The glycolytic pathway
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Its about glycolysis , a pathway in cellular respiration and it not only take part in aerobic respiration but also in anaerobic respiration .
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Glycolysis and krebs cycle
This document provides an overview of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. It defines glycolysis as the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm that converts glucose to pyruvate or lactate with ATP production. Glycolysis occurs in two phases: an investment phase using ATP and a pay off phase producing ATP. The Krebs cycle occurs in mitochondria and produces ATP carriers for oxidative phosphorylation, yielding 3 NADH, 1 GTP, and 1 FADH2. Key enzymes regulating glycolysis and mnemonics for remembering the steps are also outlined.
Glycolysis-the EMP pathway-Embden Meyerhoff Paranas pathway
It is enzymatically –controlled catabolic pathway by which one molecule of Glucose(6C) breaks into two molecules of pyruvic acid(3C).
Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates.
for more details, visit @biOlOgy BINGE-insight learning(youtube channel)
Regulation of calvin cycle
This presentation discusses the regulation of the Calvin cycle by Muhammad Usman Mughal. It begins with an introduction to the Calvin cycle and then examines four main systems that regulate the cycle: 1) the rubisco enzyme activation system, 2) the ferredoxin-thioredoxin system, 3) ionic movement that modulates enzymes, and 4) the formation of supramolecular enzyme complexes. It focuses on how light and carbon dioxide levels affect these regulatory systems and the activities of key Calvin cycle enzymes.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down to pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions, producing a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. There are three phases - the energy investment phase requires energy to phosphorylate glucose, the splitting phase breaks the six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon molecules, and the energy payoff phase generates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. Glycolysis is regulated by enzymes and produces pyruvate or lactate depending on whether it occurs with or without oxygen.
Energy Metabolism
The document summarizes how the body produces energy through different metabolic pathways and the factors that regulate these pathways. It discusses that ATP is produced through three main pathways: ATP-CP system within 10 seconds, non-oxidative/anaerobic glycolysis between 10-90 seconds using glucose and glycogen, and oxidative phosphorylation after 90 seconds. It then lists different factors that can inhibit or stimulate key enzymes in these pathways, and provides brief explanations for how these factors make sense based on the body's energy needs.
Energy Metabolism
ATP is produced from ADP and inorganic phosphate through ATP synthase. When ATP is depleted, it is regenerated from ADP. ADP stimulates phosphofructokinase (PFK) to begin glycolysis and produce more ATP. ATP-CP inhibits PFK when sufficient energy is already available. Glucose-6-phosphate inhibits hexokinase when it is abundant to prevent further glucose breakdown. Epinephrine stimulates phosphorylase to mobilize glycogen and fuel glycolysis and ATP production. Insulin stimulates early glycolysis through hexokinase and PFK to provide energy, while glucagon stimulates phosphorylase to release glucose from liver stores.
Biosynthesis of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides
This PPT contains topic on Biosynthesis of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides.
Book referred: https://www.amazon.in/BIOCHEMISTRY-SATYANARAYANA-5TH-2017/dp/B073Y7XGH4
Biosynthesis of purine & pyrimidine
This document discusses the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines. It explains that purines and pyrimidines are synthesized through de novo and salvage pathways. The de novo pathway involves multiple enzyme-catalyzed steps to convert simple precursors into the complex purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. This includes converting ribose-5-phosphate into inosine monophosphate (IMP) through 10 steps for purine synthesis. IMP is then used to synthesize adenine monophosphate (AMP) and guanine monophosphate (GMP). The salvage pathway recovers bases and nucleotides from degraded DNA and RNA. Pyrimidine synthesis is described as simpler than purine synthesis.
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This document provides an overview of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. It defines glycolysis as the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm that converts glucose to pyruvate or lactate with ATP production. Glycolysis occurs in two phases: an investment phase using ATP and a pay off phase producing ATP. The Krebs cycle occurs in mitochondria and produces ATP carriers for oxidative phosphorylation, yielding 3 NADH, 1 GTP, and 1 FADH2. Key enzymes regulating glycolysis and mnemonics for remembering the steps are also outlined.
Glycolysis-the EMP pathway-Embden Meyerhoff Paranas pathway
It is enzymatically –controlled catabolic pathway by which one molecule of Glucose(6C) breaks into two molecules of pyruvic acid(3C).
Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates.
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down to pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions, producing a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. There are three phases - the energy investment phase requires energy to phosphorylate glucose, the splitting phase breaks the six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon molecules, and the energy payoff phase generates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. Glycolysis is regulated by enzymes and produces pyruvate or lactate depending on whether it occurs with or without oxygen.
