Site Surveys play a very important role in the successful and efficient deployment of wireless networks. The first step is to understand the basic goal of a wireless network, which is mainly to provide an appropriate coverage and throughput to all end users with high efficiency, full coverage and reasonable cost.
Site Surveys is very important for the sake of planning and designing a wireless network specifically in outdoor networks, to provide a wireless solution that will deliver the required wireless coverage, data rates, network capacity, roaming capability and Quality of Service (QoS). The survey usually involves a site visit to test for RF interference, and to identify optimum installation locations for access points. This requires analysis of building floor plans, inspection of the facility, and use of site survey tools. Interviews with IT management and the end users of the wireless network are also important to determine the design parameters for the wireless network.
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) can be implemented and deployed using different techniques and methodologies, starting from site survey to launching. The main problems are that some areas may not be covered well and the high cost of equipment.
This paper discusses a technique that helps determining the best location for access points using GPS system, in order to choose the optimal number of access points. This technique has a positive impact on the cost. Another important factor is the type of antenna, which has a very important effect on both cost and coverage issues.
Performance Analysis of 2x2 MIMO for OFDM-DSSS Based Wireless SystemAM Publications
In today’s 3G world moving to 4G requires high data rate support in applications like multimedia services,
internet access and video streaming services. Such applications are always in need of very high speed data rate
support which increases the requirement of efficient usage of spectrum and high capacity systems. Thus the major
challenges to be taken care of in designing the next generation wireless communications system should provide or
accommodate capacity, the spectral efficiency, improved link reliability and multimedia services. So we can establish a
distributed system in terms of multi-carrier, multi-antenna and coded pulse. It gives rise to hybrid technology based on
DSSS, OFDM, and MIMO system which can be the ultimate solution for wireless cellular communication systems. In
this paper we analysis the performance of MIMO-OFDM-DSSS system. This paper also includes comparison of
performances of MIMO-OFDM-DSSS system with ZF and MMSE equalizer on the basis of BER using different
modulation techniques in a scattering environment.
K Coverage Probability of 5G Wireless Cognitive Radio Network under Shadow Fa...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings,foliage and terrain.Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters.Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations,so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean.The present section deals with the performance analysis of fifth generation wireless cognitive radio network on the basis of signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document discusses using the Atoll radio planning software to design a UMTS mobile network to provide coverage for the town of Seville, Spain. Atoll allows modeling network traffic based on user profiles and services. It also incorporates detailed maps of Seville for terrain and land use data needed for radio propagation modeling and network optimization. The document defines user profiles for adolescents and young people with different expected usage patterns for voice, MMS, internet access, and video calling services.
WiFi Transmit Power and its Effect on Co-Channel InterferenceIJCNCJournal
The mass adoption of WiFi (IEEE 802.11) technology has increased numbers of devices simultaneously attempting to use high-bandwidth applications such as video streaming in a finite portion of the frequency spectrum. These increasing numbers can be seen in the deployment of highly-dense wireless environments in which performance can be affected due to the intensification of challenges such as co-channel interference (CCI). There are mechanisms in place to try to avoid sources of interference from non-WiFi devices. Still, CCI caused by legitimate WiFi traffic can be equally or even more disruptive, and also though some tools and protocols try to address CCI, these are no longer sufficient for this type of environment. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of transmit power and direction have on CCI in a high-density environment consisting of multiple access points (APs) and multiple clients. We suggest improvements on publicly- existing documented power control algorithms and techniques by proposing a cooperative approach consisting of the incorporation of feedback from the receiver to the transmitter to allow it to reduce power level where possible, which will minimize the range of CCI for near clients without compromising coverage for the most distant ones.
IRJET- Statistical Tuning of Hata Model for 3G Communication Networks at 1.85...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that statistically tunes the Hata propagation model for 3G networks at 1.857GHz in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Drive tests were conducted at three urban sites to collect field measurements of path loss. The measured data was compared to predictions from standard models including Hata, COST 231, and LEE. Hata was identified as the best fitting standard model. To improve accuracy, Hata's parameters were statistically optimized using linear regression on the measured data. The optimized Hata model reduced mean absolute percentage error from 15.0% to 13.35% compared to the standard Hata model, demonstrating its improved path loss prediction for the environment.
Linear Transmit-Receive Strategies for Multi-User MIMO Wireless CommunicationIRJET Journal
This document discusses linear transmit-receive strategies for multi-user MIMO wireless communication. It begins with an abstract that introduces MIMO technology which uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to overcome signal fading and improve data throughput. The document then provides more details on MIMO concepts including that it uses multiple spatial channels to increase capacity. It also discusses how MIMO can exploit fading that is typically undesirable to achieve high capacities. Finally, it examines linear precoding techniques as a spatial division multiple access strategy for multi-user MIMO systems and quantifying the rate and power bounds of such techniques.
Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance Analysis of 2x2 MIMO for OFDM-DSSS Based Wireless SystemAM Publications
In today’s 3G world moving to 4G requires high data rate support in applications like multimedia services,
internet access and video streaming services. Such applications are always in need of very high speed data rate
support which increases the requirement of efficient usage of spectrum and high capacity systems. Thus the major
challenges to be taken care of in designing the next generation wireless communications system should provide or
accommodate capacity, the spectral efficiency, improved link reliability and multimedia services. So we can establish a
distributed system in terms of multi-carrier, multi-antenna and coded pulse. It gives rise to hybrid technology based on
DSSS, OFDM, and MIMO system which can be the ultimate solution for wireless cellular communication systems. In
this paper we analysis the performance of MIMO-OFDM-DSSS system. This paper also includes comparison of
performances of MIMO-OFDM-DSSS system with ZF and MMSE equalizer on the basis of BER using different
modulation techniques in a scattering environment.
K Coverage Probability of 5G Wireless Cognitive Radio Network under Shadow Fa...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings,foliage and terrain.Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters.Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations,so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean.The present section deals with the performance analysis of fifth generation wireless cognitive radio network on the basis of signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document discusses using the Atoll radio planning software to design a UMTS mobile network to provide coverage for the town of Seville, Spain. Atoll allows modeling network traffic based on user profiles and services. It also incorporates detailed maps of Seville for terrain and land use data needed for radio propagation modeling and network optimization. The document defines user profiles for adolescents and young people with different expected usage patterns for voice, MMS, internet access, and video calling services.
WiFi Transmit Power and its Effect on Co-Channel InterferenceIJCNCJournal
The mass adoption of WiFi (IEEE 802.11) technology has increased numbers of devices simultaneously attempting to use high-bandwidth applications such as video streaming in a finite portion of the frequency spectrum. These increasing numbers can be seen in the deployment of highly-dense wireless environments in which performance can be affected due to the intensification of challenges such as co-channel interference (CCI). There are mechanisms in place to try to avoid sources of interference from non-WiFi devices. Still, CCI caused by legitimate WiFi traffic can be equally or even more disruptive, and also though some tools and protocols try to address CCI, these are no longer sufficient for this type of environment. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of transmit power and direction have on CCI in a high-density environment consisting of multiple access points (APs) and multiple clients. We suggest improvements on publicly- existing documented power control algorithms and techniques by proposing a cooperative approach consisting of the incorporation of feedback from the receiver to the transmitter to allow it to reduce power level where possible, which will minimize the range of CCI for near clients without compromising coverage for the most distant ones.
