This article discusses three standards of Wi-Fi: traditional, current and next-generation Wi-Fi. These standards have been tested for their ability to detect the arrival angle of a noisy system. In this study, we chose to work with an intelligent system whose noise becomes more and more important to detect the desired angle of arrival. However, the use of the weighted subspace fitting (WSF) algorithm was able to detect all angles even for the 5th generation Wi-Fi without any problem, and therefore proved its robustness against noise.
K Coverage Probability of 5G Wireless Cognitive Radio Network under Shadow Fa...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings,foliage and terrain.Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters.Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations,so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean.The present section deals with the performance analysis of fifth generation wireless cognitive radio network on the basis of signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
Optimised wireless network using smart mobile terminal antenna SMTA system marwaeng
1) The document presents a novel smart mobile terminal antenna system (SMTA) that uses a switched radiation beam approach to optimize wireless network performance, security, and signal tracking.
2) A key innovation is the dielectrically embedded SMTA (DE-SMTA) that reduces the antenna volume by 80% through embedding in a ceramic material. Testing showed the DE-SMTA maintained consistently high wireless signal levels compared to a fixed beam approach.
3) The SMTA system software performs scans to select the optimal radiation beam every 10 seconds to adapt to the dynamic wireless environment, improving network performance and security by directing signals toward the intended receiver.
Impact of Next Generation Cognitive Radio Network on the Wireless Green Eco s...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings, foliage and terrain. Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters. Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations, so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean. The present paper deals with the performance analysis of impact of next generation wireless cognitive radio network on wireless green eco system through signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
Design and modification of circular monpole uwb antenna for wpan applicationAlexander Decker
This document describes the design and modification of a circular monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna for wireless personal area network (WPAN) applications. The antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with a 50-ohm microstrip feed line. Simulation results show the return loss is better than -10 dB and voltage standing wave ratio is less than 2 at the operating frequency of 7 GHz. The proposed antenna geometry was designed and simulated using HFSS11 software. Details of the antenna design, geometry, and measured results are presented.
5G Coupler Design for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Application IJECEIAES
Aiming to achieve 3-dB coupling, operating in fifth generation (5G) technologies, this paper introduces a new design of tight coupling coupler that will be operated in 5G technologies. Two stubs and two slots have been implemented into the 3-dB coupler design in order to achieve impedance matching between the ports and to give better coupling performances, respectively. Moreover, a study on the stubs’ and slots’ effects towards the S31 of the 3-dB coupler has also been presented in this paper. The proposed coupler is designed on Rogers RO4003C substrate. The simulation results and the analytical study on the stubs and slots implementation show that both stubs and slots affect the performance of the coupling coefficient.
Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
THE PERFORMANCE OF CONVOLUTIONAL CODING BASED COOPERATIVE COMMUNICATION: RELAYIJCNCJournal
Wireless communication faces adversities due to noise, fading, and path loss. Multiple-Input MultipleOutput (MIMO) systems are used to overcome individual fading effect by employing transmit diversity. Duo to user single-antenna, Cooperation between at least two users is able to provide spatial diversity. This paper presents the evaluation of the performances of the Amplify and Forward (AF) cooperative system for different relay positions using several network topologies over Rayleigh and Rician fading channel. Furthermore, we present the performances of AF cooperative system with various power allocation. The results show that cooperative communication with convolutional coding shows an outperformance compared to the non-convolutional, which is a promising solution for high data-rate networks such as (WSN), Ad hoc, (IoT), and even mobile networks. When topologies are compared, the simulation shows that, linear topology offers the best BER performance, in contrast when the relay acts as source and the source take the relay place, the analysis result shows that, equilateral triangle topology has the best BER performance and stability, and the system performance with inter-user Rician fading channel is better than the performance of the system with inter-user Rayleigh fading channel.
AN EFFICIENT SPECTRUM SHARING METHOD BASED ON GENETIC ALGORITHM IN HETEROGENE...IJCNCJournal
With advances in wireless communication technologies, users can have rich contents not only via wired
networks but also via wireless networks such as Cellular, WiFi, and WiMAX. On the other hand, however, lack of spectrum resources becomes an important problem for future wireless networks. To overcome this problem, dynamic spectrum access technology receives much attention. In this paper, we propose a novel spectrum sharing method based on genetic algorithm in which a WiFi system temporarily uses a spectrum band of WiMAX system in WiFi/WiMAX integrated networks as a typical
heterogeneous wireless network. Finally, we confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method by simulation experiments
K Coverage Probability of 5G Wireless Cognitive Radio Network under Shadow Fa...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings,foliage and terrain.Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters.Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations,so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean.The present section deals with the performance analysis of fifth generation wireless cognitive radio network on the basis of signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
Optimised wireless network using smart mobile terminal antenna SMTA system marwaeng
1) The document presents a novel smart mobile terminal antenna system (SMTA) that uses a switched radiation beam approach to optimize wireless network performance, security, and signal tracking.
2) A key innovation is the dielectrically embedded SMTA (DE-SMTA) that reduces the antenna volume by 80% through embedding in a ceramic material. Testing showed the DE-SMTA maintained consistently high wireless signal levels compared to a fixed beam approach.
3) The SMTA system software performs scans to select the optimal radiation beam every 10 seconds to adapt to the dynamic wireless environment, improving network performance and security by directing signals toward the intended receiver.
Impact of Next Generation Cognitive Radio Network on the Wireless Green Eco s...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings, foliage and terrain. Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters. Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations, so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean. The present paper deals with the performance analysis of impact of next generation wireless cognitive radio network on wireless green eco system through signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
Design and modification of circular monpole uwb antenna for wpan applicationAlexander Decker
This document describes the design and modification of a circular monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna for wireless personal area network (WPAN) applications. The antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with a 50-ohm microstrip feed line. Simulation results show the return loss is better than -10 dB and voltage standing wave ratio is less than 2 at the operating frequency of 7 GHz. The proposed antenna geometry was designed and simulated using HFSS11 software. Details of the antenna design, geometry, and measured results are presented.
5G Coupler Design for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Application IJECEIAES
Aiming to achieve 3-dB coupling, operating in fifth generation (5G) technologies, this paper introduces a new design of tight coupling coupler that will be operated in 5G technologies. Two stubs and two slots have been implemented into the 3-dB coupler design in order to achieve impedance matching between the ports and to give better coupling performances, respectively. Moreover, a study on the stubs’ and slots’ effects towards the S31 of the 3-dB coupler has also been presented in this paper. The proposed coupler is designed on Rogers RO4003C substrate. The simulation results and the analytical study on the stubs and slots implementation show that both stubs and slots affect the performance of the coupling coefficient.
Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
THE PERFORMANCE OF CONVOLUTIONAL CODING BASED COOPERATIVE COMMUNICATION: RELAYIJCNCJournal
Wireless communication faces adversities due to noise, fading, and path loss. Multiple-Input MultipleOutput (MIMO) systems are used to overcome individual fading effect by employing transmit diversity. Duo to user single-antenna, Cooperation between at least two users is able to provide spatial diversity. This paper presents the evaluation of the performances of the Amplify and Forward (AF) cooperative system for different relay positions using several network topologies over Rayleigh and Rician fading channel. Furthermore, we present the performances of AF cooperative system with various power allocation. The results show that cooperative communication with convolutional coding shows an outperformance compared to the non-convolutional, which is a promising solution for high data-rate networks such as (WSN), Ad hoc, (IoT), and even mobile networks. When topologies are compared, the simulation shows that, linear topology offers the best BER performance, in contrast when the relay acts as source and the source take the relay place, the analysis result shows that, equilateral triangle topology has the best BER performance and stability, and the system performance with inter-user Rician fading channel is better than the performance of the system with inter-user Rayleigh fading channel.
