The Impact Of Multiple Actions On The Environment

The Impact Of Multiple Actions On The Environment
1.Introduction
Many research efforts have demonstrated that a direct environmental impact from a single action is often insignificant, and in reality, it is the numerous
minor impacts from multiple actions that cause the greatest environmental harm (Dales 2011, Franks et al. 2012, DNRM 2013, Finlayson et al. 2008,
Neville 2009, Sonter et al. 2013). These are referred to as cumulative impacts, "the successive, incremental, and combined impacts of multiple actions on
the environment" (Dales, J 2011). There are four characteristics of cumulative impacts as summarized from Franks et al. 2012, these include;
1.Cumulative impacts may be caused by future, present or past activities,
2.Cumulative impacts can differ greatly in intensity, space ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2012).
Due to population growth, much pressure has been placed on natural resources and the ecosystem services that are essential to human life (Franks et al.
2012). Rapid changes to the environment such as climate change and the use of natural resources affect the resilience of natural systems. Therefore,
appropriate management and assessment of cumulative impacts on the terrestrial and marine environment from anthropogenic activities is crucial,
albeit difficult, as impacts often extend outside of the geographic location of a development. Further, impacts from an action can have a compounding
effect on outside systems already under stress from unrelated activities. Although much legislation has been enacted in attempt to buffer stressors
caused by anthropogenic land use, environmental impact assessment and management approaches are often reactive, and consider mainly the impacts
of individual activities and how to mitigate them (Dales, J 2011, Sonter et al. 2013). Therefore, a more integrated, proactive and holistic approach needs
to be applied when it comes to the assessment and management cumulative impacts.
In the following essay, I will explore cumulative impacts on the terrestrial and marine environment resulting from groundwater use, mining and
agricultural practices in the Australian context. Using examples from the Murray Darling Basin, Bowen Basin, the Fitzroy River and the Great Barrier
Reef, I will
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Human Activities And Sustainable Water Management
Traditionally, human activities used to be taken into account as an external factor in environmental issues. However there has been a growing
recognition among environmental scientists that new and integrative approaches of understanding beliefs and behaviours should be introduced to
address the current environmental problems. From the ancient period humans demanded water and they chose to settle near streams for efficient water
supply. Through the industrial era, water was still very important to humans, but at the same time humanity caused the dramatic decline in the capacity
of ecosystems: human activities started to have destructive impacts on biogeochemical, hydrological, and ecological systems. In Australia, the
Murray–Darling ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This paper will explore how important it is to apply social sciences into ecology and hydrology in a narrower sense, and what effects and changes the
socio–hydrology in the Basin Plan has brought to the water management in the MDB.
What is socio–hydrology?
Human has always been in great need of fresh water for many purposes, and there are three main categories of extractive uses of water from its natural
system: agricultural irrigation, industrial and commercial activities, and residential activities. In addition to extractive uses, in–stream uses of water are
also essential for human in pollution dilution, maintenance of navigation paths, and protection of biodiversity. These water usages can have adverse
effects on the quality and quantity of freshwater, and furthermore these impacts may not only threaten ecosystem, but also make transitions in
economic and social aspects. From this, it can be seen that society and ecosystems are interdependent. However, traditional environmental scientists
tended not to give great weight to the human factor in their studies. However, the growth in global population leads to a rise in demand of freshwater,
and now it is unreasonable to deny the truth that humans make huge impacts on water resources. Human–induced environmental contamination creates
severe

Australian Environmental Law
As an Australian I have had the privilege of indulging in the bountiful land that I am lucky to call my home. A land that is home to millions and
supplies millions more. The central hub of these huge happenings is the Murray Darling Basin – the largest water storage and water system in
Australia, spanning 1/7 of Australia's total land mass, containing over 40% of all Australian farms and the source of water for millions. Paramount to
the enterprise, the general wellbeing and the beneficiary's of the MDB is the life blood of the world, water. A step further in to the notion of the
importance of water is the notion of clean water. A factor vital to the sustainability of the MDB and a factor that I believe the Australian Government
isn't doing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Noted that the Independent Review was launch by the acting Abbot government. The panel were to come to a conclusion about the effectiveness of
the act. They determined that "as the Basin Plan was only recently made and is in the very early stages of implementation, many felt that it is too early
to comprehensively assess the effectiveness of the Act in achieving its objects and the extent to which the objectives and outcomes of the Basin Plan
are being met." Although later in the review they also stated that "we consider that the Act is an effective legislative framework." Meaning that they
felt the act has potential to meet the aims and objectives set, "if all governments, agencies and stakeholders work together respectfully of each other's
knowledge, interests and roles, the Act and its associated reforms will be delivered successfully, providing enduring benefits for the Murray–Darling
Basin and the

International Environmental Action : Australia And Guinea
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
– ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION
AUSTRALIA AND GUINEA
FOOD SCARCITY IN GUINEA:
Guinea is regarded as one of the poorest countries when compared to other countries. The main reason of the food scarcity in Guinea is the lack of
agricultural productivity. The reason for low agricultural productivity in Guinea is the farmers in Guinea have a very limited access to the information,
development in the technological aspects, infrastructures and lack of awareness about the financial and rural services provided by the government.
The literacy in Guinea is very low, that is only 15% of adult women are literate, hence the lack of education among the women in rural areas reduces
the ability to access agricultural extension services, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Natural disasters such as floods, tropical storms and long periods of drought also cause food scarcity in Guinea.
FOOD SCARCITY IN AUSTRALIA:
The 2011–2012 ABS suggests that around 2.5 million that is around 12% of the Australians live under thepoverty line. One fourth of the above
mentioned 2.5 million are children, that is around 620,000 are children less than 25 years, and around 495,500 are children less than 15 years. The
poverty rate of poverty in Australia has increased from 10.9% to 11.4 % since the year 2001. Over the last decade the rate of poverty has increased
significantly in Australia owing to the single parent families. The rate of poverty of single parent families in Australia is around 19%. The primary
reasons contributing to the scarcity of food in Australia are the beaming growth in the population of Australia, the drastic climatic changes, the sudden
hike in the prices of oil and natural resources, and the shortage of land and finally the loss of the bio diversity. The other reasons that supplement the
food scarcity in Australia are increase in soil degradation and decline in the fertility of the soil, rapid spreading of contaminated food due to the
concepts of junk food.
GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS FOR FOOD SCARCITY IN GUINEA AND AUSTRALIA:
The government of Guinea has introduced several reforms to create an

What Is The Murray Darling Basin's Pest?
Introduction Throughout the years, the Murray Darling Basin has become home to a large number of different animals, developing towns bring in pets
and attracting new birds, while agriculture brings in cattle and sheep; animals that have never touched hoof of Australian soil without it being brought
in by man. However, some animals brought in for one reason, could end up doing another job that can destroy entire ecosystems, bring in disease that
can kill several thousand animals, or hunt another animal to extinction. "Pest (Noun) 1. A destructive insect or other animal that attacks crops, food,
livestock etc.' (Dictionary.com). Pests such as the European Carp are common throughout the Murray Darling Basin, and are one of the most
devastating of the pest in the local area. European Carp... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In most of Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, the common carp are farmed as a delicacy, but in other parts of the world such as Australia and
Canada, they are considered a pest. These pests, when small, could be confused as goldfish, but when older, they can be distinguished by a pair of
whiskers at each side of their mouth. They have thick lips, a single dorsal fin and small eyes. They are also commonly a yellow–brown colour, varying
in darker and lighter scales, depending on their location. They were introduced to Australia somewhere between the 1850's, to the 1870's, and since
then millions, if not billions have been bred and are now infestation the rivers of

