This presentation is for use when covering media law in an introductory mass media course. Includes laws impacting the media, new laws, legal changes, definitions of laws, controversy, 1st amendment laws.
The Press Complaints Commission is an independent body that deals with complaints from members of the public about the editorial content of newspapers and magazines.
Their service to the public is free, quick and easy.
They aim to deal with most complaints in just 32 working days
There is absolutely no cost to the people complaining.
This presentation is for use when covering media law in an introductory mass media course. Includes laws impacting the media, new laws, legal changes, definitions of laws, controversy, 1st amendment laws.
The Press Complaints Commission is an independent body that deals with complaints from members of the public about the editorial content of newspapers and magazines.
Their service to the public is free, quick and easy.
They aim to deal with most complaints in just 32 working days
There is absolutely no cost to the people complaining.
Media Law and Ethics is a comprehensive overview and a thoughtful introduction to media law principles and cases as well as related ethical concerns relevant to the practice of professional communication.
Media Law and Ethics is a comprehensive overview and a thoughtful introduction to media law principles and cases as well as related ethical concerns relevant to the practice of professional communication.
The first two values of PRSA's Code of Ethics is responsible advocacy and honesty. Sounds simple? Sometimes the choices are more vexing. Former Press Secretary Jody Powell asked whether a PR pro had "the right to lie?" And what is "green washing" and "pink washing?"
Learn more about the key ethical considerations faced by practitioners of public relations. Also, this lecture explores the Code of Ethics by the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA).
Ethics in business is a critical business driver, but ethics in PR is critical learn why and how to apply ethical conduct in the profession of public relations.
CHAPTER 8 THE MEDIADoes the media impact our public opinion .docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER 8: THE MEDIA
Does the media impact our public opinion / impact how we think about events?
· Picture Hurricane Katrina happening and everything only being on the radio.
· Picture 9/11 happening and only being on the radio.
People, Government and Communications
· There are TWO types of media to think about when you think about media – print media and broadcast media.
· Print Media – media in print – newspapers and magazines.
· Broadcast Media – electronic media – sound and images – radio and television and the internet. This is not just the news, news shows, televising presidential debates – think also about movies that make political statements. Examples of singers that sing about political ideas (Eminem, Natalie Maines speaking out against President Bush at a concert for military action in Iraq).
· Does the media play a role in communications from the government?
· Examples? Presidential election debates, press conference from President Obama, weekly radio address.
· Does the media shape your political views?
· Think about the type of government we live in and how the media effects us versus if you lived in a communist country media flows more freely in “one direction” – the government feeding information to its citizens versus the public responding to public opinion.
The Development of the Mass Media in the United States
Newspapers
· There is a big difference in the way newspapers were in 1775 in the colonies and newspapers today.
· In 1775 there were about 37 weekly newspapers that were read by the people that have land and money – newspapers were not independent but politically affiliated and published by parties to advance ideas of the party.
· In the 1830s newspapers started to be published daily and started private ownership.
· Daily papers by circulation as of January 2015 – print and electronic circulation:
· Wall Street Journal – 2.3 million every day
· USA Today – 3.2 million every day
· New York Times – 1.8 million every day
· Dallas Morning News – 400,000 every day
Magazines
· When you think about magazines think daily or monthly – less frequency.
· This is more specialized than newspapers – more analytical – they have more time to examine and do research on something than a daily newspaper does.
· Usually more specialized – not just an overview of all news – but some specific topic – from a magazine catering to Democrats to one on celebrities.
· Weekly magazines and their weekly circulation:
· Time – 3.3 million copies.
· National Enquirer – 1 million (at its height 6 million)
· People – 3.75 million – 46.4 million people are in their readership – when Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie had their baby Shiloh – People paid $4.1 million to them for the first photos and there were 26.5 MILLION page views on their internet page – the single largest daily internet traffic ever. Does People impact people and their viewpoints?
Radio
· Regularly scheduled and continuous broadcasting on the radio began in 1920 on t.
Chapter 9 of a university course in media history by Prof. Bill Kovarik, based on the book Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age (Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2015).