IRJET- Statistical Tuning of Hata Model for 3G Communication Networks at 1.85...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that statistically tunes the Hata propagation model for 3G networks at 1.857GHz in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Drive tests were conducted at three urban sites to collect field measurements of path loss. The measured data was compared to predictions from standard models including Hata, COST 231, and LEE. Hata was identified as the best fitting standard model. To improve accuracy, Hata's parameters were statistically optimized using linear regression on the measured data. The optimized Hata model reduced mean absolute percentage error from 15.0% to 13.35% compared to the standard Hata model, demonstrating its improved path loss prediction for the environment.
Linear Transmit-Receive Strategies for Multi-User MIMO Wireless CommunicationIRJET Journal
This document discusses linear transmit-receive strategies for multi-user MIMO wireless communication. It begins with an abstract that introduces MIMO technology which uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to overcome signal fading and improve data throughput. The document then provides more details on MIMO concepts including that it uses multiple spatial channels to increase capacity. It also discusses how MIMO can exploit fading that is typically undesirable to achieve high capacities. Finally, it examines linear precoding techniques as a spatial division multiple access strategy for multi-user MIMO systems and quantifying the rate and power bounds of such techniques.
Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses techniques for determining the pinpoint location of mobile devices in Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) networks. It begins with an introduction to the history and development of GSM standards. It then describes several outdoor propagation models that are commonly used to predict signal strength at different locations, including the Longley-Rice model, Durkin's model, and Okumura's model. These models take into account factors like terrain profile, buildings, foliage and antenna heights to estimate path loss between the base station and mobile.
The impact of noise on detecting the arrival angle using the root-WSF algorithmTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses three standards of Wi-Fi: traditional, current and next-generation Wi-Fi. These standards have been tested for their ability to detect the arrival angle of a noisy system. In this study, we chose to work with an intelligent system whose noise becomes more and more important to detect the desired angle of arrival. However, the use of the weighted subspace fitting (WSF) algorithm was able to detect all angles even for the 5th generation Wi-Fi without any problem, and therefore proved its robustness against noise.
The document is the International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET) from January 2014. It discusses a hybrid optimization method for multi-user detection in SDMA-OFDM systems that combines genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization. This approach aims to overcome limitations of existing detection methods. The hybrid method is shown to provide better performance than minimum mean square error and maximum likelihood detection, especially when the number of users is high relative to base station antennas. The document provides details on the proposed hybrid method and compares its performance to other approaches through simulation.
Optimization of base station location in 3 g networks using mads and fuzzy c ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses optimization of base station location in 3G networks using MADS and fuzzy C-means algorithms. It begins with background on the rapid growth of mobile subscribers in Kenya and the challenges this poses for mobile operators. It then describes using a combination of MADS and fuzzy C-means to aid in efficiently planning base station locations. The mathematical formulations for link budget and path loss calculations are provided. The base station allocation procedure involves initially assigning base stations using fuzzy C-means clustering, then using MADS optimization to minimize the distance between base stations and mobile stations while keeping path loss below 140dB. Simulation results are presented and discussed.
This paper discusses key aspects of 4G mobile communication systems. 4G aims to provide high-quality services from voice to video as well as high-speed wireless internet access. It describes technologies like OFDMA, MIMO and software defined radio that enable high data rates of 50-500 bits/Hz/km2. 4G will use a multi-technology approach including 3G, WiFi and WiMAX. Seamless coverage will be achieved through a parent network and smaller picocells. Caching and multimedia adaptation will improve quality of experience for users. 4G promises ubiquitous high-speed connectivity through integration of networks, terminals and applications.
Coverage and Capacity Performance Degradation on a Co-Located Network Involvi...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract—Coverage and capacity performance in a cellular network determines the system potentials. If the coverage radius is limited, end users suffer poor service quality, if the system capacity reduces, fewer subscribers will be accommodated. This paper investigated the performance effects of the noise rise caused by the spurious emission from a co-located jammer involving downlink frequency of CDMA2000 and uplink frequency of WCDMA operating at 1.9GHz. Measurements were carried out to evaluate the impact on the coverage radius and the system capacity.
High gain 5G MIMO antenna for mobile base stationIJECEIAES
This article presented a millimeter wave antenna which operated at 38 GHz for 5G mobile base station. The MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna consisted of 1x10 linear array configurations. The proposed antenna’s size was 88 x 98 mm^2 and printed on 1.575 mm-thick Rogers Duroid 5880 subsrate with dielectric constant of ε_r= 2.2 and loss tangent (tanδ) of 0.0009. The antenna array covered along the azimuth plane to provide the coverage to the users in omnidirection. The simulated results showed that the single element antenna had the reflection coefficient (S11) of -59 dB, less than -10 dB in the frequency range of 35.5 - 39.6 GHz. More than 4.1 GHz of impedance bandwidth was obtained. The gain of the antenna linear array was 17.8 dBi while the suppression of the side lobes was -2.7 dB. It showed a high array gain throughout the impedance bandwidth with overall of VSWR were below 1.0646. It designed using CST microwave studio.
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Onyebuchi nosiri
This paper describes the development of optimized model for urban outdoor coverage in Long Term Evolution (LTE) network at 2300 MHz frequency band in Port Harcourt urban region, Nigeria. Signal attenuation and fluctuation remain amongst the major channel impairments for mobile radio communication systems. This arises as a result of model incompatibility with terrain and Line of Sight (LOS) obstruction of the channel signals. Some path loss models such as OkumuraHata, COST 231, Ericsson 999, Egli and ECC-33 models were evaluated for suitability and compared with the modified model for the environments. The models were based on data collected from LTE base stations at three geographical locations in Port Harcourt namely- Rumuokoro, Eneka and Ikwerre roads respectively. The simulation was implemented using MATLAB R2014a software. The modified model was further optimized with some selected parameters such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The results obtained gave rise to 3.030dB for RMSE and 0.00162dB for MAE respectively. The results obtained from the PSO optimized model demonstrated a better performance which is suitable for cell coverage planning and smooth handoff processes.
Bandwidth allocation mechanisms in the next mobile generation: A practical Ap...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
5G Coupler Design for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Application IJECEIAES
Aiming to achieve 3-dB coupling, operating in fifth generation (5G) technologies, this paper introduces a new design of tight coupling coupler that will be operated in 5G technologies. Two stubs and two slots have been implemented into the 3-dB coupler design in order to achieve impedance matching between the ports and to give better coupling performances, respectively. Moreover, a study on the stubs’ and slots’ effects towards the S31 of the 3-dB coupler has also been presented in this paper. The proposed coupler is designed on Rogers RO4003C substrate. The simulation results and the analytical study on the stubs and slots implementation show that both stubs and slots affect the performance of the coupling coefficient.
An overview of Massive MIMO technology and it's scope for the next generations of wireless communications. Presented at a seminar in Ulm University in the department of Communications Engineering.