Energy Metabolism
The document summarizes how the body produces energy through different metabolic pathways and the factors that regulate these pathways. It discusses that ATP is produced through three main pathways: ATP-CP system within 10 seconds, non-oxidative/anaerobic glycolysis between 10-90 seconds using glucose and glycogen, and oxidative phosphorylation after 90 seconds. It then lists different factors that can inhibit or stimulate key enzymes in these pathways, and provides brief explanations for how these factors make sense based on the body's energy needs.
Energy Metabolism
ATP is produced from ADP and inorganic phosphate through ATP synthase. When ATP is depleted, it is regenerated from ADP. ADP stimulates phosphofructokinase (PFK) to begin glycolysis and produce more ATP. ATP-CP inhibits PFK when sufficient energy is already available. Glucose-6-phosphate inhibits hexokinase when it is abundant to prevent further glucose breakdown. Epinephrine stimulates phosphorylase to mobilize glycogen and fuel glycolysis and ATP production. Insulin stimulates early glycolysis through hexokinase and PFK to provide energy, while glucagon stimulates phosphorylase to release glucose from liver stores.
Biosynthesis of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides
This PPT contains topic on Biosynthesis of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides.
Book referred: https://www.amazon.in/BIOCHEMISTRY-SATYANARAYANA-5TH-2017/dp/B073Y7XGH4
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This document discusses the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines. It explains that purines and pyrimidines are synthesized through de novo and salvage pathways. The de novo pathway involves multiple enzyme-catalyzed steps to convert simple precursors into the complex purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. This includes converting ribose-5-phosphate into inosine monophosphate (IMP) through 10 steps for purine synthesis. IMP is then used to synthesize adenine monophosphate (AMP) and guanine monophosphate (GMP). The salvage pathway recovers bases and nucleotides from degraded DNA and RNA. Pyrimidine synthesis is described as simpler than purine synthesis.
Disorder Of Pyrovate
This document summarizes disorders of the pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle. It discusses two key disorders: pyruvate carboxylase deficiency and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency. Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency is the most severe form and can present as lactic acidosis, while phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency causes symptoms like hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis involves measuring enzyme activity levels in tissues. Treatment focuses on avoiding fasting and providing glucose and bicarbonate supplementation.
Short version glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step process that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a net yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule. Key steps include:
1) Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate via hexokinase.
2) Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate via phosphoglucose isomerase.
3) Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate via phosphofructokinase.
4) Cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two 3-carbon molecules, one of which continues through glycol
metabolism chart
1) ATP is produced through three main metabolic pathways: ATP-CP system (short term), non-oxidative glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria.
2) Various enzymes in these pathways are regulated by feedback inhibition or stimulation depending on the levels of molecules like ADP, glucose-6-phosphate, calcium, ATP-CP, citric acid, oxygen, epinephrine, insulin, and glucagon.
3) This complex regulation allows the cell to efficiently produce energy through different pathways depending on its immediate needs and environmental conditions.
Catabolism of purine and pyrimidine synthesis
The document summarizes pathways of purine and pyrimidine catabolism. It discusses that nucleotides are synthesized through either de novo or salvage pathways. The purine salvage pathway involves interconversion between bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides through one-step or two-step reactions. Deficiencies in this pathway can cause Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, resulting in hyperuricemia. Purines are ultimately broken down to uric acid by xanthine oxidase. Pyrimidines are dephosphorylated to nucleosides then degraded through various enzyme-catalyzed steps to products like urea, glyoxylate, and acetyl-CoA.
Question 4
Pyruvate has two main fates depending on the presence or absence of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase and enters the TCA cycle to generate most ATP molecules through oxidative phosphorylation. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes fermentation to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis to produce a small amount of ATP, either producing lactic acid via lactic acid fermentation in muscles and red blood cells lacking mitochondria or ethanol via alcohol fermentation.
De novo and salvage pathway of purines
Jayati Mishra presented on the de novo and salvage pathways of purines under the guidance of Pradip Hirapue. The presentation discussed:
1) The de novo pathway synthesizes purine nucleotides from simple precursors through a two-stage process forming IMP and then converting it to AMP or GMP.
2) The salvage pathway recycles purine bases and nucleosides obtained from the diet or cell turnover to form nucleotides.
3) Both pathways work together to synthesize the purine nucleotides needed for nucleic acid synthesis, with the salvage pathway playing a larger role in certain tissues.
Purine and pyrimidine synthesis
1. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and phosphate. Purines and pyrimidines are synthesized via de novo or salvage pathways to form nucleotides.
2. Purine synthesis occurs in multiple steps starting from PRPP, with the purine ring built step-by-step. Pyrimidine synthesis involves first forming the pyrimidine ring and then attaching it to ribose-5-phosphate.
