The document summarizes the social and political conditions in France prior to the French Revolution. The country was divided into three estates, with the clergy and nobility comprising the first two estates and enjoying many privileges, while the common people made up the large third estate and carried most of the tax burden. Mounting financial problems and calls for political reform led to the convening of the Estates General in 1789. When the third estate demanded equal representation, they broke off and formed the National Assembly, taking the Tennis Court Oath not to disperse until a constitution was drafted. This marked a major step toward revolutionary change in France.
Power sharing involves distributing power among different government bodies and groups to prevent any single entity from wielding power exclusively. This document discusses power sharing in Belgium as a positive example and Sri Lanka as a negative example. Belgium amended its constitution four times to respect the interests of its Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities by giving powers to state governments and establishing a community government. In contrast, Sri Lanka's majoritarian system that dominated the Tamil minority led to civil war. Power sharing is desirable to reduce conflicts between groups and ensure political stability.
Power sharing is important for democratic governance and stability. When Sri Lanka followed a policy of majoritarianism that benefited the Sinhalese majority at the expense of the Tamil minority, it led to conflict and civil war. In contrast, Belgium's power sharing constitution that requires equal representation of Dutch and French communities in government has maintained peace between linguistic groups and allowed for political and economic development. Well-designed power sharing arrangements can reduce social conflicts, encourage political stability, and enable development, as shown by the different outcomes in Sri Lanka and Belgium from their respective majoritarian and power sharing policies.
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Nationalism is an idea and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland.
This document provides an overview of the rise of nationalism in Europe. It discusses how the French Revolution spread ideas of national identity and citizenship. In the 1800s, liberal nationalism grew among the educated middle class who advocated for national unity and independence. The document also examines how romanticism, language, and folk culture helped develop nationalist sentiment. It describes the wave of revolutions across Europe in 1830-1848 as liberals and nationalists sought independent nation-states. Key events discussed include the unification of Germany and Italy.
THE RSE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE FOR CBSE CLASS 10 STUDENTS THIS IS THEBEST PPT BY ME FOR MORE BEST JUST EDIT IT IN YOUR WAY YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS AND FRIENDS DON'T FORGET TO LIKE IT IF YOU LIKE THIS JUST FOLLOE ON saqlainmemon776@gmail.com in slideshare.
DON'T FORGET TO SHARE......................................
Class 10 chapter_1_thr_rise_of_nationalism_in_europeKamlesh Khanna
Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who created prints in 1848 visualizing his dream of a democratic world made up of nations. His prints depicted people from Europe and America marching and offering symbols of their nations to the statue of Liberty. The document then discusses the rise of nationalism in Europe following the French Revolution. Nationalist sentiments grew across Europe in the 1800s as people identified more with their own nations, languages, and cultures in response to French influence and the Industrial Revolution. Various nationalist movements emerged seeking to unite different European countries and regions.
This document discusses the social and political changes in Europe leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917. It describes the rise of liberal, radical, and conservative ideologies in response to the French Revolution. It also discusses the growth of socialist ideas and labor movements in response to industrialization. In Russia, it outlines the autocratic rule of the tsars, the emergence of revolutionary groups like the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, and the unrest caused by World War I that led to the overthrow of the tsar and establishment of a provisional government in early 1917.
Power sharing involves distributing power among different government bodies and groups to prevent any single entity from wielding power exclusively. This document discusses power sharing in Belgium as a positive example and Sri Lanka as a negative example. Belgium amended its constitution four times to respect the interests of its Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities by giving powers to state governments and establishing a community government. In contrast, Sri Lanka's majoritarian system that dominated the Tamil minority led to civil war. Power sharing is desirable to reduce conflicts between groups and ensure political stability.
Power sharing is important for democratic governance and stability. When Sri Lanka followed a policy of majoritarianism that benefited the Sinhalese majority at the expense of the Tamil minority, it led to conflict and civil war. In contrast, Belgium's power sharing constitution that requires equal representation of Dutch and French communities in government has maintained peace between linguistic groups and allowed for political and economic development. Well-designed power sharing arrangements can reduce social conflicts, encourage political stability, and enable development, as shown by the different outcomes in Sri Lanka and Belgium from their respective majoritarian and power sharing policies.
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Nationalism is an idea and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland.
This document provides an overview of the rise of nationalism in Europe. It discusses how the French Revolution spread ideas of national identity and citizenship. In the 1800s, liberal nationalism grew among the educated middle class who advocated for national unity and independence. The document also examines how romanticism, language, and folk culture helped develop nationalist sentiment. It describes the wave of revolutions across Europe in 1830-1848 as liberals and nationalists sought independent nation-states. Key events discussed include the unification of Germany and Italy.
