The Management Of Coarse Fisheries Of Lakes And Rivers...

The Management Of Coarse Fisheries Of Lakes And Rivers...
Introduction:
The aim of this literature review is to determine why set of structured points or methodology for the
management of coarse fisheries of lakes and rivers within the UK, is the best way forward to
achieve a good ecological status of surface water bodies in the UK. The following critical literature
review will attempt to explain why achieving a good ecological status is necessary, what it is and
why being applied to fisheries with UK is the most practical approach, the themes examined will be:
1. Fisheries within the UK and their significance
2. Good ecological status as per legislation requirements and for socio–economic and cultural
benefits.
3. Mitigation measures.
Information included within this critical review has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other uses involve fisheries for harvesting of fish, such as salmon farms. In 1994 there were an
estimated 0.8 million game anglers and 2.3 million coarse anglers. (Peirson, Tingley, Spurgeon,
Radford, 2001, p.416). Annual expenditure on all items related to angling/fishing involved the
purchasing of rod licences from the Environment Agency, tackle, bait, and permits on private lakes
as well as travel by anglers, in 1994, the total was estimated to be approximately £3 Billion (Moon
and Souter, 1994). By 2005 approximately thirty million days were fished by anglers on UK
fisheries which was substantially more than the year 2000 (Mawle, Peirson, 2009, p.44.) This
increase in angling activity increases competition between fisheries to ensure that the best quality
stocks of fish are available for anglers.
It is estimated by (Girdler, Wellby, Welcomme, 2010, p.3) that approximately 90% of the still water
bodies in the UK may be privately owned and marketed or operated as fisheries. Whilst running as a
privately owned fishery this could mean the fishery ends up removed from the direct influence of
significant regulating bodies such as conservation, freshwater scientists and regulators like the
Environment Agency, thus emphasising the role that fishery managers must independently regulate
the aquatic environment of their freshwater body. One of the main reasons as to why it is so
significant to
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How The Oceans Can Feed The World
What if saving the oceans meant we could bring food to the hungry? Or something we 're doing
because in return it creates jobs for local fishermen and preserves fishermen 's jobs around the
globe? It 's even more than an economical quest as well. Saving the oceans can feed the world. As
you already know, there are more than a billion people on this planet right now suffering from
hunger. Unfortunately, we're expecting this problem to worsen as the world's population continues to
grow, which will cause an immediate increase of stress on our food resources. Now that is a huge
concern for all of us, since our operational land per capita is already on the decline in both
developed and developing countries. Since climate change is happening, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The first thing we need to do is locate the fish, which Oceana has done a great job of doing, fish are
conveniently located in the coastal zones of countries, these "coastal zones" are under the control of
national jurisdictions, which means each country can manage their own fisheries. It's a good thing
that these zones are controlled by national jurisdictions, because if it were done internationally, it
would be a lot more difficult for these changes to be put into action. The reasons why we should
focus in on these coastal zones, is simply because the fish. There are seven times as many fish in
these zones compared to the high seas, which means for us we have seven times more of a change to
reestablish a lot of our fisheries, and to feed hungry mouths. There are over 80 different coastal
countries throughout the world, which makes it hard to focus on all of them. However, not all 80
coastal countries have a tremendous amount of coastline, so if we were to narrow it down to
European countries and 10 more countries with coastlines, it ends up being 90% of all the world's
fish catch. Based on Oceania's work here in the United States, we know that there are three key
components we have to do in order to bring these fisheries back to their full capacities, and they are:
to set limits on how much fish each country can take per

Fishery Production Analysis
To add to the existing literature on fishery production, this paper presents a comparison analysis of
two relatively under–explored specifications: the quadratic and square root production functions.
Fixed effects estimation and quantile regression analysis will be employed to determine whether one
form is superior to the other. This paper also considers the effects of various government financial
transfers and gender–specific postsecondary education rates on fishery output levels. Results
indicate the square root specification to be a better–fitting model for the dataset, albeit only slightly
preferred. Education levels are found to have non–insignificant effects on fishery output, while
government financial transfers have a mostly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nevertheless, this study will investigate whether the quadratic or square root production function
produces a significantly better–fitting model than the other for fishery output, with respect to a
select set of inputs, including employment and fleet size, with special attention paid to the effects of
various government financial transfers and the overall educational attainment of men and women
across OECD countries. The structure of this paper is as follows: a literature review of relevant past
studies which incorporated one or more of the explanatory variables selected for this study; list of
novel aspects of the study; a brief discussion of underlying economic theory in modelling fishery
production; an outline of the models and empirical approach taken in conducting the analysis;
description of the dataset; presentation of results and accompanying discussion; and concluding
remarks with mention of limitations of the study and possible future considerations.
Literature Review Zhang and Smith (2011) similarly conducted a comparison analysis of production
functions for fisheries. They tested the validity of a generalized fishery model, using a two–stage
estimation method with a bootstrap approach, against the more prevalent Gordon–Schaefer Model,
which has been commonly used in computing maximum sustainable fishery yield. Using data on
fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico, they find the Schaefer production function to produce

Overfishing And Degradation Of Our Marine Ecosystems
Research Paper Society has had a major impact on the depletion and degradation of our marine
ecosystems. Overfishing has played a large role in the depletion aspect. If we can learn how
overfishing hurts marine ecosystems, then we can find ways to protect and prevent the depletion of
this resource. This paper will explain the history of overfishing, causes of overfishing, its affect on
marine life and our society, and some possible solutions for prevention and protection. Overfishing
of marine life began to occur in the mid–20th century when there was a need for new sources of
affordable and easily accessed protein–rich foods. The solution was fish, which lead to a burst in the
commercial fishing industry with many large ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2) This collapse occurred in 1992, and caused one of the worlds most productive fishing grounds to
be extremely over fished. Technology and industry allowed the fishermen to increase the amount of
fish they were able to collect from this area. This increase in the amount of fish they could obtain
eventually bottomed out when they had depleted the resource to excessively without allowing time
for the fish to replace their populations. Because many of the government officials held shares in the
cod industry, they refused to see that the resource was in need of preservation and protection. The
fishery eventually had to be shut down because it was so unsustainable. The creation of large
trawlers (fishing nets created to drag along the bottom of the sea) was a major aspect in the
depletion of the Canadian Newfoundland fishery. These trawlers were brought in by big industries
and were able to catch fish at all times both day and night, collecting extreme amounts. Today
studies show that 25% of U.S. fish stocks are depleted, which has caused many important fisheries
to fall apart. (3) Bottoming trawling is one of the most harmful fishing methods out there. Most
bottom trawlers are used to catch fish species like cod, shrimp, and flounder, which live on the
ocean floors. Bottom trawling can also result in other fish and marine life being collected that were
not intended. This process also leads to severe

