The Historical History Of American Psychology Essay

The Historical History Of American Psychology Essay
The historical underpinnings of American psychology came by way of Francis Bacon and John Stuart Mill philosophy, Charles Darwin evolutionary
biology, Chauncey Wright evolutionary psychology, and Wilhelm Wundt volunteer psychology generally (Green, 2009; Wright, 1873). From these
philosophical and biological contributors came two major schools of American psychology, namely structuralism and functionalism (Green, 2009;
Caldwell, 1899; biological terms; see Boucher, 2015, pp. 384–385), which emerged as competitors of thought on how to describe and explain the human
mind and behavior specifically (Angell, 1907; Caldwell, 1899; Green, 2009; Green, Feinerer, & Burman, 2013). The conceptual reality of this debate
between the two schools is foundational and must be understood in order to build the proper picture of how American psychology has established
itself as a "marker" by which America, and I proffer, the world evaluates psychology as a whole. It is in this historical context where the soil was
cultivated for the planting of these two schools and how each one takes root, flourishes, and how they both eventually find a reticent subjugation to
modern forms of psychological preeminence. Therefore, this paper will discuss the historical nature and foundational construct of structuralism,
functionalism, and the process of change for American psychology to be where it is today.
Structuralism developed as the first American school of psychology and some of the conceptual
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Was Psychology Really Founded in 1879 or Was It in...
Was psychology really founded in 1879?
Or was it in existence before that specific time?
Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) officially opened an institution and laboratory for Psychology, in Leipzig, Germany. Many students were also taught here
on experimental psychology. Wundt was touted as a great lecturer, and some of those taught, emulated Wundt's work and made a significant
contribution to psychology; for example Edward Titchner (1867–1927), who introduced structuralism to the United States of America.
This facility was renowned through out the world as the premise on which psychology became a science, because, it was there Wundt carried out
extensive research on several hypotheses.
Claiming the title of 'Psychologist' Wundt ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wundt's lectures sometimes exceeded over 250 students; 186 graduates were trained by Wundt, a total of 116 from the discipline of psychology and
the other 70 came from the discipline of philosophy respectively.
Voluntarism
Greek philosopher Plato (427–347 BCE) asked "Why should we not calmly and patiently review our own thoughts, and thoroughly examine and see
what these appearances in us really are?" Wundt's introspection reflects very much on that question, as it relates to self observation, and internal self
perception.
Wundt conducted several experiments on persons of a certain criteria who were highly trained in self observation: they had to be of sound mind, quick
to notice and respond to stimuli, physically healthy, not preconditioned in any way, and exercised good judgment. During these experiments the
individuals were encouraged to give accurate cognitive facts immediately after the application of the stimuli.
With the use of varying apparatus around his laboratory Wundt sought out to get the response to sensation or the nerve impulse given from the brain,
when pressure, cold or heat was applied; the reaction to sound–simple noise of tones; smell; tasting of items–bitter, salty or sweet; light–achromatic or
chromatic. What they had experienced in regard how the stimuli made them feel, whether it was pleasant or unpleasant, if it

Aristotle 's Influence On The History Of Psychology
Chapter One Objectives 1. Describe Aristotle 's role in the history of psychology. Aristotle, a Greek Philosopher, was born in 384 B.C.E. and was
known to show an interest in living things. To find out how plants and animals organs sustained life, he collected and dissected them. He
deliberately engaged on studying the reproduction of life to see how each generation and actions of living people spoke, remembered, and learned.
Aristotle defined the meaning of psyche as the essence of life. Translated to mean "life" from the ancient Greek, but also almost shares the same
meaning as "breath." The word logo means "the study of." The famous Greek Philosopher believed that the word psyche escaped from the last dying
breath. Today, modern psychologists believe the same thoughts that Aristotle believed long ago, and still study the same thoughts, feelings and actions.
Plato, a man who believed by just thinking about it, you could understand and achieve fully, trained Aristotle in philosophy. Aristotle did not agree on
Plato's belief, and soon came up with his own. He believed that in order to understand, you must observe what is being studied by looking, listening or
touching it. Aristotle's method of studying is now the base of contemporary science. Modern scientists are now engineering more efficient and precise
ways of observing. In conclusion, Aristotle awoke the world with the study of live, which grew to the study of modern science of phycology. 2.
Identify the four

Scientific Principles Of The Work Of Wilhelm Wundt Essay
This essay will look at scientific principles used today to perform psychological research and find similarities and differences of that research style in
the work of Wilhelm Wundt; this will be done through looking at his approach to psychology, his lab and the impact he had on psychology in general.
The essay will then consider the Gestaltists approach to psychology by looking at their main beliefs, experiments and their legacy and link it to the
scientific principles. Finally, it will summarize the influence both Wundt and the Gestaltists had on establishing psychology as a science.
Scientific principles describe the steps of psychological research, how the understanding of behaviour is assessed, how variables are defined and data
can be received.
The psychological research consists of seven steps as can be seen in figure 1.
Figure 1 (Passer, Smith, & Holt, 2010, pp. 40–41)
The scientific principles also consist out of how approaches to understanding behaviour are made: through prediction, control and theory building as
well as how variables are defined and data to measure behaviour can be received.
The first academic to look at is Wilhelm Wundt by applying the scientific principles to his work and his contribution to establish psychology as a
science. Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) was a German physician who became interested in applying the physiological methods to psychological
phenomena and "wanted to model the study of the mind after the natural sciences." (Passer et

Forensic Psychology
Discussion Question One Hugo MГјnsterberg was a pioneer in applying psychology to many areas outside of a laboratory. In his clinical work,
MГјnsterberg sought to treat the symptoms of abnormal behavior, rather than discover what may have created the reasons for the symptoms
(Hergenhahn & Henley, 2014). In this way he differed from others in this time period, such as Freud, which he did not seem to agree with.
MГјnsterberg was the first that we know about to apply methods and principles of psychology to dealings of law, thereby bringing about forensic
psychology (Hergenhahn & Henley, 2014). He used psychology in many aspects of legal matters, including interrogation by police, the fallibility of
eyewitnesses, and even detailed a machine to detect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Behavior that is harmful, unrealistic thoughts and awareness, emotions that are incongruous to a situation, and behavior that is erratic or
unpredictable are persistent characteristics of mental illness (Hergenhahn & Henley, 2014). Acts that harm either an individual, or another person,
and which do not conform to cultural or societal values are generally seen deviating from normal behavior. This is also true of emotions that do
not fit with a certain setting or cultural venue. An example would be public executions, since at various times in history such an event would
sometimes be viewed as a time for frivolity or at least a superficial interpretation of death. In many current societies this would be seen as departing
from normal behavior. The main factor of whether or not unpredictable behaviors or improbable beliefs and observations will be seen as abnormal
largely depend on the degree to which they are displayed. At times, leaders and visionaries are seen as unpredictable or have a belief that is not
supported by the rest of society, but how much these thoughts or behaviors are seen as deviate will

