2. Educational Research in a Post-Truth Society
An Expert View
• Preliminaries and definitions
• Things I won’t talk about, because I’m not an
expert on them
• Things I won’t talk about because they’re dull and
unhelpful
• Are the post-modernists to blame for the post-
truth condition?
• What Nietzsche has to say about truth
• British prehistoric archaeology: a study in
practical post-modernism
3. Was it not always thus?
A lie can go round the world while the truth puts its boots on
4. Preliminaries and Definitions
What does ‘post-truth’ mean?
• Word of the year 2016!
• Something new…
• There has always been propaganda…
• But now, fact-checking seems to have
stopped working
• I don’t know why this is, because…
5. Things I’m not an expert on
But nevertheless have opinions
• Politics
• Social Media
• Media Studies
• Social Science
• Psychology
• Presidential psychiatry
6. Things I won’t talk about because they’re dull and
unhelpful
Philosophy of Language and Linguistic Philosophy
"WHAT is truth?" said jesting Pilate, and would not stay for an answer. Pilate was in
advance of his time. For "truth" itself is an abstract noun, a camel, that is, of a logical
construction, which cannot get past the eye even of a grammarian. We approach it cap
and categories in hand: we ask ourselves whether Truth is a substance (the Truth, the
Body of Knowledge), or a quality (something like the colour red, inhering in truths), or a
relation ("correspondence "). But philosophers should take something more nearly their
own size to strain at. What needs discussing rather is the use, or certain uses, of the
word "true“.
What is it that we say is true or is false? Or, how does the phrase "is true" occur in
English sentences?
JL Austin ‘Truth’
Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society,
Supplementary Volume XXIV (1950).
7. Are the Post-Modernists responsible for post-truth?
Daniel Dennett thinks so
I think what the postmodernists did
was truly evil. They are responsible
for the intellectual fad that made it
respectable to be cynical about
truth and facts. You’d have people
going around saying: “Well, you’re
part of that crowd who still believe
in facts.”
Daniel Dennett
The Guardian
12 February 2017
8. Are the Post-Modernists responsible for post-truth?
How can we tell?
• ‘French theory’ only
exists in English
• Was only ever popular in
some university
departments
• Do students believe what
their professors tell
them?
• Are humanities
graduates sufficiently
influential to create a
post-truth culture in
journalism and politics?
10. Bullshit and Truthfulness
Harry Frankfurt and Bernard Williams
Their theme here illustrated
with a quotation seized from
the internet.
Williams is also interested
in the message of the
‘deniers’.
12. Nietzsche
Doesn’t he say it’s all interpretation?
He says three things about truth:
1.There are facts! And this is really important
2.Commitment to truth-telling is a transcendental value
3.It takes many perspectives to get better understanding
OK, Bernard Williams’s Nietzsche says these things
13. Nietzsche
Doesn’t he say it’s all interpretation?
1.There are facts! And this is really important
“The sense for facts, the
last-developed and most
valuable of all the senses”
The Anti-Christ (59)
14. Nietzsche
Doesn’t he say it’s all interpretation?
2. Commitment to truth-telling is a transcendental value
“There is no pre-established harmony between
the furthering of truth and the well-being of
humanity”
Human, All Too Human (517)
15. Nietzsche
Doesn’t he say it’s all interpretation?
3. It takes many perspectives to get better understanding
“There are many kinds of eyes”
Will to Power (540)
16. British Archaeology
A study in practical post-modernism
Lesson 1: Interpretation
Why was it obvious to
Victorian scholars of
prehistoric Britain that new
technologies (bronze,
iron) were brought by
conquering bearers of a
higher state of civilisation?
17. British Archaeology
A study in practical post-modernism
Lesson 1: Interpretation
Neolithic – grave shrines –
small dark people
Bronze – henges –
Beaker people
Iron – barrows – Celts
18. British Archaeology
A study in practical post-modernism
Lesson 1: Interpretation
Now, the invasion narrative is
out of fashion, even though
invasions were commonplace
in the historic ancient world.
Religious ideas are also not
figuring as explanations
19. British Archaeology
A study in practical post-modernism
Lesson 2: power
Three encounters between
mainstream archaeology and
outsiders:
•Designs on stone
•Earth mysteries
•Archaeoastronomy
23. Educational Research in a Post-Truth Society
An Expert View
Knowledge about human affairs, including education,
is, unavoidably:
•Partial
•Interpretative
•Structured by
– Ideology
– Institutional power
– Material circumstance
Recognising these facts is what respect for the truth
demands of us.
Editor's Notes
Time Saving Truth from Falsehood and Envy, François Lemoyne, 1737
There was fake news as soon as the printing press was invented—batty books, intemperate pamphlets.
Maybe the ineffectiveness of fact-checking is now more apparent because it’s instantaneous. We should be living in the golden age of fact-checking! And we do, for all the good it does.
There seems to be this wave of resentful people looking to bash the ‘elites’; social media bubbles; Chomsky has been explaining the propaganda model for years, now everyone believes it (and nothing else); psychology tells us that rebuttals cause people to hold their beliefs more firmly; maybe the Donald is mad.
This technical stuff is all very well, but it doesn’t help with the value of truth and truthfulness, which is what the post-truth idea challenges
But we shouldn’t blame them for misuses, any more than Darwin is responsible for ‘social Darwinism’
Foucault was a philosopher of science and lover of facts; Deleuze was a metaphysician; in any case they’re not all engaged in the same project. Even if they were all postmodernists, they are different flavours--
The bullshitter does not care about truth. The bullshitter may speak skilfully and may speak truth. The liar is different, is as committed to truth as anyone. This seems to capture Trump and the post-truth idea. He thinks that authenticity is bullshit. What’s interesting in Williams is understanding the ‘deniers’. Why would a serious person say such things?
His real question is not whether there is a truth about the human condition but whether it is bearable.
Says the ‘old philologist’
This is a theme all through—Christianity will destroy itself by refusing to bear false witness. Our institutions and morality are built on comforting illusions. Can we survive the loss of these?
Nietzsche is less helpful here so Williams makes his own argument, based on taking the perspective metaphor seriously.
The dates don’t’ work: the changes in ceremonial and funerary architecture don’t match the technological changes and there is no evidence for ethnic changes.
Archaeologists are international an secular, like most academics. They like personal migration and are not moved by specific religious ideas.
These designs were neglected by professionals because they had no context and were hard to date. This image is from someone who thinks they have a definite Sumerian connection. Mostly relations with professional archaeology was
The Ley hunters were counter-culture, hostile to academics. Eventually counter arguments forced a split into religion and surveying
The archaeoastromoners were established experts in other disciplines. Nevertheless, some earth mystery types saw them as allies. Outcome: landscape archaeology.
Time Saving Truth from Falsehood and Envy, François Lemoyne, 1737