The Overfishing Of Our Oceans
Overfishing
The ocean makes up nearly three–quarters of the planet 's surface and contains about eighty percent
of the life on earth. Millions of people all over the world depend on seafood heavily as a primary
source of food. Americans alone consumed as much as 15.8 pounds of seafood per person in 2009
(NOAA). This is a lot of fish. In fact, it is so much that many populations of fish are going extinct.
At this particular rate according to National Geographic, scientist predict that the earth is expected
to lose all of its current fisheries by the year 2048 (Roach). The overfishing of our oceans leads to
unmanageable practices that will eventually cause many species of fish to become extinct.
According to National Geographic, overfishing dates back to the 1800s when humans killed off
massive amounts of whale population to retrieve blubber for lamp oil (Roach). Similarly, Atlantic
cod, herring, and California 's sardines, were also fished to the brink of extinction by the mid–1900s.
Theses cases were extremely harmful to the ecosystems food chain. To counter these losses, the
United States passed the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (NOAA).
This law made it illegal for foreign countries to fish within 200 nautical miles of the United States
shoreline. This would make it easier to manage illegal fishing. Congress also established eight
regional councils with representation from the coastal states and fishery stakeholders. Their jobs
were to come up

Effects Of Overfishing
Introduction
The main causes of overfishing are poor fishery management with a lack of regulation, unrestricted
access to the ocean and illegal fishing. During the last few decades the demand for edible seafood
globally has skyrocketed and the high demand is causing us to overfish to keep up with the demand.
Unfortunately, fisherman are catching more fish than can be naturally reproduced. There are only
limited regulations in place, which means that fishing companies are basically fishing when and
where they want to with out any oversite. Overfishing causes such serious effects such as the ocean
life getting knocked out of balance. Coastal communities rely on the benefits of the fishing for
social and economic health. When we overfish it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Oceaneos Research Foundation stated that in the mid–1990 the Atlantic cod was caught to near
extinction. "Newfoundland's fishing industry collapsed due to overfishing and 40,000 jobs were lost
and the ecosystem destroyed. Fifteen years after the loss of the cod industry they are still waiting for
a recovery." ("The Oceaneos Marine Research Foundation", 2017)
Another global effect of overfishing is fish farming or aquaculture. It was first started to help
preserve the ocean and hoped to help people to obtain a reliable fish source. Unfortunately, what
many came to realize is the downside of fish farming. One example is water contamination, where
consequently waste products such as foods eaten, feces and other dead fish, are all dumped into our
main water supply which contributes to water pollution. Moreover, chemicals that are used to treat
the fish farms like antibiotics and algaecides are all released into the ocean; which is a real cause for
concern for our oceans. Fish that come from the fish farms are pumped full of drugs, to prevent
sickness in the fish but this is not healthy for us to eat. There is also a great environmental impact
which includes the fact that to sustain fish farms, portions of

Saving The Oceans Is More Than An Ecological Desire
Saving the oceans is more than an ecological desire. It 's more than a thing we 're doing because we
want to create jobs for fishermen or preserve fishermen 's jobs. It 's more than an economic pursuit.
Saving the oceans can feed the world. Let me show you how.
As you know, there are already more than a billion hungry people on this planet. We 're expecting
that problem to get worse as world population grows to nine billion or 10 billion by midcentury, and
we can expect to have an increase in pressure on our food resources. And this is a huge concern,
especially considering where we are now. Now we know that our arable land per capita is already on
the decline in both developed and developing countries. We know that we 're headed for climate
change, which is going to change rainfall patterns, making some areas drier, and causing droughts in
places like the Midwest and Central Europe, and floods in others. It 's going to make it harder for the
land to help us solve the hunger problem. And that 's why the oceans need to be their most plentiful,
so that the oceans can provide us as much food as possible.
And that 's something the oceans have been doing for us for a long time. As far back as we can go,
we 've seen an increase in the amount of food we 've been able to harvest from our oceans. It just
seemed like it was continuing to increase, until about 1980, when we started to see a decline. You
've heard of peak oil. Maybe this is peak fish. I hope not. But it's about an

Overfishing the World Big Fish Population
Over Fishing the World Big Fish Population
Insert your Name Here
SCI275
Axia College of University of Phoenix
The overfishing of our world's oceans is causing a depletion of some prize fish, such as tuna and
swordfish, to the point that some scientists believe that 90% of these big fish populations have been
fished out. Jeremy Jackson of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography published a study in 2001 in
which he asserts that overfishing is more destructive than toxic pollution or degrading water quality
(University of Phoenix, 2007). Dr. Daniel Pauly, Professor and Director of the University of British
Columbia's Fisheries Centre, describes it as follow on The Overfishing.org (2007) website: "The big
fish, the bill ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By putting this plan into practice, we will also resolve the other problems created by over fishing, as
it effects not only the depleted fish population, but also the animals for which those fish are food of
choice. Whales are turning to sea otters for food, rather than the sea lions and seals on which they
normally feed, as those populations also decline. Over fishing has also caused the use, as stated
earlier, of smaller mesh nets, increasing the amount of by catch that is caught in the nets. By catch is
the seabirds, dolphins, sea turtles, and even whales that are also caught in the net as they drag it in,
and are usually dumped back into the ocean, dead or dying. A drastic reduction in the amount of by
catch will subsequently occur with the reinstating of the larger mesh nets.
The management plan may cause fishermen to have to look into a second source of income for the
first five to ten years, as the most severe restrictions are put into place, giving the fish populations
can breed and repopulate, and a reassessment to be done by the scientific community charged with
monitoring the big fish groups. Governments might be forced to subsidize the industry for this initial
period, to help prevent illegal poaching by some fishermen who saw poaching as their only
economic alternative. Consumers would have to reduce their use of fish, and would have to pay
more for the fish they did purchase at the market during this period of

Why And How Should We Regulate Coastal Fisheries
Why and how should we regulate coastal fisheries
Coastal fisheries of the UK offer a vast amount of importance to us for things like food and
medications, but after decades of over fishing and destructive fishing methods our fish stocks have
been left severly depleted. Across the UK there has been a lot of initiatives towards managing our
coastal fisheries to meet both environmental and economic goals. The need for regulating coastal
fisheries is not a new idea, it has been used for several hundred years. Currently there is 207
protected marine protected areas implemented by the British government, one of the main ways we
can regulate coastal fisheries is by creating more marine conservation zones, these zones create a
safe place for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Across the UK there has been a lot of initiatives towards managing our coastal fisheries to meet both
environmental and economic goals. However, even though numerous pieces of legislation targeted
at improving the state of our marine environments, governments and businesses are giving far too
little priority to . There is now a large and growing gap between what is immediately needed and the
rate of progress that is being pursued. We are overfishing in our oceans. The commercial fish stocks
of our coastal waters are fully exploited or overexploited. The over–exploitation and
mismanagement of fisheries leads to collapses in the fish stocks, for example the failure of the cod
fishery off Newfoundland, Canada, in 1992, leading to the loss of some 40,000 jobs in the industry.
History of regulations within coastal fisheries
The need for regulating coastal fisheries is not a new idea, it has been used for several hundred
years. Residents of New Zealand had regulations in place that meant fisherman could only catch and
take back what could be