THE RSE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE FOR CBSE CLASS 10 STUDENTS THIS IS THEBEST PPT BY ME FOR MORE BEST JUST EDIT IT IN YOUR WAY YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS AND FRIENDS DON'T FORGET TO LIKE IT IF YOU LIKE THIS JUST FOLLOE ON saqlainmemon776@gmail.com in slideshare.
DON'T FORGET TO SHARE......................................
Class 10 chapter_1_thr_rise_of_nationalism_in_europeKamlesh Khanna
Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who created prints in 1848 visualizing his dream of a democratic world made up of nations. His prints depicted people from Europe and America marching and offering symbols of their nations to the statue of Liberty. The document then discusses the rise of nationalism in Europe following the French Revolution. Nationalist sentiments grew across Europe in the 1800s as people identified more with their own nations, languages, and cultures in response to French influence and the Industrial Revolution. Various nationalist movements emerged seeking to unite different European countries and regions.
This document discusses the social and political changes in Europe leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917. It describes the rise of liberal, radical, and conservative ideologies in response to the French Revolution. It also discusses the growth of socialist ideas and labor movements in response to industrialization. In Russia, it outlines the autocratic rule of the tsars, the emergence of revolutionary groups like the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, and the unrest caused by World War I that led to the overthrow of the tsar and establishment of a provisional government in early 1917.
Cavour played a key role in the unification of Italy. He was the prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont and helped engineer military alliance and diplomatic agreements that helped defeat the Austrian Empire and unite Italian states. Prussia's military strength and Bismarck's diplomacy were instrumental in defeating Denmark, Austria and France, allowing Germany's various states to unite into a new German empire by 1871. The document discusses the rise of nationalism in Europe in the 19th century, from the French Revolution inspiring nationalist ideas, to the revolutions of 1848, to eventual unification of Germany and Italy led by Prussia and Piedmont-Sardinia respectively. Key figures discussed include Napoleon, B
The document discusses the rise of nationalism and nation-states in Europe between the late 18th to mid-19th century. Key events and ideas included the French Revolution promoting national symbols and centralized rule; the spread of Jacobin clubs and French invasion promoting nationalist ideals across Europe; and the Congress of Vienna establishing conservative monarchies but failing to suppress liberal nationalism and demands for national self-determination, fueling revolutions in the 1830s and 1840s that established more nation-states like Belgium and Greece. Figures like Mazzini promoted nationalist ideas that further revolutions against Austrian, Spanish and Ottoman rule to eventually unify Italy and the Balkan states.
- Federalism refers to a system of government where power is shared between a central authority and constituent units, such as states or provinces.
- India adopted a federal system after independence in 1947, with power shared between the central and state governments.
- Key features of federalism in India include three lists that distribute legislative powers, the ability of states to have their own official languages and governments, and a Supreme Court that acts as an arbiter between levels of government.
- Decentralization to local village and municipal governments has further strengthened grassroots democracy and federalism in India since 1992 constitutional amendments.
History- class 10 Ch- Rise of Nationalism in India. BhavleenKaur11
The document provides an overview of the rise of nationalism in Europe from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. It discusses key events and ideas that contributed to the development of nationalist sentiments, including the French Revolution, the ideas of Romanticism, and the revolutions of 1830-1848. It also describes how nationalism manifested in the unification of both Germany and Italy in the latter half of the 19th century. Finally, it notes how nationalism became intertwined with imperialism by the late 19th century, fueling tensions between European powers and ultimately contributing to the outbreak of World War I.
The document discusses power sharing in Belgium and Sri Lanka. In Belgium, power is shared horizontally and vertically between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and French-speaking Wallonian communities. This includes representation in government. In Sri Lanka, the Sinhalese majority dominated government, causing alienation among Tamils and eventually a civil war. Power sharing is desirable for both prudential reasons like stability and moral reasons like democratic participation. Forms of power sharing include horizontal division between branches of government, vertical division between central/regional governments, and sharing among social/political groups.
The document provides information about democracy and the parliamentary system in India. It discusses that the take-off point for democracy is the desire, approval and participation of people. It then describes the structure and functions of the Indian Parliament, which consists of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The key points are:
1) Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people for five years, while Rajya Sabha members are elected indirectly by state assemblies for six years.
2) The Parliament acts as the supreme law-making body and also controls and guides the government through questions during sessions.
3) The opposition plays an important role in highlighting shortcomings in government policies and establishing alternatives.
Hey Guys!!! I present you a presentation on 'Power Sharing Class 10' from the NCERT Democratic Politics book.
Hope you all like it!!
Don't forget to like!!
The French Revolution led to the end of the monarchy and establishment of a republic in France. Prior to the revolution, French society was divided into estates with the clergy and nobility making up the first and second estates. The third estate comprised mostly poor peasants and laborers who faced economic hardship and subsistence crisis. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, the middle class and third estate demanded greater political rights and representation. This led to the storming of the Bastille and abolition of feudalism. A constitutional monarchy was established in 1791 but eventually gave way to a republic after the overthrow of the monarchy in 1792 during the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre.