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role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
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हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
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In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
2. • 1927: Issue broadcast licenses in the public interest
• 1949: Include controversial issues of public importance and do
so in a fair manner
– “In the Matter of Editorializing by Broadcast Licensees”
announced the Fairness Doctrine
– Duty to determine and represent the spectrum of views
– Alert anyone personally attacked in programming and give
them a chance to respond
– Broadcasters who endorse political candidates must offer
airtime to other candidates
• The Fairness Doctrine was challenged repeatedly over the years
• 1969: Red Lion Broadcasting v. FCC reached the Supreme
Court and the court ruled unanimously
– Broadcasters have First Amendment speech rights
– Government owns the spectrum and leases to broadcasters
– The FCC has the right to regulate news content
3. A little context: 1927
• German economy collapses
• Sacco and Vanzetti are executed
• Isadora Duncan is strangled when her
car wheel catches her silk scarf
• The first “talkie” is released
• The radio waves cease to be regulated
by the Department of Commerce
• The Federal Radio Commission
(later the FCC) is created
4. Radio Act of 1927
• The world/U.S. was a
crazy place
• Broadcasters were
acting in personal
interests much like
printers had been
– One person using a
printer did not affect
others access to printers
– One person using a
frequency prohibited
anyone else from using
• No one wanted
government-run radio
stations or
programming
• Very few people
wanted chaos
• Government licensed
the airwaves to
broadcasters
• License renewal was
contingent on acting
5. After 1927…
• 1934: Communications
Act passes; FCC is
overseeing
telecommunications
• 1941: FCC swings the
pendulum of justice
– Mayflower wants Yankee’s
license
– Editorials were personal
interests
– Personal interests don’t
pass the public interest
mandate
– Yankee lost his license,
Mayflower got it
• People were uninformed
about the issues
• Democracy cannot
function optimally with
uninformed voters
• 1946: FCC releases the
Blue Book
– Public interest = Public
issues
– Urged nonsponsored, local,
live coverage
• Broadcasters don’t
respond sufficiently
• 1949: FCC swung the
6. A little context: 1949
• U.S recognizes Israel’s existence
• The Lakers are still in Minnesota
• Tracy and Hepburn challenge gender roles and
relationship norms
• A first-class postage stamp costs 3 cents
• George Orwell warns us about 1984
• Milton Berle hosts the first telethon
• Coaxial cable brings tv reception to rural areas
• Pantomime Quiz Time wins the first Emmy for
Most Popular TV Program
• ABC, NBC, and CBS are practically the only
stations anyone can watch
7. “In the Matter of Editorializing by
Broadcast Licensees”
• Licensees had to “afford a reasonable
opportunity for the presentation of all
responsible positions on matters of sufficient
importance”
• Licensees were expected to operate in a
“framework of fairness, balance, and reasonable
limits”
– Duty to determine and represent the spectrum of
views
– Alert anyone personally attacked in programming
and give them a chance to respond to the attack in
other programming
9. “I wonder what your basis for
comparison is” – Jareth the Goblin
King
• First Amendment – the less-than-five-minutelesson version
– State actors
– Cannot regulate content
• Time
• Place
• Manner
– And cannot restrict expression without a good
reason
• Duty to determine the spectrum of views on
controversial issues
• Duty to represent the spectrum of views
10. A little context: 1969
• Police raid Stonewall Inn in Greenwich
Village – riots ensue
• Bethel, NY hosts a now-infamous four-day
concert
• Steve Martin writes for the Smothers
Brothers
• Sesame Street airs for the first time
• FCC bans cigarette ads
• Warren Court (Loving v. Virginia, Griswold v.
11. Red Lion Broadcasting v. FCC
• A unanimous Court held the fairness doctrine
was constitutional
• Spectrum scarcity already restricted freedom
of expression
• Fairness doctrine regulations enhanced
rather than infringed the freedoms of speech
protected under the First Amendment.
– Helped keep discussions of contested issues
balanced and open
– Prevented broadcasters from using a monopoly
12. A little context: 1987
• People are terrified of AIDS
• No one knows where the Post-Reagan U.S.
will go
• Iraqi missiles kill 37 soldiers in the Persian
Gulf
• The Iran-Contra Affair becomes a Scandal
• Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo
(1974)
has struck down a fairness doctrine for print
• FCC v. League of Women Voters (1984) has
13. FCC Stops Enforcing the Fairness
Doctrine
• Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo, 1974
– Florida had a law similar to the Fairness Doctrine
for print media
– Court held that the law was unconstitutional
content regulation
• FCC v. League of Women Voters, 1984
– The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 allocated
federal funds to noncommercial tv and radio but
prohibited editorializing on the stations
– Court held that the law was unconstitutional
content regulation
14. A little context: Apples vs.
Oranges
• Miami Herald Publishing hinged on the
notion that there was no pre-existing block to
expression in print media
• FCC v. League of Women Voters was about
The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 telling tv
and radio stations they could not express any
opinions on controversial matters if they
received federal funds
• Free Market Advocacy . . .