How Does Overfishing Affect The Future
Nearly seventy–one percent of Earth is covered by oceans. This massive body of water provides
homes to millions of species of marine life. Over the years, the amount of fish has decreased rapidly
due to the practice of overfishing. Overfishing has become such a massive problem that if there is no
stop put to it, it could destroy the ocean's and the Earth's future. Fortunately, an organization named
Oceana was founded for the sole purpose of saving the oceans. Due to the overuse of fishing, the
population of sea life is decreasing rapidly and the organization, Oceana, is helping to put a stop to
overfishing to save world hunger, ecosystem destruction, and economic destruction. Oceana is an
organization that was established in 2001. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One contribution made to help saving the oceans is how Oceana has protected over 1 million square
miles that they have conserved (Oceana). This will eliminate fishing space for fishermen to use
while the fish are protected and can continue to reproduce (Oceana). Oceana is also dedicated to
restoring the oceans and creating science–based fishery management and by doing this, they can
make a science–based catch limits and protect marine life habitats to help oceans recover (Oceana).
A catch limit will be very helpful in contributing to stop this issue. By campaigning for a catch limit,
it will help fishermen in their business while at the same time, help the fish keep safe and able to
keep up with the reproduction

The Issue Of Overfishing
The article I have chosen to write about is untitled but depicts the issues behind overfishing, written
by Bill Fox, VP of Fisheries and can be viewed at worldwildlife.org/threats/overfishing. Its focus is
to educate and raise awareness about the many issues overfishing causes. Overfishing not only has
negative effects on the ecosystem in the ocean, but for man as well. This directly affects the balance
of fish in our oceans, which in return affects both you and I. If overfished we risk extinction of some
fish species, therefore causing a chain reaction that would be irreversible if action is not taken
sooner than later. For example, if we were to overfish the albacore tuna, our oceans would become
over populated with their main food supply

The Pros And Consequences Of Overfishing
All around the world fishing fleets are growing both in quantity and size, and are fishing at a
dangerous rate. Overfishing has been the root cause of the drastic drop in sea wildlife at rates too
high for fish and whale species to replace themselves, this issue gained attention in the mid–20th
century and led the creation of regulation organization policies both from state governments and the
organizations. For the past three decades overfishing is still an ongoing environmental issue, there is
international support invested in bringing awareness and developing methods to save what has been
lost, but there is also international opposition due to the actors either fighting to keep regulations at a
minimum or looking for exceptions or loopholes to the regulations, actors are also just not
complying with the set regulations. This paper will focus on examining two environmental regimes,
fisheries depletion and whaling, both regimes share a number of similarities in regards to being a
global commons issue, nature of agreements, and economic profit industries working against them,
but they had different outcomes.
In comparison to each other, the fishery depletion regime has had a low level of effectiveness while
the whaling regime has had a medium level of effectiveness, the aim of this paper is to identify what
caused the difference in outcomes. The first part of the paper will be divided into two sections
providing a quick overview of each regime, following this will my

Environmental Impacts Of The Marine Environment
Introduction
Problem Statement / Definition of Research Area
This research will look into the problems caused by fishing. Human impact has proved to threaten
the bio diversity of the marine environment. The environmental impact of fishing can be divided
into issues that involve the availability of fish to be caught, such as overfishing, sustainable
fisheries, and fisheries management; and issues that involve the impact of fishing on other elements
of the environment, such as by–catch. This research is connected to sustainability, and will look into
the living and non–living things that menace the fish in the sea, along with the care resolution that
will foster the marine environments feasible future.
Rationale
The indicated matter was selected for the sake of the marine environment and its beautiful
importance. A great deal of leisure time is devoted to fishing both on land and sea. I love the bio
diversity of the ocean and regard it as something that needs to be safeguarded.
This topic is also significant for my local community. The oceans species are all unique and many
people fish illegally and without caution, therefore we have an environmental responsibility in
maintaining sustainable practices. Thus, significantly exploring the living and nonliving factors
alarming the ocean including the current policies enforced toward safeguarding the ocean is
important.
Research Questions
1) What is overfishing?
2) What are the causes of overfishing?
3) How effective have the

Fishing in the North Atlantic Essay example
Fishing in the North Atlantic
Abstract Ocean fishes have been consumed by humans beyond their maximum sustainable yields for
years and the Atlantic cod and squid are two examples. Cods were primarily overfished to
commercial extinction. Other variables were also examined to see if they contribute to the declining
population. Water temperature was the natural phenomenon that may be responsible for poor egg
hatching. Human causes such as increased UV radiation from depleted ozone and bottom trawling
disturbance were considered. Trawling disturbance had the worst effect while the other factors were
questionable. As the cod vanished, the commercial fisher turned to squid to continue their way of
life. Government policy and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a first world country, we consume a first class quantity of seafood as well. Overfishing of marine
resources jeopardizes not just our existence, but they are also vital in supporting various ecosystems.
In this paper, a number of research articles and other review articles were examined to compose a
picture of the overfishing crisis. The recent developments of Atlantic cod and squid are discussed in
more detail to provide a pattern that may lead to empty oceans in the future.
Accounting for fish in the ocean.
There are many methods to account for the number of fish in the ocean. However, there are many
uncertainties within any models of assessment. The reliability of instruments and the weather
condition during survey have great influence over the results (Smith and Gavaris, 1993). The
mathematics involved and the interpretation of the numbers is very difficult to comprehend and are
beyond the scope of this paper. However, in one 1997 journal article, C. J. Corkett criticized the
commonly used Graham–Schaeder model of fish accounting. In general, he discredited the
interpretation of the data because of the instrumentalist approach used by many fishery
managements. Instrumentalism is defined in the American Heritage Dictionary of the English
Language as a pragmatic theory that ideas are instruments that function as guides of action, their
validity being determined by the success of the action. The raw data that

The Potention Of The Fishing Industry
following the implementation of the discard ban in 2015 and other commitments made by the EU to
sustain fish stocks. Many are optimistic about these reforms, while others are cautious since the CFP
has a reputation for sounding brilliant and proving to be catastrophic in the long–run.
Rather than trying to fix a fault–ridden system where the interests of Member States involve the
short–term goals of mainly their own fishing industry, it may be more beneficial for the EU to
implement a system of control like that of Iceland or Norway. Although these nations have
agreements with the EU to allow their fishermen into their territorial waters, they maintain full
control and discretion of their Exclusive Economic Zones, giving them the power to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fishing industries of Norway, Iceland and Greenland are thriving, despite having very little to
no comparative advantage over the UK. The UK has acknowledged that the decline in fish stocks
has not resulted from any economic or environmental issues, but rather from political issues of
mismanagement. Thus, the decline of UK fish stocks can be directly associated with its membership
in the EU and the Common Fisheries Policy. Brexit would restore the UK
governments control over the industry, enabling them to enforce better, more effective conservation
measures and to regenerate not only fish stocks but the infrastructure of the fishing industry as a
whole.
Another solution to the problem of overfishing and the decline of fish stocks was proposed by
Ronald Coase and his ideas on property rights and the political economy of environmental
protection. Coase sets out that not only do negative externalities not exist, but that the specification
of private property rights is the most efficient way to tackle environmental issues, such as
overfishing. The analysis points out that –
"where private property arrangements have been allowed to emerge, there have been considerable
improvements in terms of the maintenance of fish stocks and the reduction of pollution. In Britain,
for example, private fishing rights to rivers are widespread