The document discusses drainage patterns and river systems in India. It describes the major drainage basins including the Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra, peninsular rivers like Godavari and Mahanadi. The Himalayan rivers are perennial with large basins while peninsular rivers are seasonal with smaller basins. River systems are important for irrigation, hydroelectricity, navigation and more. However, pollution threatens river health and habitats.
Napoleon Bonaparte established the Napoleonic Code in 1804, which did away with privileges based on birth and established equality before the law. It secured the right to property and abolished the feudal system. Napoleon destroyed democracy in France but incorporated revolutionary principles in the administrative field in a rational and efficient manner. Nationalism grew in Europe in the 19th century, influenced by ideas of romanticism, liberalism, and economic hardships. The revolutions of 1848 saw nationalist uprisings demand independence and constitutional rights across Europe. However, by late 19th century, nationalism became aligned with imperialism and intolerant of other national groups, exacerbating tensions that led to World War I.
Democracy aims to produce accountable and legitimate government, accommodate social diversity, and promote individual dignity and freedom. While democracies have limitations, they generally perform better than alternatives in these areas. Democracies can create conditions for economic growth and reducing inequality, but citizens must take advantage of opportunities. Democracies are generally effective at representing majority views but must also respect minority rights. Overall, democracy remains the preferred form of government.
The document summarizes the causes and key events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. It describes how sepoys in the East India Company's army first mutinied in Meerut in May 1857 over new equipment and policies that violated religious beliefs. The mutiny then spread to other regions as many civilians and rulers joined the rebellion. Major cities like Delhi, Kanpur, and Lucknow became rebel strongholds. It took the British until 1859 to suppress the widespread rebellion across northern India.
The document summarizes key aspects of the democratic constitution adopted in post-apartheid South Africa. It describes how Nelson Mandela and other leaders were imprisoned for opposing apartheid. After decades of struggle against apartheid by black, colored, and Indian groups led by the ANC, the racist policy was finally ended in 1994 when South Africa's first democratic elections took place. The new constitution was drafted through an inclusive process to build trust between the former oppressors and oppressed and protect the interests of all groups.
The document discusses power sharing in democracy. It provides examples of power sharing in Belgium and Sri Lanka. In Belgium, power is shared between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities through representation in government. In Sri Lanka, the majority Sinhalese community established dominance after independence through laws making Sinhala the sole official language and preferential policies, leading to civil war as Tamil groups demanded independence.
This document discusses different groups of pastoral nomads in India and their seasonal migration patterns. It describes the Gujar Bakarwals who migrate between the low Shivalik Hills in winter and the Kashmir Valley in summer. It also discusses the Gaddi shepherds who graze in Shivalik in winter and Lahul and Spiti in summer. Other groups mentioned include the Dhangars in Maharashtra who move between the central plateau and Konkan coast depending on the monsoon. All these nomadic groups practice cyclic migration between winter and summer pastures to take advantage of available resources throughout the seasons.
Russian Revolution - an Optional chapter for Class IX - History I unit. The Three revolutions (1905, February 1917 & October 1917 Revolution) which overall made the Russian Revolution and gave the World, the first Socialist country i.e. U.S.S.R. has been discussed over here.
This document summarizes the transition from pre-industrial to industrial production in Europe and its impact in India. It describes how merchants in Europe first turned to the countryside to produce goods due to guild restrictions in towns. Rural artisans agreed to work for merchants. This led to the development of relationships between towns and countryside. Eventually, factories began to consolidate all stages of production under one roof, driven by inventions that increased efficiency. The growth of factories had mixed impacts - it provided jobs but also unemployment and poor working conditions. The rise of European industries like cotton had negative effects in India, undermining weavers and the export trade they relied upon.
Social Science History Chap1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10Tutalege
Nationalism emerged in Europe following the French Revolution and transformed the political landscape. Key developments included:
1) The French Revolution established the idea of the nation-state with citizens as sovereign rather than monarchs. This inspired nationalist movements across Europe.
2) Revolutions in the 1830s and 1840s spread liberal and nationalist ideals but were ultimately repressed by conservative rulers.
3) German and Italian unification was achieved through warfare led by Prussia and Piedmont-Sardinia respectively in the late 1800s, establishing the first truly modern nation-states.
4) Romanticist notions of shared culture, language and heritage were important in fostering nationalist sentiment among the people.