AN EFFICIENT SPECTRUM SHARING METHOD BASED ON GENETIC ALGORITHM IN HETEROGENE...IJCNCJournal
With advances in wireless communication technologies, users can have rich contents not only via wired
networks but also via wireless networks such as Cellular, WiFi, and WiMAX. On the other hand, however, lack of spectrum resources becomes an important problem for future wireless networks. To overcome this problem, dynamic spectrum access technology receives much attention. In this paper, we propose a novel spectrum sharing method based on genetic algorithm in which a WiFi system temporarily uses a spectrum band of WiMAX system in WiFi/WiMAX integrated networks as a typical
heterogeneous wireless network. Finally, we confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method by simulation experiments
This document describes a dual-band microstrip patch antenna designed for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The antenna consists of an L-shaped element and an E-shaped element printed on an FR4 substrate to generate two resonant modes at around 2.4 GHz and 6 GHz, covering the lower and higher WLAN bands. A microstrip stub is also introduced for impedance matching, which improves the gain and radiation efficiency. The antenna was simulated using Ansoft HFSS and achieved return losses of -38.08 dB and -40.74 dB at 2.4 GHz and 6 GHz respectively, demonstrating dual-band operation for WLAN systems.
This paper analyzes the impact of network scalability on various physical attributes of Zigbee networks. Simulations were conducted using Qualnet to evaluate the performance of the Zigbee physical layer based on energy consumption and throughput. Energy consumption was analyzed for different modulation schemes (ASK, BPSK, OQPSK), network sizes (2-50 nodes), and clear channel assessment modes. The results showed that OQPSK and ASK had lower energy consumption than BPSK. Throughput was highest for OQPSK. While carrier sense had slightly higher throughput than other CCA modes, the energy consumption differences between CCA modes were minor.
Mimo and smart antennas july 2013 finalPraveen Kumar
The document discusses MIMO techniques and antenna configurations used in LTE networks. It describes how LTE supports 1-8 transmit antennas at the base station and 2-8 receive antennas at the UE. The most common configuration is 4x2 MIMO where the base station uses 4 transmit antennas and the UE uses 2 receive antennas. MIMO can increase peak data rates through spatial multiplexing but works best for users with high SINR close to the base station. Open loop MIMO is used for high mobility while closed loop MIMO relies on channel feedback for better performance but only works well in low mobility environments.
Design compact microstrap patch antenna with T-shaped 5G applicationjournalBEEI
This document describes the design of a compact T-shaped microstrip patch antenna for 5G applications between 2.9-4.4 GHz. The antenna is printed on Rogers RT/588 lz substrate that is 0.25 mm thick with a dielectric constant of 2.00. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a return loss of -28.76 dB at its resonant frequency of 3.6 GHz. It has a fractional bandwidth of 42.81% from 2.90 to 4.48 GHz. The antenna's peak gain is 2.52 dB and radiation efficiency is 98.474% at 3.6 GHz. Introducing the T-shape allows the antenna to operate at a lower frequency while maintaining a compact
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
IRJET- MIMO-Energy Efficient and Spectrum Analysis using Congnitive Radio Tec...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on improving energy efficiency and spectrum utilization in wireless networks using MIMO and cognitive radio technologies. It proposes using a parametric method for cognitive radio networks, where priority is given to unused channels to allow secondary users to opportunistically access the spectrum without interfering with primary transmissions. Matlab simulations demonstrate how this approach allows a secondary user to identify and use an unused channel based on the occupancy status of channels used by five primary users. The parametric method and priority checking enable more efficient spectrum sharing while avoiding interference.
The document is a datasheet for the Huawei AP6010 series of indoor access points. It provides specifications for the AP6010SN-GN and AP6010DN-AGN models, which support both 2.4GHz and 5GHz wireless frequencies and IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n standards. The access points can operate in Fit or Fat modes, support features like MIMO and beamforming, and are suitable for medium to large enterprise deployments.
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
IRJET- Hybrid Beamforming Based mmWave for Future Generation CommunicationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on hybrid beamforming for millimeter wave (mmWave) communication systems. Hybrid beamforming combines analog and digital beamforming to address issues with using large antenna arrays for mmWave massive MIMO. It reduces hardware costs and complexity compared to all-digital approaches by using fewer radio frequency chains. The document discusses how hybrid beamforming exploits the sparse nature of mmWave channels to focus antenna gains on key propagation paths. It also reviews codebook-based and spatially sparse precoding techniques for hybrid beamforming mmWave systems. Overall, the document outlines how hybrid beamforming is a practical solution to implement large-scale antenna systems for 5G networks operating in the mmWave spectrum.
A compact triband microstrip antenna utilizing hexagonal CSRR for wireless co...journalBEEI
In this paper, a compact triband printed antenna with hexagonal complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) for 4G applications is proposed. The proposed multiband antenna is comprised of a rectangular patch antenna on the top plane, while on the ground plane, hexagonal CSRRs are etched for size miniaturization (at the lower bands) and multiband generation. Another effect of the CSRR is the shifting of the initial resonance of the patch antenna from 5.17 GHz to the higher band of 6.18 GHz. The triband of 180 MHz 2.4~2.59, 150 MHz 2.79~2.94 and 420 MHz 6.04~6.46 GHz bands acquired can cover WLAN/Wi-Fi and WiMAX operating bands adequately. This can be achieved by choosing the optimal size and position of the CSRR on the ground plane carefully. The design occupies a total size of 45 x 45 mm2 using the low-cost FR-4 substrate. Good agreements are obtained between the measured results and the simulated, which are discussed and presented.
In this paper, three novel designs of broadband patch antenna are proposed. The first design propose
broadband slotted equilateral triangular patch antenna (ETPA) operating on frequency around 1800 MHz.
The second design propose broadband slotted right angle isosceles triangular patch antenna RAITPA operating on frequency around 2400 MHz. The third design proposes wideband V-Slotted and shorted edge ETPA antenna operating on frequency around 2400 MHz. The two powerful software HFSS and IE3D are used to simulate the proposed designs. Very good agreement between HFSS and IE3D software is obtained. The designs were chosen to fit modern wireless communication applications operate at Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) bands such as Wireless local area networks (WLAN). Moreover, mounting the patch on thick substrate with loaded slot technique and loading the patch with a notch technique were used to enhance the bandwidth of those designs. Hence, large fractional bandwidth is obtained.
Channel Estimation Techniques in MIMO-OFDM LTE SystemsCauses and Effects of C...IJERA Editor
There is an increasing demand for high data transmission rates with the evolution of the very large scale integration (VLSI) technology. The multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems are used to fulfill these requirements because of their unique properties such as high spectral efficiency, high data rate and resistance towards multipath propagation. MIMO-OFDM systems are finding their applications in the modern wireless communication systems like IEEE 802.11n, 4G and LTE. They also offer reliable communication with the increased coverage area. The bottleneck to the MIMO-OFDM systems is the estimation of the channel state information (CSI). This can be estimated with the help of any one of the Training Based, Semiblind and Blind Channel estimation algorithms. This paper presents various channel estimation algorithms, optimization techniques and their effective utilization in MIMO-OFDM for modern wireless LTE systems.
Performance Analysis of 2x2 MIMO for OFDM-DSSS Based Wireless SystemAM Publications
In today’s 3G world moving to 4G requires high data rate support in applications like multimedia services,
internet access and video streaming services. Such applications are always in need of very high speed data rate
support which increases the requirement of efficient usage of spectrum and high capacity systems. Thus the major
challenges to be taken care of in designing the next generation wireless communications system should provide or
accommodate capacity, the spectral efficiency, improved link reliability and multimedia services. So we can establish a
distributed system in terms of multi-carrier, multi-antenna and coded pulse. It gives rise to hybrid technology based on
DSSS, OFDM, and MIMO system which can be the ultimate solution for wireless cellular communication systems. In
this paper we analysis the performance of MIMO-OFDM-DSSS system. This paper also includes comparison of
performances of MIMO-OFDM-DSSS system with ZF and MMSE equalizer on the basis of BER using different
modulation techniques in a scattering environment.
IRJET- Statistical Tuning of Hata Model for 3G Communication Networks at 1.85...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that statistically tunes the Hata propagation model for 3G networks at 1.857GHz in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Drive tests were conducted at three urban sites to collect field measurements of path loss. The measured data was compared to predictions from standard models including Hata, COST 231, and LEE. Hata was identified as the best fitting standard model. To improve accuracy, Hata's parameters were statistically optimized using linear regression on the measured data. The optimized Hata model reduced mean absolute percentage error from 15.0% to 13.35% compared to the standard Hata model, demonstrating its improved path loss prediction for the environment.