Fishing Has Been Responsible For The Survival Of Many...
Fishing has been responsible for the survival of many families during millenniums, a tradition
passed to father to son. The familiar fishery has characteristics, such as small bolts, fishing near the
coast, seasonal and in small scales and low production of subsidies, but this changed in the passing
years. The familiar business fishery changed to industrial, which happened because of technological
increase and market demand. In mind's 1050s/60s the fishery activity changed because of new
technologies, such as rude boats made of steel as draggers and trawler with big capacity of the cod
fishery, equipped with sonar, electronic navigation systems and radar, high generation of financial
resources, a great financial return and attend the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1982, the Fisheries Products International FPI was created, which was invested in technology
without considering old experience. After strong opposition developed to the escalating offshore
catches in august 1986, the Newfoundland Inshore Fisheries Association NIFA was founded, which
were comprising for fishermen, fish processors, plant workers, business people, regional
development associations, concerned citizens other groups.
In 1989, the Canadian government revises assessment recommends and they reduce the capacity of
fishery on 50%, but the government reduced to 200,000 tons with the finality of conserved cod
stocks in 1990. That happened, because of scientific advices of DFO, that caused plants closures and
1800 employers loss their job. They work on 45% of capacity and the minister did not reaction
about the problem. In 1992, the government decided to no more fishing for 2years moratorium. This
left 40,000 unemployed and factories, plants closures. All groups were affected by over fishing.
1– Who are main groups of people involved in the cod fishery and its collapse?
The main group were the local fishermen of Newfoundland, Canadian draggers and trawlers, and
deep–sea foreign fishing vessels.
The local fishermen was less contributed for collapse of cod stock. They used small boats, so these
fishermen did not have the capacity to overfish the resource, but they affected by the prohibition of
fishery. On the other hand, draggers and trawlers

Commercial Harvesting Of Green Turtles
Marine species have been subjugated to overharvesting throughout human history, the lack of data
presents challenges to conservationists defining healthy populations. In the case of Hawaiian green
turtles, data compiled from commercial harvesting, economic demands, and previous exploitations
are insufficient for examining the original population. Historical studies like these can yield
information important to fishery managers and have the potential to redefine some populations'
recoveries. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence commercial harvesting of green
turtles from 1948 to 1974, aside from early indigenous harvest. Current debates question whether
the population has rebounded since commercial harvest halted and has spurred further research. The
commercial fisheries record of catch was not recorded using the present day surveys and researchers
are forced to explore the fisheries impact with influence from local inputs quantify the catch per unit
effort. This data they hope will give a better understanding to the population history to improve
conservation and management. The methods of extrapolating useful data to mimic todays current
survey numbers, researchers used various components to achieve similarity. Annual catch was
calculated using 635 reports from fishing vessels. Reports of only mass were compared to the
average mass of the total year to estimate the number of individual turtles. To assess the intensity of
the fishery, or effort,

Driftnet Fishing
From the beginning of human existence to present day, humans have required food for survival.
Over the years, the methods of getting food have multiplied extensively, been facilitated, and have
become more efficient. Fishing is a technique that has been used throughout the course of history
and is still used today. There are several different ways to fish, such as individual fishing and
commercial fishing. Many of the commercial fishing techniques are similar, using large nets or
traps, targeting a certain type of marine life that is in high demand. Unfortunately, these forms of
fishing can be dangerous to people and to the wildlife. Driftnet fishing is a technique of commercial
fishing that started out prosperous and effective, however, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Driftnet fishing is illegal in some places, but is still done for the large amount of fish it provides. In
some countries where fish make up a large part of the populations diet, people are still allowed to
driftnet fish. In recognition of Japan's traditional reliance on salmon fishing, the International North
Pacific Fisheries Commission (INPFC) reduced and restricted the areas that Japanese salmon
driftnet vessels could fish gradually (History of Driftnet Fisheries in Operation 6). Other countries
are not so fortunate, but the damage being done to the populations of fish could result in the
extinction of the species. Ireland also has an inshore salmon driftnet fleet that fishes illegally and
threatens the existence of the salmon stocks in both Ireland and Scotland (History of Driftnet
Fisheries in Operation 9). Bans and laws against driftnet fishing can hurt populations of people
because of their dependence on fishing, but if the populations of fish are wiped out because of
driftnet fishing, it will harm humans more than the laws. The most important aspect of driftnet
fishing is the net. The net is the object that catches everything in its path. The characteristics of the
driftnets vary in different regions, but most nets are made of synthetic materials that will hold up
against the ocean. Driftnets will often be attached together to make larger panels. Made from almost
invisible monofilament nylon mesh, each net is suspended beneath floating buoys, about

Ocean Overfishing Effects
Ocean overfishing is the process of removing wildlife from the ocean (or any other water sources) at
unsustainable rates that lower their replication rates. Overfishing began around the mid–20th
century. At this time, there were many attempts to increase the pricings and variety of protein–rich
foods; this led to the government trying to increase the fish capacity. While the fishing operations
advanced, the fish populations deteriorated. These operations ended up turning into profit–hoggers
and started to steal the ocean's wildlife. Considering that this was just the onset of overfishing, the
buyers became adapted to having a variety of fish at reasonable prices. In 1989, after about 90
million tons of fish were taken from the ocean, the products ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Simply put, fish do not stand a chance against the most intelligent and dangerous hunters: humans.
If people carry on at this pace, it can build a biodiversity crisis larger and more severe than humanity
has ever experienced. That is why specialists have formed organizations and societies against
overfishing to help decrease the number of fish that vanish every day. Greenpeace East Asia helps to
advise people that we depend on earth's oceans or life cannot exist without them (Defending Our
Oceans 1). Greenpeace East Asia makes certain that God's creations are indefinitely defended by
humans. From reducing air pollution to conserving food and agriculture, Greenpeace, along with
companies and establishments aside from it, help maintain a neutral balance between life on land
and in water. There are many ways to prevent overfishing from becoming even more of an issue in
the world. For instance, normal everyday people can spread the word about how overfishing is a
huge crisis that needs to be dealt with appropriately. Also, when people shop for fish they should
choose the one's that are not endangered or harmed by overfishing. Besides everyday people,
fisheries need to start pitching in. They need to enact safe catch limits, which is a limit on the
number of fish caught by a fishery. In addition, they need to take control on bycatch. Another thing
they can do is monitor fishermen when they

The Is A Conflict And Concern
Mislabeling as a Conflict and Concern Despite the many positives that come with labeling,
mislabeling is negative that hurts labeling legislation. Mislabeling can negatively effects consumers
by not allowing them to make informed decisions regarding their labeled purchases and possibly
harming their health due to "incorrect" mercury intake. Mislabeling also hurts fisheries because
threatened species may be under more fishing pressure than previously assumed. Lastly, mislabeling
breaks import and export seafood regulations both internationally and nationally (Jacquet, 2008).
Fishermen and seafood companies are misrepresenting their product for one reason and that is
financial incentives. Unwanted species can be renamed to sound more appetizing, increasing profits
in return (Jacquet, 2008).
Mislabeling causes a lack of traceability and an issue in re–labeling. For example a report
discovered that illegal amounts of Patagonian tooth fish enter the U.S. hidden amongst other seafood
or under another name, frozen fish fillet or crayfish (Jacquet, 2007/2008). Even more recently
Oceana, an Ocean conservation group, revealed a study that 30% of sold shrimp products in the
United States are misrepresented. Of that 30%, 15% of the tested shrimp are completely mislabeled
in production method (wild–caught vs. farm–raised) or species type (LeTrent, 2014). Some of
Oceana's results, reported in Figure 1, show the alarming amount of mislabeled fish in restaurants,
sushi and different