The Impact Of Salinity On The Murray-Darling Basin
The Murray–Darling Basin (MDB) is Australia's primary productive river basin, accounting for $19 billion of agricultural output and providing nearly
half of Australia's food supply. In the last century, the MBD has suffered from rising salinity rates which has jeopardised Australia's water quality and
supply, biodiversity and land productivity. Moreover, human activity such as irrigation development and land clearing for urbanisation has exacerbated
these salinity rates, suggesting an urgent call for action. This essay attempts to explore this important issue, drawing on two significant impacts salinity
has on the MDB and their implications for productivity and sustainability. As outlined previously, there are various impacts that salinity

Report On Soils And Their Management
Week 8: Soils and Their Management (21 April 2016)
This week topic is about soil, with three presenters; Richard Greene, Julia Jasonsmith and Craig Strong. Ricard start his presentation with Carbon in
soil, while Julia was focused on contamination in soil, finally Craig discussed about dust observation in Australia.
The first presenter talk about carbon sequestration and the capturing carbon using trees and how the Carbon concentration decreased from soils. He
also explained about how carbon credit works for Australian farmers. Further, theSoil Carbon Matrix Method (Keith, H., et al, ND) was explained in
terms of soil assessment to increase soil quality by carbon sequestration.
Julia Jasonsmith talked about contamination in soil, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason why dust should be trace because agricultural dust could be seen as indicators for soil quality and wind erosion in Australia is major threat
for soil asset. Further, the pace of soil eroding is faster than its forming pace. The method on dust monitoring in Australia is Dust Watch with
community based science (DW–CBS). This method is affiliation program from community, scientist and government.
The lesson that I get from this topic is soil management could work if we have basic data on soil quality and it could help traditional farmers to
manage their land. In my hometown, agriculture was manage traditionally and the farmers not using fertilizer because the soil is fertile and they used
ancient techniques to manage their land. However, if we can combine the traditional way and modern technique such as soil carbon matrix method it
could help to increase the quality of soil and will help the farmers to increase their agriculture products.
Week 9: Energy (28 April 2016)
Presentation by Dr Kyle Catchpole and Professor Ken Baldwin this week is focused on energy. Dr Kyle Catchpole start with renewable energy and she
mentions about the potency of renewable energy in Australia such as wind turbine, and solar energy. In recent year renewable energy are cheaper due
to the improvement of technology.
The second presenter talks about future energy in Australia and the world, he stated that spectrum of energy

The Importance Of Still Life Art
Food has long been a popular subject in art. For many hundreds of years, people have created beautiful food–based artworks that are cherished, even
today. The consumption of food is a shared experience as is art. I love this idea, that we can all share art. It's an opportunity to collaborate on ideas
and express our creativity and thoughtfulness and it is accessible to all different age groups. This week I interviewed two artists that are noted for their
skill in food – inspired art to discuss their artwork. These are "Still life with silverware and lobster" by Pieter Claesz and "Still Life: The Food Bowl"
by Ken and Julia Yonetani. Despite the fact that these works were created four centuries apart, they share many factors and display the essence of still
life art. The aim, for me, of this interview is to identify the changes in still life art, will there be any use of modern, emerging technologies in the more
modern piece? Or maybe a 3D element?
I am thrilled to be able to shed some light on the still life genre that occupied much of my painting. The beauty of still life painting is that it reflects
so much of what is going on in the world around it. When this painting was created in 1641, the middle class were gaining prominence. People
wanted other people to know how wealthy and cultured they were. In Still Life with Silverware and Lobster I chose to include a range of objects that
highlighted some of my observations about the world I lived in. I wanted it to reflect

Environmental Planning : Australia, Environment And...
Environmental Planning in Australia
Executive summary
In Australia, environment and planning laws are integrally linked and legislation aims to balance the right to use and develop property with the need to
preserve and protect environmental quality. An intergenerational report is presented every 5 years which shows the country's plans for next 40 years to
preserve the environment which includes different aspects like land, water, ecosystem etc. and use the resources in a way so that there are enough
resources for future generations. In this report we will be discussing how the intergenerational repot of 2015 is going to help to sustain the environment.
Introduction
Environmental planning is the process of evaluating how social, political, economic and governing factors affect the natural environment when
considering development. The goal of environmental planning is to come up with a win–win situation for society and the environment. With successful
environmental planning, society wins by being able to use the area in productive ways, and the environment wins by being able to sustain itself for
future generations. It is about protecting natural ecosystem and environment, protecting and enhancing land, water and air quality. It also includes
promoting sustainability and waste reduction and Ensuring that actions result in a net gain to natural systems.
Background
Situation Analysis
The 2015 Intergenerational Report flagged that Australia, like the rest

Biomes and The Food Production
Introduction
It has been suggested that food production has changed some biomes in Australia, from natural systems to systems completely dominated by humans.
In the following essay a number of points will be discussed to show my support of this statement. The following paragraph will discuss the definition
of a biome and examples of these in Australia will be outlined.
Following this food production in Australia will be discussed and the effects this has had on the land.
In the next paragraph the impacts of this farming will be outlined and possible solutions discussed.
Finally, in the last paragraph my opinion on the above statement will be addressed.
What is it?
Biomes are large ecological spaces on the Earth's surface where fauna and flora have adapted to the environment. As Australia is a huge area it has
great number of different biomes. The main biomes found here include wetlands and rivers, savanna, sea grass meadows, old growth forests and deserts.
Wetlands and rivers are found in low–lying areas or alongside rivers, lakes and streams. They provide a water and food source and are a habitat for
many native and migratory birds.
Another biome is the Savanna. Savanna includes the grasslands. They can be flat with few trees or shrubs or open woodland. This biome is used by
farmers for animals to graze. The Aboriginal people would hunt the animals found here for food.
Seagrass meadows are submerged flowering plants that form off long,

Project Law: Save Our Waters
Project SOW (Save Our Waters) is a project located in Murray Darling Basin to stop polluting our water. Project SOW is a project that makes sure
you place your rubbish in the bin correctly. Around the basin, within every few meters there should be bins with lids on top of them (so the rubbish
doesn't fly away), there should be multiple signs telling you the dangers of polluting and there should be harsher punishments for not disposing of
rubbish correctly. Also we should have advertisements where celebrities tell you why rubbish is harmful to the ecosystem. The purpose of Project
SOW is to stop littering because it harms the ecosystem of Murray Darling Basin and become an environmentally safe community. My project is
important as it help the

