This is my senior seminar research project for my BS Physics, at the University of Texas at Arlington. Hydrocephalus is something that is incredibly personal to me, as my husband has had 20 brain surgeries and has been permanently disabled since 2011. In his honor, I created an awareness ribbon for Hydrocephalus that is now used worldwide.
This project is for educational purposes only. Please use the references on the last slide to find the original images for your own use. The information presented here has been obtained by reading several papers published in the medical community.
Do not crop and use any of the images of tattoos, artwork, or people. These are pictures that have been shared with me by people in the Facebook Hydrocephalus community.
Papers referenced:
1 CHRISTOPH MIETHKE GMBH & CO. KG, "proGAV® 2.0: IN TOUCH WITH YOU," , .
2 Ian Piper, "Raised Intracranial Pressure After Head Injury" (2000) .
3 Erwin M Brown, Richard J Edwards and Ian K Pople, "Conservative Management of Patients with Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Infections," Neurosurgery 58 (4), 65 (2006).
4 CHRISTOPH MIETHKE GMBH & CO. KG, "proGAV 2.0® Instructions for Use," , .
5 Dr Y. Rajalakshmi, Guide to Physiology, edited by Anonymous (S. Chand Publishing, Ram Nagar, New Delhi, 2010), pp. 157.
6 Roberta Di Terlizzi and Simon Platt, "The function, composition and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in companion animals: Part I – Function and composition," The Veterinary Journal 172 (3), 422-431 (2006).
7 Romy Scholz et al., "Efficacy and safety of programmable compared with fixed anti-siphon devices for treating idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) in adults – SYGRAVA: study protocol for a randomized trial," Trials 19 (1), 1-10 (2018).
8 Ulrich-W Thomale et al., "Shunt survival rates by using the adjustable differential pressure valve combined with a gravitational unit (proGAV) in pediatric neurosurgery," Childs Nerv Syst 29 (3), 425-431 (2013).
9 Marek Czosnyka et al., Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics, in Pediatric Hydrocephalus, edited by Giuseppe Cinalli, Christian Sainte-Rose and Wirginia June Maixner, (Springer Milan, Milano, 2005), pp. 47-63.
10 Sandip Chatterjee and L. Harischandra, "Cerebrospinal fluid shunts – How they work: The basics," Neurology India 66 (1), 24 (2018).
11 Edi Azali Hadzri et al., "Effects of irregular cerebrospinal fluid production rate in human brain ventricular system," AIP Conference Proceedings 1440 (1), 659-664 (2012).
Hydrocephalous is a serious disease of the central nervous system which has both congenital and aquired subtypes. the congenital variety affects the children and is a considerable burden especially is the developing countries. I tleads to long term morbidity and high rates of mortality
Hydrocephalous is a serious disease of the central nervous system which has both congenital and aquired subtypes. the congenital variety affects the children and is a considerable burden especially is the developing countries. I tleads to long term morbidity and high rates of mortality
Diffusion-weighted imaging or computerized tomography perfusion assessment with clinical mismatch in the triage of wake up and late presenting strokes undergoing neurointervention with Trevo (DAWN) trial methods
Int J Stroke. 2017 Aug;12(6):641-652.
Thrombectomy 6 to 24 Hours after Stroke with a Mismatch between Deficit and Infarct
N Engl J Med. 2018 Jan 4;378(1):11-21.
A multicenter randomized controlled trial of endovascular therapy following imaging evaluation for ischemic stroke (DEFUSE 3)
Int J Stroke. 2017 Oct;12(8):896-905.
Thrombectomy for Stroke at 6 to 16 Hours with Selection by Perfusion Imaging
N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb 22;378(8):708-718.
Details of Cerebrospinal Fluid special reference to cell count and alteration of CSF Hydrodynamics explained in brief and Different Diagnostic parameters to Hydrocephalus
Before embarking on an approach, the surgeon should be familiar with both the ventricular anatomy and the options for optimally Accessing lesions in third ventricle is a surgical challenge because of its difficult corridor as well as deeper location, need of neural incision, preservation of vascular, thalamus and hypothalamus and likely risk of fornix injury.