New weight function for adapting handover margin level over contiguous carrie...Journal Papers
The document proposes a new Adaptive Handover Margin algorithm called AHOM-NWF that automatically adjusts the handover margin level in LTE-Advanced systems using carrier aggregation. The algorithm considers three key functions - f(SINR), f(TL), and f(v) - which are evaluated based on signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, traffic load, and user velocity respectively. It assigns a weight to each function to estimate an accurate margin level. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm enhances system performance like SINR, cell edge throughput, and outage probability by an average of 24.4%, 14.6%, and 17.9% respectively over other existing algorithms.
Powerful business model for fixed wireless data using outdoor antennas - PaperAndre Fourie
Paper presented at the 2nd Africa Radio Comms Conference in Johannesburg - Nov 2015
By Andre Fourie
The revenue that can be generated by an LTE base station is influenced by the quality of the signal received by the customer premise equipment (CPE). Most CPE come with omni-directional indoor antennas, but have provision for the connection to external antennas.
Substituting the indoor antennas for directional outdoor antennas has a marked effect on the data transfer speeds of the network. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, outdoor antennas are physically larger than their indoor counterparts and thus have a higher gain. The increase in antenna gain translates directly to an increase in received signal strength. The second advantage is that the outdoor antenna sits in an environment that has much better propagating properties than the indoor antenna. Tests have shown that data speeds 3-5 times faster are possible using external antennas compared to indoor antennas.
It is shown, using a primitive financial model that fairly large financial gains can be made by equipping CPE devices with external antennas.
Performance Analysis of MIMO System on Different Modulation Scheme over Ricia...ijtsrd
The wireless communications is one of the most active areas of technology development of our time. Recently, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing has been regarded as one of the core technologies for various wireless communication systems. The BER level is depend on the modulation type, SNR value and channel behavior. The Modulation schemes that we have used in this thesis are 4 QAM, 8 QAM, 16 QAM and 64 QAM which further improved using forward error correction codes FEC . A comparison is made between the diversity gain of MIMO systems in terms of BER for high QAM modulation scheme. This work presents, by a simulation toll MATLAB R2013a used for model implemented using fading channel to the performance analysis of Bit Error rate BER V S Signal to Noise ratio SNR . Mona Ranjan | Praven K Patidar "Performance Analysis of MIMO System on Different Modulation Scheme over Rician Channel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31730.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/31730/performance-analysis-of-mimo-system-on-different-modulation-scheme-over-rician-channel/mona-ranjan
BBPF Technique for Transmitter Noise Reduction in a Site-Shared Wireless Netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
The document discusses transmitter noise reduction in a site-shared wireless network using CDMA2000 and WCDMA networks. It introduces using a digital Butterworth band pass filter (BBPF) technique to attenuate transmitter noise from the CDMA2000 downlink frequency affecting the WCDMA uplink frequency. Measurements showed the CDMA2000 downlink overlapping the WCDMA uplink band by 20MHz, interfering in a co-located setting. The BBPF achieved 52dB rejection at a 5MHz guard band offset, attenuating undesired signals. Noise cancellation performance criteria evaluated the BBPF, obtaining low amplitude imbalance, phase error and time delay mismatch within specifications.
IRJET- Power Allocation Methods for NOMA based Visible Light CommunicationIRJET Journal
This document describes a study investigating power allocation methods for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in multi-user visible light communication (VLC) systems. It compares the normalized gain difference power allocation (NGDPA) method to the gain ratio power allocation (GRPA) method. Simulation results show that NGDPA improves the achievable sum rate over GRPA, providing gains of up to 47.6% for a 4x4 MIMO VLC system with seven users. NGDPA allocates power based on differences in optical channel gains, helping to improve data rates for users with poorer channel conditions. Therefore, NGDPA is a more effective power allocation method than GRPA for multi-user
A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in
(COMMUNICATION)
BY
AKRM ABDULAH RASSAM (91048)
AMAL ABDULRAHMAN HAMOUD (10003)
MOHAMMED ABDULJABBAR QAID (10029)
MOHAMMED ABDUL-RAHMAN (91028)
NADA YASIN ABDULSALAM (10038)
SAMAR ABDULKAWE ALSHARAIE (10016)
SUPERVISOR
DR. REDHWAN QASEM SHADDAD
TAIZ, YEMEN
2015
Wi-Fi fingerprinting-based floor detection using adaptive scaling and weighte...CSITiaesprime
In practical applications, accurate floor determination in multi-building/floor environments is particularly useful and plays an increasingly crucial role in the performance of location-based services. An accurate and robust building and floor detection can reduce the location search space and ameliorate the positioning and wayfinding accuracy. As an efficient solution, this paper proposes a floor identification method that exploits statistical properties of wireless access point propagated signals to exponent received signal strength (RSS) in the radio map. Then, using single-layer extreme learning machine-weighted autoencoder (ELM-WAE) main feature extraction and dimensional reduction is implemented. Finally, ELM based classifier is trained over a new feature space to determine floor level. For the efficiency evaluation of our proposed model, we utilized three different datasets captured in the real scenarios. The evaluation result shows that the proposed model can achieve state-of-art performance and improve the accuracy of floor detection compared with multiple recent techniques. In this way, the floor level can be identified with 97.30%, 95.32%, and 96.39% on UJIIndoorLoc, Tampere, and UTSIndoorLoc datasets, respectively.
A genetic based indoor positioning algorithm using Wi-Fi received signal stre...IAESIJAI
The recent trend in location-based services has led to a proliferation of studies in indoor positioning technology. Wi-Fi received signal strength indicator (RSSI) Fingerprinting and pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) are the two best representatives from both approaches. This research proposed a genetic algorithm to combine Wi-Fi Fingerprinting and PDR. By taking advantage of PDR and genetic algorithm, we only need to collect a limited number of points for the fingerprint dataset with known coordinates, then target trajectories' position can be estimated with high accuracy. Results from our experiments and simulations have shown that even in the scenario of noisy inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors data, using RSSI measurements and the coordinate of 8 points, our proposed method was able to achieve 1.589 meters of average distance error which is 34.4 percent lower than the conventional Fingerprinting method.
This document is a seminar report on an Automatic Vehicle Locator system submitted by Rohit Kumar Patel to partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report introduces the motivation for an automatic vehicle locator and provides an overview of the project, which involves a remote object like a vehicle equipped with a GPS receiver and communication devices, and a monitoring station that can receive location data and display it. The report describes the implementation of the system using GPS for location, GSM for communication, and an LCD display for output at the monitoring station. It also covers the GSM receiver and GPS system components used.
5G Vs Wi-Fi Indoor Positioning: A Comparative StudyIJCSES Journal
Sensing location information in indoor scenes requires a high accuracy and is a challenging task, mainly because of multipath and NLoS (non-line-of-sight) propagation. GNSS signals cannot penetrate well in indoor environment. Satellite-based navigation and positioning systems cannot therefore be used for indoor positioning. Other technologies have been suggested for indoor usage, among them, Wi-Fi (802.11) and 5G NR (New Radio). The primary aim of this study is to discuss the advantages and drawbacks of 5G and Wi-Fi positioning techniques for indoor localization.