The Cognitive Revolution In The 1950s And 1960s
The changes in how different psychological processes were identified and understood in the 1950s and 1960s is what many refer to as the "cognitive
revolution." The introduction of research in problems that have already been met – for instance, studying problems of memory and decision making –
led to the new approach of theorizing. The cognitive revolution focused on just a couple of key concepts. One idea that stemmed during the cognitive
revolution is that the science of psychology cannot direct study the mental world. Another idea that grew during the cognitive revolution was that in
order to understand behavior, the science of psychology has to study the mental world (Cognition, pg. 8). Research performed by Wilhelm Wundt and
Edward Titchener concluded that the only way to study thoughts is to introspect, or examine one's own thoughts and feelings, to observe and record
content of their personal minds and understand the sequence of their own experiences. This proved to be a difficult task, nonetheless. Wundt and
Titchener believed that introspectors would need to be carefully trained. The training included being given a vocabulary to describe what they
observed, taught to be as careful and complete as possible – reporting solely on their experiences, with as little personal interpretation as possible.
Concerns grew with this style of research over the years. Investigators were forced to acknowledge that some thoughts are unconscious, which would
mean that

How Does Galton Influence The Development Of Psychology
Abstract
This paper explores three figures and each person's research and how they influenced the development of the field of psychological assessment. Francis
Galton, James Mckeen Cattell and Wilhelm Wundt and their contributions have revolutionized the field of psychological assessment. Wilhelm Wundt,
the father of psychology, was the main contributor to the establishment of the field. Meanwhile, Galton created some of the many tools of
psychological assessment including questionnaires, rating scales, and self–report inventories. Cattell, a younger contributor than Wundt and Galton
coined the term "mental tests" and published many psychological journals. Understanding these men's contributions will give us a better appreciation
of the field ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Galton soon became consumed by his own work exploring variation in human populations and its implications. Galton's work began with the idea that
human ability was hereditary. While studying human abilities, Galton laid down the foundation of differential psychology and created the first mental
tests. Galton's studies into the mind included detailed recordings of individuals' personal experiences of how their minds dealt with mental imagery.
Galton established the questionnaire to get a better production of this information. His influential study Hereditary Genius was the first systematic
attempt to investigate the effect of heredity on intellectual abilities, and was notable for its use of the bell–shaped Normal Distribution, then called the
"Law of Errors", to describe differences in intellectual ability, and its use of pedigree analysis to determine hereditary effects (Galton.org, n.d.). In his
determination to measure the passing down of characteristics, qualities, traits, and abilities from generation to generation, he formulated the concept of
correlation which led to his understanding of how generations were related to each other (Plucker, 2016). And in the late 1860's Galton discovered the
standard deviation, the core to any statistical analysis (Denby,

Reaction Journal 4 : Structuralism And Edward Titchener
Reaction Journal Four: Structuralism and Edward Bradford Titchener
This weeks reading was over the life and research of Edward Bradford Titchener, the founder of structuralism. Titchener was a student and friend of
Wilhelm Wundt. Even though he supposedly was a self–proclaimed follower of Wundt, his form of psychology was quite different than that of his
teacher. As we learned in chapter four, Wundt's theory about the human mind was based on the view that people could not focus on more than one
thing at a time with precision, that the mind had a self organizing capability, and also that only sensation and perception could be studied
experimentally via apperception. Wundt was interested in the whole experience, Titchener was interested in the components of the experience. Also,
Titchener, believed the opposite of Wundt, that mental processes could be studied through introspection by trained "reagents."
One of the things that I found to be interesting in the chapter about Titchener was that even though he would not allow women to attend or present
papers for his research group, the Titchener Experimentalists (because they were too "pure to smoke," (Schultz, p. 89)), he favored allowing women
into his graduate programs, hiring women as professors and faculty, and recommended them for membership to prestigious organizations such as the
American Psychological Association and the National Academy of Sciences. This was very progressive at this time in history when women were

1960s: A Very Brief History Of Psychology
Psychology is a science that seeks to answer such questions about us all–how and why we think, feel, and act as we do. it was born in December 1879,
in Germany's University of Leipzig. There, two young men were helping an austere, middle – aged professor,
Wilhelm Wundt, create an experimental apparatus. Wundt established the firstpsychology laboratory at this university. Before long, this new science of
psychology became organized into different branches, or schools of thought, each promoted by pioneering thinkers. Two early schools were
structuralism and functionalism. As physicists and chemists discerned the structure of matter, so Wundt's student Edward Bradford Titchener aimed to
discover the mind's structure. He engaged people in self ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Industrial–organizational psychologists, for example, use psychology's concepts and methods in the workplace to help organizations and companies
select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, design products, and implement systems. An example of psychology in the court is when
Forensic psychologists apply psychology's principles and methods in the criminal justice system. They may assess witness credibility, or testify in
court on a defendant's state of mind and future risk. Although most psychology textbooks focus on psychological science, psychology is also a
helping profession devoted to such practical issues as how to have a happy marriage, how to overcome anxiety or depression, and how to raise
thriving children. As a science, psychology at its best bases such interventions on evidence of effectiveness. Counseling psychologists help people to
cope with challenges and crises (including academic, vocational, and marital issues) and to improve their personal and social functioning. Clinical
psychologists assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders. Both counseling and clinical psychologists administer and interpret tests,
provide counseling and therapy, and sometimes conduct basic and applied research. By contrast, psychiatrists, who also may provide psychotherapy,
are medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological

The Father Of Experimental Psychology Wilhelm Wundt (...
The father of experimental psychology Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) and the founder of behaviourism John. B Watson both have opposing and
corresponding views on psychology. In this essay I will compare and contrast both concepts which will include experimental psychology, introspection,
operant and classical conditioning, immediate conscious, objective measurement and lab experiments. Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) was a German
psychologist who wanted to study and examine human immediate conscious experience using experimental methods in the laboratory and higher
mental processes using non–experimental methods (C. James Goodwin, 2012). On the other hand, behaviourist psychologist John. B Watson
(1878–1958) believed that for something to be scientific, it should be replicable and measurements taken should be objective so they could be
accessed by all observers. So instead of describing conscious experiences like Wundt, psychologists should focus on the behaviour of people in terms of
what people do rather that what they are experiencing (Schacter et al, 2012). Wundt studied the immediate conscious experience of individuals. He
would do this by breaking down mental experiences into individual components which were sensations, perceptions and feelings. For example, feeling
the warmth or col rather than the interpretation of it from a thermometer. Even though this is an accurate measure, psychological experience is much
different. As one person feeling the cold may be warmth to another