Information from Kelley Whisler: Sean is my nephew, he and his twin sister Kaitlyn were born 10 weeks premature. He has Cerebral Palsy due to brain trauma at birth (like having a stroke on both sides of his brain) and acidosis due to his heart not converting to self-sufficiency at birth (PDA non-closure / therefore not enough oxygen in blood to brain/body). He also has some vision disability, due to ROP (retinopathy of prematurity - retina did not fully develop) as well as the stroke affected the vision area of his brain, which makes it hard for him to process what he does see. My sister made this powerpoint for me to share with my students as they have taken both Sean & Kaitlyn into their hearts, and they have wanted to know and understand what was happening with them.
Diffusion-weighted imaging or computerized tomography perfusion assessment with clinical mismatch in the triage of wake up and late presenting strokes undergoing neurointervention with Trevo (DAWN) trial methods
Int J Stroke. 2017 Aug;12(6):641-652.
Thrombectomy 6 to 24 Hours after Stroke with a Mismatch between Deficit and Infarct
N Engl J Med. 2018 Jan 4;378(1):11-21.
A multicenter randomized controlled trial of endovascular therapy following imaging evaluation for ischemic stroke (DEFUSE 3)
Int J Stroke. 2017 Oct;12(8):896-905.
Thrombectomy for Stroke at 6 to 16 Hours with Selection by Perfusion Imaging
N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb 22;378(8):708-718.
Details of Cerebrospinal Fluid special reference to cell count and alteration of CSF Hydrodynamics explained in brief and Different Diagnostic parameters to Hydrocephalus
Before embarking on an approach, the surgeon should be familiar with both the ventricular anatomy and the options for optimally Accessing lesions in third ventricle is a surgical challenge because of its difficult corridor as well as deeper location, need of neural incision, preservation of vascular, thalamus and hypothalamus and likely risk of fornix injury.
Information from Kelley Whisler: Sean is my nephew, he and his twin sister Kaitlyn were born 10 weeks premature. He has Cerebral Palsy due to brain trauma at birth (like having a stroke on both sides of his brain) and acidosis due to his heart not converting to self-sufficiency at birth (PDA non-closure / therefore not enough oxygen in blood to brain/body). He also has some vision disability, due to ROP (retinopathy of prematurity - retina did not fully develop) as well as the stroke affected the vision area of his brain, which makes it hard for him to process what he does see. My sister made this powerpoint for me to share with my students as they have taken both Sean & Kaitlyn into their hearts, and they have wanted to know and understand what was happening with them.
Information from Kelley Whisler: Sean is my nephew, he and his twin sister Kaitlyn were born 10 weeks premature. He has Cerebral Palsy due to brain trauma at birth (like having a stroke on both sides of his brain) and acidosis due to his heart not converting to self-sufficiency at birth (PDA non-closure / therefore not enough oxygen in blood to brain/body). He also has some vision disability, due to ROP (retinopathy of prematurity - retina did not fully develop) as well as the stroke affected the vision area of his brain, which makes it hard for him to process what he does see. My sister made this powerpoint for me to share with my students as they have taken both Sean & Kaitlyn into their hearts, and they have wanted to know and understand what was happening with them.
Studying Flow Mediated Responses in Isolated VasculatureInsideScientific
During this webinar Dr. Éric Thorin, a leading expert in the effects of shear stress in the vasculature, explains key concepts in setting up a system for the purpose of examining flow-mediated responses in isolated blood vessels. The webinar sponsor, Living Systems Instrumentation, has been supplying tools for in vitro studies of cardiovascular function for over 20 years. Viewers will gain an understanding of how to setup and utilize a pressure arteriograph capable of simultaneous control of intravascular pressure and intraluminal flow.
Background information: The physiological significance and effects of flow on controlling and coordinating vascular function are well-appreciated. However, flow-mediated regulation of vascular function is a complex and difficult mechanism to study experimentally. Care must be taken to select appropriate instrumentation to allow for precise control of intravascular pressure and intraluminal flow, while minimizing artifacts introduced by the small size of glass cannulae. With proper simultaneous control of intravascular pressure and intraluminal flow, the researcher will be able to explore such responses as flow-mediated dilation, flow-induced constriction and other physiological responses that depend upon shear stress in the vasculature.