The document summarizes key events of the 1857 rebellion in India against the British East India Company. It describes how the company gradually eroded the power of local rulers like the Nawabs. This caused resentment among rulers and sepoys. In 1857, sepoys in Meerut mutinied after being issued new gun cartridges greased with animal fat. They marched to Delhi and joined the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar. The rebellion then spread across many regions led by figures like Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi and Nana Saheb. Though the British regained control after two years of fighting, the company's power was transferred to the British crown, and policies changed to reduce
The French Revolution began in 1789 and overthrew the French monarchy and feudal system. The three estates - clergy, nobility, and commoners - were divided by extreme inequality. The commoners, represented by the Third Estate, demanded political reforms but faced opposition. This led to the storming of the Bastille prison and the abolition of feudalism. However, instability grew and the radical Jacobins rose, imposing the Reign of Terror to eliminate opponents. The revolution culminated with the rise and fall of Maximilien Robespierre and the execution of Louis XVI in 1793 before the more moderate Directory government took over in 1795.
The document summarizes key developments in medieval Europe, including the rise of feudalism and manorialism, the growth of towns and trade, the role of the Catholic Church and papacy, and major events like the Crusades and the Black Death pandemic. It provides timelines of major political, economic, and social changes from the fall of Rome to 1300 CE.
Cavour played a key role in the unification of Italy. He was the prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont and helped engineer military alliance and diplomatic agreements that helped defeat the Austrian Empire and unite Italian states. Prussia's military strength and Bismarck's diplomacy were instrumental in defeating Denmark, Austria and France, allowing Germany's various states to unite into a new German empire by 1871. The document discusses the rise of nationalism in Europe in the 19th century, from the French Revolution inspiring nationalist ideas, to the revolutions of 1848, to eventual unification of Germany and Italy led by Prussia and Piedmont-Sardinia respectively. Key figures discussed include Napoleon, B
The document discusses the rise of nationalism and nation-states in Europe between the late 18th to mid-19th century. Key events and ideas included the French Revolution promoting national symbols and centralized rule; the spread of Jacobin clubs and French invasion promoting nationalist ideals across Europe; and the Congress of Vienna establishing conservative monarchies but failing to suppress liberal nationalism and demands for national self-determination, fueling revolutions in the 1830s and 1840s that established more nation-states like Belgium and Greece. Figures like Mazzini promoted nationalist ideas that further revolutions against Austrian, Spanish and Ottoman rule to eventually unify Italy and the Balkan states.
- Federalism refers to a system of government where power is shared between a central authority and constituent units, such as states or provinces.
- India adopted a federal system after independence in 1947, with power shared between the central and state governments.
- Key features of federalism in India include three lists that distribute legislative powers, the ability of states to have their own official languages and governments, and a Supreme Court that acts as an arbiter between levels of government.
- Decentralization to local village and municipal governments has further strengthened grassroots democracy and federalism in India since 1992 constitutional amendments.
History- class 10 Ch- Rise of Nationalism in India. BhavleenKaur11
The document provides an overview of the rise of nationalism in Europe from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. It discusses key events and ideas that contributed to the development of nationalist sentiments, including the French Revolution, the ideas of Romanticism, and the revolutions of 1830-1848. It also describes how nationalism manifested in the unification of both Germany and Italy in the latter half of the 19th century. Finally, it notes how nationalism became intertwined with imperialism by the late 19th century, fueling tensions between European powers and ultimately contributing to the outbreak of World War I.
The document discusses power sharing in Belgium and Sri Lanka. In Belgium, power is shared horizontally and vertically between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and French-speaking Wallonian communities. This includes representation in government. In Sri Lanka, the Sinhalese majority dominated government, causing alienation among Tamils and eventually a civil war. Power sharing is desirable for both prudential reasons like stability and moral reasons like democratic participation. Forms of power sharing include horizontal division between branches of government, vertical division between central/regional governments, and sharing among social/political groups.
The document provides information about democracy and the parliamentary system in India. It discusses that the take-off point for democracy is the desire, approval and participation of people. It then describes the structure and functions of the Indian Parliament, which consists of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The key points are:
1) Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people for five years, while Rajya Sabha members are elected indirectly by state assemblies for six years.
2) The Parliament acts as the supreme law-making body and also controls and guides the government through questions during sessions.
3) The opposition plays an important role in highlighting shortcomings in government policies and establishing alternatives.
Hey Guys!!! I present you a presentation on 'Power Sharing Class 10' from the NCERT Democratic Politics book.
Hope you all like it!!
Don't forget to like!!
The French Revolution led to the end of the monarchy and establishment of a republic in France. Prior to the revolution, French society was divided into estates with the clergy and nobility making up the first and second estates. The third estate comprised mostly poor peasants and laborers who faced economic hardship and subsistence crisis. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, the middle class and third estate demanded greater political rights and representation. This led to the storming of the Bastille and abolition of feudalism. A constitutional monarchy was established in 1791 but eventually gave way to a republic after the overthrow of the monarchy in 1792 during the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre.
The document discusses drainage patterns and river systems in India. It describes the major drainage basins including the Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra, peninsular rivers like Godavari and Mahanadi. The Himalayan rivers are perennial with large basins while peninsular rivers are seasonal with smaller basins. River systems are important for irrigation, hydroelectricity, navigation and more. However, pollution threatens river health and habitats.