IRJET - Design of 4 Element Mimo Micro-Strip Patch Antenna for UWB Applic...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a 4-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) microstrip patch antenna array for ultra-wideband applications. The antenna is designed to operate at a frequency of 4.9 GHz using FR-4 substrate material. Simulation results show the antenna has a gain of 3.12 dB, directivity of 7.1 dBi, and voltage standing wave ratio less than 2, indicating good performance. The proposed antenna structure is compact in size and suitable for portable wireless systems due to its high gain and moderate size.
IRJET- Design and Implementation of Pentagon Patch Antennas with Slit for Mul...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of pentagon patch antennas with and without slits for multiband wireless applications. A pentagon microstrip patch antenna is designed using FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6mm. The antenna is fed by a microstrip line and simulated using HFSS software. Simulation results show return loss below -10dB from 2-5.7GHz, 7.14-10GHz and 11-13.2GHz, with resonant frequencies at 2.4GHz, 3.6GHz, 5.6GHz and 12.8GHz. Gain is above 4dB at 5.6GHz. A pentagon antenna with a slit is also designed and
Review Paper on Design of Integrated Multi-Band UWB Antenna for Wireless Appl...IRJET Journal
The document reviews different techniques for designing an integrated multi-band UWB antenna for wireless applications. It summarizes several papers that propose designs for antennas covering various combinations of lower frequency bands (e.g. Bluetooth, GSM, WLAN) in addition to the ultra-wideband range. The key techniques discussed are modifying a base UWB antenna design by adding resonant strips or etching notches to achieve additional frequency bands. One design example presented combines a diamond-shaped UWB patch antenna with quarter-wavelength resonant strips to create a quad-band antenna covering GPS, GSM, WLAN and UWB bands. Another example integrates Bluetooth and GSM bands into a circular UWB antenna using a circular arc and rectangular strip
This document discusses and compares wireless communication technologies including OFDMA, SC-FDMA, CDMA, and LTE. It provides an overview of these technologies, how they have evolved over time, and their performance. Key points discussed include how LTE uses OFDMA for downlinks and SC-FDMA for uplinks, the benefits of MIMO techniques for improving spectral efficiency, and methods for estimating signal-to-noise ratio to enable adaptive modulation schemes. The document also includes figures comparing parameters of various wireless standards.
Using GIS in Designing and Deploying Wireless Network in City PlansCSCJournals
Site Surveys play a very important role in the successful and efficient deployment of wireless networks. The first step is to understand the basic goal of a wireless network, which is mainly to provide an appropriate coverage and throughput to all end users with high efficiency, full coverage and reasonable cost.
Site Surveys is very important for the sake of planning and designing a wireless network specifically in outdoor networks, to provide a wireless solution that will deliver the required wireless coverage, data rates, network capacity, roaming capability and Quality of Service (QoS). The survey usually involves a site visit to test for RF interference, and to identify optimum installation locations for access points. This requires analysis of building floor plans, inspection of the facility, and use of site survey tools. Interviews with IT management and the end users of the wireless network are also important to determine the design parameters for the wireless network.
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) can be implemented and deployed using different techniques and methodologies, starting from site survey to launching. The main problems are that some areas may not be covered well and the high cost of equipment.
This paper discusses a technique that helps determining the best location for access points using GPS system, in order to choose the optimal number of access points. This technique has a positive impact on the cost. Another important factor is the type of antenna, which has a very important effect on both cost and coverage issues.
Radio Access Network Functions
Radio Access Network Responsibilities
Antenna Configuration Requirements
RF Antenna Planning
Nominal Radio Plan For Kocaeli University
This work presents a rectangular of microstrip ultra wideband patch antenna for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (Wi-Max) and wireless local area network (WLAN) with a dual band-notched feature. The planned an antenna consists the rectangular of patch antenna with the largely deficient of ground structure. Through inserting slots in the radiating patch, dual notch characteristics may be produced. The suggested antenna is 20×30×1.6 mm3 in volume. The first notch, made by slots operating at the first notch, produced by slots running at 3.5 GHz, for Wi-Max (from 3.3-3.7 GHz), while of a second, created by slots operating at 5.5 GHz, for WLAN (from 5.1-5.8 GHz). An antenna covers the whole ultra-wideband frequency range (3.1-10.6 GHz). Computer simulation technology (CST) 2021 simulation software used for simulate proposed of antenna. A simulated antenna’s emission pattern is almost omnidirectional, and the recommended antenna’s gain is approximately constant over the ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum, excluding notch areas.
Channel estimation for high data rate communication in mobile wi max systemIAEME Publication
1) The document discusses channel estimation techniques for high data rate communication in mobile WiMAX systems. It evaluates the performance of two interpolation schemes: Least Square Error (LSE) and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE).
2) Through simulation, it is shown that MMSE outperforms LSE, providing better bit error rate performance closer to the ideal channel condition. MMSE estimation results in symbols that are less scattered than LSE when plotted, indicating it is more robust against noise.
3) The key advantage of MMSE is that it takes into account additional information like signal to noise ratio and channel statistics, allowing it to provide smoother interpolation compared to the simpler LSE technique.
This document describes a dual-band microstrip patch antenna designed for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The antenna consists of an L-shaped element and an E-shaped element printed on an FR4 substrate to generate two resonant modes at around 2.4 GHz and 6 GHz, covering the lower and higher WLAN bands. A microstrip stub is also introduced for impedance matching, which improves the gain and radiation efficiency. The antenna was simulated using Ansoft HFSS and achieved return losses of -38.08 dB and -40.74 dB at 2.4 GHz and 6 GHz respectively, demonstrating dual-band operation for WLAN systems.
This paper analyzes the impact of network scalability on various physical attributes of Zigbee networks. Simulations were conducted using Qualnet to evaluate the performance of the Zigbee physical layer based on energy consumption and throughput. Energy consumption was analyzed for different modulation schemes (ASK, BPSK, OQPSK), network sizes (2-50 nodes), and clear channel assessment modes. The results showed that OQPSK and ASK had lower energy consumption than BPSK. Throughput was highest for OQPSK. While carrier sense had slightly higher throughput than other CCA modes, the energy consumption differences between CCA modes were minor.
Mimo and smart antennas july 2013 finalPraveen Kumar
The document discusses MIMO techniques and antenna configurations used in LTE networks. It describes how LTE supports 1-8 transmit antennas at the base station and 2-8 receive antennas at the UE. The most common configuration is 4x2 MIMO where the base station uses 4 transmit antennas and the UE uses 2 receive antennas. MIMO can increase peak data rates through spatial multiplexing but works best for users with high SINR close to the base station. Open loop MIMO is used for high mobility while closed loop MIMO relies on channel feedback for better performance but only works well in low mobility environments.
Design compact microstrap patch antenna with T-shaped 5G applicationjournalBEEI
This document describes the design of a compact T-shaped microstrip patch antenna for 5G applications between 2.9-4.4 GHz. The antenna is printed on Rogers RT/588 lz substrate that is 0.25 mm thick with a dielectric constant of 2.00. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a return loss of -28.76 dB at its resonant frequency of 3.6 GHz. It has a fractional bandwidth of 42.81% from 2.90 to 4.48 GHz. The antenna's peak gain is 2.52 dB and radiation efficiency is 98.474% at 3.6 GHz. Introducing the T-shape allows the antenna to operate at a lower frequency while maintaining a compact
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
IRJET- MIMO-Energy Efficient and Spectrum Analysis using Congnitive Radio Tec...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on improving energy efficiency and spectrum utilization in wireless networks using MIMO and cognitive radio technologies. It proposes using a parametric method for cognitive radio networks, where priority is given to unused channels to allow secondary users to opportunistically access the spectrum without interfering with primary transmissions. Matlab simulations demonstrate how this approach allows a secondary user to identify and use an unused channel based on the occupancy status of channels used by five primary users. The parametric method and priority checking enable more efficient spectrum sharing while avoiding interference.
