period and a small budget because data on the average incomes can be found at relevant authorities. Information on crimes is readily available from police stations. Law enforcement officers can also give useful information on the topic through interviews and questionnaires. The research would also involve collecting data from residents through questionnaires that is a faster and less expensive way of collecting information (Bhattacherjee, 2012).
This research, if conducted could lead to the discovery of new knowledge in the social sciences field. It could reveal on the kind of working relationship that exists between police officers and residents in different field. It would be important to find out the perception of the police in this field. It could also reveal past experiences with the police and their responsiveness depending on the neighborhoods. The research could also reveal whether the geographical areas that police officers work influence their level of job satisfaction. The data collected could tell whether officers view their roles differently when placed in dissimilar stations.
Question 3.
This research is quite feasible and a proposal could be drawn for funding. If conducted, the research could give insight on ways of improving the way police are perceived in different neighborhoods. When the image of police is bettered, people will be more willing to report crimes as soon as they happen in order to improve security in all areas. The research could help gain insight on why the response time in some areas may be less than in others despite the proximity of police stations to scenes of crime. The research findings would be shared with the police and they can read people’s suggestions on improvement of service delivery.
Previous research has focused more on the frequency of crime in different crimes and the conclusions have been that the income level affects the rate of crime (Bhattacherjee, 2012). Areas with high levels of unemployment have generally higher rates of petty crimes and muggings. However, research has not focused on the relationship between the police and citizens. There is an information gap on how exactly the nature of relationship affects service delivery. The research would act as a stepping-stone for future research on more specific matters ...
The Relationship Rural Development and CrimesAI Publications
Over the past few years, metropolitan crime has fallen significantly in the United States while nonmetropolitan crime has continued to increase. The main aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between crimes and urban development. This study had chosen a survey research, to analyze the relationship between the relationship rural development and crimes. The author applied a structured survey as tool of this research. I distributed 150 questionnaires, but only 118 questionnaires I was able to receive. The findings revealed that there is positive and significant relationship between crimes and urban development.
Vanessa Schoening January 24, 2014Module 1.docxdickonsondorris
Vanessa Schoening January 24, 2014
Module 1
M1 Research Journal
Question 1. Research problem
Is there a correlation between the frequency, nature of crimes, and the readiness to report them depending on the average income of neighborhoods in New York?
Question 2.
This statement captures the problem of crime in residential areas and tries to establish whether income is a factor that contributes to it. From the research, suggestions could be made on ways of trying to resolve the problem by solving the root issue.
There is no bias in this statement because once the research is commissioned; data would be collected from several neighborhoods.
The research can be carried out within a reasonable period and a small budget because data on the average incomes can be found at relevant authorities. Information on crimes is readily available from police stations. Law enforcement officers can also give useful information on the topic through interviews and questionnaires. The research would also involve collecting data from residents through questionnaires that is a faster and less expensive way of collecting information (Bhattacherjee, 2012).
This research, if conducted could lead to the discovery of new knowledge in the social sciences field. It could reveal on the kind of working relationship that exists between police officers and residents in different field. It would be important to find out the perception of the police in this field. It could also reveal past experiences with the police and their responsiveness depending on the neighborhoods. The research could also reveal whether the geographical areas that police officers work influence their level of job satisfaction. The data collected could tell whether officers view their roles differently when placed in dissimilar stations.
Question 3.
This research is quite feasible and a proposal could be drawn for funding. If conducted, the research could give insight on ways of improving the way police are perceived in different neighborhoods. When the image of police is bettered, people will be more willing to report crimes as soon as they happen in order to improve security in all areas. The research could help gain insight on why the response time in some areas may be less than in others despite the proximity of police stations to scenes of crime. The research findings would be shared with the police and they can read people’s suggestions on improvement of service delivery.
Previous research has focused more on the frequency of crime in different crimes and the conclusions have been that the income level affects the rate of crime (Bhattacherjee, 2012). Areas with high levels of unemployment have generally higher rates of petty crimes and muggings. However, research has not focused on the relationship between the police and citizens. There is an information gap on how exactly the nature of relationship affects service delivery. The research would act as a stepping-stone for future r ...
Dodge, M., Bosick, S., Antwerp, V., & Benson, M. (2013). Do Men an.docxpetehbailey729071
Dodge, M., Bosick, S., Antwerp, V., & Benson, M. (2013). Do Men and Women Perceive White-Collar and Street Crime Differently? Exploring Gender Differences in the Perception of Seriousness, Motives, and Punishment. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 29(3), 399-415.
In this journal it talks about the public’s perception on white-collar crime and its focus on gender. It talks about the relationship between crime type and the respondent’s perception of appropriate punishment and Its relation to gender. I do feel like a weakness to this survey would be location. They chose to talk to people that were coming from jury duty and I feel that puts a bias factor on keeping the data general. Most people coming from jury duty are most likely inclined to feel that the criminals deserve to be charged. Which is shown in the results because all respondents perceived the six crimes to be very serious offense. I also feel that the scenarios should not have been so vague as reported in the study because it does leave a lot of room of confusion and misunderstanding for the people filling out the survey. I do feel that this study is relative to my paper because they talk about how public views the punishment, attitudes and motivation which is going to interesting to do more research.
Leeper Piquero, N., Carmichael, S., & Piquero, A. (2008). Research Note: Assessing the Perceived Seriousness of White-Collar and Street Crimes. Crime & Delinquency, 54(2), 291-312.
In this journal it talks about the controversy surrounding the ranking of crime seriousness of white-collar crimes relative to street crimes. I do feel that a limitation in this study is that they did not include enough varieties in crimes which could alter the results possibly. I found this survey interesting because I feel that it was the most random survey done. I feel like the information on here would be the most accurate in getting a consensus on the public’s opinion. I also liked how they included the criminal justice system personnel’s perception in the study because no other study discussed that which gives a whole different perspective on my whole topic. This will help my paper because they used random, national probability samples that will help my theory that white-collar crime is as bad or even worse than street crime.
Michel, C. (2016). Violent Street Crime Versus Harmful White-Collar Crime: A Comparison of Perceived Seriousness and Punitiveness. Critical Criminology, 24(1), 127-143.
In this journal it talks about how studies have opposed old understandings of the publics feelings towards white-collar crime. They participants were asked to look at white-collar crimes and non-violent street crimes and then decided which of the two was more serious. Some strengths of this study is that they used Amazon Mechanical Turk which helped the analysis be less bias. I think a weakness of this study would be that the vagueness of the vignettes as described in the limitation's sections. “Verbiag.
Research and Policy DevelopmentAfter reading Chapter 5 of th.docxrgladys1
Research and Policy Development
After reading Chapter 5 of the Mosher textbook, the article entitled "Internet Development, Censorship, and
Cyber
Crimes in China" by Liang and Lu, and the article entitled "'Snitches End Up in Ditches' and Other Cautionary Tales" by Morris, I can relate to how the contents of these sources affect research and policy development. While they are presented differently, these research articles have unique implications on the development of criminal justice policy. I am particularly drawn towards the text by Morris (2010). If members of the society such as teenagers can establish a culture that inhibits sharing information with formal authorities, one construct that is affected is the criminal justice public policy development process that depends on the ability of
law
enforcement to deliberate with members of the society to establish a consensus regarding which policies to pursue. Policing is a social process and if officers are denied information by the community through such codes, the criminal justice system cannot execute its mandate.
As a criminal justice leader, the National Crime Victimization Survey would concern me because this
survey
avails important information about the frequency of crime and the proportion that goes unreported (Ybarra & Lohr, 2002). When compared to the Uniform Crime Report, I would say that incident-based reporting provides official crime data and may be limited as with regards to its ability to provide a general view of crime rates that take place. In fact, it fails to capture crimes that are not reported to the police. As I have already mentioned, the “Snitches End Up in Ditches' and Other Cautionary Tales” is a particularly powerful article because it invokes action from criminal justice leaders. The action that I would take is to promote better relations between law enforcement entities and the community to establish a mutually inclusive work environment for better policy making.
References
Morris, E. W. (2010). “Snitches end up in ditches” and other cautionary tales.
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice
,
26
(3), 254-272.
Ybarra, L. M., & Lohr, S. L. (2002). Estimates of repeat victimization using the National Crime Victimization Survey.
Journal of Quantitative Criminology
,
18
(1), 1-21.
.
January 24, 2014Module 1M1 Research Jour.docxjoyjonna282
January 24, 2014
Module 1
M1 Research Journal
Question 1. Research problem
Is there a correlation between the frequency, nature of crimes, and the readiness to report them depending on the average income of neighborhoods in New York?
Question 2.
This statement captures the problem of crime in residential areas and tries to establish whether income is a factor that contributes to it. From the research, suggestions could be made on ways of trying to resolve the problem by solving the root issue.
There is no bias in this statement because once the research is commissioned; data would be collected from several neighborhoods.