Challenges To The Australian Constitution
The Australian Constitution creates a highly contemporary federal structure, which means that intergovernmental relations are very important for the
system to operate effectively in which Section 51(xx) of the constitution provides shared powers to state and federal government. The Commonwealth
and states sought to achieve uniform corporate regulation from the 1960s, resulting in the corporations law.
Today Australia's federalism is facing many challenges , including an ageing population and intensifying global competition . No government in
Australia whether it's a state or commonwealth can respond successfully to these challenges of national prosperity and economic performance by its
own .Hence needs the intergovernmental cooperation to solve the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Professor Ross Garnaut, notes that:
"Every area of policy reform–delivery, delivery of services of all kinds, taxation in general and reform of the whole range of competition policy issues
ends up depending on federal–state financial issues. ... the next wave of productivity raising reform is going to depend on the quality of federal–state
relations".
1.2 Wrong allocation of Powers by Constitution:
Australia's federation falls well dumpy of the seamless is that our States have primary responsibility for some functions they shouldn't have – in
particular, ones involving cross–border spillovers, such as the setting of regulations for mining, or food standards, as well as setting rules and
regulations for transport, industrial relations, occupational health and safety.
That means they face the wrong incentives when they make decisions: they think of themselves, when they should be thinking of Australia as a whole.
And their decisions typically result in multiplicity and disintegration in rules and regulations, thereby leading to unnecessarily high transaction costs for
businesses and

Murray-Darling Basin Analysis
Introduction
Australia is the driest place continent on earth. This fact requires Australia to conserve its water by utilizing basin to prevent a shortage. One of the
most famous water conservatory is Murray–Darling Basin that is located in the South–East of Australia. It has 22 sub–catchments and one of which, is
the Mitta Mitta river, which is located in Victoria. The Mitta Mitta river contains 0.9% catchment areas, however, the river contributes 10% of the total
water flow in the Murray–Darling Basin. The river flows across Victoria's alpine scenery from Dartmouth, Eskdale, to Mitta Mitta and across four
major tributaries. The aim of this paper is to outline the Mitta Mitta river in terms of its aspects that contribute to the Murray–Darling ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Mitta Mitta river is managed by local councils or regional water authorities. The responsibility of the water resources also includes local, regional,
state, and the Australian government's. All of these people responsible for the planning, implementation, evaluation and improvement, monitoring and
reporting (See figure 2). These people in charge of cooperation to ensure the network of authorities, manages water responsibly and fairly, that
catchment and waterway health is maintained or improved through catchment management authorities, and that water saving, re–use and flood
management projects are implemented. State governments must manage their state's water resources according to state and commonwealth water
legislation. Governance is under obligation for the priority setting, stakeholder engagement, accountability, coordination, resourcing, and research. In
addition, there are operations to implement a number of plans and programs to ensure the environmental flow of the waters in the Basin. The
Australian government (2016) points out, such programs include the Basin Plan to guide the sustainable extraction of water from the Basin,
Basin–wide environmental watering strategy to guide the use of environmental water across the Murray–Darling Basin to help achieve the best
possible results over the long term, Basin salinity management strategy to

Social, Economic, Political And Environmental Factors Of...
Table of Contents
Contents
Introduction2
Background2
Social Impacts3
Positives3
Figure 1.3
Negatives3
Economic Impacts4
Positives4
Negatives4
Political Impacts5
Positive5 5
Figure 3.5 5
Figure 2.5
Negative5
Environmental Impacts6
Positives6
Figure 5.6 6
Figure 4.6
Negatives6
Figure 6.6
Figure 7.6
Conclusion7
Introduction
This report will discuss the phenomenon of Globalisation in Australia. The report will analyse the social, economic, political and environmental factors

of globalisation in Australia. In these factors will discuss the positives and negatives of each impact. Then an overall conclusion will be made about
whether Globalisation is a negative or positive in Australia.
Background ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The process of globalisation has been the catalyst for increased global interconnections. (Costello, 2004). Global interconnections are linked to
developments in transport, communications technologies along with the increased influence of large regions of the globe. These changes are also
responsible for the breaking down of national borders and the creations of a virtual business globe. The enhancement of business opportunities in social
globalisation in Australia has benefited the creation of jobs and employment.
Negatives
Particular drawbacks of social globalisation are our reliance on technology, loss of cultural identities, and fear of job loss in developed countries,
increased risk of epidemics as people are more mobile and the increased threat of terrorism.
Our reliance on technology can be a negative effect on social globalisation as we miss social exchange with countries that do not have the technology to
communicate in this matter. Another disadvantage is the potential dominance of other countries on Australian society. Australia is influenced by more
established regions such as; USA, Britain and Europe. This can be a negative as other cultures begin to flourish through our country and Indigenous
people and smaller cultures lose value and meaning.
Fear of job loss is another negative impact of social globalisation. As new technology begins to rapidly grow through the world,

Shoreline Flow Pipeline Research Paper
The revised basic Pipeline grid structure of the 'Reverse the Flow Plan to save the Murray–Darling Basin' detailed in reports [17 A & B, 13,14,4–7] &
'Climate Change, Deforestation, Carbon Pollution Reduction, An Alternative Solution' report [7]. [Complete sets of the reports, forwarded to the SA &
Federal Governments over the past two years are inter related, frequently overlap and should be read conjointly] Stage 1 The Burdekin – Dalrymple
Project: Piplines – L. Dalrymple to Isaac R. 50–100 km, Herbert R. to Burdekin R. 20 km, Fitzroy–Dawson Rs. to Auburn 100–150 km & Auburn to
Condamine via Charlie's [Durah Creek] at it's origin 30–40 km. The Shoreline Flow pipeline from the Normandy R. past Cooktown, Cairns, Innisfail &
Tully to the Herbert R. can be added gradually. The NE–NSW Shoreline Flow Pipeline Project: from... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
to the Namoi R., then two subsidiary pipelines each less than 20 km from Namoi R. to Gwydir R. at Kingston and from Gwydir R. to MacIntyre R. at
Inverall. A connection from the Condamine R. at Durah Ck. to the Moonie R. at it's origin completes the distribution to the northern section. The
distribution to the southern section is made with the pipeline from the Lachlan R. to the Murrumbidgee R. which already has connections to the
Murray R. Existing pipelines & irrigation channels of course will be utilised and may reduce the length of pipelines required. The SE Shoreline Flow
Pipeline Project: from the Mitchell R. connecting Nicholson, Tambo, Snowy, Brodribb, Bemm, Cann, Thurra, Wigan & Genoa Rivers in SE– Victoria
[ East Gippsland ] detailed in report [5], then Towamba, Bega, Murah, Tuross, Deua & Clyde Rivers in SE– NSW. With the connection to the
Mitta–Mitta R. the waters can be delivered either to the L. Dartmouth & Hume Dam major reservoirs or to L. Burragorang then onto the basin