5G VS WI-FI INDOOR POSITIONING: A COMPARATIVE STUDYIJCSES Journal
Sensing location information in indoor scenes requires a high accuracy and is a challenging task, mainly
because of multipath and NLoS (non-line-of-sight) propagation. GNSS signals cannot penetrate well in
indoor environment. Satellite-based navigation and positioning systems cannot therefore be used for indoor
positioning.. Other technologies have been suggested for indoor usage, among them, Wi-Fi (802.11) and
5G NR (New Radio). The primary aim of this study is to discuss the advantages and drawbacks of 5G and
Wi-Fi positioning techniques for indoor localization
This document discusses techniques for determining the pinpoint location of mobile devices in Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) networks. It begins with an introduction to the history and development of GSM standards. It then describes several outdoor propagation models that are commonly used to predict signal strength at different locations, including the Longley-Rice model, Durkin's model, and Okumura's model. These models take into account factors like terrain profile, buildings, foliage and antenna heights to estimate path loss between the base station and mobile.
The impact of noise on detecting the arrival angle using the root-WSF algorithmTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses three standards of Wi-Fi: traditional, current and next-generation Wi-Fi. These standards have been tested for their ability to detect the arrival angle of a noisy system. In this study, we chose to work with an intelligent system whose noise becomes more and more important to detect the desired angle of arrival. However, the use of the weighted subspace fitting (WSF) algorithm was able to detect all angles even for the 5th generation Wi-Fi without any problem, and therefore proved its robustness against noise.
The document is the International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET) from January 2014. It discusses a hybrid optimization method for multi-user detection in SDMA-OFDM systems that combines genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization. This approach aims to overcome limitations of existing detection methods. The hybrid method is shown to provide better performance than minimum mean square error and maximum likelihood detection, especially when the number of users is high relative to base station antennas. The document provides details on the proposed hybrid method and compares its performance to other approaches through simulation.
Optimization of base station location in 3 g networks using mads and fuzzy c ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses optimization of base station location in 3G networks using MADS and fuzzy C-means algorithms. It begins with background on the rapid growth of mobile subscribers in Kenya and the challenges this poses for mobile operators. It then describes using a combination of MADS and fuzzy C-means to aid in efficiently planning base station locations. The mathematical formulations for link budget and path loss calculations are provided. The base station allocation procedure involves initially assigning base stations using fuzzy C-means clustering, then using MADS optimization to minimize the distance between base stations and mobile stations while keeping path loss below 140dB. Simulation results are presented and discussed.
This paper discusses key aspects of 4G mobile communication systems. 4G aims to provide high-quality services from voice to video as well as high-speed wireless internet access. It describes technologies like OFDMA, MIMO and software defined radio that enable high data rates of 50-500 bits/Hz/km2. 4G will use a multi-technology approach including 3G, WiFi and WiMAX. Seamless coverage will be achieved through a parent network and smaller picocells. Caching and multimedia adaptation will improve quality of experience for users. 4G promises ubiquitous high-speed connectivity through integration of networks, terminals and applications.
Coverage and Capacity Performance Degradation on a Co-Located Network Involvi...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract—Coverage and capacity performance in a cellular network determines the system potentials. If the coverage radius is limited, end users suffer poor service quality, if the system capacity reduces, fewer subscribers will be accommodated. This paper investigated the performance effects of the noise rise caused by the spurious emission from a co-located jammer involving downlink frequency of CDMA2000 and uplink frequency of WCDMA operating at 1.9GHz. Measurements were carried out to evaluate the impact on the coverage radius and the system capacity.
High gain 5G MIMO antenna for mobile base stationIJECEIAES
This article presented a millimeter wave antenna which operated at 38 GHz for 5G mobile base station. The MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna consisted of 1x10 linear array configurations. The proposed antenna’s size was 88 x 98 mm^2 and printed on 1.575 mm-thick Rogers Duroid 5880 subsrate with dielectric constant of ε_r= 2.2 and loss tangent (tanδ) of 0.0009. The antenna array covered along the azimuth plane to provide the coverage to the users in omnidirection. The simulated results showed that the single element antenna had the reflection coefficient (S11) of -59 dB, less than -10 dB in the frequency range of 35.5 - 39.6 GHz. More than 4.1 GHz of impedance bandwidth was obtained. The gain of the antenna linear array was 17.8 dBi while the suppression of the side lobes was -2.7 dB. It showed a high array gain throughout the impedance bandwidth with overall of VSWR were below 1.0646. It designed using CST microwave studio.
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Onyebuchi nosiri
This paper describes the development of optimized model for urban outdoor coverage in Long Term Evolution (LTE) network at 2300 MHz frequency band in Port Harcourt urban region, Nigeria. Signal attenuation and fluctuation remain amongst the major channel impairments for mobile radio communication systems. This arises as a result of model incompatibility with terrain and Line of Sight (LOS) obstruction of the channel signals. Some path loss models such as OkumuraHata, COST 231, Ericsson 999, Egli and ECC-33 models were evaluated for suitability and compared with the modified model for the environments. The models were based on data collected from LTE base stations at three geographical locations in Port Harcourt namely- Rumuokoro, Eneka and Ikwerre roads respectively. The simulation was implemented using MATLAB R2014a software. The modified model was further optimized with some selected parameters such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The results obtained gave rise to 3.030dB for RMSE and 0.00162dB for MAE respectively. The results obtained from the PSO optimized model demonstrated a better performance which is suitable for cell coverage planning and smooth handoff processes.
Bandwidth allocation mechanisms in the next mobile generation: A practical Ap...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
5G Coupler Design for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Application IJECEIAES
Aiming to achieve 3-dB coupling, operating in fifth generation (5G) technologies, this paper introduces a new design of tight coupling coupler that will be operated in 5G technologies. Two stubs and two slots have been implemented into the 3-dB coupler design in order to achieve impedance matching between the ports and to give better coupling performances, respectively. Moreover, a study on the stubs’ and slots’ effects towards the S31 of the 3-dB coupler has also been presented in this paper. The proposed coupler is designed on Rogers RO4003C substrate. The simulation results and the analytical study on the stubs and slots implementation show that both stubs and slots affect the performance of the coupling coefficient.
An overview of Massive MIMO technology and it's scope for the next generations of wireless communications. Presented at a seminar in Ulm University in the department of Communications Engineering.
New weight function for adapting handover margin level over contiguous carrie...Journal Papers
The document proposes a new Adaptive Handover Margin algorithm called AHOM-NWF that automatically adjusts the handover margin level in LTE-Advanced systems using carrier aggregation. The algorithm considers three key functions - f(SINR), f(TL), and f(v) - which are evaluated based on signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, traffic load, and user velocity respectively. It assigns a weight to each function to estimate an accurate margin level. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm enhances system performance like SINR, cell edge throughput, and outage probability by an average of 24.4%, 14.6%, and 17.9% respectively over other existing algorithms.