Newfoundland Fishing Industry
The closing of the cod fisheries marked one of the most devastating moments in history for the
province of Newfoundland. However, Sue Bailey wrote an article discussing the return, the
comeback of the Newfoundland fishing industry once again. Bailey refers to a federal report stating
cod stocks are still in a parlous state, although a union of fishermen wish to expand the cod fishery.
While the cod fishery was thought to be gone, the recovery rate of the species are remarkable;
"...total biomass was up seven percent from 2015 to 2016," there is still much recovery to be done.
Ocean biologists hypothesize the lifting of inshore and offshore cod fishery ban in the next three
years. Another reference to the federal report; there is an estimate of about ... Show more content on
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Obviously mismanagement is a factor overfishing itself, and is the result of the limit for cod placed
by the federal government. As well, the the advancement in geotechnology, like radars, sonars and
satellite navigation systems helped find large fish bodies, all rapidly collected with trawlers. Another
undiscussed matter, is climate change; over the years it has played a significant change in driving
away fish populations because of dropping temperatures and changing of salinity. One idea
discussed by the article is the monitoring of cod numbers, as well as monitoring the seal population.
The article states to limit seal population to keep the fish alive; the textbook states "They contend
that the greater number of seals ate larger quantities of caplin, a small fish that is a major food
source of groundfish," (pg 285). I find that bringing back the sealing industry could help maintain
cod numbers, functioning as a way to bring back 2 banned commercial

Overfishing, Crisis Or Overthought?
Overfishing, Crisis or Overthought?
In today's world we have a problem, a very big, yet very underestimated problem in which if not
solved, could lead to the extinction of nearly all fresh and saltwater aquatic life on our great earth.
This problem is overfishing and it's against the law. In this time of great advancements and
inventions, us humans have made many tools to make our lives easier... at the cost of our
environment. Deep sea fishermen have been using illegal fishing techniques through loopholes in
federal law. These loopholes allow said deep sea fishermen to take far more fish *and other life*
than lawfully allowed. Professor Eugene Buck explains."States generally have jurisdiction within 3
miles of the coast. Beyond state ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Expert Bill Fox explains the effects of fish leaving or being taken from the area "Targeted fishing of
top predators (such as billfish, sharks and tuna) eventually disrupts marine communities, causing
increased abundance of smaller marine animals at the bottom of the food chain. This in turn has
impacts on the rest of the marine ecosystem, such as the increased growth of algae and threats to
coral reef health. Overfishing is also closely tied to bycatch, another serious marine threat that
causes the needless loss of billions of fish, along with marine turtles and cetaceans."(Fox). If this
shows what will happen if the predators leave an area, what would happen if all of the small fish
leave an area? For one, Coastal communities around the world depend on fish as their primary
source of protein. Overfishing threatens their long–term food security, particularly in developing
countries. Secondly the predators in an area will have to compete against each other for food,
leading to a decline in the predator population. Overfishing is a major crisis Overfishing is a
problem that can be easily solved with added supervision by the law, yet some believe that
overfishing is a problem that should not be worried about, and those are the few that influence the
government to be so lenient. Overfishing too much in an area can lead to the endangerment

Marine Fisheries And Its Impact On The Environment
Marine fisheries make up some of the largest ecosystems/habitats that span from the coastal regions
all the way through the various oceans of the globe. In addition, the habitats and ecosystems of
marine fisheries contain some of the most diverse groups of organisms worldwide just because of
the sheer amount of the planet's surface that the oceans cover. Although the range and diversity of
marine fisheries are vast, they are declining at increasing rates. There are many factors that have led
to this decline which include climate change, pollution, and the introduction of invasive species into
particular habitats. However, the two largest factors behind the collapse of marine fisheries are
directly correlated with human interaction with the marine fisheries. One is the overexploitation by
the fishing industry, while the other is habitat alteration (mainly around the coastal areas) (Layman
et. al 2011).
Findings of the Conservation Issue Marine fisheries revenues totaled about $70 billion in the late
1990s and accounted for $13 billion in net exports (Botsford, L.W., et. al., 1997). The total revenues
for marine fisheries today is $91.2 billion This huge industry also supplies a large food source to
populations around the world and is an important source of jobs for many countries. However,
almost half of the world's fish stocks are fully exploited or overexploited. Fisheries management has
failed to reach the one goal of marine fisheries, sustainability.

Questions On Sustainability And Change
Sustainability and Change
Assignment 3
Submitted by: Kalpesh Shah
Student Id: 1250948.
Component 1: Provide an introduction to the organizations, carefully describing all stakeholders of
these companies and their issues (e.g. the owners, the fish, the employees etc).
Sealord Company Introduction
Sealord is a global enterprise with processing and marketing companies spread across as five
continents, backed by worldwide fishing network. In New Zealand, Sealord has its corporate office
in Auckland whereas the fishing and processing plant is based at Nelson. Sealord is 100% owned
subsidiary of Kura Ltd which itself is a joint venture of NISSUI and Aotearoa Fisheries Ltd (Owned
by Maori Representative Group), with ownership of 50% equity each. Aotearoa Fisheries Ltd also
owns Papuri Taonga which is the Quota Owning Company and has leased its fishing quota licence
to Sealord Group Ltd. The stakeholders include, employees. The company was established more
than 50 years ago and is ranked one of the largest top 60 companies in New Zealand. The company
holds 20% of the Total Allowed Commercial Catch (TACC) as on 2013. The stakeholders for
Sealord are the employees, the principal owners and the shareholders (Aotearoa Fisheries Ltd and
Nissui) for following ethical practices and for profitable venture, Fisheries department in Ministry of
Primary Industries, Export promotion council and Ministry of Environment, Department of
Conservation for following ethical and sustainable

Essay On Atlantic Cod
This paper takes a closer look at spawning behavior of Atlantic cod, and explores a new way of
monitoring presence or absence of spawning cod at a particular site. Male cod are known to emit
low–frequency grunts while spawning and courtship, and this study deployed a marine autonomous
recording unit capable of recording these grunts in a known cod spawning ground during the spring
spawning season. The MAR unit was deployed in Spring Cod Conservation Zone in Massachusetts
from April through June Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto, and N. Scialabba. 1990. Gadiform
fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). FAO Fisheries Synopsis 125 (6): 44–47.
Put out by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United States and part of a series of ...
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Preceedings of the virtual symposium "Flagship species – Flagship problems". Canadian Journal of
Zoology 89. 386–400.
In this publication, two Canadian biologists present their research that takes an in depth look at the
crash of Atlantic cod populations in the north Atlantic. Their research looks at historic catch,
peaking between 1962 and 1992, and the subsequent decline in spawning stock biomass as a result
of this overfishing. Hutchings and Rangeley also look at some trends in abundance and life history,
broken down by region, and find an overall drop in age at which an individual reaches 50%
maturity, suggesting lowered fecundity of the population. The paper concludes by outlining the
many importance's of cod, both commercially and from a biological standpoint, and most
importantly outlining specific and robust management plans that would allow Canadian Atlantic cod
the conditions to recover. This paper will be immensity powerful in contributing to the conservation
issues and solutions section of my paper.
Jenson, A. C. 1972. The Cod. Fitzhenry and Whiteside Limited, Toronto.
For many years Albert Jenson was the director of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological
Laboratory in Woods Hole. In this book, he chronicles Atlantic Cod, describing the life history and
ecology of the fish, as well as how humans have drastically impacted cod populations through
commercial fishing. He ends the book by describing conservation efforts that should be in effect but