The research can be carried out within a reasonable period and a small budget because data on the average incomes can be found at relevant authorities. Information on crimes is readily available from police stations. Law enforcement officers can also give useful information on the topic through interviews and questionnaires. The research would also involve collecting data from residents through questionnaires that is a faster and less expensive way of collecting information (Bhattacherjee, 2012).
This research, if conducted could lead to the discovery of new knowledge in the social sciences field. It could reveal on the kind of working relationship that exists between police officers and residents in different field. It would be important to find out the perception of the police in this field. It could also reveal past experiences with the police and their responsiveness depending on the neighborhoods. The research could also reveal whether the geographical areas that police officers work influence their level of job satisfaction. The data collected could tell whether officers view their roles differently when placed in dissimilar stations.
Question 3.
This research is quite feasible and a proposal could be drawn for funding. If conducted, the research could give insight on ways of improving the way police are perceived in different neighborhoods. When the image of police is bettered, people will be more willing to report crimes as soon as they happen in order to improve security in all areas. The research could help gain insight on why the response time in some areas may be less than in others despite the proximity of police stations to scenes of crime. The research findings would be shared with the police and they can read people’s suggestions on improvement of service delivery.
Previous research has focused more on the frequency of crime in different crimes and the conclusions have been that the income level affects the rate of crime (Bhattacherjee, 2012). Areas with high levels of unemployment have generally higher rates of petty crimes and muggings. However, research has not focused on the relationship between the police and citizens. There is an information gap on how exactly the nature of relationship affects service delivery. The research would act as a stepping-stone for future research on more specific matters ...
The Relationship Rural Development and CrimesAI Publications
Over the past few years, metropolitan crime has fallen significantly in the United States while nonmetropolitan crime has continued to increase. The main aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between crimes and urban development. This study had chosen a survey research, to analyze the relationship between the relationship rural development and crimes. The author applied a structured survey as tool of this research. I distributed 150 questionnaires, but only 118 questionnaires I was able to receive. The findings revealed that there is positive and significant relationship between crimes and urban development.
1
5
Annotated Bibliography
Wendy Reina
Kean University
June 6, 2022
Annotated Bibliography
Topic: “Race and ethnicity in unemployment and high crime rates in America."
Couloute, L., & Kopf, D. (2018). Out of prison & out of work: Unemployment among formerly incarcerated people. Prison Policy Initiative.
According to Couloute, L., & Kopf, in the overall population in America, people of color are more probable to be unemployed than how white people are to be employed (Couloute & Kopf, 2018). However, male unemployment rates are often lower than those faced by females. As a result, the discrepancies the authors discovered between formerly imprisoned persons and the general community may have been caused by the high number of people of color and men who are overrepresented in the jail population. Separating the data by race and gender, the authors found that the unemployment rate for every previously incarcerated group was higher than that of any comparable group in the general population. When it comes to former inmates seeking work, their prior criminal records set them apart from other job searchers, not merely because they are excessively symbolized in the criminal justice organization.
Hinton, E., Henderson, L., & Reed, C. (2018). An unjust burden: The disparate treatment of black Americans in the criminal justice system. Vera Institute of Justice, 1-20.
According to Hinton et al., to some extent, racial disparities in the criminal justice system may be traced back to the nation's past and present policy (Hinton et al., 2018). In the years after the end of slavery in the South, black Americans became the major target of new tactics for policing, punishment, and jail. There was legislation aimed toward the newly freed black people that took use of a gap in the 13th Amendment, which identifies that citizens can only be forced into slavery once they have been found guilty of a criminal offense. Several laws were passed to ensure that the newly emancipated black population's labor was properly monitored and exploited. That's why police tactics and aims are often shaped by data that reflect the crimes committed by low-income and unemployed Americans, who are disproportionately black, because of structural inequities.
Hipp, J. R., & Kane, K. (2017). Cities and the larger context: What explains changing levels of a crime?. Journal of criminal justice, 49, 32-44.
This study aims to determine whether or not the wider environment in America influences crime rates over the next ten years. Hipp’s and Kane’s findings are based on extensive research that spans several years and includes many cities in America (Hipp & Kane, 2017). However, even while cities with a big population and those located near a major population county often have larger rises in crime in the following decade, communities feeling an upsurge in population throughout the present decade enjoy declines in crime. In the study's findings, cities with advanced reg ...
1
5
Annotated Bibliography
Wendy Reina
Kean University
June 6, 2022
Annotated Bibliography
Topic: “Race and ethnicity in unemployment and high crime rates in America."
Couloute, L., & Kopf, D. (2018). Out of prison & out of work: Unemployment among formerly incarcerated people. Prison Policy Initiative.
According to Couloute, L., & Kopf, in the overall population in America, people of color are more probable to be unemployed than how white people are to be employed (Couloute & Kopf, 2018). However, male unemployment rates are often lower than those faced by females. As a result, the discrepancies the authors discovered between formerly imprisoned persons and the general community may have been caused by the high number of people of color and men who are overrepresented in the jail population. Separating the data by race and gender, the authors found that the unemployment rate for every previously incarcerated group was higher than that of any comparable group in the general population. When it comes to former inmates seeking work, their prior criminal records set them apart from other job searchers, not merely because they are excessively symbolized in the criminal justice organization.
Hinton, E., Henderson, L., & Reed, C. (2018). An unjust burden: The disparate treatment of black Americans in the criminal justice system. Vera Institute of Justice, 1-20.
According to Hinton et al., to some extent, racial disparities in the criminal justice system may be traced back to the nation's past and present policy (Hinton et al., 2018). In the years after the end of slavery in the South, black Americans became the major target of new tactics for policing, punishment, and jail. There was legislation aimed toward the newly freed black people that took use of a gap in the 13th Amendment, which identifies that citizens can only be forced into slavery once they have been found guilty of a criminal offense. Several laws were passed to ensure that the newly emancipated black population's labor was properly monitored and exploited. That's why police tactics and aims are often shaped by data that reflect the crimes committed by low-income and unemployed Americans, who are disproportionately black, because of structural inequities.
Hipp, J. R., & Kane, K. (2017). Cities and the larger context: What explains changing levels of a crime?. Journal of criminal justice, 49, 32-44.
This study aims to determine whether or not the wider environment in America influences crime rates over the next ten years. Hipp’s and Kane’s findings are based on extensive research that spans several years and includes many cities in America (Hipp & Kane, 2017). However, even while cities with a big population and those located near a major population county often have larger rises in crime in the following decade, communities feeling an upsurge in population throughout the present decade enjoy declines in crime. In the study's findings, cities with advanced reg ...
This exquisite sample bibliography on criminal theory will get your inspiration up and get you writing in no time.Want to get more samples, visit this site. http://www.annotatedbibliographymaker.com/sample-bibliography-on-criminal-theory-annotated-bibliography/
Abstract : Crime prediction is a topic of significant research across the fields of criminology, data mining, city planning, law enforcement, and political science. Crime patterns exist on a spatial level; these patterns can be grouped geographically by physical location, and analyzed contextually based on the region
in which crime occurs. This paper proposes a mechanism to parameterize street-level crime, localize crime hotspots, identify correlations between spatiotemporal crime patterns and social trends, and analyze the resulting data for the purposes of knowledge discovery and anomaly detection. The subject of this study is the county of Merseyside in the United Kingdom, over a span of 21 months beginning in December 2010 (monthly) through August 2012. Several types of crime are analyzed in this dataset, including Burglary and Antisocial Behavior. Through this analysis, several interesting findings are drawn about crime in Merseyside, including: hotspots with steadily increasing crime levels, hotspots with unstable crime levels, synchronous changes in crime trends throughout Merseyside as a whole, individual months in which certain hotspots behaved anomalously, and a strong correlation between crime hotspot locations and borough/postal code locations. We believe that this type of statistical and correlative analysis of crime patterns will help law enforcement agencies predict criminal activity, allocate resources, and promote community awareness to reduce overall crime rates.
For more information, please visit: http://people.cs.vt.edu/parang/ or contact parang at firstname at cs vt edu
EDCO 811Research Paper Outline Assignment InstructionsOvervEvonCanales257
EDCO 811
Research Paper: Outline Assignment Instructions
Overview
Create a detailed outline for your research paper based on your Research Paper: Topic Assignment. The outline is intended to support your final research paper and may use words, phrases or sentences that incorporates the elements listed under instructions.
Instructions
1. Addresses/reflects the chosen/approved topic.
2. Demonstrates a thorough presentation/progression of the subject matter.
3. Addresses the thesis of the paper, including theoretical models and constructs.
4. Provides a minimum of 10 research articles/sources correctly cited and published within the last five years.
5. Lists references on a separate page in current APA format.
6. Uses clear and concise language with correct grammar and structure.
7. Uses current APA format.
Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.
Research Problem Assignment
Instructions: For completing this assignment, follow the guidelines regarding Research Problems discussed in the Unit 3 Lecture. The Research Problem should be approximately 250 words, about a page double-spaced. You must cite a minimum of two references in proper APA formatting.
Questions you should ask yourself when composing the Research Problem:
Who is the study population? How can you further refine the study population?