Powerful business model for fixed wireless data using outdoor antennas - PaperAndre Fourie
Paper presented at the 2nd Africa Radio Comms Conference in Johannesburg - Nov 2015
By Andre Fourie
The revenue that can be generated by an LTE base station is influenced by the quality of the signal received by the customer premise equipment (CPE). Most CPE come with omni-directional indoor antennas, but have provision for the connection to external antennas.
Substituting the indoor antennas for directional outdoor antennas has a marked effect on the data transfer speeds of the network. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, outdoor antennas are physically larger than their indoor counterparts and thus have a higher gain. The increase in antenna gain translates directly to an increase in received signal strength. The second advantage is that the outdoor antenna sits in an environment that has much better propagating properties than the indoor antenna. Tests have shown that data speeds 3-5 times faster are possible using external antennas compared to indoor antennas.
It is shown, using a primitive financial model that fairly large financial gains can be made by equipping CPE devices with external antennas.
Performance Analysis of MIMO System on Different Modulation Scheme over Ricia...ijtsrd
The wireless communications is one of the most active areas of technology development of our time. Recently, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing has been regarded as one of the core technologies for various wireless communication systems. The BER level is depend on the modulation type, SNR value and channel behavior. The Modulation schemes that we have used in this thesis are 4 QAM, 8 QAM, 16 QAM and 64 QAM which further improved using forward error correction codes FEC . A comparison is made between the diversity gain of MIMO systems in terms of BER for high QAM modulation scheme. This work presents, by a simulation toll MATLAB R2013a used for model implemented using fading channel to the performance analysis of Bit Error rate BER V S Signal to Noise ratio SNR . Mona Ranjan | Praven K Patidar "Performance Analysis of MIMO System on Different Modulation Scheme over Rician Channel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31730.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/31730/performance-analysis-of-mimo-system-on-different-modulation-scheme-over-rician-channel/mona-ranjan
BBPF Technique for Transmitter Noise Reduction in a Site-Shared Wireless Netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
The document discusses transmitter noise reduction in a site-shared wireless network using CDMA2000 and WCDMA networks. It introduces using a digital Butterworth band pass filter (BBPF) technique to attenuate transmitter noise from the CDMA2000 downlink frequency affecting the WCDMA uplink frequency. Measurements showed the CDMA2000 downlink overlapping the WCDMA uplink band by 20MHz, interfering in a co-located setting. The BBPF achieved 52dB rejection at a 5MHz guard band offset, attenuating undesired signals. Noise cancellation performance criteria evaluated the BBPF, obtaining low amplitude imbalance, phase error and time delay mismatch within specifications.
IRJET- Power Allocation Methods for NOMA based Visible Light CommunicationIRJET Journal
This document describes a study investigating power allocation methods for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in multi-user visible light communication (VLC) systems. It compares the normalized gain difference power allocation (NGDPA) method to the gain ratio power allocation (GRPA) method. Simulation results show that NGDPA improves the achievable sum rate over GRPA, providing gains of up to 47.6% for a 4x4 MIMO VLC system with seven users. NGDPA allocates power based on differences in optical channel gains, helping to improve data rates for users with poorer channel conditions. Therefore, NGDPA is a more effective power allocation method than GRPA for multi-user
A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in
(COMMUNICATION)
BY
AKRM ABDULAH RASSAM (91048)
AMAL ABDULRAHMAN HAMOUD (10003)
MOHAMMED ABDULJABBAR QAID (10029)
MOHAMMED ABDUL-RAHMAN (91028)
NADA YASIN ABDULSALAM (10038)
SAMAR ABDULKAWE ALSHARAIE (10016)
SUPERVISOR
DR. REDHWAN QASEM SHADDAD
TAIZ, YEMEN
2015
Wi-Fi fingerprinting-based floor detection using adaptive scaling and weighte...CSITiaesprime
In practical applications, accurate floor determination in multi-building/floor environments is particularly useful and plays an increasingly crucial role in the performance of location-based services. An accurate and robust building and floor detection can reduce the location search space and ameliorate the positioning and wayfinding accuracy. As an efficient solution, this paper proposes a floor identification method that exploits statistical properties of wireless access point propagated signals to exponent received signal strength (RSS) in the radio map. Then, using single-layer extreme learning machine-weighted autoencoder (ELM-WAE) main feature extraction and dimensional reduction is implemented. Finally, ELM based classifier is trained over a new feature space to determine floor level. For the efficiency evaluation of our proposed model, we utilized three different datasets captured in the real scenarios. The evaluation result shows that the proposed model can achieve state-of-art performance and improve the accuracy of floor detection compared with multiple recent techniques. In this way, the floor level can be identified with 97.30%, 95.32%, and 96.39% on UJIIndoorLoc, Tampere, and UTSIndoorLoc datasets, respectively.
A genetic based indoor positioning algorithm using Wi-Fi received signal stre...IAESIJAI
The recent trend in location-based services has led to a proliferation of studies in indoor positioning technology. Wi-Fi received signal strength indicator (RSSI) Fingerprinting and pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) are the two best representatives from both approaches. This research proposed a genetic algorithm to combine Wi-Fi Fingerprinting and PDR. By taking advantage of PDR and genetic algorithm, we only need to collect a limited number of points for the fingerprint dataset with known coordinates, then target trajectories' position can be estimated with high accuracy. Results from our experiments and simulations have shown that even in the scenario of noisy inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors data, using RSSI measurements and the coordinate of 8 points, our proposed method was able to achieve 1.589 meters of average distance error which is 34.4 percent lower than the conventional Fingerprinting method.
This document is a seminar report on an Automatic Vehicle Locator system submitted by Rohit Kumar Patel to partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report introduces the motivation for an automatic vehicle locator and provides an overview of the project, which involves a remote object like a vehicle equipped with a GPS receiver and communication devices, and a monitoring station that can receive location data and display it. The report describes the implementation of the system using GPS for location, GSM for communication, and an LCD display for output at the monitoring station. It also covers the GSM receiver and GPS system components used.
5G Vs Wi-Fi Indoor Positioning: A Comparative StudyIJCSES Journal
Sensing location information in indoor scenes requires a high accuracy and is a challenging task, mainly because of multipath and NLoS (non-line-of-sight) propagation. GNSS signals cannot penetrate well in indoor environment. Satellite-based navigation and positioning systems cannot therefore be used for indoor positioning. Other technologies have been suggested for indoor usage, among them, Wi-Fi (802.11) and 5G NR (New Radio). The primary aim of this study is to discuss the advantages and drawbacks of 5G and Wi-Fi positioning techniques for indoor localization.