About Our Presenter:
Dr. Éric Thorin has a long-standing interest in the study and mechanisms of ageing related to the vascular endothelium. His laboratory has developed several approaches to investigate the functional consequences of ageing combined with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) on the evolution of a reversible endothelial dysfunction to an irreversible vascular disease. His main areas of research include the study of the cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular dysfunction in the mouse model of human dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, the molecular mechanisms leading to endothelial cell senescence and the impact of risk factors for CVD in patients with obesity, diabetes and coronary artery disease.
An aneurysmal origin subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Sudden sharp onset of headache with a history of trauma can help in the diagnosis, more commonly occurs in females than males. the leading cause of this condition is recreational drug use, smoking, high Blood Pressure basically anything that can raise the Blood Pressure and put more pressure on the arteries may produce this condition. Newer treatment options involve the use of flow diverters currently it has been approved only for a large aneurysm, studies are in progress for its progress for the smaller aneurysms.
Physiological indicators of task demand, fatigue, and cognition during Work T...Max L. Wilson
A human-computer interaction research talk about how we measure mental workload, and how people might reflect on this type of personal data in the future. The research is carried out at the University of Nottingham in the School of Computer Science, involving functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)
Ashley Walker, PhD discusses her research on the vascular contributions to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease.
Historically, it was believed that amyloid-beta plaques were the initiating factor for Alzheimer’s disease; yet recent evidence suggests that changes to the cerebral blood flow precede the accumulation of amyloid-beta. Two of the major risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease are old age and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, aging of the cerebral vasculature has emerged as a likely candidate contributing to initiation and/or progression of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. With advancing age, there is increased stiffness of the large elastic arteries that is associated with cerebrovascular dysfunction and cognitive decline.
This webinar discusses the evidence for the vascular contributions to Alzheimer’s disease with a specific focus on large artery stiffness. Additionally, the importance of examining sex differences in vascular function and Alzheimer’s disease risk are also considered.
Key Topics Include:
- Develop an appreciation for the vascular contributions to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease
- Understand the functions of cerebral vascular endothelial cells
- Understand the evidence supporting the role of increased large artery stiffness in cerebrovascular dysfunction, neuropathology, and cognitive impairment
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
4. Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
Fig 3: Brain with enlarged ventricles due to Hydrocephalus
5. 99.13% Water
0.87% Both organic and inorganic solids:
Produced within the ventricles of the brain and
partially by the choroid plexus, and is absorbed by
the dural venous sinuses
Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
Fig 4: The flow of cerebrospinal fluid
6. Skull
(hard and rigid with a fixed volume)
Brain Tissue Vascular System (arteries
& blood)
CSF
Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
7. Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
Fig 6: Ventricles in a normal brain compared to a Hydrocephalic brain
8. Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
Fig 7: Volume-Pressure relationship in the brain
14. Over 400 types of shunts
3 main parts:
• Proximal (Ventricular) catheter
• Distal catheter
• Shunt valve
Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
Fig 10: Lateral view of shunt system
Fig 9: Frontal view of shunt system
Fig 8: Major components of a shunt system
15. • Drains excess fluid from the ventricles