Murray Darling Basin Analysis
Murray–Darling Basin
The Murray Darling Basin is a river catchment located in Victoria, Queensland and New South Wales. It is one of the most iconic basins in Australia.
Today we will be talking about the history of the basin and the people who live there.
Over 2 million people live in the Basin but, people who live outside the Basin still heavily rely on the water from it, so over a total of 3.3 million
people need water from the Basin. The basin also supplies food for these aboriginal people, like the native fish in the area for all of the nations. There
are 45 aboriginal nations in the basin, compared to Australia having over 500 nations.
It hasn't always been aboriginals living in the basin, European settlers have used the river system

Analysis Of The Murray Darling Basin Authority's Basin Plan
Introduction
(background information, purpose of the plan(sustainable basin balance),SDL,wentworth group.
SDL: sustainable division limits
The purpose of this report is to evaluate the Murray Darling Basin Authority's Basin Plan (MDBA Basin Plan) revised in 2012 and the
recommendations made by Wentworth Group as well as the comments made by regional industry and development groups and state governments. The
previous version of this plan (the one released in 2010) has not met the its targets and has been criticized for overemphasis on meeting environmental
targets made the Wentworth Group of Scientists rather than considering regional social and economic issues. The revised plan focuses more on socio–
economic impacts, salinity and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The guide to the Basin plan states that the range of water needed to be returned to the river system is between 3856 GL and 6983 GL. This is to
secure the health of river system. The volume of water defined in the revised plan is only 2750 GL/y, which is not sufficient to meet the requirements.
The revised plan does not collect sufficient data to adjust the recovery of surface water. This is shown in the statement on the 2011 basin plan done by
Wentworth group that they are unsure about the what the outcomes of this reduction of 2750 GL/y would be since the revised plan does not provide an
information about it. (page12).
The Wentworth group points put that "these groundwater allocations are in aquifer systems that are considered to be highly connected to surface
water."( statement on the 2011 draft Murray darling basin plan,page13).Large change in the extraction of groundwater is unreasonable and has negative
effects on the surface water resource since groundwater system is linked closely to surface water. The revised plan does not take the relationship
between groundwater and surface water into consideration and it assumes that they are two separate systems. This results in an inaccurate increase in
SDL of groundwater resource.
The Wentworth group identifies that there is insufficient information provided on estimating the cost and feasibility of handling rivermanagement
infrastructure

River Torre Research Paper
ONCE BEAUTIFUL RIVER GONE TO THE FISHES?
If I said green, grimy and Adelaide, your mind would instantly race to the contaminated River Torrens. The River Torrens makes up a 85km stretch of
the Murray–Darling Basin and is vital to the water security of Australia. But, yet it used to flow on a seasonal basis through and would have been used
for leisure activities, such as swimming. If you looked at the River Torrens now you could never tell that's what it was used for, and instead, you can
see the unsightly weir restricting water flow and the murky brown–green water plagued with environmental issues.
Two of these such issues are algal blooms, caused by various cyanobacteria, and the introduction of carp into ecosystems. The effects of carp... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aeration pumps have successfully been used in many rivers and dams to lower algal blooms, they work by reducing nutrient load in the water
column and mixing algae deeper into the water so that they are deprived of light, other methods such as algaecides are also used as these are toxic
to the algae or cyanobacteria, but using algaecides can come with great risks and may cause more problems. As a part of a redevelopment plan,
the city of Adelaide has been looking at potential ways to remove the algae and rubbish in the river, the plan is to lower the weir so that there is a
flow of water. This means that nutrients will be moving through and not concentrated in a singular spot, reducing the likeliness of algal blooms. At
the moment the most that are being done on carp is a ban on releasing them back in the waterway, however, many people are working on an
alternative. One of these alternatives is the release of a 'carp herpesvirus' this acts as a biological agent introduced to the waterway, wiping out large
majorities of carp in one swift go. However, there are issues with this once in the waterway it cannot be removed and carp may develop resistance and
there would have to be a massive clean–up undertaken to remove all the dead

Essay
Implementation of the MBDA's salinity initiatives require heavy effort and planning, including multiple salt interception schemes. The natural
approach to removal of salt is to let the Murray river flow into the ocean, so it is essential that the mouth of the river be kept open and outward flow
continuously be monitored through electric conductivity units (ECU). There are 18 interception schemes operating as of now, they are large pumping
systems that pull groundwater and drainage water from the environment diverting them into a salt basin away from the river. This process is effective
as it prevents more than half a million tons of salt yearly from threatening the waterway and reduces the electric conductivity, which means the amount
of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a quick fix they put monitoring pressures on institutions such as Goulburn–Murray Water in Victoria and Murray Irrigation Limited inNew South
Wales, who in prior years acted solely as companies that added irrigation infrastructure. Turning irrigation infrastructure institutions into natural resource
managers became a means of mitigating the impact of future droughts while protecting state financial interests. Perhaps Murray Irrigation Limited will
enforce stricter regulations on the upstream farms from the Barkindji, and although they aren't intentionally helping them, this could have positive
effects in their favor. Another way New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia are mitigating and preparing for future droughts is through policies
and funding to institutions. Australia's governments have invested "$12.9 billion into 10 years of water reform funding through the Water for the
Future Program" (MDBA, 2016). This program and the funding it received helped create the Basin Plan, a fundamental structure in helping all native
people have a title right to the Murray–Darling Basin's waters thus protecting tribes such as the Barkindji when properly enforced.
The Basin Plan has many other outlined initiatives as well, such as an allocation announcement, meaning the amount of water per access entitlement
can change and will be announced if so. The ADWG, an earlier mentioned guideline, was in the plan as well as many other measures to prevent
depletion,

Agricultural Production Simulation Paper
Existing climate variability is a fundamental driver of cotton production in Australia. Negative effects of anthropogenic climate change will increase the
existing climate–related production challenges to the Australia cotton industry most likely through significant fruit loss, lower yields and reduced water
use efficiencies due to higher temperatures (Williams et al. 2014; Bange et al. 2010). On average, on cotton–producing farms, cotton makes up the
largest proportion of farm income (approximately 66%) in terms of gross value of production and yet only comprises about 10% of the total farm
area (ABARE 2012; Roth 2010). 80% of cotton producing farms are irrigated and consequently overall production is very sensitive to water availability
and price (McRae et al. 2007; Roth... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2014) built on this research by using the biophysical crop production simulation model APSIM (Agricultural Production Simulator, (Keating et al.
2003) with one of the hottest and driest future climate change scenarios (the CSIROMk3.5 A1FI scenario) to provide information on the impact of
climate change on cotton yield and irrigation water requirements for the southern Queensland region. These simulations highlight the complexity of the
cotton production system especially the ameliorating effect of CO2 fertilisation on growth that would otherwise be highly compromised with
decreased rainfall. The simulations indicate yields increasing by 5.9% to 2030, but then decreasing by 3.6% to 2050.
However, a requirement of the model was that available soil water was kept at 65%. In order to achieve this irrigation volumes needed to be increased
by 47.4% (2030) and 48.7% (2050). It is highly questionable whether the adaptation response of increasing irrigation–volumes to maintain ASW by this
amount is realistic. For example, changes in Government policy lead to the Murray Darling Basin Cap (Authority 2010) reduces the amount of water
available for irrigation in the area by 14% by