The 's Dolphin Threat Management Plan
Introduction
People and dolphins have shared New Zealand's coastal waters for centuries. In recent years there
has been increasing awareness of marine mammals and the threats they face within our coastal
environments (Department of Conservation1, n.d.). The Banks Peninsula Marine Mammal
Sanctuary was implemented in 1988 as a result of conflict between local and commercial fisherman,
and the endangered Hector's dolphin. Due to increasing concern despite the sanctuary's set up, the
Hector's and Maui's Dolphin Threat Management Plan was drafted in 2007 to place further
restrictions on fishing practices within the area. The formation of the sanctuary has created a safer
habitat for the local dolphin population, but in the process has negatively affected the livelihoods of
many local fishermen within the region.
The Banks Peninsula Marine Mammal Sanctuary 1988
The Hector's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori) is one of the world's smallest species of marine
dolphin. These dolphins are only found within the inshore waters off the coast of New Zealand.
There are currently four distinct populations found off the west coast of the North Island, and the
west, east, and south coasts of the South Island (Department of Conservation2, n.d.; World Wildlife
Fund, n.d.). There are two sub–species of Hector's dolphin in existence; the South Island Hector's
dolphin which is found off the coast of the South Island, and the Maui's dolphin which is found off
the west coast of the North Island

Case Study: New England Fishery Management Council
New England Fishery Management Council established by federal legislation in 1976 and conserves
fishery stocks from three to 200 miles off the coasts from Maine to Connecticut. Our official website
clearly explains our goal is,"Conserving and managing fishery resources by relying on sound
science, promoting public participation, and balancing competing interests." (NEFMC) As the
representative of NEFMC, I believe that overfishing problem should be valued. Overfishing and its
recovering are essential issues around the world; people should consume resources in a sustainable
way; Better management of fishing is our responsibility. First of all, overfishing is a big issue all
around the world. The demand of customers and the greed of making ... Show more content on
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Also, that ABC should remain relatively constant for 2016–2018, or perhaps be reduced modestly.
The recommended ABC (Acceptable Biological Catch)of 111,000 mt, compared with status quo
estimate of 114,000 mt, achieves that outcome. Additionally, the SSC noted and the Council
concurred that the current high herring biomass, bolstered by two very large year classes, likely
meets ecosystem goals by default and not design, as ecosystem goals are not explicitly identified in
the current ABC control rule. Thus, the Council concluded that it is not necessary to increase
scientific uncertainty above the SSC–recommended level at this time." (Atlantic Herring 2016–2018
Specifications) This specification gives a very specific and comprehensive solution and
recommendations. Every managements are based on real statistics and facts. Thus, our organization
really cares about everyone's ideas and we try to find the most stable and sustainable way to solve

The Impact of Hydropower Dams on California's Populations...
Running head: IMPACT OF DAMS ON ANADROMOUS FISH The Impact of Hydropower Dams
on California's Populations of Anadromous Fish: What Can be done to mitigate the Dams Effects
and Restore California's Watersheds. Russell Cole Western Governors University The Impact of
Hydropower Dams on California's Populations of Anadromous Fish: What can be done to mitigate
the Dams Effects and Restore California's Watersheds. The indigenous people of California were
completely dependent on the seemingly infinite quantities of salmon and steelhead that annually
returned to their coastal rivers. Upon their arrival, European settlers soon developed a commercial
fishing industry, which supported them very well. Today, however, that never–ending ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Importantly, let's not overlook the effects of salmon population declines on the indigenous peoples
of California. Tribes such as the Karuk, Yurok, Wiyot and the Hoopa, to name just a few, have
depended on salmon as their main food source for centuries. Salmon was not just food, but central to
their religion, their diet, and their overall way of life. Salmon are the cornerstone of their culture
(Harling, 2006). The loss of this abundant natural resource must be seen not only as degrading the
health of the river ecosystem, but also as severely impacting the health of the tribes. Until the early
1850's California's rivers flowed freely to the Pacific Ocean. The emergence of dams started with
small earthen dams used to divert water for mining and irrigation purposes. The diverted water used
for hydraulic mining would prove to be the beginning of a long era of environmental degradation of
California's river ecosystems. With the turn of the century came a population boom and the rapid
development of urban centers and an increased demand for water. With the end of the gold rush,
agriculture quickly became the main player in California's economy. This too, raised the demand for
water and dams were being built at a staggering pace. The introduction of huge hydropower dams
proved to be the "nail in the coffin" for anadromous fish because little or no heed was paid to the
impact of dams on the state's watersheds. Today California has over fourteen hundred dams
responsible for

The Impact Of Fishing On The Service Of Industrialization
Chapter I: Introduction
1.1 General Introduction
Fishing is an activity that people have been doing since early civilization. It evolved from a social
need to currently also one of commercial interest2. As Cochrane and Garcia (2009) describe it so
nicely:
"...the commoditization of nature in the service of industrialization."
After years of perceived growth, it is now evident that globally countries suffer from the negative
effects that we people have ourselves helped create. The introduction starts with a background and
relates the complexity of fisheries management from a global level to Suriname. Also the benefits
that fisheries provide for Suriname will be mentioned. Following the problem statement and the
objective of the study, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When looking at the state of the fish stocks of which information is available, confirmed that the
proportion of overexploited, depleted and recovering stocks have remained relatively stable over the
last 10–15 years, after the observed upward trend of operating in the 1970s and 1980s. It is
estimated that in 2007 52% of the fish are fully exploited, meaning that the catches are close to their
maximum permissible limit for sustainable operation and that there was no scope for further
expansion (Valdimarsson, 2007).
2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing accessed March 30, 2010
2
This upward trend internationally, especially in the 1970s and 1980s, has influenced Suriname.
Since 1979 fisheries in Suriname went through various developments that have a perceptible upward
trend. These developments characterize diversification of the fishing fleet, the commercial
marketing of previously unknown species, improvement of facilities and major expansion of the
fleet. From that year, the Surinamese government had several collaborations with Belgium, Japan,
the FAO and the European Union (EU) and there is much work done in the field of fisheries
development, policy, research, data collection and processing, quality management and support in
the form of input, terminal facilities and other amenities.
Some of these efforts today expanded or developed, but many efforts have also deteriorated.
What makes fishery management so complex?