What exactly do you want to understand about the topic/problem?
Is the Research Problem too broad?
How relevant is the research to your study area/discipline/major/interests?
What motivates you to do the research on the chosen topic/problem?
Why should others be interested in your chosen topic/problem?
What are the stakes involved in not addressing the issue from your perspective?
What are the concepts and issues to be studied?
Do you have enough time to complete the research?
Is an answer to the Research Problem obvious?
1
5
Annotated Bibliography
Wendy Reina
Kean University
June 6, 2022
Annotated Bibliography
Topic: “Race and ethnicity in unemployment and high crime rates in America."
Couloute, L., & Kopf, D. (2018). Out of prison & out of work: Unemployment among formerly incarcerated people. Prison Policy Initiative.
According to Couloute, L., & Kopf, in the overall population in America, people of color are more probable to be unemployed than how white people are to be employed (Couloute & Kopf, 2018). However, male unemployment rates are often lower than those faced by females. As a result, the discrepancies the authors discovered between formerly imprisoned persons and the general community may have been caused by the high number of people of color and men who are overrepresented in the jail population. Separating the data by race and gender, the authors found that the unemployment rate for every previously incarcerated group was higher than that of any comparable group in the general population. When it comes to former inmates seeking work, their prior cri ...
Analysis of the Factors Affecting Violent Crime Rates in the USDr. Amarjeet Singh
The goal of this study is to analyze the factors affecting violent crime rates in the US. It is hypothesized that an increase in the gun ownership rate tends to increase violent crimes in the US. It is hypothesized that urban areas in the US tend to have more violent crimes than rural areas. An OLS regression model is formulated using cross-sectional data set across 50 states and the District of Columbia for the year 2019. The endogenous variable is the violent crime rates per 100,000 inhabitants across 50 states and the District of Columbia. The independent variables used in the OLS regression model are population density per square mile, unemployment rate, percentage of the population living in poverty, and gun ownership rate. The four exogenous variables that are found to be statistically significant are gun ownership, unemployment rate, population density per square mile, and percentage of population living in property. An attempt is also made to formulate strategies that would help in reducing violent crime rates in the US.
Christian Castillo D2 Summer 2018Outline of Complete Research.docxchristinemaritza
Christian Castillo
D2 Summer 2018
Outline of Complete Research Proposal 1
RACE AND CRIME 5
1. Introduction
a. Topic introduction and context.
Racial discrimination, which is the way of targeting accused based on race prominence, could be responsible for the increase in rate of crime arrest. Subcultural theorists argue that poor people, also referred to as have-nots, normally reside in areas where the social respect is subject to violence and physical strength and this habit promote crime. More to this, race impacts who gets arrested, and some pieces of evidence show that minorities are disproportionate form crime statistics (Walker, Spohn, & DeLone, 2012). It is official that high rates of arrest, conviction, and incarceration of these minorities may be as a result of criminal justice actors. It is interesting to note that race and social stratification are related in the aspect that nonwhite form lower class and this poorer class lack the genuine ways to obtain goods and they choose to join crime.
b. Significance
Physical injury and death are grouped as homicide, and known as the biggest cause of death amongst the youths. According to the “U.S Public health” brutality is a chief health issues which is challenging the Americans. Crime is intertwined with acts of violence. Secondly, crime is associated with loss, such as vandalism, arson, and environmental destruction. Crimes also pose economic cost through expense linked with transfer of property through robbery, during crime, criminal violence brings about additional medical cost of attending to the victims. There is another form of cost: cost of protection, which includes funds used to guard dogs and surveillance systems. According to studies, race has a huge impact on crime, thus scientists and scholars have tried to uncover what triggers people with different skin color to engage in criminal acts. All these implications make it important to study the relation of race to crime with a mind of reducing the cost.
c. Research question and hypothesis.
Arguably, black people are more likely to engage in criminal activities than white people. Does this stereotype have any relevance to it? A black man in the US today has three times a higher chance of going to prison as well. There has to be a relationship that supports both statements. Comment by Microsoft Office User: State your hypothesis clearly.
d. Proposed research design
The research will use data collected by different institution to evaluate the relationship between crime and race. It will describe offending action of different races within the sample population and this will be used for descriptive purpose. Second, the explanation will predict race pattern in relation to crime. The analysis builds on existing records of crime documenting racial pattern. Comment by Microsoft Office User: How will the data be collected for analysis? Existing statistics?
e. Roadmap
The remainder of this research paper stereotypes the conce ...
Built Environment and Crime in a South Korea Contextcivejjour
The primary purpose of this paper is to test the applicability of environmental criminology in the case of
South Korea. Also, it explores more effective strategies from a spatial planning perspective by taking
control of diverse spatial planning factors. The study area is South Korea, and the base year was 2016.
The relationship between the built environment and three crimes (theft, violence, sexual assault) was
analyzed using the spatial econometric model. As a result, the best spatial regression models for violent
crime rate and sexual assault rate are SEM and SAC, respectively. The most prominent finding is that the
regression results in the three crimes are slightly different. The broken windows effect was negligible for
significant crimes in South Korea. The influence of regional disorders on the incidence of crimes was
marginal. In the three crime types, mixed land use affected raising crime rates, which is a line with some
previous studies that mixed land use increases the likelihood of crime incidences. Unlike a series of
relevant works, brighter nighttime light has not effectively decreased crimes in South Korea. In South
Korea, CCTV did not play a role in deterring crimes. Lastly, socio-economic characteristics were closely
connected with crime rates in South Korea. Findings of theft rate, violent crime rate, and sexual assault
rate confirm the reliability of environmental criminology. Although this study has examined the likelihood
of applying environmental criminology, further researches and discussions are followed for concrete plans.
Conflict theory and racial profiling An empirical analysis.docxmaxinesmith73660
Conflict theory and racial profiling: An empirical analysis
of police traffic stop data
Matthew Petrocellia, Alex R. Piquerob, Michael R. Smithc,*
aDepartment of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA
bCenter for Studies in Criminology and Law, University of Florida, 201 Walker Hall, P.O. Box 115950,
Gainesville, FL 32611-5950, USA
cCriminal Justice Program, Washington State University, Spokane, 668 North Riverpoint Boulevard, Box B,
Spokane, WA 99202-1662, USA
Abstract
Using data collected by the Richmond, Virginia Police Department, this article applies conflict theory to police
traffic stop practices. In particular, it explores whether police traffic stop, search, and arrest practices differ
according to racial or socioeconomic factors among neighborhoods. Three principal findings emanate from this
research. First, the total number of stops by Richmond police was determined solely by the crime rate of the
neighborhood. Second, the percentage of stops that resulted in a search was determined by the percentage of
Black population. Third, when examining the percentage of stops that ended in an arrest/summons, the analyses
suggest that both the percentage of Black population and the area crime rate served to decrease the percentage of
police stops that ended in an arrest/summons. Implications for conflict theory and police decision-making are
addressed.
D 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Conflict theory holds that law and the mecha-
nisms of its enforcement are used by dominant
groups in society to minimize threats to their interests
posed by those whom they label as dangerous,
especially minorities and the poor. Over the past
several years, racial profiling by police has become
an issue of national significance. In his first speech to
Congress on February 27, 2001, President Bush
addressed racial profiling and directed Attorney Gen-
eral John Ashcroft to develop a set of recommenda-
tions to end racial profiling by America’s police
forces. Although empirical data on racial profiling
is scarce (Government Accounting Office, 2000),
conflict theory suggests that police may indeed target
minorities when conducting traffic stops or field
interrogations.
Using data collected by the Richmond, Virginia
Police Department, this article tests the application of
conflict theory to police traffic stop practices. In
particular, it explores whether police traffic stop,
search, and arrest practices differ according to racial
or socioeconomic factors among neighborhoods (e.g.,
Smith, 1986). Previous research on conflict theory
and the police used data from multiple cities or states
to examine differences in minority treatment by the
police at the macro level. This article extends the
current research by presenting a micro-level analysis
of police practices using census tract data from a
single city. It begins with a discussion of prior
.
Part 1.....InstructionsSelect one of the age groups disc.docxMARRY7
Part 1.....
Instructions
Select one of the age groups discussed in this unit (adolescent, adult, or elderly). Create a community health strategy for dealing with intentional and unintentional injuries (motor vehicle accidents, suicide, or violence).Your response should include information on the morbidity and mortality rates and the key factors associated with the injuries.Your APA-Style essay must be at least two pages in length (not counting the title and reference pages). All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Part 2....... Need To Be 1 Paragraph Long
According to the Centers for Medicare Services (CMS), the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was designed to give U.S. citizens improved flexibility and control, allowing them to make more informed decisions about their own health plans and healthcare providers.
Now that the ACA has been in place for several years, do you feel that in fact happened? Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the ACA today.
.
Part 1 – Add to Website PlanList at least three .docxMARRY7
Part 1 – Add to Website Plan
List
at least three interactive features that could be added to your
site and what purpose each would serve for your site and its visitors.