The Role Of Justice In Jacob And Wilhelm Grimm's Little...
In Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm's Little Snow–White, justice is represented through the development of Snow–White's character, and can be portrayed by
the pronounced attributes that contribute to her transition, such as purity, gullibility, and beauty. The Grimm brothers explore how the bounds of
justice are empowered by the specific characteristics of an individual. Throughout the short story, it becomes evident that Snow–White is portrayed as
pure. She beholds the innocence of youth, which can be seen on multiple occasions. This purity is first exemplified when the narrative notes, "There
was a little table with a white tablecloth and seven little plates, and each plate had a spoon, and there were seven knives and forks and seven mugs as
well...Because... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She remained lying in it, entrusted herself to God, and fell asleep" (Grimm 2). Snow–White is unable to identify, that seeking shelter and falling asleep
in an unknown home, is not an appropriate course of action. Her main focus is her exhaustion, and which bed will allow her to have the most
comfortable sleep. This series of events are set up to show the increase of severity with each situation she encounters. By this, it is meant that she only
continues to act naive and pure. This evidently, helps build up the power behind her character when she decides to end her stepmother's life. Her
decision to fall asleep in the home in the woods only further contributes to the concept of purity; as it is understandable that Snow–White has not
reached the point of maturity to which she can comprehend the severity of her safety. This passage allows the overall amplification of justice to be
seen, through the contrast of her change in character. Leading up to her wedding, Snow–White continues to make decisions that present her as

Assessment Of Mental Health Counseling
Assessment in Mental Health Counseling The day that we come into the world, we start to develop pieces of a personal puzzle that throughout
the rest of our lives we attempt to "fit" into our individual and unique puzzle. As time progresses, we seem to find that some of the pieces may
"fit" very well into place, but we also find that some of the pieces are hard to "fit" into place, even when we try to force the piece in its place. In
fact, some may say that when we try to force pieces into our personal puzzle, it can result in lifelong challenges unless we seek someone who can help
us fit them into the right place in the puzzle instead of trying to force them into place by ourselves. Luckily, there is someone who can help. That
someone... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All assessments will differ depending on the personal issues the client may be dealing with. The practice of assessment consists of collecting important
information about the client that can help him/her, but the main goal is to have a valuable understanding of all that's discussed between counselor and
client. A counselor must continue to grow in the assessment process whether he/she is just getting into the field, or have been in the field for many
years. The assessment process does start right from the first visit with the client, but that does not mean that we ever stop assessing our clients
throughout the length of the therapy process with each client. An assessment must be considered an essential process to all parts of the counseling
techniques in mental health. Whether the counselor practices in a school environment, a private practice, agency, or any other mental health setting,
the assessment needs to play a vital role. Assessment involves knowledge with identifying statements and actions, and collecting what may be needed
in order to grasp what will truly help counsel all clients, whether the therapist is counseling an individual, a group setting, couples with marriage issues
and other complications within a relationship, and other family issues, understanding assessment will instill a continuous improvement in every
counseling setting CITE

The Psychodynamic Approach
With Wilhelm Wundt opening the first experimental psychology lab in 1879, psychology could emerge as its own discipline. From being a branch of
philosophy understood as 'Experimental Philosophy' Wundt enabled psychology to become what we know of it today being the scientific study of the
human mind's functions, especially those affecting behaviours. Following Wundt's lab opening different approaches and perspectives began to arise as
psychology developed. Sigmund Freud published 'The Interpretation of Dreams' in the 1900s; establishing the psychodynamic approach, John B.
Watson writing 'Psychology as the Behaviourist Views It' and BF Skinner establishing the behaviourist approach in 1913, Carl Rogers and Abraham
Maslow developing the humanistic approach in the 1950s, the cognitive approach came with the cognitive revolution ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Psychodynamic Approach describes the different forces (most being unconscious) that operate on themind and direct human behaviour and
experience. This approach is closely associated with the work of Freud as he suggested that we are only aware of the conscious mind which is only
the 'tip of the iceberg' with the unconscious making up most of the mind. Freud claimed that childhood experiences effect how we are as adults. Freud
states that we pass through five stages (the psychosexual stages) and if we experience trauma or excessive pleasure in any of these it will reflect in

The Theories Of The Theory Of Psychology
Psychology develop from its prescientific roots in early understands of both mind and body to the present beginning of modern science by the
numerous contributions of many philosophers. These ideas that are recorded could be traced back to Asia and Europe, where the religions and ideas
of Buddha and Confucius is originated. Ancient Hebrews, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are the philosophers that became very intrigued with how the
mind and body works and debated several reasons that may be the answer. After rough 2000 years passed, a frenchman named Rene Descartes and a
British political philosopher named John Locke had re–disputed over this topic within the 1600s, allowing more ideas that contributed to the
foundations of Psychology.
Important milestones within psychology's early development was when the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Germany by a man named Wilhelm
Wundt. Soon after, psychology was organized into different categories of structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism. Although, the first two schools
were only about structuralism and functionalism. One of Wundt's students, named Edward Bradford Titchener, further explained the ideas of
Structuralism by using self–reflection in order to explain the structure of the mind. Meanwhile for Functionalism, William James promoted these ideas
by exploring how it affects the behavior and function that utilizes our thought process.
Psychology continued to develop through the 1920s to the present because more

Wilhelm Wundt Research Paper
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was born on August 16, 1832 to a Lutheran minister's home in Neckarau, Germany (Hergenhahn, 2005). He was the last
child of the four children and had a reserved and quiet temperament throughout his lifetime (Hergenhahn, 2005). During his childhood, Wundt did not
exceed in academics when compared with his peers. Rather, he was a typical, normal kid. However, while he was studying to be a medical doctor in the
University of Heidelberg he became an outstanding student who passed the state medical board examination placed on the first (Hergenhahn, 2005).
He earned his medical degree in 1855 and then moved on to Berlin in order to study experimental psychology (Hergenhahn, 2005). Wundt became
extremely interested in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike today's Germany, Germany used to be composed of many small states living together. The German states were altogether called the Holy
Roman Empire ("Unification of German," n.d.). Germany's two biggest empires were the Kingdom of Prussia and the Kingdom of Austria. Those two
states were at a war with each other and trying to pursue one another. In 1848, the first attempt to unify the German states began in Paris and spread
quickly throughout the Europe. However, the attempt miserably failed as the executive leader in the unified government was weak in power. The
second effort was led by Prussia Prime Minister, Otto Von Bismark, which German states went into two wars in 1862 and 1866. The last attempt for
unification of Germany took place in the 1870 Franco–Prussian War and finally proclaimed the victory in 1871 in Versailles, France. (Ebbinghaus
participated in this war). In last years of Wundt, the World War I (1914
–1918) broke out and his last years were not as pleasant as he hoped to be.
Wundt was recalled to be one of the most prolific psychologists in psychology history (Hergenhahn, 2005). Wundt produced a total of 53,735 pages
within 67 years of his profession, which leads to writing 2 pages of articles each

