This document provides a brief history of computers from ancient counting methods to modern electronic digital computers. It describes the progression from early mechanical counting devices like the abacus to mechanical computers invented by figures like Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace. It then discusses the development of electro-mechanical computers using punched cards and early electronic computers like the ENIAC. The document concludes with a overview of the evolution of electronic digital computers from the ABC to modern networking and the internet.

1. A Brief History of Computers
By
Bernard John Poole, MSIS
Associate Professor of Education and Instructional Technology
University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown
Johnstown, PA 15904

2. Pre-Mechanical Computing:
From Counting on fingers
to pebbles
to hash marks on walls
to hash marks on bone
to hash marks in sand
Interesting thought:
Do any species, other than homo sapiens, count?

3. Mechanical computers
From
The Abacus
c. 4000 BCE
to
Charles Babbage
and his Difference Engine (1812)

4. Mechanical computers:
The Abacus (c. 3000 BCE)

5. Napier’s Bones and
Logarithms (1617)
Picture courtesy IBM

6. Oughtred’s (1621) and
Schickard‘s (1623]
slide rule

7. Blaise Pascal’s
Pascaline (1645)

8. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz’s
Stepped Reckoner (1674)

9. Joseph-Marie Jacquard and his punched
card controlled looms (1804)

10. Preparing the cards with the pattern
for the cloth to be woven

11. Charles Babbage (1791-1871)
The Father of Computers

12. Charles Babbage’s Difference
Engine

13. Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine

14. Lady Augusta Ada
Countess of Lovelace
Read Lady Augusta Ada’s translation of Menabrea’s
Sketch of the Analytical Engine

15. Electro-mechanical computers
From
Herman Hollerith’s
1890
Census Counting Machine
to
Howard Aiken
and the Harvard Mark I (1944)

16. Herman Hollerith and his
Census Tabulating Machine (1884)

17. A closer look at the Census
Tabulating Machine

18. The Harvard Mark I (1944)
aka IBM’s Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator (ASCC)

19. The first computer bug
Rear Admiral Dr. Grace
Murray Hopper

20. Electronic digital computers
From
John Vincent Atanasoff’s
1939
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
to
the present day

21. Alan Turing
1912-1954
The Turing Machine
Aka
The Universal Machine
1936

22. John Vincent Atanasoff (1903-1995)
Physics Prof
At
Iowa State
University,
Ames, IA

23. Clifford Berry (1918-1963)
PhD student
of
Dr. Atanasoff’s

24. 1939
The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
The ABC was the first electronic digital computer, invented
by John Vincent Atanasoff

25. 1943
Bletchley Park’s Colossus
The Enigma
Machine

26. 1946
The ENIAC
John Presper Eckert
(1919-1995)
and
John Mauchly
(1907-1980)
of the
University of
Pennsylvania Moore
School of Engineering

27. The ENIAC:
Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer

28. Programming the ENIAC

29. ENIAC’s Wiring!
John Von Neumann came up with the
bright idea of using part of the computer’s
internal memory (called Primary Memory)
to “store” the program inside the computer
and have the computer go get the
instructions from its own memory, just as
we do with our human brain.
John Von Neumann

30. 1951
Univac
Typical 1968 prices—EX-cluding maintenance & support!

31. “What hath God wrought!”
(first telegraph message sent by Samuel Morse, 1844)
Electronic and computing technology quickly progressed—at an ever-accelerating
pace—
from vacuum tubes (Lee de Forrest, the audion, 1907)
to transistors (William Shockley et al. 1947)
to semiconductors (Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce, 1958)
to microprocessors (M.E. “Ted” Hoff, 1971)
to networking and the Internet (Vinton Cerf & Robert Kahn, 1982]
to the World Wide Web (Tim Berners-Lee, 1991)
and beyond…
Whatever next?…

32. Acknowledgements (continued on next slide)
For one of the best written books on the history of computers, check out Engines of the Mind : The
Evolution of the Computer from Mainframes to Microprocessors -- by Joel N. Shurkin (Paperback)
A movingly beautiful book on Alan Turing is Alan Turing: the Enigma, by Andrew Hodges
An excellent, readable book on Cryptography is Simon Singh’s THE CODE BOOK. The Secret History of
Codes and Code-Breaking
Tutorials on the encryption software PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) can be found at
http://www.pitt.edu/~poole/PGPintro.htm
All pictures and some of the information were obtained from various sites on the World Wide Web.
Complete list follows:
Abacus: http://qi-journal.com/action.lasso?-Token.SearchID=Abacus&-Response=culture.asp
Napier: http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Napier.html
http://www.maxmon.com/1600ad.htm
Slide Rules: http://www.hpmuseum.org/sliderul.htm
Pascal’s Pascaline: http://www.thocp.net/hardware/pascaline.htm
Leibnitz Stepped Reckoner: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepped_Reckoner
Jacquard looms: http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/jacquard1.html
http://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/meister/e_web.htm

33. Acknowledgements (continued)
Charles Babbage: http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Babbage.html
http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/babbage/index.asp
Lady Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace: http://www.well.com/user/adatoole/bio.htm
http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html
Electricity: http://www.mediaeng.com/historyelect.html (beautifully written pocket history of
electricity & magnetism)
Herman Hollerith: http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hollerith.html
Howard Aiken & The Harvard Mark I: http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Aiken.html
Alan Turing: http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Turing.html
John Vincent Atanasoff: http://www.cs.iastate.edu/jva/books/mollenhoff/overview.shtml
Biographies of Atanasoff and Clifford Berry: http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Biographies.html
J. Presper Eckert: http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Eckert_John.html
John Mauchly: http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Mauchly.html
The patent controversy: http://www.library.upenn.edu/special/gallery/mauchly/jwm7.html
ARPANet: http://www.dei.isep.ipp.pt/docs/arpa.html
Thanks to the following EDTECH listserv colleagues and friends who have reviewed the presentation
and provided amendments and additional material for inclusion on the slides and in the notes.
Nancy Head, online instructor, Michigan Virtual High School (MVHS), U.S.A., on the web at
www.mivhs.org
Mandi Axmann, Instructional Designer, Open Universities Australia