The form created in Part Two of this assignment can be included as
one of the interactive features.
Part 2 – Refine and finalize your website
Refine
and finalize your website by doing the following:
•
Add a simple web form—such as an order form, a subscription
to a newsletter, or a request for contact.
•
Use division or a table to structure the form elements.
•
Apply JavaScript
®
to validate the form.
•
Finalize a navigation system.
•
Use metadata to increase accessibility and search engine
optimization.
15
WEB/240 Version 1
8
•
Test for functionality and usability.
As in the prior assignment, use only Adobe
®
Dreamweaver
®
or
another HTML editor to refine the homepage developed in Week
Three.
Check
your HTML code using the Markup Validation Service on the
W3C
®
website, (www.w3.org) prior to submitting your web page(s).
A link to this site may be found in the Materials tab on your student
website.
Submit
all website files in a compressed folder.
.
More Related Content
Similar to Vanessa Schoening February 13, 2014Module 2 .docx
1
5
Annotated Bibliography
Wendy Reina
Kean University
June 6, 2022
Annotated Bibliography
Topic: “Race and ethnicity in unemployment and high crime rates in America."
Couloute, L., & Kopf, D. (2018). Out of prison & out of work: Unemployment among formerly incarcerated people. Prison Policy Initiative.
According to Couloute, L., & Kopf, in the overall population in America, people of color are more probable to be unemployed than how white people are to be employed (Couloute & Kopf, 2018). However, male unemployment rates are often lower than those faced by females. As a result, the discrepancies the authors discovered between formerly imprisoned persons and the general community may have been caused by the high number of people of color and men who are overrepresented in the jail population. Separating the data by race and gender, the authors found that the unemployment rate for every previously incarcerated group was higher than that of any comparable group in the general population. When it comes to former inmates seeking work, their prior criminal records set them apart from other job searchers, not merely because they are excessively symbolized in the criminal justice organization.
Hinton, E., Henderson, L., & Reed, C. (2018). An unjust burden: The disparate treatment of black Americans in the criminal justice system. Vera Institute of Justice, 1-20.
According to Hinton et al., to some extent, racial disparities in the criminal justice system may be traced back to the nation's past and present policy (Hinton et al., 2018). In the years after the end of slavery in the South, black Americans became the major target of new tactics for policing, punishment, and jail. There was legislation aimed toward the newly freed black people that took use of a gap in the 13th Amendment, which identifies that citizens can only be forced into slavery once they have been found guilty of a criminal offense. Several laws were passed to ensure that the newly emancipated black population's labor was properly monitored and exploited. That's why police tactics and aims are often shaped by data that reflect the crimes committed by low-income and unemployed Americans, who are disproportionately black, because of structural inequities.
Hipp, J. R., & Kane, K. (2017). Cities and the larger context: What explains changing levels of a crime?. Journal of criminal justice, 49, 32-44.
This study aims to determine whether or not the wider environment in America influences crime rates over the next ten years. Hipp’s and Kane’s findings are based on extensive research that spans several years and includes many cities in America (Hipp & Kane, 2017). However, even while cities with a big population and those located near a major population county often have larger rises in crime in the following decade, communities feeling an upsurge in population throughout the present decade enjoy declines in crime. In the study's findings, cities with advanced reg ...
1
5
Annotated Bibliography
Wendy Reina
Kean University
June 6, 2022
Annotated Bibliography
Topic: “Race and ethnicity in unemployment and high crime rates in America."
Couloute, L., & Kopf, D. (2018). Out of prison & out of work: Unemployment among formerly incarcerated people. Prison Policy Initiative.
According to Couloute, L., & Kopf, in the overall population in America, people of color are more probable to be unemployed than how white people are to be employed (Couloute & Kopf, 2018). However, male unemployment rates are often lower than those faced by females. As a result, the discrepancies the authors discovered between formerly imprisoned persons and the general community may have been caused by the high number of people of color and men who are overrepresented in the jail population. Separating the data by race and gender, the authors found that the unemployment rate for every previously incarcerated group was higher than that of any comparable group in the general population. When it comes to former inmates seeking work, their prior criminal records set them apart from other job searchers, not merely because they are excessively symbolized in the criminal justice organization.
Hinton, E., Henderson, L., & Reed, C. (2018). An unjust burden: The disparate treatment of black Americans in the criminal justice system. Vera Institute of Justice, 1-20.
According to Hinton et al., to some extent, racial disparities in the criminal justice system may be traced back to the nation's past and present policy (Hinton et al., 2018). In the years after the end of slavery in the South, black Americans became the major target of new tactics for policing, punishment, and jail. There was legislation aimed toward the newly freed black people that took use of a gap in the 13th Amendment, which identifies that citizens can only be forced into slavery once they have been found guilty of a criminal offense. Several laws were passed to ensure that the newly emancipated black population's labor was properly monitored and exploited. That's why police tactics and aims are often shaped by data that reflect the crimes committed by low-income and unemployed Americans, who are disproportionately black, because of structural inequities.
Hipp, J. R., & Kane, K. (2017). Cities and the larger context: What explains changing levels of a crime?. Journal of criminal justice, 49, 32-44.
This study aims to determine whether or not the wider environment in America influences crime rates over the next ten years. Hipp’s and Kane’s findings are based on extensive research that spans several years and includes many cities in America (Hipp & Kane, 2017). However, even while cities with a big population and those located near a major population county often have larger rises in crime in the following decade, communities feeling an upsurge in population throughout the present decade enjoy declines in crime. In the study's findings, cities with advanced reg ...
This exquisite sample bibliography on criminal theory will get your inspiration up and get you writing in no time.Want to get more samples, visit this site. http://www.annotatedbibliographymaker.com/sample-bibliography-on-criminal-theory-annotated-bibliography/
Abstract : Crime prediction is a topic of significant research across the fields of criminology, data mining, city planning, law enforcement, and political science. Crime patterns exist on a spatial level; these patterns can be grouped geographically by physical location, and analyzed contextually based on the region
in which crime occurs. This paper proposes a mechanism to parameterize street-level crime, localize crime hotspots, identify correlations between spatiotemporal crime patterns and social trends, and analyze the resulting data for the purposes of knowledge discovery and anomaly detection. The subject of this study is the county of Merseyside in the United Kingdom, over a span of 21 months beginning in December 2010 (monthly) through August 2012. Several types of crime are analyzed in this dataset, including Burglary and Antisocial Behavior. Through this analysis, several interesting findings are drawn about crime in Merseyside, including: hotspots with steadily increasing crime levels, hotspots with unstable crime levels, synchronous changes in crime trends throughout Merseyside as a whole, individual months in which certain hotspots behaved anomalously, and a strong correlation between crime hotspot locations and borough/postal code locations. We believe that this type of statistical and correlative analysis of crime patterns will help law enforcement agencies predict criminal activity, allocate resources, and promote community awareness to reduce overall crime rates.
For more information, please visit: http://people.cs.vt.edu/parang/ or contact parang at firstname at cs vt edu
EDCO 811Research Paper Outline Assignment InstructionsOvervEvonCanales257
EDCO 811
Research Paper: Outline Assignment Instructions
Overview
Create a detailed outline for your research paper based on your Research Paper: Topic Assignment. The outline is intended to support your final research paper and may use words, phrases or sentences that incorporates the elements listed under instructions.
Instructions
1. Addresses/reflects the chosen/approved topic.
2. Demonstrates a thorough presentation/progression of the subject matter.
3. Addresses the thesis of the paper, including theoretical models and constructs.
4. Provides a minimum of 10 research articles/sources correctly cited and published within the last five years.
5. Lists references on a separate page in current APA format.
6. Uses clear and concise language with correct grammar and structure.
7. Uses current APA format.
Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.
Research Problem Assignment
Instructions: For completing this assignment, follow the guidelines regarding Research Problems discussed in the Unit 3 Lecture. The Research Problem should be approximately 250 words, about a page double-spaced. You must cite a minimum of two references in proper APA formatting.
Questions you should ask yourself when composing the Research Problem:
Who is the study population? How can you further refine the study population?
What exactly do you want to understand about the topic/problem?
Is the Research Problem too broad?
How relevant is the research to your study area/discipline/major/interests?
What motivates you to do the research on the chosen topic/problem?
Why should others be interested in your chosen topic/problem?
What are the stakes involved in not addressing the issue from your perspective?
What are the concepts and issues to be studied?
Do you have enough time to complete the research?
Is an answer to the Research Problem obvious?
1
5
Annotated Bibliography
Wendy Reina
Kean University
June 6, 2022
Annotated Bibliography
Topic: “Race and ethnicity in unemployment and high crime rates in America."
Couloute, L., & Kopf, D. (2018). Out of prison & out of work: Unemployment among formerly incarcerated people. Prison Policy Initiative.