Napoleon Bonaparte established the Napoleonic Code in 1804, which did away with privileges based on birth and established equality before the law. It secured the right to property and abolished the feudal system. Napoleon destroyed democracy in France but incorporated revolutionary principles in the administrative field in a rational and efficient manner. Nationalism grew in Europe in the 19th century, influenced by ideas of romanticism, liberalism, and economic hardships. The revolutions of 1848 saw nationalist uprisings demand independence and constitutional rights across Europe. However, by late 19th century, nationalism became aligned with imperialism and intolerant of other national groups, exacerbating tensions that led to World War I.
Democracy aims to produce accountable and legitimate government, accommodate social diversity, and promote individual dignity and freedom. While democracies have limitations, they generally perform better than alternatives in these areas. Democracies can create conditions for economic growth and reducing inequality, but citizens must take advantage of opportunities. Democracies are generally effective at representing majority views but must also respect minority rights. Overall, democracy remains the preferred form of government.
The document summarizes the causes and key events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. It describes how sepoys in the East India Company's army first mutinied in Meerut in May 1857 over new equipment and policies that violated religious beliefs. The mutiny then spread to other regions as many civilians and rulers joined the rebellion. Major cities like Delhi, Kanpur, and Lucknow became rebel strongholds. It took the British until 1859 to suppress the widespread rebellion across northern India.
The document summarizes key aspects of the democratic constitution adopted in post-apartheid South Africa. It describes how Nelson Mandela and other leaders were imprisoned for opposing apartheid. After decades of struggle against apartheid by black, colored, and Indian groups led by the ANC, the racist policy was finally ended in 1994 when South Africa's first democratic elections took place. The new constitution was drafted through an inclusive process to build trust between the former oppressors and oppressed and protect the interests of all groups.
The document discusses power sharing in democracy. It provides examples of power sharing in Belgium and Sri Lanka. In Belgium, power is shared between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities through representation in government. In Sri Lanka, the majority Sinhalese community established dominance after independence through laws making Sinhala the sole official language and preferential policies, leading to civil war as Tamil groups demanded independence.
This document discusses different groups of pastoral nomads in India and their seasonal migration patterns. It describes the Gujar Bakarwals who migrate between the low Shivalik Hills in winter and the Kashmir Valley in summer. It also discusses the Gaddi shepherds who graze in Shivalik in winter and Lahul and Spiti in summer. Other groups mentioned include the Dhangars in Maharashtra who move between the central plateau and Konkan coast depending on the monsoon. All these nomadic groups practice cyclic migration between winter and summer pastures to take advantage of available resources throughout the seasons.
Russian Revolution - an Optional chapter for Class IX - History I unit. The Three revolutions (1905, February 1917 & October 1917 Revolution) which overall made the Russian Revolution and gave the World, the first Socialist country i.e. U.S.S.R. has been discussed over here.
This document summarizes the transition from pre-industrial to industrial production in Europe and its impact in India. It describes how merchants in Europe first turned to the countryside to produce goods due to guild restrictions in towns. Rural artisans agreed to work for merchants. This led to the development of relationships between towns and countryside. Eventually, factories began to consolidate all stages of production under one roof, driven by inventions that increased efficiency. The growth of factories had mixed impacts - it provided jobs but also unemployment and poor working conditions. The rise of European industries like cotton had negative effects in India, undermining weavers and the export trade they relied upon.
Social Science History Chap1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10Tutalege
Nationalism emerged in Europe following the French Revolution and transformed the political landscape. Key developments included:
1) The French Revolution established the idea of the nation-state with citizens as sovereign rather than monarchs. This inspired nationalist movements across Europe.
2) Revolutions in the 1830s and 1840s spread liberal and nationalist ideals but were ultimately repressed by conservative rulers.
3) German and Italian unification was achieved through warfare led by Prussia and Piedmont-Sardinia respectively in the late 1800s, establishing the first truly modern nation-states.
4) Romanticist notions of shared culture, language and heritage were important in fostering nationalist sentiment among the people.
The document summarizes key events of the 1857 rebellion in India against the British East India Company. It describes how the company gradually eroded the power of local rulers like the Nawabs. This caused resentment among rulers and sepoys. In 1857, sepoys in Meerut mutinied after being issued new gun cartridges greased with animal fat. They marched to Delhi and joined the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar. The rebellion then spread across many regions led by figures like Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi and Nana Saheb. Though the British regained control after two years of fighting, the company's power was transferred to the British crown, and policies changed to reduce
The French Revolution began in 1789 and overthrew the French monarchy and feudal system. The three estates - clergy, nobility, and commoners - were divided by extreme inequality. The commoners, represented by the Third Estate, demanded political reforms but faced opposition. This led to the storming of the Bastille prison and the abolition of feudalism. However, instability grew and the radical Jacobins rose, imposing the Reign of Terror to eliminate opponents. The revolution culminated with the rise and fall of Maximilien Robespierre and the execution of Louis XVI in 1793 before the more moderate Directory government took over in 1795.