• Made from silicon rubber
• May be coated with barium for x-ray visibility
• Sometimes antibiotic impregnated (rifampicin
and clindamycin)
• 15 cm - 23 cm in length
• Inner diameter 1.0-1.6mm
• External diameter 2.1-3.2 mm
• May be straight, flanged, or J-shaped
Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
Fig 11: Imaging of a flanged catheter
Fig 12: Types of catheters
16. • Routed from the burr hole in the
skull
• Made from silicon rubber
• May be coated with barium for x-
ray visibility
• 90 cm - 120 cm in length
• Inner diameter 0.7-1.3mm
• External diameter 2.1-2.5 mm
Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
Fig 13: Imaging of shunt catheter Fig 14: Imaging of shunt catheter
(enhanced)
17. Distal end of the catheter can be
routed to the:
• Heart: Ventriculoatrial (VA) shunt
• Lungs: Ventriculopleural (VPLS)
shunt
• Abdomen: Ventriculoperitoneal
(VP) shunt
Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
18. • Regulate flow of CSF from ventricles
• Nearly 200 types of shunt valves
• Operation based on Hydrostatic Pressure: 𝐻𝑆𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
If patient is in horizontal position, less fluid flows (2 drops/min). If in vertical position, more fluid
flows (4drops/min)
Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
Fig 15: Hydrostatic pressure
19. • Function based on opening pressure (OP) and closing pressure (CP) of the
valve
Differential Pressure: DP = ICP + HSP – IAP
OP < DP: valve opens
CP < DP: valve closes
*ICP Intracranial Pressure, *IAP Intraabdominal Pressure
• Types include: Slit valves, Mitre valves, Diaphragm valves, Ball-in-cone
valves
• Ball-in-cone (Ball-spring valve) most efficient: offers maximum flow when
DP > OP
Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
Fig 16: Mechanical designs of valves
20. • Designed to avoid over-drainage resulting from change in HSP (siphoning)
• Referred to as anti-siphoning devices
• Three types:
• Suction controlled devices – contains a flexible membrane valve that regulates pushing pressure and
sucking pressure. When PP > SP, CSF flows. When PP < SP, no CSF flows
• Flow reducing devices – CSF flow based on differential pressure
• Gravitational valve – uses metal ball to regulate flow across opening
Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
21. proGAV 2.0® with ShuntAssistant®
• Hybrid valve: proGAV Combines DPV with HSV to avoid
siphoning
• Able to regulate OP with posture changes
Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
The bow spring controls the OP of the ball-in-cone valve.
The tension of the spring (OP) is controlled by turning the
rotor.
The tantalum ball defines the OP of the valve, and the
sapphire ball ensures the valve is fully closed.
Fig 17: Schematic cross section of the proGAV 2.0
Fig 18: proGAV 2.0 shunt
SAPPHIRE BALL
BOW SPRING
ROTOR
CONNECTOR UNDER
THE SILICONE CATHETER
TANTALUM BALL
SAPPHIRE BALL
ADJUSTABLE UNIT
GRAVITATIONAL
UNIT
22. proGAV 2.0® with ShuntAssistant®
Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
When patient is in the vertical position:
a) Gravitational unit closes
b) When: 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑙 < 𝑂𝑃𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
Fluid flows freely
Fig 19: ShuntAssistant in vertical position a) closed, b) open
Fig 20: ShuntAssistant in vertical position
23. proGAV 2.0® with ShuntAssistant®
Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
When patient is in the horizontal position, the gravitational unit
stays open, allowing fluid to flow freely
Fig 21: ShuntAssistant in horizontal position
Fig 22: ShuntAssistant in horizontal position
Fig 23: Adjustable (Differential Pressure) DP-unit a) closed, b) open
24. proGAV 2.0® with
ShuntAssistant®
Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
Fig 24: Calculating the intraventricular pressure for horizontal and vertical body position
IVP Intraventricular pressure
𝑃𝐿 Opening pressure in horizontal position
(adjustable DP-unit only)
𝑃𝑆 Opening pressure in vertical position
(adjustable DP-unit + gravitational unit)
𝑃𝐵 Pressure in the abdominal cavity
𝑃 𝐻 Hydrostatic pressure
25. proGAV 2.0® with ShuntAssistant®
Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
• DPV controlled externally with a magnetic “Compass”
• Rotorbrake makes a clicking sound when released/locked