The New Zealand Sea Lion
I Introduction
The New Zealand sea lion (formerly known as the Hooker's sea lion) is the most threatened sea lion
species in the world.
A Scope
Bycatch is a significant issue affecting marine mammals in New Zealand. This paper will focus on
the effect that squid trawling has on the declining population of the New Zealand sea lion. This
paper will address whether current mechanisms that seek to protect the New Zealand sea lion are
robust and will recommend options for reform.
B Background
Historically, New Zealand sea lions occupied sites all around New Zealand. The New Zealand sea
lion was common throughout New Zealand until the late eighteenth century. Today, New Zealand
sea lions exist mainly on two main breeding sites: the Auckland Islands, and Campbell Island. In
2010, approximately 71% of sea lion pups were born at the Auckland Islands and 29% of sea lion
pups were born on Campbell Island. For sea lions, estimates of pup production are the best measure
of population status and size. In early 2014, 1,575 pups were counted on the Auckland Islands.
The Auckland Island population appears to be sharply decreasing. The most recent figures indicate
that since 1998 there has been decrease in pup production at the Auckland Islands of approximately
50%.
The Ministry for Primary Industries maintains that the direct effect of fishing–related mortality on
the New Zealand sea lion population is small. In spite of this, research suggests that a plausible
hypothesis of the

How The Oceans Can Feed The World
What if saving the oceans meant we could bring food to the hungry? Or something we 're doing
because in return it creates jobs for local fishermen and preserves fishermen 's jobs around the
globe? It 's even more than an economical benefit as well. Saving the oceans can feed the world. As
you already know, there are more than a billion people on this planet right now suffering from
hunger. Unfortunately, we're expecting this problem to worsen as the world's population continues to
grow, which will cause an immediate increase of stress on our food resources. Now that is a huge
concern for all of us, since our operational land per capita is already on the decline in both
developed and developing countries. Since climate change is ... Show more content on
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The first thing we need to do is find the fish, which Oceana has done a great job of doing, fish are
conveniently located in the coastal zones of countries, these "coastal zones" are under the control of
national jurisdictions, which means each country can manage their own fisheries. It's a good thing
that these zones are controlled by national jurisdictions, because if it were done internationally, it
would be a lot more difficult for these changes to be put into action. The reasons why we should
focus in on these coastal zones, is simply because the fish. There are seven times as many fish in
these zones compared to the high seas, which means for us we have seven times more of a chance to
reestablish a lot of our fisheries, and to feed hungry mouths. There are over 80 different coastal
countries throughout the world, which makes it hard to focus on all of them. However, not all 80
coastal countries have a tremendous amount of coastline, so if we were to narrow it down to the
European countries and 10 more countries with coastlines, it ends up being 90% of all the world's
fish catch. Based on Oceania's work here in the United States, we know that there are three key
components we have to do in order to bring these fisheries back to their full capacities, and they are:
one, to set limits on how much fish each country can take

The Miss En Scene Of National And International Fisheries
Now that we have deconstructed the basic premises and their place in the miss en scène of national
and international fisheries, let us move to a more detailed analysis of the text's subpoints examining
the chapters for any underlying perspectives or evidence that significantly contribute to the
arguments overall persuasiveness. The analysis that follows intends to capture each critical
argument unfolding and developing itself, giving the reader a means to then discuss the
contributions in regard to the circulation of wider discourse. Chapters 2–4: International regulation,
political economy of regulation, and regulatory capture. We have already considered much of
chapter 2 when regarding CPRs, the most important definition given by the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Environmental economics provides an appropriate set of analytical tools to understand CPRs even
though most regulation draws largely on the logics of population biology (Barkin p. 37). The
discussion continues to recognise scientific based secretariat rule proposals being undermined by
states final decision making power, and how sovereign representatives avoid advice in favour of free
rider benefits.
The central argument of chapter 3 is a tension in the approaches to resource management; biologist
(or anthropocentric view) are put premium on the value of ecosystems and biodiversity –
sustainability perspective – while the econocentric view is focused on maximising present value of
fishery resources without regard for the 'unmonetised' ecological utility. In a sense, multilateral
cooperation finds a midpoint between these differing worldviews, but the former analysis of CPR
enjoys privilege among stakeholders because it is more comfortably aligned with their interests – or
perhaps until it is too late in which case ecological value has finally attained equal or greater
economic status than the present value of fisheries. Applying these understandings to the overall
argument that micro–regulation alone is insufficient, by considering the theoretical perspectives and
various co–author studies as evidence, one finds

Alaskan Salmon Lead The Most Interesting Life From Life
Alaskan salmon lead the most interesting life from birth to death, spending time in both fresh and
salt water. Eggs are laid by a female fish in a stream. She actually buries up to thousands of eggs, or
ova, in a nest called a Redd. The male fertilizes these eggs, once placed. The eggs develop in the
winter and hatch in the spring. Once the eggs hatch, now called Alevin, they stay in the nest for
approximately one month feeding on the yolk sac of the egg. Once the baby salmon leave the Redd,
known as Fry, they are on their own for survival, like finding food and mastering the challenges of
the downhill journey downstream. A Parr is a young salmon approximately six inches in length that
is growing as it continues downstream. If the young ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the Department of Alaska fish and game, Alaska has over 15,000 salmon streams.
According to the Marine Stewardship Council, the world's top seafood "ecolabel" authority, states
that Alaska, by weight, provides over 2/3 of the world's seafood
(marineconservationalliance.org/wp–
content/uploads/2010/061359_MCA_Report_for_download1.pdf). However, the Alaskan
environment, wildlife and stocks of fish remain abundant year after year. Alaska's beauty and
fisheries are frequent topics of the Nature Channel programs, and Alaska remains a top tourist
attraction for nature enthusiasts. Why, with all the commercial and sport fishing, haven't fishing
stocks depleted? Groundfish, scientists say, are abundant in the North Pacific, salmon returns have
grown in the last 30 years, and shellfish production is also successful. Even the sea lion population
has steadily grown (marineconservationalliance.org/wp–
content/uploads/2010/061359_MCA_Report_for_download1.pdf p.5). This amazing nature preserve
and economic way of life are sustainable due to fishing managers following scientific guidelines
very conservatively, making rules and regulations based on scientific research: research that is open
to the public, and discussed with the public on a regular basis.
Alaska became a state in 1959 under President Eisenhower, after Alaskans and the

The World Is Blue By Sylvia Earle
Nikki Etchenique Dr. Harper Marine Biology November 24, 2014 The World is Blue Final Paper In
2009, Dr. Sylvia Earle wrote The World is Blue to educate and alert the reader about human impacts
on marine ecosystems. Through this book she conveys her passion and methodical arguments
concerning the importance of the conservation of the ocean, which encompasses approximately 80
percent of the earth's surface. Dr. Earle states "the ocean touches you with every breath you take,
every drop of water you drink, every bite you consume" (17). This statement emphasizes the
significance of the ocean, not only for marine life, but all life forms on earth. The book implies that
currently in today's world, the conservation of the ocean requires a global effort to reduce human
damage from the past generations. Using facts gleaned from credible scientific resources, she
defines the problems of overfishing, bycatch, and pollution. By analyzing human impacts on marine
ecosystems, Dr. Earle determines successful and unsuccessful solutions to these problems and
suggests various ways individuals can change their lifestyles to reduce impact on the environment as
a whole. One may find it difficult to imagine the world as it was a century ago. However, Dr. Earle
informs us that with less than a quarter of the population occupying the Earth, "many believed that
the ocean could yield limitless quantities of fish, whales, and other marine wildlife" (30). Through
her book, she points out one problem