5G VS WI-FI INDOOR POSITIONING: A COMPARATIVE STUDYIJCSES Journal
Sensing location information in indoor scenes requires a high accuracy and is a challenging task, mainly
because of multipath and NLoS (non-line-of-sight) propagation. GNSS signals cannot penetrate well in
indoor environment. Satellite-based navigation and positioning systems cannot therefore be used for indoor
positioning.. Other technologies have been suggested for indoor usage, among them, Wi-Fi (802.11) and
5G NR (New Radio). The primary aim of this study is to discuss the advantages and drawbacks of 5G and
Wi-Fi positioning techniques for indoor localization
3G Drive Test Analysis for Long Call in University Campusijtsrd
Mobile communication is developing very rapidly with passage of time, new technologies are being introduced to facilitate the mobile user more from the technology. The past technologies are replaced by new ones and needs are growing for the new technologies to be developed. Just within a decade, an evolution of wireless service people used every day can be completely dumb founded from the roots of analog based first generation service 1G to today's truly broadband ready fourth generation networks. Drive Test is conducted for checking coverage criteria of a cell site with RF Drive Test tool. The data collected by Drive Test tool as log files is analyzed to evaluate various RF parameters of the network. And it's very important things for mobile service provider. This paper is to study about the analysis of long call Drive Test for third generation 3G networks to evaluate the performance of QoS Quality of Service using TEMS Investigation 16.3.3 software and TEMS Discovery 10.0.6 software. Aye Myat Myat Myo | Zar Chi Soe "3G Drive Test Analysis for Long Call in University Campus" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26777.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26777/3g-drive-test-analysis-for-long-call-in-university-campus/aye-myat-myat-myo
Indoor Positioning System using Magnetic Positioning and BLE beaconsIRJET Journal
This document presents an indoor positioning system that uses magnetic positioning and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons. It discusses how magnetic positioning works by detecting disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field caused by structural elements in buildings. An Android application is proposed that would collect magnetic fingerprints using the phone's magnetometer and send them to IndoorAtlas' API to determine the user's location. BLE beacons would also be used to improve positioning accuracy. The system does not require dedicated infrastructure. Magnetic positioning coupled with BLE allows for accurate indoor localization without extra hardware costs. It is presented as a potential standard for indoor positioning systems.
With the rapid development of smartphone industry,
various positioning-enabled sensors such as GPS receivers,
accelerometers, gyroscopes, digital compasses, cameras, WiFi and Bluetooth have been built in smartphones for
communication, entertainment and location-based services.
Smartphone users can get their locations fixed according to
the function of GPS receiver.
An Enhanced Technique for Network Traffic Classification with unknown Flow De...IRJET Journal
This document presents a technique for classifying network traffic and detecting unknown flows in wireless sensor networks. The technique aims to improve on previous work by using fewer labeled training samples and investigating flow correlation in real-world network environments. It proposes a method that selects a sender and receiver node, establishes a path between them by avoiding faulty nodes, and evaluates the system based on propagation rate, training purity, and accuracy. The results show the proposed method achieves higher propagation rate, training purity, and overall accuracy compared to an existing semi-supervised technique.
The document discusses wireless network planning and provides details on various aspects of planning a wireless network, including:
1. Determining network needs such as the number of expected clients, types of traffic, throughput requirements, and number and placement of access points.
2. Creating coverage and capacity goals and using predictive modeling to determine the optimal number and placement of access points.
3. Discussing nominal planning, including link budget calculations, propagation model tuning, and developing the nominal plan and engineering guidelines.
4. Explaining coverage planning, capacity planning, power budget calculations, site selection, cell planning, and the importance of site surveys in wireless network planning.
Performance Evaluation Of A Wimax TestbedAlison Reed
This article analyzes SDN traffic engineering focusing on four key areas: flow management, fault tolerance, topology updates, and traffic analysis. It discusses challenges in SDN traffic engineering solutions and research efforts to address these challenges. For flow management, it discusses load balancing schemes for the control and data planes. For fault tolerance, it covers failure recovery mechanisms in the data plane like restoration and protection. It also discusses topology update strategies in SDN.
With the rapid development of
smartphone industry, various positioning-enabled
sensors such as GPS receivers, accelerometers,
gyroscopes, digital compasses, cameras, Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth have been built in smartphones for
communication, entertainment and location-based
services. Smartphone users can get their locations
fixed according to the function of GPS receiver.
Determining an Optimal Number of Access Points Using GPS data to Secure a Wir...CSCJournals
Determination of the position enables location awareness for mobile computers in any place and persistent wireless computing. In addition utilizing location information, location aware computers can render location based services possible for mobile users. In order to design and implement a technique to identify the source network interface card, a feasibility study should be done to keep the project within the budget; also tracking of new technologies will enhance the methodology of choosing these techniques. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is vulnerable to malicious attacks due to their shared medium in unlicensed frequency spectrum, thus requiring security features for a variety of applications. This paper will discuss a technique that helps in determining the best location for access points using GPS system, in order to choose the optimal number of them; which guide to localize and identify attacks with optimal IDS method and cheapest price. The other thing is to locate the intruder within the monitored area by using a hybrid technique, which came from exist techniques, by focusing on the advantages of these techniques and come with a new one to give more accurate results with less price by using available resources
The document describes a proposed smart parking system called D-PARK that uses Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons for high-resolution localization of parking spots. It analyzes sensor and signal data from mobile devices to determine user and vehicle status for parking services. The system achieves 95% accuracy in locating a parking spot within the second guess using BLE beacon signals analyzed at different scanning intervals. It also detects user intent through status sensing and cloud analysis to provide an improved parking experience.
A heterogeneous short-range communication platform for Internet of Vehicles IJECEIAES
The automotive industry is rapidly accelerating toward the development of innovative industry applications that feature management capabilities for data and applications alike in cars. In this regard, more internet of vehicles solutions are emerging through advancements of various wireless medium access-control technologies and the internet of things. In the present work, we develop a short-range communication–based vehicular system to support vehicle communication and remote car control. We present a combined hardware and software testbed that is capable of controlling a vehicle’s start up, operation and several related functionalities covering various vehicle metric data. The testbed is built from two microcontrollers, Arduino and Raspberry Pi 3, each of which individually controls certain functions to improve the overall vehicle control. The implementation of the heterogeneous communication module is based on the IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15 medium access control technologies. Further, a control module on a smartphone was designed and implemented for efficient management. Moreover, we study the system connectivity performance by measuring various important parameters including the coverage distance, signal strength, download speed and latency. This study covers the use of this technology setup in different geographical areas over various time spans.
Intelligent GIS-Based Road Accident Analysis and Real-Time Monitoring Automat...CSCJournals
This document summarizes an intelligent road accident analysis and monitoring system that uses GIS, WiMAX/GPRS, and location-based services. The system aims to help reduce road accidents by allowing real-time accident reporting and response. It collects accident data using mobile devices and transfers it to a database via wireless networks. The data is then analyzed using statistical reports, decision making tools, and smart diagnosis to identify accident patterns and recommend safety solutions. The system is intended to help police respond faster to accidents and notify other emergency services.
On the basis of this study ideas were explored, some of the different devices, techniques and aspects that influenced the formation of different rescue and protection systems. The research in various dimensions on the topic helped in enhancement of the knowledge in this field of technology. Analysis of each and every side of this project was done. The motive also constituted of expanding the applications of the project. In the past times, the rescue and protection systems which were constructed were bulky and slow. Here in this project, the aim is to reduce the size and increase its time efficiency using the ZigBee technology. There have been instances in the news over the past few years in which we have seen lack of responsibility for the people working in life threatening situations which even led to disasters some of the times. After examining different areas of the same we have come on the terms of agreement with the fact that this problem requires a lot of concern. Taking up the responsibility to eradicate such issues we finally decided to come up with the solution removing all the problems.