Mary Whiton Calkins : An American Philosopher And...
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930), an American philosopher and psychologist, was a pioneer in the growing field of psychology. In a time when
women were excluded from her profession, and limited their in education options, she made significant contributions to psychology, especially in the
study of memory, dreams, color–number Association, and the self. Calkins was one of the first women to receive a Harvard education and qualify
for a Ph.D (Women In Psychology). However, Harvard denied her a Ph.D. because of her gender. Calkins did not let the injustice of society hinder her.
She had a fruitful career and was famous for being the first woman to become president of the APA. This article will discuss Whiton's humble family
beginnings, the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Her father knew that higher education options for women were limited, yet was determined to plan and supervise Mary 's education. She entered
Smith College at 19 with advanced standing as a sophomore. In 1883, the tragic illness and death of her sister Maude (who was a few months younger
than her) was an experience that permanently influenced her thinking and character. Calkins spent the following academic year off at home and tutored
two of her younger brothers. In the fall of 1884, she returned Smith College as a senior and graduated with a concentration in classics and philosophy.
In 1886, her family embarked a sojourn to Europe for over a year. Mary was able to explore Leipzig, Italy and Greece where she expanded her
knowledge of languages and the classics. When they returned, her father arranged a job interview with the President of Wellesley College for women
close to home. There She became a tutor in the Greek department and began teaching in September of 1887. Mary taught Greek at Wellesley for three
years. When Mary was in her late twenties, a professor in the Philosophy Department noticed her excellent teaching skills. He conversed with Mary
the need for a teacher in the developing field of Psychology and offered her the job as long as she studied psychology for a year.
Calkins faced obstacles in meeting the requirement. Firstly, there were few psychology departments at that time. Secondly, getting admitted to a
college that did have a program

It is common belief that Wilhelm Wundt is the father of psychology. While Wundt helped psychology in a great way, he was not necessarily the first
person to do so. Rene Descartes was a philosopher during the Renaissance who is probably best known for the saying "I think, therefore I am." While
Descartes was very prominent in the education field for math and geometry, he also made many great contributions to psychology. Often being called
the founder of Western Psychology, Descartes took what he learned while in school and other religious teachings and let it lead him in his research.
His influence on psychology is still felt today. Rene Descartes was boring in1596. During his youth, he went to a Catholic school. He had convinced
his school ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Descartes believed that the body and the mind were spate. Each had separate functions and purposes. Since he saw our body as self–regulation, he
concluded that the mind had to be separate on account that the mind is what is used in decision making. He supported this claim by saying that
each person does not have to make themselves breath, digest food, or react when pain is involved. He saw the body as a working machine and the
mind as something much more intelligent. In order to help support his theories, Descartes did some research using animals. "If animals generate all of
their behavior without a mind, surely human beings, whose bodies work on the same principles, must have bodily mechanisms capable of producing
much of human behavior." (Hatfield, 2007) Descartes believed that animals were driven by mechanical principles. However, he believed that the
human body was made and designed by God, which makes it a much more complex thing. Comparing animals to humans on a psychological way
influenced Descartes thinking. He began to learn that humans are much more complex and that humans had to ability to fight off their reflexes. The
final piece to the puzzle foe Descartes was determining that unlike animals, humans have passions. "Descartes defined the six primary passions as
wonder, love, hate, desire, joy, and sadness." (Hothersall, 2004, p. 50) These passions separated animals and

Compare and Contrast Wilhelm Wundt's and Edward...
Compare and contrast Wilhelm Wundt's (1832–1920) and Edward Titchener's (1867–1927) systems of Psychology.History of Psychology Michael
Ronan Q. Compare and contrast Wilhelm Wundt's (1832–1920) and Edward Titchener's (1867–1927) systems of Psychology. Wilhelm Wundt was born
in Mannheim, Germany on the 16th of August 1832. He grew up surrounded by a very intellectual family. Wundt was very distant from both his
parents and a very lonely child in his early years in general. When his father suffered a stroke his assistant thought Wundt until the age of 13. At the
age of 13 he entered into a Gymnasium. He failed his first year but graduated at the age of 19. (Nutty 2011) After graduating he went on to study
medicine. After... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The person who was doing the introspection would be fully aware of when and what stimulus would be presented to them. This ensured that the
observer was in full control of the experience. The stimulus would then be presented many times. Introspection was commonly done when the observer
was awaiting the stimulus and when they were reacting to its presentation. It was through using introspection that Wundt and his students concluded
that the sensations and feelings are what constitute the activity in our minds. They believed that the combination of or the relationship between
sensations and feelings are what creates constantly shifting psychological processing. (King et al 2009) At the end of the nineteenth century, Titchener
brought Wundt's basic ideas of psychology to America. He was responsible for translating many of Wundt's works into English as they were all in
German. Many did not now that Titchener only translated what he agreed with and choose not to translate anything he disagreed with. Titchener called
Wundt's ideas structuralism, and tried to study the structure of mental life or consciousness. His structural psychology had three aims: * to describe the
components of consciousness in basic elements, * to describe the combinations of basic elements, * to explain the connections of the elements of
consciousness to the nervous system. (New World Encyclopaedia 2008)

An Overview Of Gestalt Psychology
An Overview of Gestalt Psychology Though not practiced in contemporary psychology, the school of Gestalt–meaning shape or form in Deutsch–was a
predominant topic among German psychologists in the nineteenth century. The term "Gestalt" was coined as a definition for the perception of a whole
separate and different from its parts. Prior to this, psychologists had been analyzing the parts of the whole in order to explain the whole. In order to test
the new theory, principles of Gestalt were established to prove that behavior is holistic rather than mere, singular sensations. These laws include:
Pragnanz, Closure, Continuity, Similarity, and Proximity. Experiments on chimpanzees seemed to indicate that they use insight to solve problems.
Using insight shows that they think holistically, which helps prove Gestalt. This school of thought was often seen as academically lofty and obscure,
but still seems to be referenced–if loosely–today. At the turn of the twentieth century,Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener's atomistic views were
dominant in psychology (LefranГ§ois, 2012). Wundt's structural approach focused on reducing mental processes to the smallest individual unit in order
to understand the whole. Introspection was Wundt's chosen method for discovery. In the United States and elsewhere, behaviorism and its proponents
were also directing research. The behaviorists rejected introspection for stimuli and responses, focusing on observable behavior (LefranГ§ois, 2012).