• Shunt valve is MRI safe up to 3 Tesla
Fig 25: Open and closed proGAV 2.0 Adjustment Tool
Fig 26: Adjustment with the proGAV 2.0 Adjustment Tool
26. proGAV 2.0® with ShuntAssistant®
Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
Fig 27: Pressure level recommendations
28. • Diagnosed with spontaneous Hydrocephalus at age 12
• Had 15 shunt related surgeries in 3 years
• Shunt was a free flowing shunt: the only way to regulate the amount of CSF was
to change his position from sitting/standing to lying down
• Received first programmable shunt in 2006
• Brain tear and damage from multiple surgeries left him permanently disabled in
2010
• Has had a total of 20 brain surgeries to date
• Current shunt is a programmable proGAV 2.0® with ShuntAssistant®
Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
29. Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
Fig 28: Placement of shunt system
38. 1. “Faucet” https://www.kisspng.com/png-tap-water-royalty-free-clip-art-drinking-water-cli-
161360/
“Female head silhouette” https://openclipart.org/detail/275981/female-head-profile-
silhouette
“Brain” http://enosart.com/brain-clipart-372/
2. “Biology to a physicist” Google image
3. “Hydrocephalus”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocephalus#/media/File:Hydrocephalus_(cropped).jpg
4. “The flow of cerebrospinal fluid” http://soweb.me/anatomy-of-brain-
parenchyma/anatomy-of-brain-parenchyma-glasgow-uni-medicine-ilos/
5. “Brain with water drops” MSOffice
6. “Ventricles in a normal brain compared to a Hydrocephalic brain”
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Normal-pressure-hydrocephalus.-
Anderson/54d34b78087c01503c56503c618fe51cd0c03269
7. “Volume-Pressure relationship in the brain”
8. “Major components of a shunt system”
http://neuroanimations.com/Hydrocephalus/Shunts/VP_Shunt.html
9. “Frontal view of shunt system”
http://neuroanimations.com/Hydrocephalus/Shunts/VP_Shunt.html
10. “Lateral view of a shunt system”
http://neuroanimations.com/Hydrocephalus/Shunts/VP_Shunt.html
11. “Imaging of a flanged catheter” Personal medical files
12. “Types of catheters” Sandip Chatterjee and L. Harischandra, "Cerebrospinal fluid shunts –
How they work: The basics," Neurology India 66 (1), 24 (2018).
13. “Imaging of a shunt catheter”
http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Radiography+of+VP+Shunts
14. “Imaging of a shunt catheter (enhanced)”
http://www.wikiradiography.net/page/Radiography+of+VP+Shunts
15. “Hydrostatic pressure” Sandip Chatterjee and L. Harischandra, "Cerebrospinal fluid shunts
– How they work: The basics," Neurology India 66 (1), 24 (2018).
Draining the Brain: The Physics of Hydrocephalus and Shunts Desiree Bates
16. “Mechanical designs of valves” Sandip Chatterjee and L. Harischandra, "Cerebrospinal fluid
shunts – How they work: The basics," Neurology India 66 (1), 24 (2018).
17. “Schematic cross section of the proGAV 2.0” CHRISTOPH MIETHKE GMBH & CO. KG,
"proGAV® 2.0: IN TOUCH WITH YOU," , .
18. “proGAV 2.0 shunt” https://www.aesculapusa.com/products/neurosurgery/hydrocephalus-
shunts/progav-2-0
19. “ShuntAssistant in vertical position a) closed, b) open” CHRISTOPH MIETHKE GMBH & CO. KG,
"proGAV 2.0® Instructions for Use," , .
20. “ShuntAssistant in vertical position” CHRISTOPH MIETHKE GMBH & CO. KG, "proGAV® 2.0: IN
TOUCH WITH YOU," , .
21. “ShuntAssistant in horizontal position” CHRISTOPH MIETHKE GMBH & CO. KG, "proGAV® 2.0:
IN TOUCH WITH YOU," , .
22. “ShuntAssistant in horizontal position” CHRISTOPH MIETHKE GMBH & CO. KG, "proGAV 2.0®
Instructions for Use," , .
23. “Adjustable (Differential Pressure) DP-unit a) closed, b) open“CHRISTOPH MIETHKE GMBH &
CO. KG, "proGAV 2.0® Instructions for Use," , .
24. “Calculating the intraventricular pressure for horizontal and vertical body position” CHRISTOPH
MIETHKE GMBH & CO. KG, "proGAV 2.0® Instructions for Use," , .
25. “Open and closed proGAV 2.0 Adjustment Tool” CHRISTOPH MIETHKE GMBH & CO. KG,
"proGAV 2.0® Instructions for Use," , .
26. “Adjustment with the proGAV 2.0 Adjustment Tool” CHRISTOPH MIETHKE GMBH & CO. KG,
"proGAV 2.0® Instructions for Use," , .
27. “Pressure level recommendations”
28. “Placement of shunt system” By Cancer Research UK - Original email from CRUK, CC BY-SA 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34332972
29. Remaining images from personal collection/medical records