Radio network planning fundamentalsnewFarzad Ramin
This document discusses radio network propagation models. It introduces the need for propagation models to predict signal strength between transmitters and receivers in mobile networks. It describes simple models like the plane earth model and emphasizes their limitations for mobile networks. It covers diffraction effects and the Fresnel zone concept for non-line of sight paths. It also introduces empirical models based on real-world measurements like Okumura's model that are more accurate but still require tuning with local data measurements. The goal is to select a model that can rapidly and accurately predict path loss across the planned network area.
A wireless site survey is the first step in deploying a wireless network. It involves studying a facility to understand radio frequency (RF) behavior, discover coverage areas, check for interference, and determine optimal access point placement. Key steps are obtaining facility diagrams, visually inspecting for barriers, identifying user areas, determining preliminary access point locations, performing surveys to verify locations, and documenting findings. Site survey tools help identify areas of weak signal or interference. It is important to use the same access point models for the survey that will be deployed.
This document discusses positioning techniques for mobile devices, comparing Android and iPhone approaches. It covers GPS, WiFi, and cellular positioning methods, as well as APIs available on each platform. Location-based services that require continuous tracking can significantly drain batteries; the document discusses various approaches to address this problem and improve energy efficiency of positioning algorithms.
Similar to Using GIS in Designing and Deploying Wireless Network in City Plans (20)
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Using GIS in Designing and Deploying Wireless Network in City Plans
1. Iyad Aldasouqi & Walid A. Salameh
International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (6) : Issue (4) : 2014 66
Using GIS in Designing and Deploying
Wireless Network in City Plans
Iyad Aldasouqi iyad@mesis.jo
Royal Scientific Society
The Middle East Scientific Institute for Security
Jordan
Walid A. Salameh walid@psut.edu.jo
Princess Sumaya University for Technology
The King Hussein School for Information Technology
Jordan
Abstract
Site Surveys play a very important role in the successful and efficient deployment of wireless
networks. The first step is to understand the basic goal of a wireless network, which is mainly to
provide an appropriate coverage and throughput to all end users with high efficiency, full
coverage and reasonable cost.
Site Surveys is very important for the sake of planning and designing a wireless network
specifically in outdoor networks, to provide a wireless solution that will deliver the required
wireless coverage, data rates, network capacity, roaming capability and Quality of Service (QoS).
The survey usually involves a site visit to test for RF interference, and to identify optimum
installation locations for access points. This requires analysis of building floor plans, inspection of
the facility, and use of site survey tools. Interviews with IT management and the end users of the
wireless network are also important to determine the design parameters for the wireless network.
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) can be implemented and deployed using different
techniques and methodologies, starting from site survey to launching. The main problems are that
some areas may not be covered well and the high cost of equipment.
This paper discusses a technique that helps determining the best location for access points using
GPS system, in order to choose the optimal number of access points. This technique has a
positive impact on the cost. Another important factor is the type of antenna, which has a very
important effect on both cost and coverage issues.
Keywords: Security, Sensors, Access Points, Wireless, Antenna, GPS and GIS.
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) becomes as one of the measure requirement at home,
business and city plans. Nowadays you can see additional diagram added to other traditional
architecture papers showing the location and cabling of the access points. Furthermore, some
countries that are establishing new cities consider the wireless coverage and deployment in their
designs.
1.1. Wireless Network
Wireless frequencies are open band transmitted via wireless access points (AP) and routers,
which means they are designed to be used by anyone using a wireless receiver. The signal range
2. Iyad Aldasouqi & Walid A. Salameh
International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (6) : Issue (4) : 2014 67
of an AP as illustrated in figure 1 shows that signal strength can extend beyond a building
perimeter.
FIGURE 1: WLAN Coverage can often overrun a building’s boundaries [1].
WLAN has been widely used in many sectors ranging from corporate, education, finance,
healthcare, retail, manufacturing, and warehousing. According to a study by the Gartner Group,
approximately 50 percent of company laptops around the world will be equipped for WLAN by
2006 [2]. It becomes a very important technology; since it is connecting the people together and
makes the whole world as a small village, furthermore, it satisfies the needs for installation
flexibility, mobility, reduced cost-of-ownership, and scalability. Generally, the basic goal of a
wireless network is to provide appropriate coverage and throughput to all end users while keeping
interference to a minimum.
1.2. Wireless Site Design
Site Survey is needed to ensure the successful and efficient deployment of wireless networks.
Wireless site survey means sometimes walk-testing, auditing, analysis or diagnosis of an existing
wireless network, particularly one which is not providing the level of service required.
Site Survey determines many important factors such as the signal coverage, throughput
requirements, interfering sources, dead spots. That helps to determine:
1) what equipment to purchase
2) Access points locations
3) how to configure each access point for optimal coverage
Site Survey is not only required for new installations, but also for existing installations; to know
the number of access points required and locations and to verify the number of access points
required versus the number actually deployed.
Site survey is divided into three main phases [1], the first phase starts before purchasing. For
outdoor WLAN the following should be known:
Approximately how many users require wireless network
If there as any interfering source such as radar installations
If there is any building/floor blueprints available
This phase will help us later to choose the location of our antennas.
The second phase is the planning phase in which we have to know the purchased equipment and
from where the wireless deployment starts; in order to reduce the time and effort needed to
deploy a wireless network. For example the outcome of this phase is to know number of access
points needed and their signal coverage, location of the access points and interference occurring
between the deployed access points. The result of this phase can be represented by figure 2, in
which we see the site divided into zones or station, each of them containing many access points
3. Iyad Aldasouqi & Walid A. Salameh
International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (6) : Issue (4) : 2014 68
FIGURE 2: Phase 2 Output [13].
The last step is the surveying phase is the measurements, in which Wi-Fi Planning tools (such as
NetStumbler software [8] and Global Positioning System (GPS)) are used. The output of this step
is shown in figure 3, and the GPS to determine the coordination of the locations. The result
should be reviewed well before any permanent; since not only the signal strength (which is a
feature of the signal, and some techniques of intrusion detection [3] depends on it) is measured
but also the signal to noise ratio and noise, to see if there is any source of noise (ex. from radar
system). In addition, a visualize report can be generated (as figure 4) to assess the level of signal
strength in the different location of the site, and to know the signal strength levels, as seen in
figure 5 [6].
FIGURE 3: NetStumbler Snapshot.
FIGURE 4: NetStumbler Signal Strength Representation.
4. Iyad Aldasouqi & Walid A. Salameh
International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (6) : Issue (4) : 2014 69
FIGURE 5: Signal Strength Levels.
2. OUR WORK
This paper discuss a technique that helps in determining the best location for access points using
GPS and GIS systems, in order to choose the optimal number of access points. This technique
has a positive impact on the cost.
Another important factor is the type of antenna, which has a very important effect on both cost
and coverage issues.
A new phase can be added to site survey is the Geographical Information System (GIS)
technology.