The Founding Father of Clinical Psychology Essay
The era of discovery in psychology was a fast–paced and debatable one as some of the unlikeliest individuals entered into the realm of the new
science. Some by accident because of their close work with other fields of science and others with the direct intent to create a new school of thought.
During its inception and much of its history, deliberation over how psychology should be defined and what it should encompass filled most of the
scholarly printings and closed–door discussions. As a result, in 1894 Lightner Witmer set out to define an applied psychology where help could be
given to children with learning disabilities.
Lightner Witmer was born on June 28, 1867, in Philadelphia. His name originates from his paternal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Witmer's (1902) book outlined and modeled experiments to their minute detail. He explained the processes necessary to conduct valid and reliable
experiments, the necessary information in an experimental write up, and how to conduct such experiments among students in an academic setting"
(Thomas, 2009). Much of Witmer's beginning success can be attributed to the meticulous ways in which he refined information. The change in his
major proved to be the beginning of what stretched into a 60–year career.
As Witmer continued to excel in his studies his professor, Cattell, decided to take a teaching job at Columbia University leaving Witmer and three
other graduate students without a professor or science program. Instead of switching his major again, Witmer obtained a graduate assistant position in
Leipzig, Germany with Wilhem Wundt, known as the founding father of modern psychology (Thomas, 2009). Wundt however would not let Witmer
complete his dissertation on reaction time data and his research was eventually done on the aesthetic value of individual differences (McReynolds, p
44, 1997). His work was highly acclaimed and after receiving his diploma he longed to return to his home country.
Witmer returned from Europe in 1892 as a member of the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania. Early on in his career, much of his work focused
around experimental psychology. He was absorbed in the "individual differences in sensory–perceptual variables. Even more interesting to

Research Paper On Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was born on August 16th in 1832. He was born in the town of Neckarau in Germany to a Lutheran minister. He was an
intelligent, odd boy, taught mostly by his father's associate, Friedrich M Гјller, whom he moved in with later on. Wundt studied at the Gymnasien and
then at the University of TГјbingen in 1851, when he was 19 years old. He transferred after only one year to the University of Heidelberg, majoring in
medicine. He published his first publication during his third year there. He changed his major from medicine to physiology, studying under Johannes
MГјller at Berlin for a semester. Wundt received his doctorate in medicine at Heidelberg, and worked as Hermann von Helmholtz's assistant 2 years
afterwards for 7 years.

Wilhelm Wundt: The Art Institute Of Dallas
Psychology and Food
Rachel Sogge
The Art Institute of Dallas
Abstract
Considering the basic concepts and theories of Wilhelm Wundt, one of the founding fathers of psychology and how it relates to the culinary industry
specifically.
Psychology and Food
Wilhelm Wundt is considered one of the primary founding fathers of psychology. He opened the first laboratory dedicated solely to psychology in
1879. His facility, the Institute for Experimental Psychology was a beacon for philosophers, as well as psychology students. Wundt trained nearly 200
students in his academic career.
Structuralism
Wundt's focus was on the structure of the mind, specifically breaking it down into individual sections without compromising the whole. Introspection
played a huge part in his work, which was later viewed by many as too subjective rather than scientific. His idea of introspection as a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through his extensive publishing's, laboratory and teaching of students who would further his work, he ensured that psychology remained scientific
and not revert to philosophy. Wundt's belief was that the main goal of psychology should be analyzing and understanding the human consciousness.
Experiments.
Wundt's research focused on studying the structures that compose the mind. He used stimuli with his subjects, then had them record their feelings and
sensations. The belief was that he could train observers (psychologists) to accurately describe thoughts, emotions and feelings. After his death, his work
was mostly regarded as holistic, although he is still considered the father of psychology.
Culinary.
The culinary field focuses greatly on creating experiences. Food in and of itself is a basic need for every living person. Chefs utilize their experiences
to shape their styles of cuisine and the messages they convey through the food itself.

Psychology: Historical Perspectives
Psychology: Historical Foundations and Modern Perspectives
There have been many contributions over time from world–renowned philosophers and psychologists to the field of psychology, but the man referred
to as the Father of Modern Psychology is Wilhelm Wundt. He was the first person to become a psychologist, and he was the first person to organize a
laboratory, which was at the University of Leipzig, that was specifically dedicated to studying behavioral and emotional characteristics of themind.
"Wundt was important because he separated psychology from philosophy by analyzing the workings of the mind in a more structured way, with the
emphasis being on objective measurement and control." (Father of Psychology). During Wundt's time, workings ... Show more content on
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"The early years of psychology were marked by the domination of a succession of different schools of thought" ("The 7 Major Perspectives"). These
days, it is rare for a psychologist to stick to the findings to one particular perspective; usually, psychologists tend to adhere themselves to a specialty
field of psychology. There are seven modern perspectives of psychology: the psychodynamic perspective, the behavioral perspective, the cognitive
perspective, the biological perspective, the cross–cultural perspective, the evolutionary perspective, and the humanistic perspective. "The
psychodynamic perspective originated with the work of Sigmund Freud" ("The 7 Major Perspectives"). This perspective stresses the importance of
a child's development and human interactions. Part of this perspective is Freud's idea of id, ego, and superego. Id drives a person's instincts and
impulses to obtain what it wants, no matter how irrational. Superego is the part of personality that takes into consideration the opinions and needs of
other people; it is the moral part of the brain. Ego is the compromiser between id and superego. "Behavioral psychology is a perspective that focuses
on learned behaviors" ("The 7 Major Perspectives"). Behaviorism focuses on learned behaviors only; it is different from other perspectives, as it only
studies behaviors that can be observed, not internal

Reflection Paper On Psychology
While completing the readings for this reflection paper, I found myself thinking just how important it is to obtain knowledge of one's history. I
believe it is essential as it allows one to develop a more profound understanding and appreciation of each other as well as their work. Wilhelm Wundt
was a very renowned human being affectionately credited as the founder of psychology as a science. He was quite inspirational, possessed an inquisitive
mind, and believed in proving phenomena using experiments. It therefore comes as no surprise that he was the first to establish a formal experimental
laboratory in the field of psychology. This accomplishment, of course, was primarily influenced by Hermon von Helmholtz and Gustav Fechner
through their research on the measurement of reaction time and the idea of psychology as an experimental psychology respectively. Wundt's research
was done through introspection a term more formally described as an experimental self–observation in which individuals own thoughts and feelings are
carefully examined objectively.
Blumenthal (1975) in his article described the work of Wilhelm Wundt and evaluated its relevance to psychology in the 20th century. The author argues
that Wundtian psychology was predominantly based on the tenet that "only certain reality is immediate experience" (p. 1081). The use of the terms
"immediate" and "mediate" were fundamental to Wundt's work and were essential to his introspective experiments. Immediate, he argued, was