The document summarizes key developments in medieval Europe, including the rise of feudalism and manorialism, the growth of towns and trade, the role of the Catholic Church and papacy, and major events like the Crusades and the Black Death pandemic. It provides timelines of major political, economic, and social changes from the fall of Rome to 1300 CE.
France operated under the Old Regime system with an absolute monarch and three estates where social status depended on estate. Enlightenment ideas spread and people began to question this system. As France faced economic troubles and bankruptcy, the king called the Estates-General meeting for the first time in over 175 years to address taxes. The Third Estate formed the National Assembly and took the Tennis Court Oath to create a new constitution. In July 1789, angry citizens stormed the Bastille prison in Paris, sparking the Great Fear across France and riots over bread prices that took the king and queen as prisoners.
The French Revolution was caused by economic crisis from war debts and taxes, famine from bad harvests, social disparity between the privileged estates and the burdened third estate, and resentment against the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI. Revolutionary ideas from philosophers like Rousseau, Locke, and Montesquieu spread new theories of popular sovereignty, social contract, and separation of powers that further inspired calls for reform.
The document provides background information on key events and figures of the French Revolution from the late 1700s. It summarizes the social inequalities under the Ancien Regime that divided French society into estates and led to resentment. As economic issues mounted and Enlightenment ideas spread, various groups opposed the monarchy and absolute rule, leading to revolutionary unrest and the overthrow of the king. Key events included storming of the Bastille prison and the establishment of a republic. The revolution then grew more radical under figures like Robespierre before moderating again under Napoleon, who crowned himself emperor.
This document provides background information on the French Revolution from 1775-1793. It discusses the socioeconomic conditions in France prior to the revolution, including high taxes and bread prices. It outlines key events like the storming of the Bastille and the Tennis Court Oath. The document also summarizes Crane Brinton's theory that revolutions follow a predictable course from moderate to radical phases. Overall, the document gives a high-level overview of the major political and economic developments that led up to the French Revolution.
The document discusses the causes and characteristics of revolutions through examining the French Revolution. It identifies several factors that contributed to the revolution including economic struggles, unfair taxation and class divisions between the three estates. The document outlines the major events of the revolution including the storming of the Bastille, the establishment of the National Assembly and the execution of King Louis XVI. It also discusses the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte in the aftermath of the revolution.
The French Revolution began as the Third Estate, representing the common people, demanded more political power and tax relief from the French monarchy and aristocracy. They formed the National Assembly and took the Tennis Court Oath pledging not to disperse until a constitution was created. The King tried to stop them but eventually allowed the formation of the Assembly. The Assembly declared the Rights of Man and took control of the French government and Church lands, starting the French Revolution.
the revolution the French people were divided into three groups:
The first estate: the clergy
The second estate: the nobility
The third estate: the common people (bourgeoisie, urban workers, and peasants).
Legally the first two estates enjoyed many privileges, particularly exemption from most taxation
The French Revolution began in 1789 due to financial troubles in France and resentment of the unequal system of the three estates. In May 1789, the Estates General met but the Third Estate formed into the National Assembly when their demands for fair representation were denied. They took the Tennis Court Oath on June 20th, pledging to draft a constitution. In July, the storming of the Bastille prison by a Parisian mob became a symbol of the revolution. By August, peasant revolts across France in the "Great Fear" led the National Assembly to abolish feudalism. They adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man on August 26th, establishing the principles of the revolution.
The French Revolution began in 1789 and overthrew the French monarchy and feudal system. The Third Estate, which represented the common people, demanded representation and reforms to the unequal system. This led to the storming of the Bastille prison and the formation of a constitutional monarchy. However, political divisions and war with other European nations led to increased radicalism and the Reign of Terror under Maximilien Robespierre. The Revolution ended in 1799 with the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte as leader of France.
The French Revolution began as discontent grew among the common people, or third estate, who faced heavy taxation while the nobility and clergy were largely exempt. The financial crisis facing the government led King Louis XVI to call a meeting of the Estates General in 1789. The third estate demanded voting power equal to the other estates, and when denied they formed the National Assembly, swearing the Tennis Court Oath not to disperse until France had a constitution. Rural unrest and food shortages in Paris led angry mobs to storm the Bastille prison, marking the start of the Revolution.
The document provides a detailed summary of the key events and causes of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1794. It discusses the economic troubles facing King Louis XVI that led to tax increases, as well as the social inequalities between the three estates. The storming of the Bastille on July 14th 1789 marked the beginning of the Revolution. The National Assembly was formed and abolished feudalism. The constitutional monarchy established in 1791 limited the King's power. The Reign of Terror under Robespierre saw thousands executed by guillotine. The Revolution had wide-ranging impacts including the abolition of slavery and new rights for women.