Humpback Whale Communication
Whales are highly intelligent creatures and possess many human like qualities such as the ability to teach, learn, cooperate, and grieve. They
communicate using echolocation, by which sounds are able to travel for miles as the sound waves propagate in the water (Whale Communication and
Vocalizations, 2015). The sounds will echo back to thewhale that sends them and this form of communication can travel at a speed of one mile per
second. Different species of whales take on various forms of communication as is evident by the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, who
communicate by singing. Both male and female humpback whales vocalize, but only the males produce the characteristically loud and complex "song"
with distinct themes and melodies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The communication between humpback whales of different regions is shown by a pattern of horizontal transmission of multiple song types in an
unidirectional pattern eastward through the populations in the western and South Pacific over an 11–year period displays (Murray et al., 2012). "Most
song types were first documented in the eastern Australian population and spread to New Caledonia and Tonga, and then on to American Samoa, the
Cook Islands, and finally to French Polynesia" (Garland et al., 2011). This example of cultural transmission of behavior was replicated in multiple
populations in a vast geographic region and the level and rate of change of this cultural transmission is unparalleled by any other nonhuman animal
(Murray et al., 2012). The vocal linkage between the Indian and South Pacific Ocean basins raises the question of how far a single song type can be
horizontally transmitted and how adaptive humpback whales are to change in their habitat (Southern Indian ocean humpback whales found singing
different tunes, 2015). Investigating the underlying mechanisms of song evolution may allow insights into the transmission of cultural traits and the
evolution of culture and behavior in humpback

Eastern Uplands Research Paper
EASTERN AUSTRALIA
Eastern Uplands
Proof of volcanic activity related to the break–up of Australia and Antarctica is seen at Bunbury, which is located 150km south of Perth, at the point
where the basalt is of early Cretaceous, also on the middle Jurassic Kangaroo Island. However, evidence of Cenozoic eruptions is only seen in Eastern
Highland. All through the Cenozoic, hot spot volcanic event transpire (Sutherland et al., 1985). Most of these events follow the Miocene (Stephenson
et al., 1980) with recent eruptions close to the southern and northern margin of volcanic zone at southeast of South Australia and north Queensland
respectively.
Neotectonism is express in different ways in the eastern Uplands of north Queensland, in Atherton and Chillagoe territory. Some are identify by
magmas dating (e.g. Nulla Volcanic Region) to know youngest ages (Nulla Volcanic Region) while others hold ropy structure (pahoehoe). In Atherton
territory, most recent Pleistocene (Eacham) basalt is openly exhibited. Other evidence of neotectonics in Eastern Upland are seen where the Lake
George and Shoalhaven reverse fault offset Palaeozoic layers across Miocene.
Similarly, the Melbourne wrap has been active (Gill, 1961) leading to different faults that have decided deposition and landscape formation in the south
Gippsland region of eastern Victoria (Jenkin, 1976b).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neotectonic frames show comparable arrangements. Therefore, with respect to any given region the peaks of A–tents indicate comparable directions.
New fault scarps have a tendency to be correlated with the territorial lineament

Environmental Planning Of Australia And Urban Development
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING IN AUSTRALIA
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
This report provides an analysis and evaluation of environmental planning of Australia and urban development. There are 3 relevant case studies of
ecologically sustainable development that is clean land, clean air and plan for a clear environment. All the information presented and conceptualizes
the state of environmental planning in Australia in relationship between urban form community and government attitudes to natural processes, resource
management and policy development and also applying practical ideas to corporate sustainability management in Australia.
Background:
The evolution of environmental sustainability started in the 20th century, the first problem recognized by the environmental managers was the air
pollution which creates smog because of the automobiles and industries but that was not the only problem.
"In the 1950s, the Eisenhower administration described air pollution as a "local problem." Of course, today we know it is a global problem – we track
pollution from China blowing to the US, for example – but that early view probably shaped how air quality is regulated today via very strong state
participation."
The environmental management has now introduced new policies regarding environmental sustainability to develop a positive environment for the
future generation in which they have made a proper study regarding environment essential in many institutes so that people can have much awareness

Effects Of Climate Change: The Murray Darling Basin
Effects of climate change
The Murray–Darling Basin is facing the challenge of climate change, including estimated increases in temperatures and evaporation, and a reduce in
precipitation and runoffs to the rivers and wetlands, particularly in the southern MDB (Dunlop and Brown 2008). A projected model that makes a
comparison between the historical climate change and the 2030 expected figures conducted by The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization (CSIRO) suggests that, water yield in the MDB is estimated to decline, with median estimated reductions of 12% and 24% in
end–of–system flows towards the end of 2030. Pittock and Finlayson (2011) pointed out, the frequency bushfire is also expected to increase due to
climate change, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The CAT bonds are event–linked securities that pays off on the occurrence of a defined catastrophic The risks of catastrophe are shared among
investors and in return they receive a rate of investment. When certain catastrophic event occurs, such as bushfire and flood mentioned above, the
investor will loss their investment and the issuer receive the money to cover their loss (Cummins 2008). The ability to access the capital markets is an
advantage of the CAT bonds and the bonds are attractive to investors because of the low correlations to financial variables, hence they are valuable for
diversification (Litzenberger et al., 1996). Also, Harrington and Niehaus (2003) argue that another important advantage of CAT bonds as a financing
mechanism is the low corporate tax costs incurred compared to equity financing and the bonds are subject to less credit risks. However, for CAT bonds,
problem exists for the difficulty in determining the price or premium, giving that information regarding catastrophic events may be insufficient in most

Missouri River Research Paper
The fragility of river biome ecosystems are increasing more and more with each passing year. Development of man–made, hydraulic obstructions and
pollution are two of the biggest factors putting the Missouri River at risk. Less than 70% of the planet's longest 177 rivers are without man–made
structures, such as dams. The number will only continue to increase as global populations grow and untapped rivers are targeted. Structures built on
rivers negatively affect plants, animals, and especially humans, as the majority of water used by people comes from rivers. The effects of interfering
with the natural flow of rivers can already be seen in the straining of the Colorado, Indus, and Yellow rivers, as they have begun to dry before reaching
the sea. It is only time before the Mississippi River, which is a continuation of the Missouri River, is affected as such. The aforementioned
demonstrates the expanding environmental harms rivers are facing. Backing this up, scientists have shown that disrupting a river's natural flow
patterns incredibly affects its wellbeing. For ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the surface of the river, the water, with the help of heat provided by the sun, can evaporate and go up into the Earth's atmosphere. From the
clouds, the water can now fall back down onto land or a body of water as precipitation. Going back to the basin, the water can also travel to a new
site after it is consumed by an animal, such as a bear or otter, living near the river. From here, it will eventually have to leave its body as urine or
fecal matter. Once again starting the cycle, this time as underground, near the river, the water can be taken up by the roots of plants such as trees or
grass. Next, the water can leave the plant through transpiration and go into the Earth's atmosphere. The water cycle doesn't go in a perfect circle, and
there are many options and paths for water to take as it travels from location to