The document is a datasheet for the Huawei AP6010 series of indoor access points. It provides specifications for the AP6010SN-GN and AP6010DN-AGN models, which support both 2.4GHz and 5GHz wireless frequencies and IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n standards. The access points can operate in Fit or Fat modes, support features like MIMO and beamforming, and are suitable for medium to large enterprise deployments.
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
IRJET- Hybrid Beamforming Based mmWave for Future Generation CommunicationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on hybrid beamforming for millimeter wave (mmWave) communication systems. Hybrid beamforming combines analog and digital beamforming to address issues with using large antenna arrays for mmWave massive MIMO. It reduces hardware costs and complexity compared to all-digital approaches by using fewer radio frequency chains. The document discusses how hybrid beamforming exploits the sparse nature of mmWave channels to focus antenna gains on key propagation paths. It also reviews codebook-based and spatially sparse precoding techniques for hybrid beamforming mmWave systems. Overall, the document outlines how hybrid beamforming is a practical solution to implement large-scale antenna systems for 5G networks operating in the mmWave spectrum.
A compact triband microstrip antenna utilizing hexagonal CSRR for wireless co...journalBEEI
In this paper, a compact triband printed antenna with hexagonal complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) for 4G applications is proposed. The proposed multiband antenna is comprised of a rectangular patch antenna on the top plane, while on the ground plane, hexagonal CSRRs are etched for size miniaturization (at the lower bands) and multiband generation. Another effect of the CSRR is the shifting of the initial resonance of the patch antenna from 5.17 GHz to the higher band of 6.18 GHz. The triband of 180 MHz 2.4~2.59, 150 MHz 2.79~2.94 and 420 MHz 6.04~6.46 GHz bands acquired can cover WLAN/Wi-Fi and WiMAX operating bands adequately. This can be achieved by choosing the optimal size and position of the CSRR on the ground plane carefully. The design occupies a total size of 45 x 45 mm2 using the low-cost FR-4 substrate. Good agreements are obtained between the measured results and the simulated, which are discussed and presented.
In this paper, three novel designs of broadband patch antenna are proposed. The first design propose
broadband slotted equilateral triangular patch antenna (ETPA) operating on frequency around 1800 MHz.
The second design propose broadband slotted right angle isosceles triangular patch antenna RAITPA operating on frequency around 2400 MHz. The third design proposes wideband V-Slotted and shorted edge ETPA antenna operating on frequency around 2400 MHz. The two powerful software HFSS and IE3D are used to simulate the proposed designs. Very good agreement between HFSS and IE3D software is obtained. The designs were chosen to fit modern wireless communication applications operate at Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) bands such as Wireless local area networks (WLAN). Moreover, mounting the patch on thick substrate with loaded slot technique and loading the patch with a notch technique were used to enhance the bandwidth of those designs. Hence, large fractional bandwidth is obtained.
Channel Estimation Techniques in MIMO-OFDM LTE SystemsCauses and Effects of C...IJERA Editor
There is an increasing demand for high data transmission rates with the evolution of the very large scale integration (VLSI) technology. The multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems are used to fulfill these requirements because of their unique properties such as high spectral efficiency, high data rate and resistance towards multipath propagation. MIMO-OFDM systems are finding their applications in the modern wireless communication systems like IEEE 802.11n, 4G and LTE. They also offer reliable communication with the increased coverage area. The bottleneck to the MIMO-OFDM systems is the estimation of the channel state information (CSI). This can be estimated with the help of any one of the Training Based, Semiblind and Blind Channel estimation algorithms. This paper presents various channel estimation algorithms, optimization techniques and their effective utilization in MIMO-OFDM for modern wireless LTE systems.
Performance Analysis of 2x2 MIMO for OFDM-DSSS Based Wireless SystemAM Publications
In today’s 3G world moving to 4G requires high data rate support in applications like multimedia services,
internet access and video streaming services. Such applications are always in need of very high speed data rate
support which increases the requirement of efficient usage of spectrum and high capacity systems. Thus the major
challenges to be taken care of in designing the next generation wireless communications system should provide or
accommodate capacity, the spectral efficiency, improved link reliability and multimedia services. So we can establish a
distributed system in terms of multi-carrier, multi-antenna and coded pulse. It gives rise to hybrid technology based on
DSSS, OFDM, and MIMO system which can be the ultimate solution for wireless cellular communication systems. In
this paper we analysis the performance of MIMO-OFDM-DSSS system. This paper also includes comparison of
performances of MIMO-OFDM-DSSS system with ZF and MMSE equalizer on the basis of BER using different
modulation techniques in a scattering environment.
IRJET- Statistical Tuning of Hata Model for 3G Communication Networks at 1.85...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that statistically tunes the Hata propagation model for 3G networks at 1.857GHz in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Drive tests were conducted at three urban sites to collect field measurements of path loss. The measured data was compared to predictions from standard models including Hata, COST 231, and LEE. Hata was identified as the best fitting standard model. To improve accuracy, Hata's parameters were statistically optimized using linear regression on the measured data. The optimized Hata model reduced mean absolute percentage error from 15.0% to 13.35% compared to the standard Hata model, demonstrating its improved path loss prediction for the environment.
IRJET - Design of 4 Element Mimo Micro-Strip Patch Antenna for UWB Applic...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a 4-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) microstrip patch antenna array for ultra-wideband applications. The antenna is designed to operate at a frequency of 4.9 GHz using FR-4 substrate material. Simulation results show the antenna has a gain of 3.12 dB, directivity of 7.1 dBi, and voltage standing wave ratio less than 2, indicating good performance. The proposed antenna structure is compact in size and suitable for portable wireless systems due to its high gain and moderate size.
IRJET- Design and Implementation of Pentagon Patch Antennas with Slit for Mul...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of pentagon patch antennas with and without slits for multiband wireless applications. A pentagon microstrip patch antenna is designed using FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6mm. The antenna is fed by a microstrip line and simulated using HFSS software. Simulation results show return loss below -10dB from 2-5.7GHz, 7.14-10GHz and 11-13.2GHz, with resonant frequencies at 2.4GHz, 3.6GHz, 5.6GHz and 12.8GHz. Gain is above 4dB at 5.6GHz. A pentagon antenna with a slit is also designed and
Review Paper on Design of Integrated Multi-Band UWB Antenna for Wireless Appl...IRJET Journal
The document reviews different techniques for designing an integrated multi-band UWB antenna for wireless applications. It summarizes several papers that propose designs for antennas covering various combinations of lower frequency bands (e.g. Bluetooth, GSM, WLAN) in addition to the ultra-wideband range. The key techniques discussed are modifying a base UWB antenna design by adding resonant strips or etching notches to achieve additional frequency bands. One design example presented combines a diamond-shaped UWB patch antenna with quarter-wavelength resonant strips to create a quad-band antenna covering GPS, GSM, WLAN and UWB bands. Another example integrates Bluetooth and GSM bands into a circular UWB antenna using a circular arc and rectangular strip
This document discusses and compares wireless communication technologies including OFDMA, SC-FDMA, CDMA, and LTE. It provides an overview of these technologies, how they have evolved over time, and their performance. Key points discussed include how LTE uses OFDMA for downlinks and SC-FDMA for uplinks, the benefits of MIMO techniques for improving spectral efficiency, and methods for estimating signal-to-noise ratio to enable adaptive modulation schemes. The document also includes figures comparing parameters of various wireless standards.
Using GIS in Designing and Deploying Wireless Network in City PlansCSCJournals
Site Surveys play a very important role in the successful and efficient deployment of wireless networks. The first step is to understand the basic goal of a wireless network, which is mainly to provide an appropriate coverage and throughput to all end users with high efficiency, full coverage and reasonable cost.
Site Surveys is very important for the sake of planning and designing a wireless network specifically in outdoor networks, to provide a wireless solution that will deliver the required wireless coverage, data rates, network capacity, roaming capability and Quality of Service (QoS). The survey usually involves a site visit to test for RF interference, and to identify optimum installation locations for access points. This requires analysis of building floor plans, inspection of the facility, and use of site survey tools. Interviews with IT management and the end users of the wireless network are also important to determine the design parameters for the wireless network.
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) can be implemented and deployed using different techniques and methodologies, starting from site survey to launching. The main problems are that some areas may not be covered well and the high cost of equipment.