The Behavioral Perspective Of Psychology
Martinez 1 Julian Martinez Professor Roger Copeland Psychology 2301 29 August 2014 Psychology Perspectives The behavioral perspective of
psychology is focused on explaining why people react the way they do to specific situations and environments. People will tend to act differently
according to the environment they happen to be in, and they will most likely act in a way where the most benefit will be attained. If a reward is
given every time a certain action is made, people will begin to change their behavior in order to receive the reward. The reward gives a sense of
satisfaction to the people, so it is easy for them to fall in the habit of doing that certain action. Punishment is also something that will change a person's
doing. If punishment is repeatedly given for a particular action, just like with the reward, people will automatically adjust their behavior to avoid the
negative consequence. It seems that the way people act is directly influenced by the consequences of their actions, and it has nothing to do with
anything going on inside their minds. This perspective does not take in account the processes of the mind because those mental processes cannot be
observed or studied directly. The problem with taking mental processes in account is that it would leave many questions unanswered about the reasons
for a particular behavior. Martinez 2 Psychologist John B. Watson was among the first to shed light on the behavioral

Wundt And Miller 's Theory Of Psychology
Psychology has developed and changed over the course of its beginnings. There were numerous contributors to the field–the founders of psychology.
This paper will focus on two of these founders: Wilhelm Wundt, the first to develop psychology as a formal discipline, and George A. Miller, the
creator of cognitive psychology. This paper will compare and contrast the lives and works of Wundt and Miller. These psychology founders shared
some similarities such as demonstrating expertise in other fields in addition to their work in psychology. They also both held lengthy tenures at
respected universities from which they conducted the bulk of their work in psychology. One of the most notable differences between these two men is
the time in which their study was conducted–Wundt's work started in the late 1800s and Miller's work began in the 1940s and extending into the
1980s. Additionally, Wundt's disciplines of experimental psychology and social psychology have ideation that differs from Miller's work in cognitive
psychology.
Introduction
The field of psychology has grown and evolved in many ways since its inception over a century ago. Throughout the development of this field there
have been numerous innovators of thought who are now considered founders of psychology. These founding fathers of psychology include William
Wundt (who established the first laboratory dedicated to psychology), John Dewey and William James (who established functional psychology) and
Sigmund

Chinese Culture In Amy Tan's 'Rules Of The Game'
In Amy Tans "Rules of the Game" a first generation adolescent becomes fascinated with the game of chess and uses its rules as a strategy for life
while growing up and away from her Chinese culture. This short story illustrates the struggle of growing up is especially difficult when in a culture
different from ones parents.
When Narrator Waverly Jong first introduces herself at the young age of seven. Waverly lives inChina Town, San Francisco with her immigrant
parents and two older brothers. She is a very smart, curious and obedient daughter. The author indirectly shows the reader during the first supermarket
scene when Waverly is introduced to the "art of invisible strength". Waverly first begged her mother for candy but after practicing this art form and
silently ignoring the candies, her mother rewards her by purchasing them. This value of silence is a form of strength and dignity in the Chinese
Culture. Waverly obeys her mother that day and soon learns that it can be used as a tool for success in the game ofchess. According to David Kelly in
'Critical Essay on "Rules of the Game" ', invisible strength "is presented as a magical equation that gives young Waverly the wisdom and grace to
rise to national prominence in the chess world within a few short years of first taking up the game." Waverly becomes quite good at the game. She
states "By my ninth birthday, I was a national chess champion", and was even featured in Life Magazine. While gaining all the success,

Lightner Witmer Helped Shape The World Of Psychology The
Lightner Witmer helped shape the world of psychology the way it is today by creating the field of clinical psychology (McReynolds, 1987). His early
importance of wanting to focus on individuality became the basis of his clinical method and using a one–to–one approach (Fagan, Witmer 's
Contribution to School Psychological Services, 1996).
After he received his BA he took a teaching position at Rugby Academy. During his second year at Rugby, James Cattell entered the faculty and
influenced Witmer to transfer to the field of psychology. Witmer assisted Cattell on gathering data reaction times on individual with differences.
Witmer traveled to Leipzig and studied under Wilhelm Wundt, where the two often disagreed on issues regarding... Show more content on
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In his speech, he described of an expert who could treat complex cases, as well as assist children academically. He urged for a variety of different
professionals to help from other areas, but for a psychological approach to be the foundation of what was being looked at in the children (Fagan,
Compulsory Schooling, Child Study, Clinical Psychology, and Special Education, 1992). In 1907, Witmer founded the journal The Psychological
Clinic, which included research, case studies, and news items. He published the article Clinical Psychology, which talked about the individuality of
children and how they could reach their full potential. While evaluating children at the clinic, Witmer realized that he needed to observe the children
extensively, and the clinic was too small. In 1908, he built a hospital school for treating mentally ill children. This school is the idea that he presented
to the APA back in 1896 (McReynolds, 1987). Witmer constantly stressed the importance of the individual human being and made sure that the
hospital school was a home for the children where they were treated as human beings. When an individual came to the hospital, four exams were done:
family and developmental history, general history, a mental exam, and an evaluation to see what services they would need. From that exam, the child
would be labeled curable or incurable. When trying to make the children's diagnosis, Witmer realized that the different people he needed for his

Modern Day Psychology
Psychology is commonly seen as a study of the brain, but I believe it goes deeper into the motives of behavior and thinking in addition to studying the
brain. Wade and Travis (2012) state that Wilhelm Wundt is the founder of the modern psychology when he "established the first psychological
laboratory" (p.6). Wundt created the theory of structuralism which later sparked functionalism and psychoanalysis.
The common perception of psychology is based on the psychoanalytic (psychodynamic) theory created by Sigmund Freud. Freud had focused on the
unconscious and sexual motives behind one's actions. To "treat" and diagnose patients, Freud used psychotherapy; this is when you have the patient
laying on the couch talking about their dreams, thoughts, and feelings. People always think of this method when they think of psychology. In the
Oxford English Dictionary, the word psychology is defined as "the scientific study of the nature, functioning, and development of the human mind." ...
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The first perspective is the biological or evolutionary perspective. Biological psychologists focus on how bodily events and genes someone's actions,
thoughts, and feelings. When a psychologist focuses on how the environment and experiences affect actions and behavior, they are categorized as a
learning psychologist. The cognitive perspective emphasizes on what is happening inside one's mind. They research "how people reason, remember,
understand language, solve problems, explain experiences, acquire moral standards, and form beliefs" (Wade and Travis, 2012, p.7). One perspective
that is somewhat combined with the other perspectives is the sociocultural theory. This is focused on the social and cultural influences on one's
behavior. Freud's psychodynamic theory is the fifth perspective that is still being practiced even though there is no scientific