According to Couloute, L., & Kopf, in the overall population in America, people of color are more probable to be unemployed than how white people are to be employed (Couloute & Kopf, 2018). However, male unemployment rates are often lower than those faced by females. As a result, the discrepancies the authors discovered between formerly imprisoned persons and the general community may have been caused by the high number of people of color and men who are overrepresented in the jail population. Separating the data by race and gender, the authors found that the unemployment rate for every previously incarcerated group was higher than that of any comparable group in the general population. When it comes to former inmates seeking work, their prior cri ...
Analysis of the Factors Affecting Violent Crime Rates in the USDr. Amarjeet Singh
The goal of this study is to analyze the factors affecting violent crime rates in the US. It is hypothesized that an increase in the gun ownership rate tends to increase violent crimes in the US. It is hypothesized that urban areas in the US tend to have more violent crimes than rural areas. An OLS regression model is formulated using cross-sectional data set across 50 states and the District of Columbia for the year 2019. The endogenous variable is the violent crime rates per 100,000 inhabitants across 50 states and the District of Columbia. The independent variables used in the OLS regression model are population density per square mile, unemployment rate, percentage of the population living in poverty, and gun ownership rate. The four exogenous variables that are found to be statistically significant are gun ownership, unemployment rate, population density per square mile, and percentage of population living in property. An attempt is also made to formulate strategies that would help in reducing violent crime rates in the US.
Christian Castillo D2 Summer 2018Outline of Complete Research.docxchristinemaritza
Christian Castillo
D2 Summer 2018
Outline of Complete Research Proposal 1
RACE AND CRIME 5
1. Introduction
a. Topic introduction and context.
Racial discrimination, which is the way of targeting accused based on race prominence, could be responsible for the increase in rate of crime arrest. Subcultural theorists argue that poor people, also referred to as have-nots, normally reside in areas where the social respect is subject to violence and physical strength and this habit promote crime. More to this, race impacts who gets arrested, and some pieces of evidence show that minorities are disproportionate form crime statistics (Walker, Spohn, & DeLone, 2012). It is official that high rates of arrest, conviction, and incarceration of these minorities may be as a result of criminal justice actors. It is interesting to note that race and social stratification are related in the aspect that nonwhite form lower class and this poorer class lack the genuine ways to obtain goods and they choose to join crime.
b. Significance
Physical injury and death are grouped as homicide, and known as the biggest cause of death amongst the youths. According to the “U.S Public health” brutality is a chief health issues which is challenging the Americans. Crime is intertwined with acts of violence. Secondly, crime is associated with loss, such as vandalism, arson, and environmental destruction. Crimes also pose economic cost through expense linked with transfer of property through robbery, during crime, criminal violence brings about additional medical cost of attending to the victims. There is another form of cost: cost of protection, which includes funds used to guard dogs and surveillance systems. According to studies, race has a huge impact on crime, thus scientists and scholars have tried to uncover what triggers people with different skin color to engage in criminal acts. All these implications make it important to study the relation of race to crime with a mind of reducing the cost.
c. Research question and hypothesis.
Arguably, black people are more likely to engage in criminal activities than white people. Does this stereotype have any relevance to it? A black man in the US today has three times a higher chance of going to prison as well. There has to be a relationship that supports both statements. Comment by Microsoft Office User: State your hypothesis clearly.
d. Proposed research design
The research will use data collected by different institution to evaluate the relationship between crime and race. It will describe offending action of different races within the sample population and this will be used for descriptive purpose. Second, the explanation will predict race pattern in relation to crime. The analysis builds on existing records of crime documenting racial pattern. Comment by Microsoft Office User: How will the data be collected for analysis? Existing statistics?
e. Roadmap
The remainder of this research paper stereotypes the conce ...
Built Environment and Crime in a South Korea Contextcivejjour
The primary purpose of this paper is to test the applicability of environmental criminology in the case of
South Korea. Also, it explores more effective strategies from a spatial planning perspective by taking
control of diverse spatial planning factors. The study area is South Korea, and the base year was 2016.
The relationship between the built environment and three crimes (theft, violence, sexual assault) was
analyzed using the spatial econometric model. As a result, the best spatial regression models for violent
crime rate and sexual assault rate are SEM and SAC, respectively. The most prominent finding is that the
regression results in the three crimes are slightly different. The broken windows effect was negligible for
significant crimes in South Korea. The influence of regional disorders on the incidence of crimes was
marginal. In the three crime types, mixed land use affected raising crime rates, which is a line with some
previous studies that mixed land use increases the likelihood of crime incidences. Unlike a series of
relevant works, brighter nighttime light has not effectively decreased crimes in South Korea. In South
Korea, CCTV did not play a role in deterring crimes. Lastly, socio-economic characteristics were closely
connected with crime rates in South Korea. Findings of theft rate, violent crime rate, and sexual assault
rate confirm the reliability of environmental criminology. Although this study has examined the likelihood
of applying environmental criminology, further researches and discussions are followed for concrete plans.
Conflict theory and racial profiling An empirical analysis.docxmaxinesmith73660
Conflict theory and racial profiling: An empirical analysis
of police traffic stop data
Matthew Petrocellia, Alex R. Piquerob, Michael R. Smithc,*
aDepartment of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA
bCenter for Studies in Criminology and Law, University of Florida, 201 Walker Hall, P.O. Box 115950,
Gainesville, FL 32611-5950, USA
cCriminal Justice Program, Washington State University, Spokane, 668 North Riverpoint Boulevard, Box B,
Spokane, WA 99202-1662, USA
Abstract
Using data collected by the Richmond, Virginia Police Department, this article applies conflict theory to police
traffic stop practices. In particular, it explores whether police traffic stop, search, and arrest practices differ
according to racial or socioeconomic factors among neighborhoods. Three principal findings emanate from this
research. First, the total number of stops by Richmond police was determined solely by the crime rate of the
neighborhood. Second, the percentage of stops that resulted in a search was determined by the percentage of
Black population. Third, when examining the percentage of stops that ended in an arrest/summons, the analyses
suggest that both the percentage of Black population and the area crime rate served to decrease the percentage of
police stops that ended in an arrest/summons. Implications for conflict theory and police decision-making are
addressed.
D 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Conflict theory holds that law and the mecha-
nisms of its enforcement are used by dominant
groups in society to minimize threats to their interests
posed by those whom they label as dangerous,
especially minorities and the poor. Over the past
several years, racial profiling by police has become
an issue of national significance. In his first speech to
Congress on February 27, 2001, President Bush
addressed racial profiling and directed Attorney Gen-
eral John Ashcroft to develop a set of recommenda-
tions to end racial profiling by America’s police
forces. Although empirical data on racial profiling
is scarce (Government Accounting Office, 2000),
conflict theory suggests that police may indeed target
minorities when conducting traffic stops or field
interrogations.
Using data collected by the Richmond, Virginia
Police Department, this article tests the application of
conflict theory to police traffic stop practices. In
particular, it explores whether police traffic stop,
search, and arrest practices differ according to racial
or socioeconomic factors among neighborhoods (e.g.,
Smith, 1986). Previous research on conflict theory
and the police used data from multiple cities or states
to examine differences in minority treatment by the
police at the macro level. This article extends the
current research by presenting a micro-level analysis
of police practices using census tract data from a
single city. It begins with a discussion of prior
.
Part 1.....InstructionsSelect one of the age groups disc.docxMARRY7
Part 1.....
Instructions
Select one of the age groups discussed in this unit (adolescent, adult, or elderly). Create a community health strategy for dealing with intentional and unintentional injuries (motor vehicle accidents, suicide, or violence).Your response should include information on the morbidity and mortality rates and the key factors associated with the injuries.Your APA-Style essay must be at least two pages in length (not counting the title and reference pages). All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Part 2....... Need To Be 1 Paragraph Long
According to the Centers for Medicare Services (CMS), the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was designed to give U.S. citizens improved flexibility and control, allowing them to make more informed decisions about their own health plans and healthcare providers.
Now that the ACA has been in place for several years, do you feel that in fact happened? Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the ACA today.
.
Part 1 – Add to Website PlanList at least three .docxMARRY7
Part 1 – Add to Website Plan
List
at least three interactive features that could be added to your
site and what purpose each would serve for your site and its visitors.
The form created in Part Two of this assignment can be included as
one of the interactive features.
Part 2 – Refine and finalize your website
Refine
and finalize your website by doing the following:
•
Add a simple web form—such as an order form, a subscription
to a newsletter, or a request for contact.
•
Use division or a table to structure the form elements.
•
Apply JavaScript
®
to validate the form.
•
Finalize a navigation system.
•
Use metadata to increase accessibility and search engine
optimization.
15
WEB/240 Version 1
8
•
Test for functionality and usability.
As in the prior assignment, use only Adobe
®
Dreamweaver
®
or
another HTML editor to refine the homepage developed in Week
Three.
Check
your HTML code using the Markup Validation Service on the
W3C
®
website, (www.w3.org) prior to submitting your web page(s).
A link to this site may be found in the Materials tab on your student
website.
Submit
all website files in a compressed folder.
.