Informative Speech On Water
Speech Paloma
Water covers 70% of our planet, and it is easy to think that it will always be plentiful. However, freshwater, what we drink, bathe in, irrigate our farm
fields with makes up only 3% of the world's water, and two–thirds of that is stored in frozen glaciers or unavailable for our use. Many of the water
systems that keep ecosystems thriving and feed a growing human population have become stressed. Rivers, lakes and aquifers are drying up or
becoming too polluted to use. Already, 80 countries suffer from water shortages that threaten health and economies while 40 percent of the world–more
than 2 billion people–does not have access to clean water or sanitation
We usually associate water shortages with a lack of drinking water, but global water scarcity has a critical impact onfood security. Agriculture
consumes more water than any other source. Climate change is altering patterns of weather around the world, causing shortages and droughts in some
areas and floods in others. Water is key to food security. Crops and livestock need water to grow. Agriculture requires large quantities of water for
irrigation and various production processes. Water scarcity may limit food production and supply, putting pressure on food prices and increasing
countries' dependence on food imports
Less water means farming and other crops that need water to grow have lower yield. Water is needed to ensure food security, to feed livestock, and to
conserve the biodiversity and environment.
Australia
With the growing population of the world, demand for food is increasing. This means that Australian farmers are struggling to provide enough food
for the global market, and clean water for irrigation is as important as ever. In Australia, agriculture is the largest consumer of water, representing
around 70% of our total annual water consumption. Australia is a major exporter of food, particularly wheat and beef, to the rest of the world. In
2009, 60% of Australia's agricultural produce was exported overseas. Overall meat production is expected to double by 2050, meaning that even more
pressure will be put on the Australian meat industry. Recent droughts have meant that less water has been allocated to irrigating crops,

Climate Change In Australia Essay
The issue of climate change has become one of the most worrisome issues around the world. Australia, by the way, is one of the most vulnerable
countries to the impact of climate change. Several sectors in Australia have already exposed to the severe effects of this environmental issue including
biodiversity, agriculture, human health, tourism and definitely Australian economy.
First of all, biodiversity is one of the main sectors Australia is well–known of, as it has more than one million species (Australian Bureau of Statistics
2010). Unfortunately, these species can be easily affected by climate and environmental change as they have low adaptive capability. Greet Barrier
Reef particularly Coral Reefs is one example of these threatened species ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The change in temperature as well as water quality and quantity would definitely have an undesirable impact on agriculture. According to some studies,
a rise in temperature due to climate change is predicted to cause decrease in Melbourne's water supply by 7–35%, which is a huge percentage
(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010). According to the Commissioner Mick Keelty, the head of the Australian police, "We could see a catastrophic
decline in the availability of fresh water," (Johnston, T 2007 para. 12). This in fact results in that "Irrigated agriculture in the Murray–Darling Basin
would be likely to lose half of its annual output", and this will lead to decrease in the capability to export food and increase the reliance on food
imports (The Garnaut Climate Change Review 2010). Additionally, livestock industries would be another victim to the crisis of climate change as they
are very sensitive to the change in the climate. For example, the change in temperature will increase the appearance of diseases and pests among
livestock (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010). As it is mentioned in the Garnaut Climate Change Review, "The productivity of livestock industries
will be influenced by the changes in the quantity and quality of available pasture, as well as by the effects of temperature increases

The Effective Management Of Water Quantity Is An Urgent...
Humans demand the need for the worlds freshwater supplies to be cultivated as the global population upsurges. With water being one of the most
important natural resources, once flowing freely in abundance, it is beginning to become a highly valued commodity due to overuse, droughts,
irrigation and damming and reduced water quality. Water management is the administration of water resourced under thorough policies and regulations
that ensure a sustainable supply of water for present and future generations. Australia has the lowest rainfall of all the inhabited continents as well as
the least river water, the smallest area of permanent wetlands and freshwater lakes. Coupled with the highest levels of water consumption in the world,
it is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Collectively, these are fundamental decisions in which we can improve upon the way we utilise water as a resource. Individuals, by implementing these
decisions, are addressing the issue of water conservation through the reduction of water use, reducing water pollution and health risks whilst educating
themselves about matters that affect their water supplies (Bliss and Paine, 2010). Consequently, individuals have been involved in the decision making
process, in order to address the issue of Water management. This is evident through the measures Australian individuals take to ensure sustainability.
The effective management of water quantity is an urgent issue facing Australia. Therefore, in response, various groups have been involved in the
decision making process addressing the issue. Supplying Sydney with fresh, abundant and high in quality water is a significant geographical issue. A
range of organisations have the responsibility for water management and addressing the issues that come along with it. Different groups target different
issues such as the quality, quantity, recycling the water, conserving it and educating communities about the issue. Various groups that have been
involved in the decision making process include The Australian Water Association, Water Group, Every Drop Counts Business Program and The water
management (WM) chair group. The

Effects On The Water Management Of The Murray-Darling Basin
Effects of the Basin Plan on the water management of the Murray–Darling Basin The sustainable and healthy MDB can be made through institutional
changes and improving water management. The Water Act and the Basin Plan were enacted for more desirable and applicable improvements by grant
of flexibility in water management; however there are still challenges to be adjusted by water bodies. Flexible management Through the Water Act and
the Basin Plan, the Commonwealth, the Basin States, and the Murray–Darling Basin Authority ("MDBA") are given flexibility for water management
in various ways. The Water Act, the Basin Plan and its associated water–resource plans grant rights to the agencies of the Commonwealth and States
and other persons... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Humanity has been interrelated with ecosystems, and at present, it is essential to reflect social sciences to environmental issues. Adaptive water
management cannot be reached without understanding the needs of the affected people, and therefore supportable compromise between the
community and institutions is vital. Over a long period of time, the MDB has experienced dramatic changes to its ecosystems, including the landscape
and water cycle. Australia has attempted to revive the ecosystem of the MDB, and has joined international agreements. Thus the Commonwealth and
the State governments also endeavoured to fulfil a constitutional mandate to perform the country's obligations under those agreements. As a result, the
Water Act and the Basin Plan have been enacted to optimise the economic, social and environmental outcomes from water use in the MDB. These
regulatory schemes emphasised critical human water needs and imposed limits on use of water by the SDLs. However it was not easy to satisfy
everyone's demand where "values, needs, and aspirations of people differ from community to community, region to region and State to State".
Integrative water management can only be achieved through transparent communication and effective interactions of different authorities, experts,
interest groups, and the public. However the Water Act and the Basin Plan mainly focused on the scientific experts and organisations, and considered
individuals in the MDB communities less relevant, and therefore the Act and the Plan could not avoid criticism. In addition, it seems that there are
more challenges than benefits of the water management system in the Water Act and the Basin Plan. It seems correct to state that both ecosystems and
human social systems are complex. However through continuous implementations, the combination of ecology and sociology will be able to achieve
sustainable