This paper discusses a technique that helps determining the best location for access points using GPS system, in order to choose the optimal number of access points. This technique has a positive impact on the cost. Another important factor is the type of antenna, which has a very important effect on both cost and coverage issues.
Radio Access Network Functions
Radio Access Network Responsibilities
Antenna Configuration Requirements
RF Antenna Planning
Nominal Radio Plan For Kocaeli University
This work presents a rectangular of microstrip ultra wideband patch antenna for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (Wi-Max) and wireless local area network (WLAN) with a dual band-notched feature. The planned an antenna consists the rectangular of patch antenna with the largely deficient of ground structure. Through inserting slots in the radiating patch, dual notch characteristics may be produced. The suggested antenna is 20×30×1.6 mm3 in volume. The first notch, made by slots operating at the first notch, produced by slots running at 3.5 GHz, for Wi-Max (from 3.3-3.7 GHz), while of a second, created by slots operating at 5.5 GHz, for WLAN (from 5.1-5.8 GHz). An antenna covers the whole ultra-wideband frequency range (3.1-10.6 GHz). Computer simulation technology (CST) 2021 simulation software used for simulate proposed of antenna. A simulated antenna’s emission pattern is almost omnidirectional, and the recommended antenna’s gain is approximately constant over the ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum, excluding notch areas.
Channel estimation for high data rate communication in mobile wi max systemIAEME Publication
1) The document discusses channel estimation techniques for high data rate communication in mobile WiMAX systems. It evaluates the performance of two interpolation schemes: Least Square Error (LSE) and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE).
2) Through simulation, it is shown that MMSE outperforms LSE, providing better bit error rate performance closer to the ideal channel condition. MMSE estimation results in symbols that are less scattered than LSE when plotted, indicating it is more robust against noise.
3) The key advantage of MMSE is that it takes into account additional information like signal to noise ratio and channel statistics, allowing it to provide smoother interpolation compared to the simpler LSE technique.
Throughput improvement of ieee 802.15.4 based medicaliaemedu
This document discusses improving the throughput of IEEE 802.15.4 based medical ad-hoc sensor networks that are used for home healthcare monitoring. These networks experience degraded throughput due to interference from co-existing Wi-Fi networks operating in the same 2.4GHz spectrum. The paper studies the impact of Wi-Fi interference on throughput and uses Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) to improve throughput. Experiments were conducted using Texas Instruments sensor motes and showed that CCA improved throughput by 63% by avoiding transmissions when interference was detected.
Data Transmission Analysis using MW-5000 at 5.8 GHz Frequency IJECEIAES
This document summarizes an experiment on data transmission analysis using a MW-5000 module at 5.8 GHz frequency. The experiment found that the duration for data transmission depends on the length of the message and the baud rate setting. Testing various message lengths at a fixed baud rate of 4800 resulted in similar transmission durations. However, transmitting the same message at different baud rates showed that higher baud rates reduced the transmission duration. Specifically, a message sent at 4800 baud took 1.14 seconds while at 9600 baud it took 0.60 seconds. The document concludes that transmission duration is influenced by message length and baud rate.
Radio over fiber system based on a hybrid link for next generation of optical...IJECEIAES
Radio over fiber technology will play an important role in solving problems facing wireless technology. Envisaging a global village, people could transmit and receive “anytime, anywhere, and anything”. In addition, the explosive growth in internet applications such as the World Wide Web, demonstrates the tremendous increase in bandwidth and low power that the coming world of multimedia interactive applications will require from future networks. ROF technology uses multicarrier modulation like orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which provides an opportunity of having an increased in bandwidth together with an affordable cost and this idea has recently become a suitable topic for many research works. On the other hand, SAC-OCDMA (Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical Code Division Multiple Access) technique is able to enhance the data rate of system and increase the number of user. In this paper we introduce a ROF link using a hybrid OFDM/SAC-OCDMA technique.
This document analyzes the performance of the physical layer of IEEE 802.16e WiMAX over different channel models. It first describes key features of the WiMAX PHY layer and OFDM modulation technique. It then provides details on the Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel models, which model different propagation environments. The paper presents the simulation model used to analyze performance over these channels using metrics like bit error rate and SNR. Simulation results showing BER curves for different modulation schemes over various SUI channels are presented and discussed. The paper concludes that modulation type and coding rate impact performance between channels, with lower modulation and coding providing better performance at lower SNR.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance and interference analysis of 802.11 g wireless networkijwmn
This paper mainly presents Access Point s’ (APs’) p
erformance and co-channel, adjacent channel
interference according to 802.11g standard. Firstly
, our study illustrates the performance of one AP,
including its coverage performance, load-carrying p
roperties and fairness. Next we propose the details
about co-channel, adjacent channel interference whi
ch should be paid attention to in deploying network
services. Then, performance analyses are evaluated
by simulation and real test for a dense wireless
network. Our contribution is that the co-channel, a
djacent channel interference analysis, the simulati
on
and test results can be the basis offered to networ
k operators
A broadband MIMO antenna's channel capacity for WLAN and WiMAX applicationsIJICTJOURNAL
This paper describes the findings of a research into the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel capacity of a broadband dual-element printed inverted F-antenna (PIFA) antenna array. The dual-element antenna array is made up of two PIFAs that are meant to fit on a teeny-tiny and small wireless communication device that runs at 5 GHz. The device's frequency range is between 3.5 and 4.5 GHz. These PIFAs are also loaded into the device during the installation process. In order to investigate the channel capacity, the ray tracing method is employed in two different kinds of circumstances. For the purpose of carrying out this analysis of the channel capacity, both the simulated and measured mutual couplings of the broadband MIMO antenna are utilized.
IRJET- Survey Paper on Performance Evaluation of 5G WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) Syste...IRJET Journal
This document provides a survey of research on evaluating the performance of 5G WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) systems using space time block coding techniques. It first introduces WiMAX and MIMO-OFDM technologies. It then discusses the IEEE 802.16 reference model and describes the use of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and its advantages. The document also explains space time block coding and how it can achieve transmit diversity. Finally, it concludes that WiMAX-OFDM using space time block coding can operate with lower transmit power over longer distances while tolerating more interference.
Error Rate Analysis of MIMO System Using V Blast Detection Technique in Fadin...IJERA Editor
Wireless communication system with multi- antenna arrays has been a field of intensive analysis on the last years. The appliance of multiple sending antennas and Receiving Antennas either side will considerably enhance the data rate and rate. The review of the performance limitations of MIMO system becomes vital since it will provide lot ideas in understanding and planning the important life MIMO systems. Vertical Bell Laboratories layered space Time (V-BLAST). The thought behind Multiple Input and Multiple Output system is that the signals on the transmitter antennas at one finish and also the receiver antennas at the opposite finish are correlative in such how that the performance (Bit Error Rate or BER) or the info rate (bits/sec) of the wireless communication system for every MIMO subscriber are improved. During this paper we tend to are proposing a technique that evaluates the performance of V-BLAST MIMO system in several thought of Rayleigh attenuation surroundings to urge higher performance of the system. In V- BLAST MIMO system a number of linear detection techniques will be used for interference cancellation. At this point we are using MMSE-IC for the same. Our expected system provide higher error rate performance with the used of matched filter at receiver aspect .The projected system compared within the presence of AWGN. Now matched filter applied on V- BLAST MIMO with MMSE-IC system in fading diversity surroundings.
This document summarizes a research paper that models and simulates wireless local area networks (WLANs) using OPNET software. It aims to improve WLAN performance by replacing copper network infrastructure with fiber-optic cables.
The paper introduces WLAN and radio-fiber technologies. It then describes modeling a baseline 802.11g WLAN scenario and modified scenario using a radio-fiber system in OPNET. Response times of applications like web browsing, file transfer, email and database access are measured and compared between the baseline and modified scenarios. Simulation results show response times significantly improved for web browsing but increased slightly for file transfer in the radio-fiber system compared to the baseline WLAN.