Part 1 True or False Questions. (10 questions at 1 point each).docxMARRY7
Part 1: True or False Questions.
(10 questions at 1 point each)
T
F
A hash algorithm uses a one-way cryptographic function, whereas both secret-key and public-key systems use two-way (i.e., reversible) cryptographic functions.
Answer: _____
T
F
The strongest 3DES (Triple DES) requires the use of three independent keys.
Answer: _____
T
F
When it comes to the ethics of a particular situation, there is only one right answer.
Answer: _____
T
F
Packet filters protect networks by blocking packets based on the packets’ contents.
Answer: _____
T
F
The biggest advantage of
public-key
cryptography over
secret-key
cryptography is in the area of key management/key distribution.
Answer: _____
T
F
In terms of privacy laws, companies have no advantage over the government in terms of the types of data that a company can collect.
Answer: _____
T
F
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) provide no protection from internal threats.
Answer: _____
T
F
A Denial-of-Service attack does not require the attacker to penetrate the target's security defenses.
Answer: _____
T
F
AES uses the Rijndael algorithm.
Answer: _____
T
F
A one-time pad is a safe house used only once by an undercover agent.
Answer: _____
Part 2: Multiple Choice Questions. Print
all
the correct answers in the blank following the question; in some cases a fully correct answer may require more than one lettered choice to be selected. (
Each question is worth 2 points.
There is no guarantee of partial credit for partially correct answers.)
If person A uses AES to transmit an encrypted message to person B, which key or keys will A have to use:
a.
A’s private key
b.
A’s public key
c.
B’s private key
d.
B’s public key
e.
None of the keys listed above
Answer(s): ____
From the perspective of
entropy
:
Plaintext will have a higher entropy than the ciphertext
The unequal frequency of characters in human languages tends to reduce the entropy of plaintext messages in that language
Encrypted messages appear to be noise-like
Plaintext requires more transmission bandwidth than ciphertext
None of the above
Answer(s): _____
Protection of a software program that uses a unique, novel algorithm could be legally protected by:
a.
A patent
b.
A copyright
c.
A patent and copyright
d.
Ethical standards
e.
All of the above
Answer(s): _____
Security
threats
include which of the following:
a.
Unlocked doors
b.
Disgruntled employees
c.
Hurricanes
d.
Un-patched software programs
e.
All of the above
Answer(s): _____
Denial of service attacks include:
a.
DNS poisoning
b.
Smurf attack
c.
Ping of death
d.
SYN flood
e.
All of the above
Answer(s): _____
Part 3: Short Answer Questions.
(10 questions at 5 points each)
Alan and Beatrice are both users of PKI. Explain how they use their keys to communicate when Alan sends a private message to Beatrice, and provides proof that he sent the message.
Answer:
Briefly describe the purpose of firewalls and how .
Part 11. Why is it so important in system engineering to become .docxMARRY7
Part 1
1. Why is it so important in system engineering to become familiar with some of the analytical methods?
2. Identify and describe some of the technologies that are being applied in the design process. Provide some examples of typical applications, and describe some of the benefits associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process.
3. How does CAM and CAS relate to system engineering? Describe some possible impacts.
4. How is design review and evaluation accomplished? Why is it important relative to meeting system engineering objectives? Describe some of the checks and balances in the design process.
5. What is included in the establishment of a "functional” baseline, Allocated baseline, and Product baseline? Why is baseline management important?
6. What is configuration management (CM) and how does it relate to system engineering? Define Configuration Identification (CI) and Configuration Status Accounting (CSA).
Part 2
Select a system of your choice, and construct a sequential flow diagram of the overall system development process. Identify the major tasks in system development, and develop a plan/schedule of formal design review. Briefly describe what is covered in each.
Part 3
Discuss some of the problems associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process. Provide examples. What cautions must be observed?
.
Part 1 Using the internet, search for commercial IDPS systems. What.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Using the internet, search for commercial IDPS systems. What classification systems and descriptions are used and how can these be used to compare the features and components of each IDPS? Create a comparison spreadsheet identifying the classification systems you find.
Part 2: What are some of the legal and ethical issues surrounding the use of intrusion detection systems logs and other technology tools as evidence in criminal and legal matters?
Part 3: Write a 2 - 3 page APA style paper summarizing the background, description, and purpose of NIST Special Publication 800-94,
Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems
. The last section of your paper should be titled "Author Reflection" and should reflect your critique of the publication examined. You are not expected to read the entire guide, you should be mainly concerned with section two of the report, titled "Intrusion Detection and Prevention Principles" and section three of the report, titled "IDPS Technologies."
Part 4:
Why is it so important in system engineering to become familiar with some of the analytical methods?
Identify and describe some of the technologies that are being applied in the design process. Provide some examples of typical applications, and describe some of the benefits associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process.
How does CAM and CAS relate to system engineering? Describe some possible impacts.
How is design review and evaluation accomplished? Why is it important relative to meeting system engineering objectives? Describe some of the checks and balances in the design process.
What is included in the establishment of a "functional” baseline, Allocated baseline, and Product baseline? Why is baseline management important?
What is configuration management (CM) and how does it relate to system engineering? Define Configuration Identification (CI) and Configuration Status Accounting (CSA).
Part 5: Select a system of your choice, and construct a sequential flow diagram of the overall system development process. Identify the major tasks in system development, and develop a plan/schedule of formal design review. Briefly describe what is covered in each.
Part 6:
Discuss some of the problems associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process. Provide examples. What cautions must be observed?
.
Part 1- Create an outline of the assignment below thenPart 2-1000 .docxMARRY7
Part 1- Create an outline of the assignment below then
Part 2-1000 word assignment
Your fast-food franchise has been cleared for business in all 4 countries (United Arab Emirates, Israel, Mexico, and China). You now have to start construction on your restaurants. The financing is coming from the United Arab Emirates, the materials are coming from Mexico and China, the engineering and technology are coming from Israel , and the labor will be hired locally within these countries by your management team from the United States. You invite all of the players to the headquarters in the United States for a big meeting to explain the project and get to know one another. The people seem to be staying with their own groups and not mingling.
What is the cultural phenomenon at play here (what is it called/ term)?
How do you explain the lack of intercultural communication and interaction?
What do you know about these cultures—specifically their economic, political, educational, and social systems—that could help you in getting them together?
What are some of the contrasting cultural values of these countries?
You are concerned about some of the language barriers as you start the meeting, particularly the fact that the United States is a low-context country, and some of the countries present are high-context countries. Furthermore, you only speak English, and you do not have an interpreter present.
How will this affect the presentation?
What are some of the issues you should be concerned about regarding verbal and nonverbal language for this group?
What strategy would you use to begin to have everyone develop a relationship with each other that will help ease future negotiations, development, and implementation?
.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat is the difference between criminal la.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Review Questions
What is the difference between criminal law and civil law?
What is privacy, in the context of information security?
What is intellectual property? Is it offered the same protection in every country of the world? What laws currently protect it in the U.S. and Europe?
What are the three general categories of unethical and illegal behavior?
Part 2: Module Practice
What does CISSP stand for? Using the Internet, find out what continuing education is required in order for the holder of a CISSP to remain current and in good standing.
.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat is the difference between authenticat.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Review Questions
What is the difference between authentication and authorization? Can a system permit authorization without authentication? Why or why not?
What is the typical relationship between the untrusted network, the firewall, and the trusted network?
How does a network-based IDS differ from a host-based IDS?
What is a VPN? Why are VPNs widely used?
Part 2: Module Practice
Create a spreadsheet that takes eight values into eight different cells and then applies a transposition cipher to them. Next, create a row that takes the results and applies a substitution cipher to them (substitute 0 for 5, 1 for 6, 2 for 7, 3 for 8, 4 for 9, and vice versa).
.
Part 1 SQLDatabase workScenarioDevelopment of a relationa.docxMARRY7
Part 1: SQL/Database work
Scenario
Development of a relational database system for a food producing company
FoodRU is a Leicester-based food producing company. The company wants to keep details regarding both past and present employees and their assignment to shifts over time. At present, there are three defined shift patterns; the morning shift starts at 6am and finishes at 2pm, the day shift starts at 9am and finishes at 5pm, and the evening shift starts at 4pm and finishes at 12am (midnight). However, management have already indicated that they may need to add further shift patterns in the future (e.g., by adding a night shift to the existing ones so that the company can meet a high user demand for their foods). They therefore require shift details to be stored within a separate Shift table, with attributes that allow the storage of a shift name with its associated start and finish times (use the 24 hour clock for these times).
Past and present employee details are to be kept in the same Employee table, and the details to be kept are the employee’s unique 6 digit reference number, the first name, surname and any other names (if there are any) of the employee, the employee’s gender, contact address and contact telephone, the date on which the employee started his/her employment at the company and the date on which the employee finished his/her employment at the company (should s/he be a past employee). Details regarding staff assignments to shifts include the date that an employee was allocated to work a particular shift, and the date that s/he was taken off the shift (if not still assigned to it). Employees can be assigned to different shifts over time and even to the same shift over different time periods, although they cannot be assigned to more than one shift at any one time. A new employee may not yet be assigned to a shift.