What Roles Did Wundt And James Play In Research
1.What roles did Wundt and James play in establishing psychology?
The role that Wilhelm Wundt played in establishing psychology was important because he is also considered to be the founder of psychology. Wilhelm
Wundt used the scientific method to help him while he studied different experiments. Wundt did a major turning point forpsychology in 1874 when he
saw a connection between psychology and physiology. Wundt also wrote his text "Principles of Physiological Psychology". Many students also
followed Wundt as he gave lecture classes and stayed to study and earn their doctorates degree. Wilhelm Wundt work helped spark the interest of
William James. William James taught physiology and anatomy classes at Harvard University, but ended focusing only on psychology. In 1890, William
James published ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Evolutionary Perspective:
пѓ Application of the principles of evolution to explain psychological processes and phenomena.
4.What characterizes each step of the scientific method?
First a testable hypothesis must be made. Second a designing the study and collecting the data. In this step either descriptive or experimental designs
are used in the research. The third step is to analyze data and draw conclusions. The fourth step is to report the findings. They can be shared with other
scientist or the person who is in charge.
5.What are some advantages and disadvantages of each descriptive method of research?
Naturalistic observation has an advantage in being able to study human behaviors that cannot be ethically manipulated in an experiment. Naturalistic
observation is used wherever patterns of behavior can be openly observed. The observations occur in a more natural setting that result of naturalistic
observation studies that are generalized in real–life situations. This is better because there is more confidence that results is studies using artificially
manipulated or staged

Biography of Charles Speaman
Born on September 10th 1863, Charles Spearman was raised in London, England as a child. Charles's father was Alex Young Spearman, the son of
Sir Alex Young Spearman who was a British treasurer. Unfortunately, Spearman Jr. died at the age of 33 and left his second wife and Charles's
mother Louisa Ann Caroline Amelia Mainwaring a widow. She would marry Henry Harrington in 1870, only for her new husband to die and
leave her a widow. Around this time, a 19 year old Charles was about to go into the military There is very little else known about childhood,
however during his adolescence. During his high school years, it was suggested that he was on the school's rugby and cricket teams. While he was
showing some interest in athletics, underneath that Spearman hid an interest for philosophy. However, he would soon lose that interest and enlisted
himself into the British Army in 1883. Within a year, Charles was placed in the 2nd Battalion in India. In fifteen years, Spearman would serve in
the British army and rise to the rank of Captain and it was during his term of military service he gradually begun to believe that studying psychology
could perhaps advance philosophy. According to Charles himself, he felt like his time in the army was a "waste of time." By the end of his time
serving in the army in 1898, Charles finally had figured out what he wanted to study: experimental psychology. Charles would move to Germany and
enroll in University of Leipzig. He studied aboard mainly

The Early Stages of Psychology
The Early Stages of Psychology Philip C. Allen PSY/310 May 3, 2012 Shruthi Vale The Early Stages of Psychology People have been searching
for answers to life's problems since the dawn of mankind. Humans would look to the stars for answers. They would look to nature for a cure. They
even looked toward the heavens for gods to cure their ailments. Not until recently did we, as a race, begin to look toward ourselves to find solutions.
We now know that we are capable of tapping into our minds and understanding what lies at the root of our mental illnesses. Beginnings Psychology is
still in its infancy when compared with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Structuralism eventually died with Titchener (Cherry, 2012). Victorian Thomas Brown proposed the study of themind as the basic framework for most
scientific efforts. He believed that before any science could be taken seriously, the brain must be studied. Not only the physicality of the brain, but
also the workings of the mind and how it thinks (Wee, 2005). With Brown's proposal, the majority of serious psychologists would no longer ignore
the real world implications of human experience and action when dealing with the functioning of the mind. In 1885, Herbert Spencer published
The Principles of Psychology. Spencer had a strong background in biology and philosophy, therefore much of his writings were based solely on
speculation, observation, and philosophical ideals. Wee (2005), "One of Spencer 's most famous phrases was "survival of the fittest", which later
formed the basis of a controversial branch of psychology/philosophy called Social Darwinism" (para. 4). Conclusion Since the days of Greek and
French philosophers and German physiologists, we have developed a sound science. We can delve deeper than ever before. We see beyond the layers
of our conscious mind. We can look into our past to raise questions about our childhood and answer age old questions that were asked by unconscious.
Today's

Wuundt : The Father Of Experimental Psychology
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was a German physiologist, physician, philosopher, and professor. He was born on August 16th in 1882, in Mannheim,
Germany. Wundt had become known as "the father of experimental psychology". Wilhelm Wundt is linked to many "firsts" in the world of
psychology. He was the first person to be given the title of "psychologist", the first to separate psychology from philosophy, the first Physiological
Psychology instructor at Heidelberg University, the first to introduce scientific study of the mind, and the first to create an experimental psychology
lab. Wundt began his studies majoring in medicine, but changed his focus to physiology. He went on to earn his doctorate at Heidelberg University,
and accepted a position as lecturer there in 1857. During his time at Heidelberg working as a physiologist assistant, Wundt began work on several
publications introducing his theories on psychology and sense perceptions, and in 1862 became the first person to teach a course in Physiological
Psychology. Wundt's lectures focused on the use of the natural science methods of experimentation for the analysis of psychology, and were published
in 1863. Wundt continued his career at Heidelberg, and began writing Principles of Physiological Psychology (1874) which explained his theories of
conscious perception and the investigation of consciousness. That publication is now considered to be one of the most important to the history of
psychology.
He was also famous for his

Essay #1
Julio De Leon
Cal State San Marcos
Gustav Fechner:
Wilhelm Wundt:
In the nineteenth century Wilhelm Maximillian Wundt was the founder of the newest science of the time, which was psychology, he wanted to
separate psychology from philosophy. Wundt did a lot of contributions in makingpsychology to become a real science; another thing that made
psychology become a new science is the extensive propaganda for Experimental Psychology (Benjamin, 2014, p.66). He established the first
laboratory of experimental research in psychology laboratory in Berlin at the University of Leipzig. He had a journal called Philosophical Studies
and he wrote the first book in the field of psychology Principles of Physiological Psychology where he talked about the new science of psychology ...
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Ebbinghaus obtained a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Bonn. One of his biggest attributions in psychology was the work he did in
memory and retention. Ebbinghaus worked by himself he had no money and he also had no subjects he worked by himself because he had no
money and had no subjects; he was the experimenter and the subject in his research (Benjamin, 2014, p.49). He wanted to study associations but in a
different way than previous research, he wanted to study them as they were being formed. He did not used words that had a meaning, He tried and
worked really hard to eliminate all the biases in his research, he created nonsense for him not to have any associations with the word, Example: AXD.
The creation of the nonsense syllable was advancement in research, especially in studying memory and associations (Benjamin, 2014, p.50). With all
the work and research he also did research in forgetting inventing what is now called: Forgetting curve. The forgetting curve measure how strong is the
memory and how retention in memory lowers down (when forgetting is