Performance Enhancement in SU and MU MIMO-OFDM Technique for Wireless Communi...IJECEIAES
The consistent demand for higher data rates and need to send giant volumes of data while not compromising the quality of communication has led the development of a new generations of wireless systems. But range and data rate limitations are there in wireless devices. In an attempt to beat these limitations, Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) systems will be used which also increase diversity and improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of wireless systems. They additionally increase the channel capacity, increase the transmitted data rate through spatial multiplexing, and/or reduce interference from other users. MIMO systems therefore create a promising communication system because of their high transmission rates without additional bandwidth or transmit power and robustness against multipath fading. This paper provides the overview of Multiuser MIMO system. A detailed review on how to increase performance of system and reduce the bit error rate (BER) in different fading environment e.g. Rayleigh fading, Rician fading, Nakagami fading, composite fading.
The Effects of Interferenceon the Transmission and Coverage in High Buildings IJERA Editor
Wireless communication is one of the most rapidly developing technologies in recent time, with wonderful
services and products emerging together. These developments present huge challenges for communication
engineers, as the demand for increased wireless capacity grow fast. Re-using the limited available spectrum will
results a critical issue that affects the system performance, which is co-channel interference. This issue will
limits the uplink coverage and capacity of the wireless system. It is needed to come up with such method of
interference cancellation. We will investigate the transmission in multiple floors building by deploying
femtocell based distributed antenna that connected at each entire floor, the signal will be processed by jointing
all femto base stations for all cells in the building. We will try to introduce a solution to the arising problem of
co-channel interference from frequency reuse, by measuring and analyzing the gain when deploying interference
cancellation at each base station.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and Analysis of MIMO Patch Antenna for 5G Wireless Communication SystemsIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MIMO PATCH ANTENNA FOR 5G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless
communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to
enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the
performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as
substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has
obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA
and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative
analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system
compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
EMPIRICAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ENHANCED THROUGHPUT SCHEMES OF IEEE802.11...ijwmn
This document summarizes previous research on evaluating the performance of enhanced throughput schemes in IEEE802.11 wireless area networks. It discusses how previous studies have analyzed coverage, signal strength, and throughput using simulations and empirical models. This study aims to build on previous work by evaluating IEEE802.11ac networks using real applications to analyze metrics like throughput, capacity, and reliability under various quality of service enhancement schemes like beamforming.
This document summarizes research on improving the performance of WiMAX systems using FEC zigzag coding and MIMO techniques. It first provides background on WiMAX and discusses how OFDM, MIMO, and various channel coding schemes like zigzag codes work. It then evaluates the bit-error rate performance of WiMAX systems using zigzag-coded modulation with different code rates and lengths. The results show zigzag coding presents stronger error correction than Reed-Solomon with Convolutional coding. Encoding and decoding of zigzag codes is explained, along with how concatenated zigzag codes provide even stronger error correction through interleaving and turbo processing.
This paper presents a comparative study of IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n wireless LAN standards in an ELearning classroom network using adhoc networks as communication support. The evaluation is performed through a series of scenarios schematizing communication between students and practitioners in an educational context. The first objective is to plan the physical layer via the choice of the suitable transmission standard that satisfy the implementation specifications. Given the real-time traffic considered, a good traffic transmission must be ensured.
Similar to The impact of noise on detecting the arrival angle using the root-WSF algorithm (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
The impact of noise on detecting the arrival angle using the root-WSF algorithm
1. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control
Vol. 18, No. 3, June 2020, pp. 1150~1157
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i3.14055 1150
Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA
The impact of noise on detecting
the arrival angle using the root-WSF algorithm
Btissam Boustani, Abdennaceur Baghdad, Aicha Sahel, Abdelhakim Ballouk, Abdelmajid Badri
Laboratory Electronics, Energy, Automatic and Information Processing, Electrical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Science and Technology Mohammedia, Hassan II University Casablanca, Morocco
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Sep 6, 2019
Revised Jan 27, 2020
Accepted Feb 17, 2020
This article discusses three standards of Wi-Fi: traditional, current and
next-generation Wi-Fi. These standards have been tested for their ability to
detect the arrival angle of a noisy system. In this study, we chose to work with
an intelligent system whose noise becomes more and more important to detect
the desired angle of arrival. However, the use of the weighted subspace fitting
(WSF) algorithm was able to detect all angles even for the 5th generation
Wi-Fi without any problem, and therefore proved its robustness against noise.Keywords:
DOA estimation
Root-WSF algorithm
Smart antenna system
Wi-Fi
WI-Gig This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Btissam Boustani,
Electrical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Science and Technology Mohammedia,
Hassan II University Casablanca,
B. P. 146 Mohammedia 20650 Morocco.
Email: btissam.boustani@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Most recent studies have an interest in using the 5TH generation in different fields while ensuring
the compatibility of the standards used. This new generation brings a significant evolution in terms of higher
data rate, reduced latency network accesses, and more energy-efficiency [1, 2]. Wireless communication radios
operating at frequencies of approximately 60 GHz offer considerable potential for the support of these 5G
communication networks [3]. Figure 1 gives an overview of the global spectrum of 5G [4].
The overall spectrum of 5G is divide into three spectrum bands; each one of them has unique
properties, they are as follows; low-band spectrum represents frequencies under 1GHz, it is actually used for
2G, 3G and 4G services for voice, MBB services and the internet of things (IoT) [5]. Intermediate band
spectrum corresponds to frequencies between 1 GHz and 6 GHz, also used for 2G, 3G and 4G services.
The two Wi-Fi frequencies 2.4 GHz and 5GHz that belong to this band will be treated in this article [5].
High-band spectrum surely offers the expected vault in speed, capacity, quality and low data latency assured
by 5G, this spectral band allows the use of frequencies from 24 GHz to 50 GHz, with adjacent bandwidths of
more than 100 MHz per network [5].
Current wireless indoor applications typically use Wi-Fi suitable devices to support the connectivity
of the wireless network. These devices concern the IEEE 802.11 standards that deploy 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz
radio bands. However, the next generation of wireless technologies is facing a spectrum scarcity where
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the frequency band is below 10 GHz [6]. In accordance with the requirements of 5G, it is more appropriate to
use the future IEEE 802.11 standard called Wi-Gig, which operates at the frequency range of 60 GHz [3].
IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks known as Wi-Fi networks have gained global popularity
during the last decade due to their low cost and easy deployment [7]. However, because of the bandwidth
limitation in traditional Wi-Fi systems [8], the Wi-Fi indoor positioning system can hardly achieve localization
accuracy of the users under harsh conditions such as the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) [8], higher frequencies,
and noisy system, which are common for the indoor environment. The analysis of the estimation of the direction
of arrival has important value to guide network of the position of the sources to direct the signals toward
the proper direction, however, none of these works have addressed the actual conditions as will be discussed
in this manuscript [9-11].
In this article, we discussed two issues that are strongly related to the Wi-Fi standards that correspond
to the detection of radiation sources when we switch to higher frequencies and the presence of a noisy
environment. Therefore, to estimate the direction of arrival, we used the most promising root-WSF algorithm,
where these three Wi-Fi standards will be examined according to the following parts:
− We present a comparative study of the three proposed Wi-Fi standards in a perfect case without noise,
− Then we perform a system in a partially noisy case,
− Finally, we introduce a system completely immersed in the noise.
The rest of the article deals with parts that have not been mentioned before, they are distributed as follows.
In section 2, we present the search methods by which we use the DOA estimation techniques, then the Wi-Fi
networks we worked with. In section 3, we discuss the aspect of the proposed systems. In section 4, we
conclude with conclusions.
Figure 1. 5G frequencies band [4]
2. RESEARCH METHOD
2.1. DOA estimation
The aim of the DOA estimation is to use the information received at the antenna array to estimate
the direction of the signals. Indeed, estimating the direction of the arrival angle presents three major
difficulties: an unknown number of signals simultaneously striking the array, unknown directions and
amplitudes. Also, the fact that the received signals are constantly corrupted by noise. In this context, we will
focus on the problem of a system corrupted by noise. The Figure 2 presents the basic model of DOA [12].
There are several techniques for estimating the direction of arrival, including MUSIC algorithm, ESPRIT
algorithm, Capon, and others. In this research, we will use the WSF algorithm that proved its effectiveness in
previous works [10, 13, 14].