Discuss Australia's Physical Features
Certificate lll in EAL [Access]
VU21470 Investigate in the Australia environment
Student Name Kanyaphorn Fungsantiphap ID GEC000009T
Task1
Discuss Australia's physical features and climate.
Australia natural geographical features.
1.Lake Eyre and the location is South Australia.
2.Lake Torrens is usually a dry salt with patches of seasonal season water, And the location is South Australia.
3.Lake Gairdner National Park , Location is South Australia.
4.River Murray long 3,75 kilometer from Darling River and location is South Australia.
5.River Darling and location is New south wales, Australia.
6.River Cooper location is South Australia.
7.River Mountain Gambier location is South Australia and near Victoria.
8.Mount Isa and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tem peratures in winter are still quite warm during the day but can drop at night to be quite cold. 17.The New South Wales coast is a subtropicalclimate
region of Australia which experiences four distinct seasons. The eastern areas are characterised by temperiences more humid weather and the south
coast at tracte slightly cooler weather as it is closer to the ocean. 18. Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria and second largest city in Australia, has a
temperate ocean's climate and is well known for its changeable weather conditions. This is mainly due to Melbourne's geographical location. This
temperature differential is must pronounced in the spring and summer months and can cause very strong cold from to form. 19.Tasmania has col
temperate climate with four distinct seasons. The highest corded maximum temperature in Tasmania is 42.2*c [108.0*F] at Scamander on 30 January
during the 2009. South stern Austral heat ware Tasmania lowest recorded minimum temperature is–13.0*c [8.6*F] on 30 June 1983, at Botlers Gorge,
shanon and Tarraleah.
Take 1
Discuss Australia's Physical features and climate
Key features of natural Australia geography 20. River Murry 2520 Km and Darling Basin. 21. Mountain Kosciusko 2,228m 22.Lake Eyre Basin. 23.
Great Victoria Desert. 24.In my opinion about Australia have interesting variety, History and Attractions it's amazing and a good country for living here
for me. I like climate in Australia such as

Salinity In The Murray Darling Basin
The Murray Darling river travels through many states in Australia including NSW and Queensland making it the biggest and most important
source of water in Australia. The Murray Darling is largely affected by salinity in the water and soil. Salinity is a reoccurring problem in Australia
especially in The Murray Darling Basin, as salinity dates back to 140 million years ago when seas dried up and left salt on the sea floor, When the
Murray Darling was discovered, traces of salt were found in the water and in the soil. Salinity in the Murray Darling makes the inhabitable for some
species. Salinity is caused in many ways including Irrigation and clearance of deep–rooted native vegetation with shallow–rooted introduces plants.
Both these points

North East Victorian Catchment Case Study
This report examines the North Eastern Management Victorian Catchment. In particular the area in which is being maintained by the North East
Victorian Management Authority. The bio geographical region will be examined and a complex investigation into some of the threats posed by Land
use and increased demand for resources have had on such a Catchment area. 1.Locate the Catchment and describe the Boundaries and landscape
features. The North East Victorian Catchment is rich in Natural Assets– Covering only two million acres it is located in the North Eastern Regions of
Victoria. It includes three major river basins: The Upper Murray, Kiewa, King and Ovens. The Murray River forms the boundary for the Northern
region, with the Victorian Alps... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, many of the worlds irrigation systems are found in arid, semi arid environments, which climate change will alter significantly in the future
(J. D, Connor, Schwabe, K. King, D. Knapp, K. 2011). Nearly one third of the worlds Nearly one–third of the irrigated land worldwide are affected by
salinization (Schwabe et al., 2011e). Saline environments tend to hinder agricultural production by lowering crop yields, often quite substantially. The
traditional response to the threat of salinity–induced crop yield reductions is to apply water in excess of plant requirements so as to leach the salts out
of the root zone. (Letey and Dinar, 1986). This approach becomes particularly problematic in the case of climate change as reduced water supplies
likely in arid and semiarid regions where salinity is an issue work against such a response. Within the Murray Darling Basin a Panel on Integrated
Salinity Management and Farm Forestry was established in order to combat the effects of dry land salinity. Working in cohesion with landowners the
management team in 2004, launched the Indigo Valley

Human Activities Causes Climate Change Essay
As outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change the recent observable changes in Earth's climate can be related and linked to human
activates in the past few centuries. Our heavy use on fossil fuels contributed up to 56.6% of the greenhouse gases emitted in 2004 as seen in the figure
below (1).This heavy dependence on fossil fuels has encouraged the use, research and development of new alternative energy sources such as Coal
seam gas (CSG) which have reduced greenhouse gas emissions. CSG is obtained through drilling into the pores of coal seams then using water to
fracture and open the pores in the coal seams which contain high levels of methane. After this fracturing process the pressure within the borehole is
reduced and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The article also makes note that more data should be collected before CSG boring occurs in an area so that the environmental effects can be
compared and monitored not just after the boring has occurred. A different study has raised concerns with the salinity levels coming from the
aquifers that CSG has to drill through to obtain the methane gas. In the Murray Darling Basin bores are used to supply water for irrigational
purposes such as crops and cattle. These sub artesian bores have shown that they contain high amounts of salt in the water and contribute to
majority of the above ground salinity levels.(5) The concern arises as CSG is using and accessing the same bores that contain these high salinity
levels however as previously mentioned CSG extracts vast amounts of water to obtain methane gas. In the Condamine catchment within the Murray
darling it was estimated that with the amount of water that CSG extracts from the ground that 588000 tons of salt will be contributed to above
ground water levels in a single year as seen in the figure below. As seen in the figure below CSG would equate for almost 50% of the sources of salt
inputs from the aquifers to surface water (5). The concern with the salt levels in the Murray Darling is being monitored closely as it is a highly
agriculture area and high salinity levels in soils can affect the quality of crops(6).
Reports have also shown concern with the vast amount of chemicals that are used in producing coal seam

Water Resource Management ( Wrm )
Introduction: Water is extremely vital for all forms of life, from microorganisms to humans to ecosystems alike. Water is a key factor in driving
economic and social development within countries, impacting agriculture, energy, sanitation and health, gender equality etc (World Bank, 2014). For
these reasons humans have invested an abundant amount of time, labor, and money into perfecting water infrastructures in an effort to provide water
services for populations worldwide. Water resource management (WRM) goal is to manage and allocate water resources in a manner that satisfies the
demand of domestic, agricultural and industrial water sectors. Often left out of the equation is the water demand needed for ecosystem sustainability.
WRM ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ecosystem Services: Aquatic ecosystems play a pivotal role for living organisms, providing life–supporting services, along with valuable goods and
services for society. Aquatic ecosystems are able to decrease flood damages by storing season floodwaters. They supply humans with water for
domestic, agricultural, and industrial sectors and aid in recharging groundwater supplies, which is an essential source of potable water. Furthermore,
the recharging of groundwater aids in drought mitigation. Freshwater ecosystems play a similar role to water treatment plants in that they filter out
pollutants and purify water. They support a variety of plant and animal life, which ultimately creates a robust food chain, supporting human and wildlife
consumption. Wetlands reduce greenhouse gas emissions by storing carbon dioxide rather than releasing it into the atmosphere. As mentioned above,
ecosystems help mitigate water–related disasters. Aquatic ecosystems provide nutrients to estuaries, river deltas, and maintain soil fertility.
Additionally, by delivering freshwater, freshwater ecosystems are able to maintain salinity balances within estuaries (Postel, 2008; SRWP, 2007; GWP,
n.d.).
Water Demand for Ecosystem/Environmental Flow Requirements: Aquatic ecosystems rely on water to survive and if the amount of water they rely
on dwindles, the ecosystem becomes negatively impacted and the services they provide will