Since the site may cover a large area of terrain or spans multiple buildings, it allows the user to
observe the effects obstacles in the network. These obstacles may be naturally found such as
trees, valleys and hills; others can be manmade such as buildings. By using GPS we can identify
the location of the obstacles which can be counted or considered in small areas, but it is difficult
to consider it without other tools such as GIS in open areas like city plans; not for determining the
location perspective, but for elevation issue which can’t be determined by GPS system. The
benefit of this addition (use GIS) can be summarized in two points:
1. Determine 3D coverage area of access points specifically at the location of the obstacles. As
in figure 6.
FIGURE 6: Access Points 3D Coverage Areas [14].
2. Determine the type of the antenna to be used, as shown in figure 7, the coverage area of the
antennas are different, for example at the top of a top of a hill it is better to use one omini
antenna instead of using more than four directional antennas. By this we can guarantee the
whole area is covered with signal using appropriate type of antenna for reasonable budget.
5. Iyad Aldasouqi & Walid A. Salameh
International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (6) : Issue (4) : 2014 70
FIGURE 7: Antennas Types.
In order to complete four phases (three main phases and our suggested one) of survey, below is
a summary and description of the needed tools:
GPS: to collect location information and to the locations of access points as in figure 8, to
complete this task, GPS device is needed such as GARMIN GPS system [9]. In addition, some
new GPS system allows the user to export the GPS survey data to Google Earth as in AirMagnet
from Fluke [10], figure 9.
FIGURE 8: Suggested Locations of Access Points [11].
6. Iyad Aldasouqi & Walid A. Salameh
International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (6) : Issue (4) : 2014 71
FIGURE 9: AirMagnet from Fluke Survey Result.
Another modernize tools are tools which came as an application on smart phones, such as
NetSpot 2.0. NetSpot is a professional app for wireless Site Survey, Wi-Fi analysis and
troubleshooting on Mac OS X, It's FREE and very simple, no need to be a network expert to start
using NetSpot [12], and it can be downloaded on iPhone, iPod, iPad and MacBook, as seen in
figure 10.
FIGURE 10: Snapshot of NetSpot Survey Mac App.
GIS: The last stage is to sense the elevation. By using GPS, it is possible to know the elevations;
since GPS gives three coordinates X, Y and Z access, but to reflect the elevation on a map, GIS
map is required in order to investigate the terrain and sense the elevation as a mean to determine
the most suitable location of the towers and antenna and to choose the most appropriate antenna
type. GIS maps are commercially available on internet, also at every national Geographical
center (the Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre (RJGC) [15]) as in figure 11, or can be built by
software tool such as Visualize Your Wireless Network [14].
7. Iyad Aldasouqi & Walid A. Salameh
International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (6) : Issue (4) : 2014 72
FIGURE 11: GIS Image [16].
3. TEST BID
The implementation of this work has been conducted in a site survey as a prototype, shown in
figure 12, in order to be then applied to a wide area.
After the survey is done, the boundaries of the access point zone can be specified, and the
optimal number of the access points is determined.
Equipment used during the survey:
• CISCO Aironet 350
• 13.5db antenna
• Laptop with Network Stumbler, AirMagnet and NetSpot software applications.
• External either net card
• GPS
The distance between the source (tower) and the destination (control room) is 200m.
As shown in table.1 there are five columns, distance and bearing derived from GPS, and the rest
are from the software.
In order to choose the appropriate type of antenna only the distance and signal will be used to
draw the output as shown in figure.13.
9. Iyad Aldasouqi & Walid A. Salameh
International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (6) : Issue (4) : 2014 74
FIGURE 13: Signal Output.
Then by comparing figure 13 with figure 7, it will be easy to say that the used antenna is a
directional antenna which is a suitable for that test bid.
As a result of this survey, the boundaries of the access point are identified, which can help to
monitor and secure the network. In addition, it can be used for future planning and expansion.
Also it can be applied to a complex network which is considered as an additive security layer.
Finally, a new step can be added, which is in the using of GIS maps to determine the elevations,
so an appropriate type of antenna will be used in appropriate location instead of using the same
type of antenna everywhere. For example, instead of using a lot of beam antennas on a top of a
hill, one directional antenna will be used. In this way, it will reduce the cost budget. The idea can
be summarized by figure 14.
Furthermore, a last recommendation would be to use real GIS maps instead of creating a map as
in figure 6 [14], in which it is not possible to determine the suitable location of the towers and
access points. However, a real GIS map offers more details about the type of the land (soil,
rock...) in order to specify the most appropriate location.
FIGURE 14: Factors effect on choosing Antennas types.
Recommendations
Start Deployment
and
Implementation
10. Iyad Aldasouqi & Walid A. Salameh
International Journal of Computer Networks (IJCN), Volume (6) : Issue (4) : 2014 75
4. CONCLUSION
Today’s wireless service providers, managed-service providers, and network infrastructure
vendors all consider site surveys as a mandatory and vital part of the WLAN deployment process.
With the Survey and Planner products, users can be assured of quickly deploying an efficient
wireless network to satisfy their business requirements. Furthermore, some technologies such as
GIS and GPS can help in implementing the site survey in a more efficient way, reducing the cost
and strengthening the security.
Users get critical information on the overall signal coverage, real user data from active surveys,
user capacity and security of the network.
5. REFERENCES
[1] Wireless Intrusion Detection Systems, SANS, Ken Hutchison, 2004.
[2] Swisscom.com. “Swisscom Mobile to launch Public Wireless LAN on 2 December 2002.” 2
Jan. 2003. URL: http://www.swisscom.com/mr/content/media/20020924_EN.html (9 Dec.
2002).
[3] D. B. Faria and D. R. Cheriton, “Detecting identity-based attacks in wireless networks using
singalprints,” in Proceedings of WiSe’06: ACM Workshop on Wireless Security, Sept. 2006,
pp. 43–52.
[4] H. Hashemi. The Indoor Radio Propagation Channel. Proceedings of IEE, 81(7):943-968,
July 1993.
[5] T. S. Rappaport. Wireless Communications – Principles and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR,
2nd edition, Jan. 2002.
[6] Iyad Aldasouqi and Walid Salameh, Detecting and Localizing Wireless Network Attacks
Techniques, International Journal of Computer Science and Security, Volume (4), Issue 1,
2010.
[7] Best Practices for Wireless Site Design, AirMagnet, Inc.2007
[8] Net Stumbler www.netstumbler.com/
[9] Garmin Ltd http://www.garmin.com/
[10] FLUKE, AirMagnet-WiFi-Analyzer, http://www.flukenetworks.com/enterprise-
network/wireless-network/AirMagnet-WiFi-Analyzer
[11] http://www.securedgenetworks.com/secure-edge-networks-blog/bid/52747/8-Tips-to-Design-
an-Outdoor-Wireless-Network-like-a-Pro
[12] NetSpot, http://www.filebuzz.com/software_screenshot/
[13] http://www.rentonwa.gov
[14] Visualize Your Wireless Network, http://www.visiwave.com/
[15] The Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre http://www.rjgc.gov.jo/Default.aspx?lang=en
[16] http://www.mymanatee.org.