2.1.1. WSF algorithm
Labelled weighted Subspace Fitting algorithm is an asymptotically efficient parametric method used
to estimate the heights of different scatterers in the same azimuth-range resolution cell [15]. This method can
detect the direction of arrival by using the weighted version of a matrix whose columns are the steering vectors
associated with these directions in close to a data-depending matrix [16]. WSF algorithm is considered as
a unified approach to schemes as MUSIC and ESPRIT algorithms, it also requires knowledge of the number
of directional sources, and the use of the decomposition technique for the eigenvalues. This approach utilizes
the strongest eigenvectors in a diagonal matrix (𝑉̂𝑆) and the matching eigenvectors in the signal subspace
matrix (𝑈̂𝑆). The expression of WSF algorithm can be written as:
𝜃̂ 𝑤𝑠𝑓 = 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑇𝑟(П 𝑎( 𝜃) 𝑈̂𝑆 𝑊𝑈̂𝑆
𝐻
)) (1)
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where П 𝑎( 𝜃) represent The projection matrix onto the column space of a(θ), and W is a weighting matrix to
reduce the impact of the subspace swap [11]. For a better understanding of this expression, we need to know
these formulas:
П 𝑎( 𝜃) = 𝑎(𝜃)𝑎(𝜃)† (2)
𝑎(𝜃)†
= (𝑎(𝜃) 𝐻
𝑎( 𝜃))
−1
𝑎(𝜃) 𝐻 (3)
𝑊 = (𝑉̂𝑆 − 2𝜎̂2
𝐼 + 𝜎̂2
𝑉̂𝑆
−1
) (4)
𝜎̂2
=
1
𝑁−𝑀
∑ 𝑉̂𝑛,𝑘∗
𝑁−𝑀
𝐾=1 (5)
here 𝑎(𝜃)†
Is the pseudo-inverse of a(θ), 𝜎̂2
is the noise variance, 𝑉̂𝑛 is eigenvectors in a diagonal noise matrix,
the M is the number of targets, N is the number of sensors and K is the number of snapshots.
Figure 2. The basic model of DOA estimation [12]
2.1.2. Root-WSF algorithm
Root-WSF is the rooting version of weighted subspace fitting. In this study, we chose to use this
algorithm for better accuracy. The purpose of this technique is to minimize the cost function with [17]:
𝑓𝑀𝑂𝐷𝐸( 𝜃) = 𝑇𝑟(𝑃𝑎(𝜃)
⊥
𝑈̂𝑆 𝑊 𝑀𝑂𝐷𝐸 𝑈̂𝑆
𝐻
) (6)
where:
𝑃𝑎(𝜃)
⊥
= 𝐼 𝑀 − 𝑎( 𝜃)( 𝑎( 𝜃) 𝐻
𝑎( 𝜃))
−1
𝑎(𝜃) 𝐻 (7)
𝑊 𝑀𝑂𝐷𝐸 = (𝑉̂𝑆 − 𝜎̂2
𝐼)𝑉̂𝑆
−1 (8)
𝜎̂2
=
1
𝑁−𝑀
𝑇𝑟(𝑉̂𝑛) (9)
here 𝑃𝑎(𝜃)
⊥
indicate the orthogonal projection matrix of the array steering matrix, 𝑊 𝑀𝑂𝐷𝐸 is
the asymptotic-optimum weight matrix and same as above, 𝜎̂2
represent the noise variance.
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2.2. IEEE 802.11 standards: Wi-Fi family
The Institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) has developed a family of 802.11
compliant specifications for wireless local area network (WLAN) technology, also known as Wi-Fi. These
families have many specifications. A letter is added to describe their characteristics such as data rates,
frequency band, etc. [7, 18]. This standard is based on two basic protocols, media access control (MAC) and
(PHY) [19]. The IEEE 802.11 network includes several basic service sets, in which a number of wireless
stations transmit or receive from a single access point shown in Figure 3. The following Table 1 outlines some
of these standards in terms of the operating frequency and data rate [20, 21].
Figure 3. Wi-Fi presentation [18]
Table 1. IEEE 802.11 standards [20]
Protocol Operating frequency Data rate (max)
802.11 2.4 GHz 2 Mbit/s
802.11a 5GHz 54 Mbit/s
802.11n 2.4 GHz -5GHz 72 Mbit/s
802.11ad 60 GHz 6.75 Gbit/s
2.2.1. 802.11a
The IEEE 802.11n standard is the first expansion scheme; it operates at a 5 GHz radiofrequency
and a 20 MHz bandwidth and corresponds to the use of single-input antenna technologies (SISO) [21].
2.2.2. 802.11b
The IEEE 802.11b standard is considered the first Wi-Fi network that operates around the 2.4 GHz
radio frequency. This band was limited to the use of industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) equipment.
Fortunately, the FCC (Federal Communications Communication) has deregulated this band to take advantage
of wider use. The maximum theoretical data rate that this standard can provide can be up to 11 Mbps. However,
in practice, this speed is not achievable, which is why other standards have been proposed to solve this problem
and offer better performance [22].
2.2.3. 802.11n
The IEEE 802.11n standard refers to Wi-Fi 4 or dual-band Wi-Fi, or Wi-Fi Alliance uses two
frequencies band 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. This is an improvement of both standards 802.11 a, b. it is considered
the first standard acknowledging MIMO technology [11, 23].
2.2.4. 802.11ad
The IEEE 802.11ad standard, also known as Wi-Gig for Wireless Gigabit Alliance, certified by
Wi-Fi, operates in the 60 GHz frequency range, which is suitable for 5G applications. This technology uses
much larger ultra-wideband channels, much higher spectrum band, fast data transmission rate, antenna array,
beamforming, and so on. However, it is limited by its short distance [24, 25].
2.3. Number of users in Wi-Fi networks
The number of users of Wi-Fi access point effects on signal power and throughput. Devices such as
computers and smartphones need to share limited resource capacity on a network, each device connected to
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the wireless network uses a little more bandwidth and must be generated somewhere once the maximum
bandwidth is reached [26]. In theory, a wireless router can support 250 devices connected to the Wi-Fi network.
In practice, some mobile providers consider that the maximum number of users can reach up to 125 users.
However, there is a formula for calculating the number of users based on data rate and Wi-Fi throughput as
follows [26]:
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑊𝑖𝐹𝑖 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
(10)
the number of users in a home who use the Internet with multiple devices at the same time is a critical factor
in determining the Internet speeds needed at the point of maximum use. Based on this formula, we can also
determine the limits of the data transmission rate that a user can benefit from shown in Table 2. For basic use
of Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz, six users share the connection with a low bit rate of one Mbit/s.
Table 2. Maximum number of users based on the data rate
Wi-Fi a Wi-Fi b Wi-Fi n Wi-Fi ad
Minimum (1Mbps) 27 users 6 users 72 users 3375 users
Basic (3Mbps) 9 users 2 users 24 users 1125 users
Moderate (10 Mbps) 3 users 0 users 7 users 337 users
Ideal (35 Mbps) 0 users 0 users 2 users 96 users
Heavy (75 Mbps) 0 users 0 users 1 user 45 users
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of the WSF algorithm to detect the arrival
angles in a noisy system, where it is difficult to distinguish the received signals. To do so, we consider a uniform
linear array of 10 elements with interspacing of λ/2, six received signals with the respective angles of arrival
(AOA) ϴ1=-60°; ϴ2=-50°; ϴ3=-30°; ϴ4=5°; ϴ5= 20°; ϴ6=30°; ϴ7=50°; ϴ8=60°. Since we are in a critical
situation where the system emerges with white Gaussian noise, some angles of arrival are too close, which
creates a new constraint for the detection of the angles of arrival, such as the 10° separation between ϴ1
and ϴ2, same with ϴ5 and ϴ6, ϴ7 and ϴ8.
This research is based on Wi-Fi applications using different frequencies bands from 2.4 GHz to
60 GHz and a basic model of data rate with eight users. In the following section, we will investigate the impact
of all these criteria. First, regarding a perfect case without noise, then increasing significantly the noise value,
and finally, with a system in which noise is dominant. The simulations presented in this article were made with
MATLAB and SIMULINK R2018a.
