the introduction and conclusion
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This document provides guidance on drafting introductions and conclusions for writing. It notes that the introduction should introduce the topic, indicate how it will be developed, include a thesis statement, and contain relevant material. Ten strategies for writing introductions are described, such as giving an overview, explaining importance, and using a quotation. For conclusions, it recommends reminding the reader of the topic, emphasizing the main point, and connecting back to the introduction, while keeping both brief.
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WRITING AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Introduction
What is An Annotated Bibliography?
The Purpose of Annotated Bibliography
Steps in Preparing An Annotated Bibliography
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Pp lis
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The literature review primer 2017
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What is Research Paper
Format or Structure of Research Paper
Steps for Writing Research Paper
by
Ali Rehman
Publishing research papers
Publishing research papers is an important part of the scientific process. It allows researchers to present new results and methods, advance their careers, and contribute to their field. The key parts of a research paper are the title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, and discussion sections. Authors must record their findings, write drafts, get feedback, and revise their paper before submitting it to a suitable journal. The goal is to clearly communicate their research and findings to the intended audience of the publication.
Prof. GHIZAL FATIMA
This document provides guidance on writing the introduction chapter of a thesis. The introduction has two parts: a general introduction to the topic and the thesis statement. An introduction should introduce the topic, gain the reader's interest, and demonstrate the relevance of the study. Key parts of an introduction include the motivation, current scientific situation, objective of the study, and brief research design description. The introduction sets up the overall thesis while keeping a concise length.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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the introduction and conclusion
- 2. DRAFTING • In composition, drafting is a stage of the writing process during which a writer organizes information and ideas into sentences and paragraphs.
- 3. THE INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH • REQUIREMENTS : 1.The introduction should introduce the topic.
- 4. •2.The introduction should indicate generally how the topic is going to be developed
- 5. •3.Generally speaking, the introduction should contain the thesis statement
- 6. •4.The introduction should contain relevant material
- 7. STRATEGIES FOR WRITING THE INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH •1. Give an overview of your paper. -direct approach of presenting your thesis and main points.
- 8. 2.EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF THE TOPIC. •Convince the readers about why they should read your paper.
- 9. 3.GIVE BACKGROUND INFORMATION. •Show what your readers should know in order to understand your topic.
- 10. 4.OPEN WITH THE STATEMENT OR STATEMENTS CONTRARY TO YOUR ACTUAL THESIS • Begin with statements of commonly held views and then make a “turnabout” by presenting the opposing view which is your thesis.
- 11. 5.TELL A STORY •Stories well told create interest.
- 12. 6.FIND SOME COMMON GROUND WITH YOUR READER • Create a bond with your reader.
- 13. 7.DESCRIBE • Provide a description that will draw interest and curiosity.
- 14. 8.BEGIN WITH A RELEVANT QOUTATION • Choose a quotation that is fresh and not overused.
- 15. 9.GIVE A STARTLING STATEMENT OR INFORMATION • Give a piece of news or statistical figures that the audience is not aware of.
- 16. 10.KEEP IT SHORT • You are on safe ground if your introduction is about one-fourth the lenght of the discussion.
- 18. CONCLUSION •An opinion or decision that is formed after a period of thought or research.
- 19. •1.Remind your reader about what you have been talking about.
- 20. •2. Explain the significance of your main point.
- 21. •3.Conclude with a point want to emphasize.
- 22. •4. Explain the consequences of ignoring your view.
- 23. •5. “Hook up” with the introduction.
- 25. •7. Call for action