Essay on The Water Shortage in Australia
The Water Shortage in Australia First of all it is necessary to define what the term "water shortage" means. For some people, it means having to
constantly traverse long distances just to reach a source of fresh water and to collect it. For others, water shortage means to content themselves with
water only for a part of day. And finally, there are some regions in which people suffer from droughts that lead to a great amount of deaths. Therefore,
in modern world problem with deficiency in fresh water has become burning question, which needed immediate solution. According to Peter Rogers, it
is not right to consider that providing drinking water is problem that affects only developing nations with dense population. It is easy to see... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In support of this data she says that our society "is moving rapidly into urban areas, and, as a result, we're experiencing more and more water
shortage problems". (Clarke, 2013) As already mentioned, another problem, which has considerable influence on this situation, is climate change.
It is generally known, that climate is closely related with local rainfall and water availability. Peter Rogers claims that surveys, which investigate
the effects of climate change on water availability by 2025 display that it will bring scarcity to loads of places. It is expected that climate change
will exacerbate aridity and reduce supply in many regions, which lead to droughts. (Rogers, 2008) It came to the "Mighty Murray", one of the
Australia's major river, is on the verge of collapse: in some places, children can jump over it. (Water Use, 2011) One more reason for existing
situation is irrational waste of water. If we want to find an adequate solution to this problem, we must try to define how much freshwater each person
requires and what factors impede supply and increase demand. Malin Falkenmark estimates that each person in the world needs approximately 1,000
cubic meters of freshwater per year. This number includes water for drinking, growing food, hygiene and sanitation (Rogers, 2008). One of the possible
solutions

Salinity in the Murray Darling-Basin
Water is the most relied upon resource on earth and if it disappeared life could not and would not exist on this planet. So if one of our main sources of
water in South Australia, The Murray Darling–Basin, becomes unusable then we would need to find the problem and do everything possible to stop it
or counteract it. This report investigates on salinity in the Murray Darling–Basin, using the issue question "Is there enough being done to counteract the
effects of salinity in the Murray?" as the focus. Salinity is a key significant environmental challenge which the Murray faces and if left unmanaged it
could cause serious implications for water quality, plant growth, biodiversity, land productivity, infrastructure and could lead to a loss of... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Causes of increased groundwater levels include inefficient and excessive irrigation, river regulation and, the prime cause, the clearing and replacing of
deep–rooted native trees for shallow rooted crops and pastures.
Clearing and replacing the deep rooted native trees is an issue as plants absorb water as it is soaked through the soil. Plant roots remove the excess
soil water, causing the groundwater to stay under the salt level, which is then recycled back into the atmosphere through the plants leaves . Thus the
deeper the plants roots are the more the plant is able to soak the excess water up from the soil. When the deep rooted vegetation is replaced with
shallow rooted plants the excess water cannot be absorbed causing the excess water/groundwater level to rise which sequentially pushes the salt up
through the soil causing the water to become more saline.
What are the effects of this rise in salinity in the Murray?
When salinity increases, warning signs appear in the landscapes of the affected areas. These warning signs include things like sick and/or dying trees,
declining vegetation, colonisation of tolerant weed–like plants, bare patches where vegetation has died and saline pools in creek beds. These show that
the ecosystem is being affected and at a high rate.
Salinity is serious as it effects many things in the Murray–Darling Basin. If it continues to rise the consequences could be grave and quite long lasting,
some

The Murray Darling Basin 's Natural Environment
Introduction
The Murray–Darling Basin is Australia's most iconic and largest river system, covering over 1,000,000 square kilometres, which is 14% of the total
area of Australia. It extends from the bottom of Queensland to South Australia. The Basin is the catchment area for the Murray–Darling River located
in the interior of South–eastern Australia.
Many of the Basin's natural resources are of high environmental value. It is one of the most significant agricultural areas in Australia, as it accounts for
around $4.8 billion (39% of the national income derived from agricultural production) of Australia's agricultural output and producing over one–third of
Australia's food supply, making it not only of crucial importance to the region, but to the entire nation. Also, more than 3 million people directly depend
on the Basin's water resources.
The Murray–Darling Basin's natural environment is continuing to be under threat from natural and human activities and their consequences. An
example of a human activity affecting the Basin is river regulations and storage. It is recognised as one of the most serious environmental issues in the
Basin. River regulations and storage issues brings enormous strain to the Basin's agricultural communities, industries, economy, and natural
environment.
Several local councils, Government departments, catchment management authorities, including the Murray–Darling Basin Authority, hold the
responsibility of managing the Basin's water

The Murray Darling Basin (MDD)
The Murray Darling River Basin: The Basin can be found in South–Eastern Australia and mostly in the New South Wales, with a hot semi–arid North
and North–East and a warm semi–arid South due to the proximity of the Southern Pacific Ocean ("About The Murray Darling Basin", 2016);
vegetation consists of mostly small shrubs and sparse to semi–dense trees. The two largest rivers are the Murray and the Darling. They both find
headwaters in the Australian Alps, along with other tributaries which flow into the basin, and are influenced by seasonal rainfall but also the La Nina
and El Nino oceanic patterns. The basin itself is a flat plain located on what is known as the Murray Darling Depression (MDD). The plain as it is
roughly seen today was created about 50–60 million years ago the region was a shallow sea; but the region had been a shallow see many times before
this, as sea levels have risen and fallen over the past few hundreds of millions of years. As a recent the tertiary and quaternary sediment deposits
found here can be up to 600m thick (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2003). Inflow of water to the plains is... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Another interesting issue is the carp that were introduced to the dams by fisherman ("General information about carp – biology, ecology and impacts |
NSW Department of Primary Industries", 2016). The carp in the dams spread through the river system and are causing havoc as they breed rapidly and
lower the water quality. The carp are also suspected of coming from fisherman who used them as live bait. There is now an eradication plan underway
using daughterless carp (The Australian Government, 2012). The plan entails introducing genetically modified carp into the ecosystem that only
produce male off spring, thus in theory slowly eradicating the

Mississippi River Discharge Analysis
The Mississippi River is the largest drainage basin in North America with an area 3,230,000 km2, an average annual discharge rate of 15,500 m3/s–1,
and a unit discharge ratio of .005 m3/s1/km2. South America's Amazon River system forms the largest drainage basin on its continent as well as the
world. It covers an area of 6,915,000 km2, has a mean annual discharge of 175,000 m3/s–1, with a unit discharge ratio of .025 m3/s1/km2. [1] The
Volga River runs through centralRussia with an average yearly discharge rate of 8,060 m3/s–1 and has a unit discharge ratio of .006 m3/s1/km2. The
Volga's drainage basin area of 1,380,000 km2 makes it the largest in all ofEurope. [2] In Asia, the most expansive river watershed in terms of area is
found in

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