3. Errors in purine synthesis can cause diseases like gout, which results from excess uric acid in the blood due to defects in purine metabolism or uric acid excretion. Several drugs target purine synthesis
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Chemical nature, biosynthesis & degradation of purines
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. They are involved in energy storage, muscle contraction, active transport, and maintaining ion gradients. Some nucleotides act as activated intermediates in biosynthesis or components of coenzymes like NAD+, FAD, and CoA. Nucleotides also function as metabolic regulators through second messengers, phosphate donors in signal transduction, and by regulating some enzymes via adenylation and uridylylation. Purines and pyrimidines in excess can be degraded, with humans unable to degrade purines beyond uric acid due to a lack of the uricase enzyme.
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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP; also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt) is a process that breaks down glucose-6-phosphate into NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) for use in downstream biological processes. There are two distinct phases in the pathway: the oxidative phase and the non-oxidative phase.
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Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as subunits of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. They are composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides contain either a purine or pyrimidine base and are found in cells and nuclei. They function as precursors to DNA/RNA and in cellular energy processes. Nucleotides are synthesized through de novo or salvage pathways. De novo pathways fully synthesize nucleotides from basic precursors, while salvage pathways recover nucleotides from existing bases. The 10-step de novo purine pathway builds the purine ring on ribose-5-phosphate. The 6-step pyrimidine pathway first forms the pyrimidine ring
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https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
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Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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Disorder Of Pyrovate
This document summarizes disorders of the pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle. It discusses two key disorders: pyruvate carboxylase deficiency and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency. Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency is the most severe form and can present as lactic acidosis, while phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency causes symptoms like hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis involves measuring enzyme activity levels in tissues. Treatment focuses on avoiding fasting and providing glucose and bicarbonate supplementation.
Short version glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step process that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a net yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule. Key steps include:
1) Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate via hexokinase.
2) Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate via phosphoglucose isomerase.
3) Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate via phosphofructokinase.
4) Cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two 3-carbon molecules, one of which continues through glycol
metabolism chart
1) ATP is produced through three main metabolic pathways: ATP-CP system (short term), non-oxidative glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria.
2) Various enzymes in these pathways are regulated by feedback inhibition or stimulation depending on the levels of molecules like ADP, glucose-6-phosphate, calcium, ATP-CP, citric acid, oxygen, epinephrine, insulin, and glucagon.
3) This complex regulation allows the cell to efficiently produce energy through different pathways depending on its immediate needs and environmental conditions.
Catabolism of purine and pyrimidine synthesis
The document summarizes pathways of purine and pyrimidine catabolism. It discusses that nucleotides are synthesized through either de novo or salvage pathways. The purine salvage pathway involves interconversion between bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides through one-step or two-step reactions. Deficiencies in this pathway can cause Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, resulting in hyperuricemia. Purines are ultimately broken down to uric acid by xanthine oxidase. Pyrimidines are dephosphorylated to nucleosides then degraded through various enzyme-catalyzed steps to products like urea, glyoxylate, and acetyl-CoA.
Question 4
Pyruvate has two main fates depending on the presence or absence of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase and enters the TCA cycle to generate most ATP molecules through oxidative phosphorylation. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes fermentation to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis to produce a small amount of ATP, either producing lactic acid via lactic acid fermentation in muscles and red blood cells lacking mitochondria or ethanol via alcohol fermentation.
De novo and salvage pathway of purines
Jayati Mishra presented on the de novo and salvage pathways of purines under the guidance of Pradip Hirapue. The presentation discussed:
1) The de novo pathway synthesizes purine nucleotides from simple precursors through a two-stage process forming IMP and then converting it to AMP or GMP.
2) The salvage pathway recycles purine bases and nucleosides obtained from the diet or cell turnover to form nucleotides.
3) Both pathways work together to synthesize the purine nucleotides needed for nucleic acid synthesis, with the salvage pathway playing a larger role in certain tissues.
Purine and pyrimidine synthesis
1. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and phosphate. Purines and pyrimidines are synthesized via de novo or salvage pathways to form nucleotides.
2. Purine synthesis occurs in multiple steps starting from PRPP, with the purine ring built step-by-step. Pyrimidine synthesis involves first forming the pyrimidine ring and then attaching it to ribose-5-phosphate.