The document provides background on the French Revolution. It describes the economic troubles facing King Louis XVI that led to tax increases, sparking unrest. On July 14, 1789, protesters stormed the Bastille prison, a symbol of the king's power. Philosophers like Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu influenced calls for democratic reforms. In 1791, the National Assembly established a constitutional monarchy with limited powers for Louis XVI. However, war with neighboring countries and unrest grew, leading to the abolition of the monarchy in 1792 and the establishment of the violent Reign of Terror under Maximilien Robespierre from 1793-1794.
The French Revolution began on July 14, 1789 when protesters stormed the Bastille prison in Paris looking for arms. This marked the start of the revolution against the absolute monarchy and old feudal system of France. The National Assembly was formed and declared France a constitutional monarchy, limiting the King's power. However, as the revolution radicalized, the monarchy was abolished and the First French Republic was declared. Maximillian Robespierre rose to power and instituted the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794, where those seen as enemies of the revolution were executed by guillotine without trial.
The French Revolution was sparked by growing economic and social inequality between the three estates. The Third Estate, which represented the common people, bore the tax burden but had little political power. They rebelled in 1789, storming the Bastille and forcing King Louis XVI to accept a constitutional monarchy. However, tensions remained and radical factions grew more powerful. The monarchy was overthrown and Louis XVI was executed in 1793, marking the onset of the Reign of Terror by the Jacobins to consolidate the Revolution.
Prior to the revolution, France was one of the most powerful countries in Europe but faced a major financial crisis due to decades of war and the lavish spending of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Growing discontent among the common people and the influence of Enlightenment ideas led to calls for political and economic reforms. In 1789, the storming of the Bastille fortress by angry peasants marked the start of the French Revolution, ushering in a new era of government in France.
The document provides details about the French Revolution, including its key events and causes. It discusses how the revolution arose from growing discontent with the monarchy and feudal system in France, where the Third Estate bore the tax burden but had few rights. Major developments included the storming of the Bastille, the formation of the National Assembly, the abolition of feudalism, and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy that eventually gave way to a republic after the king's failed flight and arrest.
1) The document summarizes key events and causes of the French Revolution from 1789-1791, including the storming of the Bastille, establishment of the National Assembly, and creation of a constitutional monarchy.
2) French society was divided into three estates, with the clergy, nobility, and bourgeoisie in the first two estates enjoying privileges over the third estate of peasants and laborers. Economic troubles and Enlightenment ideas led the third estate to revolt.
3) Women played an active role in the Revolution and fought for equal political and legal rights, though full equality was not achieved until the 20th century. The Revolution also eventually led to the abolition of slavery in French colonies.
This presentation is about the French revolution which took place in the recent past and had been successful in shaping the country through such grave conditions.
French revolution- Class 9 (Full therory in less words)Ankush Singh
The document provides an overview of the French Revolution from the late 18th century society through the establishment of a republic. It describes the unequal estates system and tax burden on the Third Estate that led to unrest. Key events that sparked the revolution included the Tennis Court Oath where the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly, and the storming of the Bastille prison in Paris. The National Assembly abolished feudalism and established a constitutional monarchy, limiting the king's powers. It also adopted the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen establishing principles of liberty, equality and resistance to oppression. As unrest continued, the monarchy was abolished and France became a republic in 1792.
French Revolution a chapter of grade IX. This power point presentation gives detailed information about the chapter. I hope all students will benefit from this presentation.
The French Revolution began in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille prison in Paris by the commoners, marking a turning point where the king's authority collapsed. Key events included the commoners taking the Tennis Court Oath to draft a constitution, and the National Assembly abolishing aristocratic privileges and adopting the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen establishing liberty, equality, and resistance to oppression. However, the revolution grew more radical over time, with King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette eventually being put on trial and guillotined. Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety instituted the Reign of Terror to eliminate enemies of the revolution, establishing a period of violence from
Learn about the French Revolution. Instigators, Major Events during this time period and the effects/ ending are covered here.
Not mine. My Professor made this.
The French Revolution began in 1789 and overthrew the French monarchy and feudal system of government. France was facing a financial crisis due to debt from wars and spending by the king and queen. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, the Third Estate revolted and common people took to the streets due to high bread prices. The National Assembly was formed and abolished privileges of the clergy and nobility. However, internal conflicts led to the establishment of a republic and Reign of Terror under Robespierre. The revolution transformed France from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy and later a republic while also spreading ideas of liberty, equality and popular sovereignty.
The French Revolution occurred from 1789 to 1815 and transformed France from an absolute monarchy to a republic, with the monarchy eventually being replaced by Napoleon who crowned himself emperor. The revolution introduced new political ideologies like liberalism and radicalism across Europe but was followed by a conservative restoration of the old ruling families. The changes brought by the revolution had lasting impacts that shaped Western Europe throughout the 19th century as countries balanced preserving absolute monarchies with demands for more democratic reforms.