Tasks:
1. Provide the table specifications for the THREE tables that are required by FoodRU to store employee, shift and assignment details. That is, for each of the three tables, you should provide, in a suitable presentation format, the name of the table and a specification of each its attributes to include:
• Attribute name
• Attribute brief description as to its meaning
• a description of the attribute’s data type/integrity (e.g., date field, character field of length 20, number field <= 10, etc. – you can use the Oracle data types within these descriptions if you want to)
• An indication as to whether the attribute is a primary key attribute and/or foreign key attribute
• An indication as to whether the attribute can or cannot take null values
Make sure your design specifies the appropriate links between the three tables. Remember to write down any additional integrity you need to enforce either at a specific table level or across two or more tables, if this is required. Also, remember to write down any justifications for the data types/integrity or for any other design features that.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat functions constitute a complete infor.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Review Questions
What functions constitute a complete information security program?
What is the typical size of the security staff in a small organization? A medium-sized organization? A large organization? A very large organization?
Where can an organization place the information security unit? Where should (and shouldn’t) it be placed?
Into what four areas should the information security functions be divided?
Part 2: Module Practice
Design three security posters on various aspects of information security using a graphics presentation program and clip art. Describe the methods you used to develop your design.
.
Part 1A persons lifestyle has a significant influence on the p.docxMARRY7
Part 1:
A person's lifestyle has a significant influence on the person's health and development as he or she moves into middle age (and old age). Stability and change are also common factors in an adult's life.
Describe how middle adulthood provides stability in a person's life. Explain some of the factors that would lead to stability in a person's life as he or she moves through middle age.
Describe some of the more common lifestyle issues that have a negative impact on a person's continued development. Explain how a person may be able to reverse some of the lifestyle influences.
On the basis of your readings, describe what is meant by a midlife crisis. Explain why a midlife crisis may or may not be critical.
Part 2:
Erikson, Gould, Helson, and Levinson provide different perspectives on middle age in adulthood.
Describe each of these theories as it relates to middle adulthood.
On the basis of your readings, compare and contrast these theories. Which one gives a better explanation of middle adulthood?
Justify your answers with appropriate reasoning and research from your text and course readings. Comment on the postings of at least two peers, and provide an analysis of each peer’s postings while also suggesting specific additions or clarifications for improving the discussion question response.
.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat is the definition of information secu.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Review Questions
What is the definition of information security? What essential protections must be in place to protect information systems from danger?
Define the InfoSec processes of identification, authentication, authorization, and accountability.
Define project management. Why is project management of particular interest in the field of information security?
What are the five basic outcomes that should be achieved through information security governance?
What is a threat in the context of information security? How many categories of threats exist as presented in this chapter?
Part 2: Module Practice
Find an article that talks about relative risk either from inside the organization or form external sources. Once you locate and read it, compose a 1-2 page paper that summarizes your findings and critique the article. Use a word processor to complete your assignment and submit it as a .docx or .doc document.
.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat is a security modelWhat are the es.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Review Questions
What is a security model?
What are the essential processes of access control?
Identify at least two different approaches used to categorize access control methodologies. List the types of controls found in each.
What is COBIT? Who is its sponsor? What does it accomplish?
What is the standard of due care? How does it relate to due diligence?
What is baselining? How does it differ from benchmarking?
Part 2: Module Practice
Make a list of at least ten information security metrics that could be collected for a small internet commerce company with 10 employees. For this senario, the company uses an outside vendor for packaging and distribution. Whom should the metrics be reported?
.
Part 1 Listed below are several key Supreme Court decisions that .docxMARRY7
Part 1:
Listed below are several key Supreme Court decisions that resulted in a clarification of inmate rights.
Choose any one
of the cases listed below. Summarize the facts of the case, the issue that needed to be resolved, the court’s decision, and the reasoning behind the decision.
Helling v. McKinney
(1993)
Washington v. Harper
(1990)
Hudson v. Palmer
(1984)
Bell v. Wolfish
(1979)
Bounds v. Smith
(1977)
Estelle v. Gamble
(1976)
Wolff v. McDonnell
(1974)
.
Part 1 Infrastructure DesignCreate an 8–10-page infrastructur.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Infrastructure Design
Create an 8–10-page infrastructure design document in which you:
Identify the major hardware and software components of your hypothetical e-commerce company's information systems infrastructure.
Design your e-commerce company's hardware (database and proxy servers, network equipment) and software (analytics, big data, API, content management) from a size, scale, type, and interoperability standards perspective.
Document the potential security vulnerabilities and a security design for your e-commerce company.
Use graphical tools to create a data flow diagram (DFD) for your e-commerce company.
Use sources to support your writing.
Choose sources that are credible, relevant, and appropriate.
Cite each source listed on your source page at least one time within your assignment.
Part 2: Updated Gantt Chart
Use Microsoft Project to update the previously created Gantt chart with the major and minor tasks identified in the infrastructure design document.
.
part 1 I attended an international conference on Biotechnology and .docxMARRY7
part 1: I attended an international conference on Biotechnology and one of the sessions I went to was on the subject of bio-engineering a "death gene" that could be introduced into the mosquito population and destroy every mosquito on earth. The discussion that ensued was about the ethics of such a thing. I want you to tell how you feel about introducing such a gene. Look up something about this. Your reference does not have to be about this particular gene, but can be about anything that relates to the discussion. Remember to cite your reference, and write at least 150 words
part 2:
Respond to another student
respond to this
I think that with regulation of the mosquito communities would be a good thing. Mosquitos carry many dangerous diseases and if we can lower the population we can slow the rate of transmission of these diseases. This could save many many lives around the world. I would be hesitant though to release the genetically engineered mosquitos into the environment. In the article I read they releases sterile male mosquitos into the environment. This I feel is a safer way to regulate because we are not altering any genes we are just regulating a naturally occurring issue in nature. Sterile males cannot pass on the genes and also male mosquitos are not the ones who would be likely to pass on the diseases. The article stated that only females bite and therefore males would not be capable of spreading the diseases. With sterile males being released there will be less mosquitos due to lack of repopulation. This will still allow organisms relying on mosquitos for food to still be able to survive with less risk to humans. They are an invasive species so it would help to eliminate the spread of mosquitos to different areas. This will keep the spread of disease throughout areas. I do not think it is right to alter the genes for human use though. It is not how nature had intended. If the gene pops up naturally in the population then it should not be taken out but we should not introduce it due to humans "playing God" with genetics. "Mosquitoes Engineered To Kill Their Own Kind." NPR. NPR, n.d. Web. 22 July 2014. .
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Part 1 Chapter 7 Summary plus end of chapter discussion of Alfred.docxMARRY7
Part 1:
Chapter 7 Summary plus end of chapter discussion of Alfred Marshall, should be 100-250 words
Part 2: The discussion on the first 7 pages is a satire on the economists (known as the neoclassical economists).
List 4 passages that can be considered satire.
(You need not write the entire passage.
Simply show clearly where the passage begins and ends.)
.
Parent Involvement Plan This week you will create a Parent Involve.docxMARRY7
Parent Involvement Plan
This week you will create a Parent Involvement Plan in response to the following scenario:
Imagine you are working with infant, toddler and preschool aged children in a child care center. The majority of the children has special needs and receives early intervention or are on an IEP. Many of the children’s parents work two jobs and have a difficult time participating in the center's activities. Whenever the center plans an event, the parental involvement is lower than desired. The center has tried to increase parental involvement through such methods as calling to remind parents and sending home notices, but is not having any luck.
Your assignment is to create a Parental Involvement Plan to encourage better participation from parents. Follow these steps to develop your plan:
Step 1:
Identify the issue, discuss your beliefs about the situation, and formulate conclusions and offer suggestions to the director of the child care center.
Step 2:
Create a Parent Involvement Plan that your director can copy and paste into the employee and parent handbook. Your plan should include:
The importance of early intervention and individual educational plans
Ways to assist students and their families
The importance of parent involvement
Please use the template provided and your rubric as your guide to completing this assignment.
.
Parenting Practices Over GenerationsGeneration 1 Years children.docxMARRY7
Parenting Practices Over Generations
Generation 1: Years children were raised (19XX-XXXX)
Generation 2: Years
Generation 3: Years
Parenting Practice 1: Education
Parenting Practice 2:
Parenting Practice 3:
Parenting Practice 4:
.
ParamsThe interface must be pleasing to look at (a basic form wit.docxMARRY7
Params:
The interface must be pleasing to look at (a basic form with the four fields listed below, a playlist queue (checked listbox) and media player will suffice).
There must be a separate file that will contain information about each soundtrack in your system. That information will be:
Title;
Artist;
Note area;
Type; and
Anything else that you wish to include on each record.
There must be a way to add data to this file.
There must be a way to delete data from this file.
There must be at least one report using data from the file.
There must be a queue to allow you to play selected music tracks in sequence (like two in a row) without manual intervention.