3.1. A perfect system without noise
Based on the system described above, we will evaluate the proposed DOA algorithm (root-WSF) in
a perfect system without noise. The result of this work is given in the following table. According to Table 3,
we can clearly notice that all angles of arrival are well detected in the three Wi-Fi applications, which is quite
logical in the absence of noise. This system will be considered as a reference for the studies established in
the following sections.
Table 3. System without noise
Angles Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 5GHz Wi-Gig 60GHz
-60° -60.21° -60.31° -60.18°
-50° -55.65° -53.75° -48.93°
-30° -29.99° -30.1° -30.01°
5° 5.21° 5.06° 5.19°
20° 19.49° 14.89° 15.19°
30° 27.41° 27.42° 28.7°
50° 49.78° 49.68° 49.77°
60° 59.72° 59.82° 59.93°
3.2. System with partial noise
The same system is used as before, adding an additive Gaussian noise to each of the received signals
to provide a near-real world system. In this context, we will evaluate the system’s response in terms of detecting
the angles of arrival using the root-WSF algorithm, while adding the AWGN noise.
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3.2.1. System with SNR = 20
In this section, we consider that our system introduces noise with a signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB
while respecting the same specifications previously used. We must also take into account that one
of the Wi-Fi applications used (Wi-Gig) operates in a high-frequency band up to 60 GHz. The following table
provides the results of this simulation. Table 4 shows the effect of using 20 dB noise on the three Wi-Fi
applications. We can obviously notice that the root-WSF algorithm allows perfect detection even in
the presence of noise for all frequency bands. Indeed, the signal is much more important than the noise, which
results in the positive value of the SNR.
Table 4. System with partial noise of SNR = 20
Angles Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 5GHz Wi-Gig 60GHz
-60° -59.89° -60.93° -60.06°
-50° -43.5° -54.19° -48.64°
-30° -30.02° -29.97° -30°
5° 5.18° 5.60° 5.30°
20° 21.32° 20.97° 12.85°
30° 34.12° 32.17° 28.33°
50° 50.41° 55.72° 49.82°
60° 60.36° 59.07° 59.83°
3.2.2. System with SNR = -50
In order to evaluate the impact of the noise in the system we used, we opted for a signal whose input
noise is much important than the incoming signal with a value of -50dB. Table 5 shows the results obtained
for the three proposed Wi-Fi applications. According to Table 5, the WSF algorithm has once again proved its
effectiveness in detecting arrival angles even in the presence of noise. However, there is a small difference
between the three Wi-Fi applications in terms of accuracy. This difference will be discussed further in
the precision and precision part.
Table 5. System partial noise of SNR = -50
Angles Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 5GHz Wi-Gig 60GHz
-60° -60.1° -59.84° -60.08°
-50° -47.4° -45.44° -47.1°
-30° -29.99° -30. 44° -29.99°
5° 5.49° 4.80° 5.48°
20° 11.73° 21.24° 12.37°
30° 28.44° 33.78° 28.61°
50° 49.81° 41.07° 49.82°
60° 59.83° 58.79° 59.86°
3.3. System with massive noise
In this part, we evaluate our system in critical cases, where it emerges completely in noise. This study
will be divided into two parts; the first will treat an SNR of 20dB and the second one of -50dB.
3.3.1. System with SNR = 20
The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) varies from a positive value to a negative one, in this analyses, we
chose to evaluate the performance of the noise when the signal is more powerful than the proposed noise.
The results of this study are given in the following Table 6. It is obvious that the impact of noise cannot affect
the performance of the suggested system. However, it is also true that the operating frequency plays
an important role in determining the arrival angle detection. The higher the frequency the more the system
becomes more sensitive to noise but in an insignificant way. Which shows the efficiency of our
root-WSF algorithm.
Table 6. System with total noise of SNR = 20
Angles Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 5GHz Wi-Gig 60GHz
-60° -60.01° -59.7° -60.5°
-50° -48.93° -49.36° -53.22°
-30° -29.99° -30.04° -29.99°
5° 5.15° 5.42° 5.02°
20° 16.26° 19.54° 12.09°
30° 28.94° 25.31° 27.27°
50° 49.92° 43.26° 49.56°
60° 59.84° 58.86° 59.7°
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3.3.2. System with SNR = -50
In order to complete our study, it is necessary to take into account the case where the noise is more
powerful than the input signal. The result of this simulation is interpreted in Table 7. The result achieved in
Table 7 shows the impact of noise on detecting the arrival signals in three different frequency bands
of the Wi-Fi, the ROOT-WSF algorithm gives almost identical results in almost all cases, with a minor
margin of error.
Table 7. System with total noise of SNR = -50
Angles Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 5GHz Wi-Gig 60GHz
-60° -60.1° -60.2° -60.72°
-50° -47.42° -52.82° -55.6°
-30° -29.99° -29.99° -30.01°
5° 5.48° 5.91° 5.17°
20° 11.73° 12.14° 13.73°
30° 28.43° 23.84° 26.84°
50° 49.81° 45.92° 49.56°
60° 59.83° 59.56° 59.76°
3.4. Accuracy and precision
The accuracy of our results is an important criterion in the detection of arrival angles. Each study
treated previously gave a negligible margin of error in terms of precision. However, to evaluate the performance
of our system we proposed to calculate the percent error of each case. Table 8 announce the work done in this
field. Table 8 presents five different cases for each Wi-Fi application, grouped as follows: noise-free system,
partial signal-to-noise ratio system of 20 dB and -50 dB, and finally, a system with a total signal-to-noise ratio
of 20dB and -50 dB. We can see that for Wi-Fi of 2.4 GHz, the accuracy is 96.51% with a percent error
of 3.49%. This value increases with the presence of noises; it goes from 4.82% to 7.80% for partial noise.
Same for the case of total noise where the percent error goes from 5.18% to 7.77%.
Similar to the 5 GHz Wi-Fi, the accuracy of a system without noise is 94.42% with a percent error
of 5.58%. This value increases with the presence of noises; and goes from 5.89% to 6.67% for partial noise,
and from same 5.46% to 11.63% in a system with total noise. The process is the same for Wi-Gig. A perfect
system has an accuracy of 95.6% with an error percentage of 4.40%. This value increases very slightly with
the presence of noises; and goes from 6.34% to 7.36% for partial noise, and from 7.21% to 7.37% in a system
with total noise, which proves the robustness of our system in a noisy environment.
Table 8. Accuracy of our system based on the percent error
Wi-Fi 2,4 Wi-Fi 5 Wi-Fi 60
System without noise 3.49% 5.58% 4.40%
Partially noisy 20 4.82% 5.89% 6.34%
Partially noisy -50 7.80% 6.67% 7.36%
totally noisy 20 5.18% 5.46% 7.21%
totally noisy- 50 7.77% 11.63% 7.37%
4. CONCLUSION
This study investigates the impact of noise on detecting the arrival angle using the root-WSF
algorithm. In order to achieve this objective, we relied on the alliance between the number of users sharing
the same Wi-Fi Access point at the same time, signal strength versus the noise and throughput of a basic mode
of use at 3Mbps. To carry out this study, we developed a system consisting of a uniform linear array (ULA)
of 10 antenna elements with a spacing of λ/2, and where all the sources are assumed uncorrelated.
Several measurements were performed to ensure the proper functioning of our system, as a reference,
we first evaluated the performance of a perfect system without the presence of noise. In this case, the proposed
root-WSF, DOA algorithm gave the best results in terms of detecting the arrival angles in the three application
of Wi-Fi: 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 60GHz. Then, we started to investigate two other promising cases, close to
reality, in which the noise appears in the partially noisy system and in a very noisy system. Compared to
the reference, the root-WSF algorithm stood out by proving the best result in almost every situations and for
the different Wi-Fi applications.
Regarding accuracy, for each of the proposed Wi-Fi applications, we calculate the percent error from
five different perspectives to determine the robustness of our system. These conditions are analyzed based on
noise-free system, partial signal-to-noise ratio system of 20 dB and -50 dB, and system with a total
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signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB and -50 dB. As a conclusion, the value of the percent error increases slightly with
the presence of noises, Changing the operating frequency does not affect the robustness of the system, and thus
provides better performance in the detection of the angles of arrival using the root-WSF algorithm.
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