3. Errors in purine synthesis can cause diseases like gout, which results from excess uric acid in the blood due to defects in purine metabolism or uric acid excretion. Several drugs target purine synthesis
Nucleotide metabolism (purine and pyrimidine synthesis)
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM,DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF PURINE, SALVAGE PATHWAY OF PURINE, DE-NOVO SYNTHESIS OF PYRIMIDINE, SALVAGE PATHWAY OF PYRIMIDINE, GOUT, HYPERURICEMIA, LESCH-NYAN SYNDROME, OROTIC ACIDURIA
Chemical nature, biosynthesis & degradation of purines
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. They are involved in energy storage, muscle contraction, active transport, and maintaining ion gradients. Some nucleotides act as activated intermediates in biosynthesis or components of coenzymes like NAD+, FAD, and CoA. Nucleotides also function as metabolic regulators through second messengers, phosphate donors in signal transduction, and by regulating some enzymes via adenylation and uridylylation. Purines and pyrimidines in excess can be degraded, with humans unable to degrade purines beyond uric acid due to a lack of the uricase enzyme.
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP; also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt) is a process that breaks down glucose-6-phosphate into NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) for use in downstream biological processes. There are two distinct phases in the pathway: the oxidative phase and the non-oxidative phase.
Neet PG MCQ Biochemistry 2018
This document contains a series of 10 multiple choice questions about biochemistry for a medical exam, along with explanations of the answers. It promotes a mobile app and website for medical education resources, including videos. The questions cover topics like amino acid structures, lipid profiles, metabolic pathways, and genetic disorders. Explanations of the answers are provided to help review essential biochemistry concepts.
PYRIMIDINE DEGRADATION & DISORDERS
The document summarizes pyrimidine nucleotide degradation and the salvage pathway. It also describes orotic aciduria, a rare metabolic disorder characterized by orotic acid in urine, anemia, and stunted growth. Orotic aciduria can be caused by deficiencies in enzymes involved in pyrimidine synthesis or a defect in the urea cycle enzyme ornithine transcarbamoylase, which diverts carbamoyl phosphate to increased orotic acid synthesis. The condition can be treated by supplementing with cytidine or uridine.
Cell Respiration &Metabolism
The document summarizes fat metabolism, including the digestion, transport, and breakdown of fats in the body. Fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol then transported to cells. In cells, fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to break them into acetyl-CoA molecules to enter the Krebs cycle and generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Beta-oxidation occurs in cycles, breaking off two carbon units at a time to produce acetyl-CoA, NADH, FADH2, and ATP. Unsaturated fats require special enzymes and regulation controls the rate of fat metabolism and transport. Ketone bodies form when acetyl-CoA accumulates from breaking down fat for energy instead of carbohydrates
Purine nuecleotide
1. The document discusses the metabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, including their biosynthesis, degradation, and disorders related to purine metabolism such as gout and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
2. Purine nucleotides are synthesized through both a de novo synthesis pathway that builds the purine ring from simple precursors, and a salvage pathway that recycles purine bases. A key early intermediate is IMP, which is converted to AMP and GMP.
3. Uric acid is the final product of purine degradation in humans and high levels can cause gout. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome results from HGPRT deficiency disrupting the salvage pathway.
N.m - p.aswathy viswanath
Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as subunits of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. They are composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides contain either a purine or pyrimidine base and are found in cells and nuclei. They function as precursors to DNA/RNA and in cellular energy processes. Nucleotides are synthesized through de novo or salvage pathways. De novo pathways fully synthesize nucleotides from basic precursors, while salvage pathways recover nucleotides from existing bases. The 10-step de novo purine pathway builds the purine ring on ribose-5-phosphate. The 6-step pyrimidine pathway first forms the pyrimidine ring
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Nucleotide metabolism (purine and pyrimidine synthesis)
Nucleotide metabolism (purine and pyrimidine synthesis)
Chemical nature, biosynthesis & degradation of purines
Chemical nature, biosynthesis & degradation of purines
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Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
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hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
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and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
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Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
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Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
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Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
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Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingPhenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
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Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
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8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
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Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
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Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
The glycolytic pathway
- 2. INTRODUCTION Also called EMP pathway – Embden- Meyerhof- Parnas.
- 3. WHERE DOES IT TAKE PLACE? Cytosol Common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration Even in the absence of oxygen
- 4. “SWEET SPLITTING” Glycolysis – sweet splitting A molecule of glucose degraded in the presence of a series of an enzymes to give 3C pyruvate. 1 glucose – 3 pyruvate
- 6. PREPARATORY STAGE 1 Glucose – glucose 6 phosphate ATP ADP
- 7. 2. glucose 6 phosphate Fructose 6 phosphate.
- 8. 3. Fructose 6 phosphate Fructose 1,6 -bisphosphate. ATP ADP
- 9. 4. Fructose 1,6 –bisphosphate DHAP G-3-P [Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate]
- 11. ADP ATP
- 14. ADP ATP
- 15. ENERGY YIELD IN GLYCOLYSIS Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD → 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H2O
- 17. THANK YOU