There must be a way to show the data in at least two different sequences (by title, by artist, etc.).
There must be documentation explaining how your Jukebox works (how you add songs, play songs, etc.).
Currently there is a Text file that contains the information about the wav files to be played, several wav files that the text file references. I have also made an access database from the text file.
.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. Vanessa Schoening
February 13, 2014
Module 2 Revised
Annotated Bibliography Revised
1. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1999). Number of homicides and
population for cities with estimated population 100,000 or
more, from 1985-1997.
This paper begins by acknowledging that most studies carried
out into crimes have focused on the features of the populations
such as age, employment and average earnings. The writers hold
that the fact that population density has not been studied much
represents a knowledge gap. The paper tries to find out whether
population density has a negative or positive correlation with
crime. Through sifting through previous studies, the paper tries
to find out the nature of crimes that are rampant in varying
populations.
2. Christens, B., & Speer, P. W. (2006). Predicting violent
crime using urban and suburban densities. Behavior and Social
Issues, 14(2), 113-127.
Christens and Speer go through past research and statistics and
try to show the varying nature of crimes in different settlements
areas. Their main focus is on violent and crime and they try to
show that densely populated areas are more likely to see violent
crime due to increased chances of conflict. Their other
argument is that low-income areas are likely to see more violent
crime.
3. Duany, A., Plater-Zyberk, E., & Speck, J. (2000). Suburban
nation: The rise of sprawl and thedecline of the American
dream. New York: North Point Press.
2. The authors of this book are founders of a movement that calls
for an improved planning of settlements to avoid further spread
of sprawls or informal settlements. The book highlights the
effects of these settlements including economic and social ills.
The book gives real life examples of how unplanned and
congested settlements coupled with low income can cause
crime. The book also offers solutions on how to improve the
planning of cities and suburbs
4. Fulton, W., Pendall, R., Nguyen, M. & Harrison, A. (2001).
Who sprawls most? How growth patterns differ across the U.S.
Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
This book takes a look at population densities in various cities
across the US between 1982 and 1997. The book also
acknowledges that as cities grow, they continue to add
previously unused land into their metropolitan territory. The
book tries to compare the rate at which this land is being
urbanized against the population growth. The book holds that
cities in the west of the US have highly populated metropolitans
and goes ahead to outline some of the challenges that may pose.
5. LaFree, G., Bursik, R.J., Short, J. & Taylor, R.B. (2000). The
nature of crime: Continuity and change. Criminal Justice 2000,
1, 261-308.
The authors of this article begin by pointing out that the nature
of crimes and reaction of societies towards various crimes do
not remain constant. The writers hold that changing legislations
and people’s attitudes can affect the nature of crimes. The
availability of IT for instance creates a new avenue for
criminals to commit crime. They also show how the changes in
housing trends in areas close to cities have seen a
transformation in the nature of crimes committed. The authors
therefore call for a continuous review of the justice system to be
able to deal with the complexities of new crimes.
6. Lang, R. E. (2005). Valuing the suburbs: Why some
“improvements” lower home prices. Opolis: An International
Journal of Suburban and Metropolitan Studies, 1(1), 5-12.
The article tries to find out how improvements made in houses
3. eventually affect their prices. Their assessment shows that not
all improvements made lead to an appreciation in the price of
houses. In fact, remodeling suburban homes as offices can
actually lead to lower prices. The article gives reason for this
phenomenon. It also gives other reasons why suburban dwellers
may refuse the urbanization of their neighborhoods including a
possibility of increased crime.
7. Lersch, K. M. (2004). Space, time, and crime. Durham, NC:
Carolina Academic Press.
This book is a review of existing theories on the relationship
between crime and settlements. The writer then carefully
explains the areas where each theory is best applicable. Through
careful study of existing literature, the book offers a history of
the theories. The author offers useful crime fighting solutions in
each of the instances. The author concludes by pointing out
weaknesses of each theory from a Marxist stance. The book also
offers useful insights into crime mapping and analysis.
8. Regoeczi, W. C. (2003). When context matters: A multilevel
analysis of household and neighborhood crowding on aggression
and withdrawal. Journal of EnvironmentalPsychology, 23(4),
451-464.
The writers begin by poking holes into previous research into
the nature of crimes in different neighborhoods. They give
various reasons for inconsistencies in previous findings and
argue that a main reason for this is the failure to consider
populations densities. Their research therefore focuses on the
effects of population density on aggression levels among
people. The levels of aggression can then be used to predict the
nature of crime likely to occur in a given environment.
9. U.S. Census Bureau (2000). Metropolitan Area Population
Estimates for July 1, 1999 and Population Change for April 1,
1990 to July 1, 1999
This paper gives insight into the different population levels in
4. varying metropolitans between 1990 and 1990. The changes in
population can then be explained using the changes that
occurred in the metropolitans in the same period. A look at the
police records can also show the trends in criminal activities
and relate them to population changes.
10. Yanich, D. (2004). Crime creep: Urban and suburban crime
on local TV news. Journal of Urban Affairs, 26(5), 535-563.
The writers begin by quoting statistics from police departments
to show that crime rates in the US have been on a downward
trend in the last decade. Yet, people’s opinions on their level of
safety have not changed. Statistics also show that a majority of
citizen rely on news to assess the level of security in the
country as a whole. The writer argues that it is likely that the
newscasts do not give an accurate picture of the security level
in the country. For instance, crimes in urban areas are only
about half of those that occur in urban areas. However,
newscasts create an image that the urban areas are safer than
suburbs.
January 24, 2014
Module 1
M1 Research Journal
Question 1. Research problem
Is there a correlation between the frequency, nature of crimes,
and the readiness to report them depending on the average
income of neighborhoods in New York?
Question 2.
This statement captures the problem of crime in residential
areas and tries to establish whether income is a factor that
contributes to it. From the research, suggestions could be made
on ways of trying to resolve the problem by solving the root
issue.
5. There is no bias in this statement because once the research is
commissioned; data would be collected from several
neighborhoods.
The research can be carried out within a reasonable period and a
small budget because data on the average incomes can be found
at relevant authorities. Information on crimes is readily
available from police stations. Law enforcement officers can
also give useful information on the topic through interviews and
questionnaires. The research would also involve collecting data
from residents through questionnaires that is a faster and less
expensive way of collecting information (Bhattacherjee, 2012).
This research, if conducted could lead to the discovery of new
knowledge in the social sciences field. It could reveal on the
kind of working relationship that exists between police officers
and residents in different field. It would be important to find
out the perception of the police in this field. It could also reveal
past experiences with the police and their responsiveness
depending on the neighborhoods. The research could also reveal
whether the geographical areas that police officers work
influence their level of job satisfaction. The data collected
could tell whether officers view their roles differently when
placed in dissimilar stations.
Question 3.
This research is quite feasible and a proposal could be drawn
for funding. If conducted, the research could give insight on
ways of improving the way police are perceived in different
neighborhoods. When the image of police is bettered, people
will be more willing to report crimes as soon as they happen in
order to improve security in all areas. The research could help
gain insight on why the response time in some areas may be less
than in others despite the proximity of police stations to scenes
of crime. The research findings would be shared with the police
and they can read people’s suggestions on improvement of
service delivery.
Previous research has focused more on the frequency of crime
in different crimes and the conclusions have been that the
6. income level affects the rate of crime (Bhattacherjee, 2012).
Areas with high levels of unemployment have generally higher
rates of petty crimes and muggings. However, research has not
focused on the relationship between the police and citizens.
There is an information gap on how exactly the nature of
relationship affects service delivery. The research would act as
a stepping-stone for future research on more specific matters
dealing with police and citizens relationship.
Justification for the problem
Previous researches carried out on crime incidents have often
labeled some neighborhoods around cities as unsafe (Bryman,
2004). Some of these suburbs are famous for gang fights and
other ill vices. However, these researches have not gone deeper
to find out why these vices occur in some areas only. No efforts
have been made to find out how the frequency of crime affects
police morale. There is also no information to show how the
existent partnership between civilians and police affects crime.
Finally, as highlighted, the research is helpful and can be
conducted with a small budget.
Teachers comment
I like your topic here and your responses to the questions. I
definitely would try to narrow this question down a bit though
since it has a lot of moving parts to it. I might consider just
using one aspect of the crime - frequency, reporting, or nature.
The reason I say this is because this type of model could be
very inter-related and its easier to speak of just one. I do like
using the average income of the neighborhoods. Given that I
might recommend something that's also at the neighborhood
level - such as frequency of crime. That way its neighborhood
income and frequency of crime in the neighborhood. (use the
borough of the Bronx in NYC) For the rationale I would
definitely use more references. Always keep in mind that the
rationale shouldn't be opinion and more justification based on
past work. One way to prevent this is to reference a lot of your
statements
7. References
Bhattacherjee, A. (2012). Social Science Research: principles,
methods, and practices.
Bryman, A. (2004). Research methods and organization studies.
London: Taylor & Francis.