Margaret F. Washburn : An American Psychologist Whose Work...
Margaret F. Washburn
Born on July 25th, 1871 in New York, NY, Margaret Floy Washburn is known as an American psychologist whose work for Vassar College made it a
nationally renowned institution in undergraduate studies (Abhinav, 2012).
Education
Beginning college at the age of sixteen, with primary studies in philosophy and science, Washburn quickly became a member of the Kappa Alpha
Theta Sorority at Vassar College (Abhinav, 2012). She pursued graduate studies with James McKeen Cattell, an establisher of a new laboratory of
psychology at Columbia University. Women were not then allowed entry into graduate school at Columbia, however Washburn was permitted to
register as a class observer. After a year spent at Columbia, Washburn took Cattell 's advice and applied to work with Edward B. Titchener at the Sage
School of Philosophy at Cornell University, where she would be able to attain her degree (Rodkey, 2010). Titchener, a former student ofWilhelm Wundt
, wished to expand on Wundt's ideas into what is known as structuralism, the focus of study being on the structure of the mind. Titchener believed that
the method of introspection could be used on thoughts alone, not just physical sensations. Structuralism was a dominant force in the early days of
psychology, but it eventually died down in the early 1900s, as structuralists were conflicted amongst themselves over which key elements of experience
were most important (Gurung, 2011). Washburn was in charge of all research and

Wilhelm Wundt Psychology
Psychology is the science of our actions, thoughts and behavior. as psychology developed a new form of science most of it was and still is based
off of theories, because most of it cannot for certain be proven although makes sense. Studies of the brain are made to try and get answers and grow
our knowledge of the functions of our brain. Experiments also are a big factor in psychology; they try to prove the reason behind some of our choices.
Wilhelm Wundt known as the founder of psychology was the first person to open a laboratory in 1879. The first lab was opened at the University of
Leipzig in Germany. Wundt was the first person to clearly differentiate psychology and philosophy. Psychology being the study of themind and our
behaviors. And philosophy being the study of knowledge and existence. Psychology aims to make sense of our actions. And philosophy aims to make
sense of life. Psychology was taken as an interest to Sigmund Freud. And because of this interest psychoanalysis was created. Sigmund Freud was a
neurologist from Australia, and was qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881. And during this time before his death in 1939, he created the theory and
therapy of psychoanalysis. This treatment aimed to treat mental illnesses, by looking into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wilhelm Wundt being the founder and the one who started it all. And over the years the contributions of Sigmund Freud who helped in the search of
cure for mental sickness with his therapy known as psychoanalysis . Solomon Asch studied social and conformity issues. And that resulted in him
creating the conformity experiment which demonstrated the actual control society has within us all. These theories, treatments, and any questions we
have about our mind are what make psychology what it is. We will always have questions and maybe not always answers. But over time we get closer
to having some

Stanley Hall Childhood
This paper is about the childhood, education and achievements of G. Stanley Hall. Granville was known as the "Father of Adolescence". He is also
known for the child study movement. He was a former preacher as well. The first point is the childhood of G. Stanley Hall. Hall was born on
February 1, 1844, on his grandfather's farm in Ashfield, Massachusetts. His father, Granville Bascom Hall, served in the Massachusetts legislature.
While his mother Abigail Beal's, studied at the Albany Female Seminary and taught school. One of Granville's quotes is "Adolescence is a new birth,
for the higher and more completely human traits are new born." (www.brainyquotes.com) Granville Stanley Hall grew up during the Victorian era. He
was an only child of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His main focus was on childhood development and evolutionary theory. He was appointed professor of Psychology and Pedagogies while teaching
at John Hopkins University in 1884. After his lecture at John Hopkins University, he built the first American Laboratory for Psychology. In 1887
Granville founded the American Journal of Psychology. The American Journal of Psychology was the first journal of its kind in America. Now there
are 16 different Psychology Journals. Granville became the first president of the American Psychological Association, it only had 42 members in
1882, but by 1916 there were over 300 members. Now there are around 117,500 members. A wealthy merchant by the name of Jonas Clark invited hall
to become the first president of Clark University in 1889. Granville accepted the invitation, within two years the school had five subjects. The subjects
included mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, which in turn made the university one of the most famous institutions. Mr. Hall
founded the Pedagogical Seminary in 1894. He retired from being the president of Clark University in 1920. Jonas Clark died in 1900.In the year
1909, Granville Stanley Hall started The Children's Institute at Clarks College. He invited Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung to visit and give lectures at
the Clark Conference to celebrate the Universities 20th anniversary. Granville Stanley Hall wrote "Adolescence" it is about the pioneering

Wilhelm Wundt : The Development Of Structuralism In...
Structuralism, founded by Wilhelm Wundt, was the beginning of psychology branching away from philosophy featuring human behavior by dividing
mental processes into basic components (Ettinger, 2014). Edward Titchener brought this practice to the United States in 1892 and even though
structuralism was short–lived, it was a stepping stone making psychology a better science (Ettinger, 2014). During the same period as Titchener's
vision of structuralism, Sigmund Freud came up with a theory called psychoanalysis. (Ettinger, 2014) His idea included catharsis, also known as
the talking cure, with his patient Anna O. helping with her symptoms of previous childhood trauma to go away. He believed that your unconscious
mind had urges and even when you're not thinking about them you are in that part of your mind (Ettinger, 2014). Lots of people did criticize
Freuds for his work, but he did help those with issues using his "talking cure" and nowadays clinical psychologist still treats emotionally distressed
people even though psychoanalysis is no longer used. In 1913 a psychologist by the name John Watson begin the ideology of behaviorism in
psychology. Overall behaviorism is seeing how people learn (Ettinger, 2014). His approach to psychology was heavily shaped by Ivan Pavlov by
trying new things to figure out behavior. B. F. Skinner is another behaviorist that contributed his work exploring the effects on behavior. He believed
that behavior has no ideology of the mind or free will

Structuralism And Functionalism Of American Psychology Essay
Description This lecture podcast discussing structuralism and functionalism in the development of American psychology must have a road map for
how I will chart this brief course through such a brilliant history with characters as large as Lady Liberty. Therefore, I will begin by discussing the
historical nature and foundational construct of structuralism, functionalism, the process of change for American psychology to be where it is today, and
finish with a summary. I will also make available the paper and references that accompany this lecture. Since I am limited with time constraints I will
get started.
Lecture
The historical underpinnings of American psychology came by way of Francis Bacon and John Stuart Mill philosophy, Charles Darwin evolutionary
biology, Chauncey Wright evolutionary psychology, andWilhelm Wundt volunteer psychology generally (Green, 2009; Wright, 1873). From these
philosophical and biological contributors came two major schools of American psychology, namely structuralism and functionalism (Green, 2009;
Caldwell, 1899; biological terms; see Boucher, 2015, pp. 384–385), which emerged as competitors of thought on how to describe and explain the human
mind and behavior specifically (Angell, 1907; Caldwell, 1899; Green, 2009; Green, Feinerer, & Burman, 2013). The conceptual reality of this debate
between the two schools is foundational and must be understood to build the proper picture of how American psychology has established itself as a
"marker" by

The Historical History Of American Psychology Essay

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