The Salmon Fisheries
In my hometown, a local diner serves "Honey dipped Salmon." They claim that the dish is prepared
using a species of Salmon, called Chinook, which is a product of the Alaska Salmon fisheries.
Since Chinook salmon is an anadromous specie, it is born in the fresh water, migrates to the ocean
for 1–5 years and then returns to the Main–channel Rivers to spawn. The female lays around 3,000–
14,000 eggs that are successfully fertilized by the males, however the eggs are very brittle and can
be easily destroyed. Fortunately, enough hatch and survive in Alaska to ensure healthy stocks. After
spawning, they typically die as they don't feed on anything during their widespread migration and
use up all the stored body fat for survival. ("CSSP", n.d.). As an example of their extensive
migration, we can look at "the Yukon River spawners that travel more than 2,000 river miles during
a 60–day period to reach Canada". Their major populations are located in Susitana, Taku, Copper,
Kuskokwin, Nushagak river systems. The specie's returning numbers from their sprawled spawning
migrations had started declining in 2006, however they have significantly recovered now. (Wild
explorer, n.d.)
The Chinook salmon is vastly sought after in Cook Inlet and Southeast Alaska by fishers because of
its great value as a sport fish. The annual value of sports industry in Alaska is about $500 million
and the annual harvest looms around 170,000 fish. ("CSU", n.d.). However, to make the fisheries

A New List Of Sustainable Development Goals
On September 25th, the UN officially announced a new list of Sustainable Development
Goals(SDG's) that would replace the previous Millennium Development Goals (MDG's) that would
expire in 2015. Among the list of SDG's released by the UN, was one in particular, goal number 14,
which stated, in relation to Oceans, the aim to "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and
marine resources for sustainable development." In addition to setting the goal previously mentioned,
the UN also set out a list of targets in order to evaluate the set goals. 14.1) According to a recent
article by Dong Chen, Paul Szostak, Zongsu Wei, and Ruiyang Xiao, there have been significant
eutrophication issues as a result of nutrient runoffs from farmlands into natural water bodies, such as
lakes, rivers, streams, etc. The nutrients, such as Phosphorus, that runoff from the farmlands into the
water bodies act as a limiting agent for the growth of algae. In other words, they prevent the algae
from growing, and as a result, affect the whole ecosystem of that water body. In an article published
in Sensors Journal, in June 2015, Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) were announced
as possible means of detecting and observing aquatic environments. According to this article, these
sensors would be used in a variety of ways, namely to monitor pollution, prevent disasters from
occurring, or "assisted navigation and to send monitored data to the sink." However, we do not need
to wait until the

Argumentative Essay On Overfishing
Abstract: Overfishing is the process of fishing to the point where more fish are caught than the
population can replace through natural reproduction. It may seem profitable to quickly grab as much
fish as you can, but it is extremely harmful to the marine ecosystem. The results of this have lasting
impacts on the balance of life in the oceans, and the social and economic well–being of the coastal
communities who depend on fish for their way of life. Fortunately, there are efforts being done to
help prevent this dangerous activity. New Zealand has noticeably led the charge to ending
overfishing. Some ways countries have been limiting fishing activities are: marine protected areas,
and fishing quotas. These are more of the notable examples, ... Show more content on
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If you think about how big that number is, it should tell you how much of a problem this is. The
same study found that 32 percent are classified as overexploited, depleted or recovering, meaning
that they are reproducing far less than they are potentially able to. This percentage is the highest that
has been seen in the decades of studies, indicating that the problem of overfishing is becoming more
and more severe. And at this point, it seems the problem will only get worse, unless we make severe
changes. However, this is much easier said than done, billions of people rely on fish for protein, and
fishing is the principal livelihood for millions of people around the world. For centuries, our seas
and oceans have been considered a limitless source of food. However, increasing fishing efforts over
the last 50 years because of the depleting fish populations, has led to unsustainable fishing practices
that are pushing many fish stocks to the point of collapse. Many important commercial fish
populations (like the Atlantic bluefin tuna) have suffered a decline to the point where their survival
as a species is extremely threatened. The more we hunt and kill these fish, the less likely the fish
will be able to reproduce and begin to thrive again. Target fishing of top

Fisheries Essay
Red Drum Fisheries Management of Coastal Florida
Danny W. Lyles
COMM/215
May 7, 2012
David Mumford
Abstract
This paper is intended to evaluate the success or failure of the fisheries management regarding Red
Drum or Sciaenops ocellatus in the coastal Florida area of the United States. The Red Drum, or the
common name "Redfish", is a popular sport fish among anglers due to its reputation as a formidable
adversary, and the value of it on the market for table fare. The advent of blackened recipes from the
bayous of the southeast has also increased its popularity.
Red Drum Fisheries Management of Coastal Florida The Red Drum inhabits inshore, near shore,
and offshore waters throughout the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic ... Show more content on
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The primary focus of the CCA agenda regarding management changes is in the zoning regulations
imposed by the FWC. These zones are divided by a north and south sector with an increase of bag
limits to be allowed in the north zone exclusively. The argument posed by CCA is that creating
separate zones and increasing bag limits will jeopardize the entire management plan and place the
species at risk.
The CCA credits a successful 1988 campaign of prohibiting commercial harvesting and improved
restriction driven by their organization. The claim is that the additional protective measures resulted
in the revitalized stock assessment by the FWRI. Without these changes, they argue, the population
would be in serious decline with possible change of status to "vulnerable". They also claim that a
stock assessment from the FWC does not support an increase in bag limits citing Spawning Potential
Ratio (SPR) instead of escapement percentage. They also use data from the FWC escapement charts
that indicate a declining rate over the past decade.
No biological evidence exists to support a zoning status regarding the state fisheries. If a zoning
regulation were to be implemented, genetic and tagging data indicates the zones to be east and west
rather than the current objectives. This resultant data is an indication of juvenile stocks and
migration of

Overfishing Is A Global Issue
Overfishing began in the early 1800's when it was discovered that whale blubber could be utilized
for oil lamps. Overfishing is when fish are taken from the ocean at a rate that is too fast for them to
adequately repopulate. In contrast to every damaging anthropogenic activity, overfishing has taken
the biggest toll on the marine ecosystems and has led many fish species to reduce rapidly and others
to become extinct. In order to stop this before it is too late, we must enforce sustainable methods,
and eliminate the use of these extremely damaging procedures. Overfishing is a global issue, that
has resulted in economic loss, marine life disruption and decreased food security, by supporting
sustainable methods and campaigning to ban our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bycatch is all of the extra items the net catches outside of the targeted species. Practices like
trawling, could lead our marine ecosystems to suddenly collapse, leading our already severe
problem to spiral out of control. This practice is not the only method that is currently being used that
is resulting in terrible consequences. Furthermore, fish are not the only ones affected by overfishing.
Many of the human population rely heavily on fish species as a viable food source. If it were to
suddenly and entirely disappear we would notice. "Every year, 77.9 million metric tons (170 billion
lbs.) of wild fish and shellfish are harvested from the oceans " (Palliser). Plus, this high demand for
fish has led fisheries to fish down the web. This means that as fish species have become depleted or
extinct, fisheries will continue to search and catch deeper and deeper into the ocean. This affects the
marine biodiversity and also effects the value of marine animals. The majority of fisheries around
the world are pushed to their limits. Fishermen are aware of the critical need for safeguarding fish
populations and the marine environment. However, illegal and pirate fishing are still in practice and
regulations continue to be ignored. "Worldwide illegal and unreported fishing losses are estimated
between 11 and 26 million tons, or one–fifth of the total global fisheries

The Management Of Coarse Fisheries Of Lakes And Rivers...

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