– Free Market arguments trump any argument
15. The Beautiful Myth of the Free
Market
• If people do not like something, they are
smart enough to decide for themselves not to
support it
– If you don’t like the way they treat animals, don’t
buy their meat
– If you don’t like the politics they fund, don’t eat
there
– If you don’t like their employment policies, don’t
shop there
– If you don’t like the programming, change the
channel
16. The Ugly Truth about the Free
Market
• When the government does not regulate
industries, those industries do not have to tell
the truth.
– If they won’t agree with the way we treat animals,
prohibit cameras
– If they won’t agree with the politics we fund, use
a PAC
– If they won’t agree with our employment policies,
keep them private
– If they won’t agree with our stance on a
controversial issue, present it as uncontroverted
fact with no opposition
17. Free Market-4:Fairness
Doctrine-0
• Mark S. Fowler, Free Market Advocate, FCC
Chair
– Broadcasters have no unique role in democracy
– Owning a station doesn’t make a person a
community trustee, it makes them a market
participant (i.e., It’s all about the money, money,
money)
– Televisions are “just a toaster with pictures”
– Have to assign frequencies
• Corporate convenience has to be protected
• Public good is the public’s responsibility
• Dennis R. Patrick, Free Market Advocate,
18. Rematch 1: Still No Victory
• Syracuse Peace Council v. FCC, 1989,
Federal Appeals Court
– A broadcast station repeatedly ran spots for a
proposed nuclear plant
– The Peace Council requested the FCC enforce
the Fairness Doctrine and require them to also
include the arguments against the plant
– FCC ruled the Fairness Doctrine was not in the
public interest and violated the First Amendment
so they would not apply it
– Federal Appeals court noted the FCC reasoning
19. Rematch 2: Still No Victory
• Arkansas AFL-CIO v. FCC, 1993, Federal
Appeals Court
– AFL-CIO requested the FCC enforce the
Fairness Doctrine and require KARK to
broadcast both sides of a ballot issue
– FCC ruled they didn’t have to enforce the
Fairness Doctrine
– Federal Appeals court agreed
• The court only looked at the FCC decision to
not apply it
20. A little context: 2011
• Arab Spring Starts and Women Can Vote in
Saudi Arabia (in 2015)
• A Royal Wedding Joins Kate Middleton and
Prince William
• Rupert Murdoch – enough said
• Seal Team 6 Wins
• Gabrielle Giffords is Shot
• DoJ stops enforcing DoMA
• Occupy Wall Street Expands
21. Executive Order 13563 on
Improving Regulation and
Regulatory Review
• Rules are supposed to “protect public health,
welfare, safety, and our environment while
promoting economic growth, innovation,
competitiveness, and job creation”
• Communicate; stop making redundant and/or
inconsistent rules
• Be flexible and give people options
• Science and technology are our friends
• Look at old laws and fix them if they are
“outmoded, ineffective, insufficient, or
22. A little context: history repeating
• The world/U.S. is still a crazy place, and
probably always will be
• Broadcasters act in personal interests, much
like most people
• Democracy still functions best when voters
are informed
• Free Market advocates still think people can
inform themselves
• Power and information are still resources that
are
23. Misinformation Abounds
• In 1999, 1/5 Gallup poll
respondents said earth was at
the center of the universe
• In 2009, 49 Bush supporters
were given evidence that Bin
Laden/Afghanistan (not
Hussein/Iraq) were behind 9/11 48 of them left more certain of
the Iraq/Hussein connection to
the attack
• In 2010, a majority of tea partiers
agreed
they got a bigger tax refund, but
held firm
that Obama raised their taxes
24. So, life’s not fair….
… but maybe media can be
• The future of the Fairness Doctrine as a
regulation is bleak
• The future of the practice of Fair
broadcasting is up to you
• “Fantasia can arise anew, from your dreams
and wishes, Bastian.”