The French Revolution began in 1789 due to growing discontent with the French monarchy and the unequal system of the three estates. The Third Estate, made up of the commoners, demanded political reforms and more representation. This led to the formation of the National Assembly and the storming of the Bastille prison. The Assembly abolished the privileges of the nobility and clergy, declaring the equal rights of all citizens in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. However, economic troubles and military defeats weakened the new government and radical factions grew which ultimately overthrew the monarchy.
Britain established control over India in the mid-1800s through the East India Company and imposed colonial rule. Mohandas Gandhi emerged as a leader of the Indian independence movement, advocating for nonviolent civil disobedience such as boycotts. Gandhi organized national boycotts of British cotton goods, which caused British cloth sales in India to fall sharply. Ultimately, India gained independence from Britain in 1947 after decades of Gandhi and others advocating for self-governance through nonviolent protests and civil disobedience.
The document discusses the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers in 18th century Europe. It describes the Philosophes as intellectuals who applied reason to politics, economics, science, and social issues. It profiles several influential thinkers, including Thomas Locke who believed in natural rights, Voltaire who advocated for religious freedom and criticized the Catholic Church, Jean-Jacques Rousseau who felt the king was not properly representing citizens, and Baron de Montesquieu who proposed separating and balancing governmental powers.
The document summarizes the growing ideological divide and tensions between the Soviet Union and China from the 1950s-1970s. Initially allies after the founding of the People's Republic of China, disagreements emerged over the definition of communism and China's relationship with the West. These ideological differences escalated and the Sino-Soviet split emerged, with both countries competing for control over communist states. As relations deteriorated, the USSR withdrew support and scientists from China. This ideological split allowed the US under Nixon to exploit the tensions and pursue closer relations with China as a counterbalance to the Soviet Union.
The Chinese government imprisons critics through vague laws against subversion and revealing state secrets. Political education ranges from propaganda to coercive reeducation in prisons or labor camps designed to reshape one's identity to support Communist Party policies. The government censors topics like democracy, Tiananmen Square, religion, and corruption, and controls all media, education, and communication. Only state-sanctioned religious groups are allowed to exist; religious leaders who do not follow the Communist Party are imprisoned or sent to labor camps, and Christians, Buddhists, and Muslims face persecution. All education and youth groups are state-sponsored to promote Communist ideology.
Persia was ruled by Shahs of the Qajar Dynasty until 1921, when military officer Reza Khan led a rebellion against the Shah and declared himself the new Shah of Persia. In 1979, the Islamic Revolution overthrew the Shah and established an Islamic republic led by Ayatollah Khomeini. Later that year, Iranian students took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and captured 52 American hostages for over a year. While Iran halted its nuclear weapons program in 2003, it continued developing uranium enrichment capabilities.
The document summarizes key events leading up to World War 2 in Asia, Europe and the role of isolationism in the United States. It describes Japanese aggression in Manchuria in 1931, violations of treaties by Germany, Italy and the failed appeasement of Hitler at the Munich Agreement of 1938. Hitler then invaded Poland in September 1939, marking the start of World War 2. The U.S. pursued neutrality through arms embargoes and cash-and-carry policies, allowing the aggression of Hitler and Mussolini to continue unchecked by foreign powers for some time.
World War 1 was caused by four main underlying factors: militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. Militarism led to an arms race in Europe and rising tensions as countries felt threatened by others' growing military powers. This contributed to the formation of two opposing alliances - the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, and the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia. Imperialism caused frequent disputes over colonies. Nationalist sentiments, especially Serbian nationalism against Austria-Hungary, were also a major contributing factor. When Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists, a series of events led
1) Absolute monarchs believed all power resided with them as representatives of God on Earth. Religious conflicts plagued France between Catholics and Protestants. Henry IV converted to Catholicism to restore order and issued the Edict of Nantes granting religious freedom.
2) Louis XIV weakened the nobility and revoked the Edict of Nantes, pursuing absolute rule as the state. His ministers like Colbert and Richelieu aimed to strengthen France.
3) The English Civil War erupted over disputes on royal power between King Charles I and Parliament, leading to Cromwell's establishment of a republic before the restoration of the monarchy.
Here are 1-2 sentence responses to your quick write questions:
1. The two empires that emerged after the Thirty Years' War were the Austrian Empire under the Habsburgs and the Kingdom of Prussia under the Hohenzollerns.
2. Both empires grew powerful by expanding their territories and establishing strong centralized governments, but the Austrian Empire ruled over a more ethnically diverse area while Prussia unified German states under absolute Hohenzollern rule.
The document provides details about King Louis XIV of France and the Palace of Versailles during his reign from 1643 to 1715. It includes facts and statistics about the size and features of the palace and its gardens, which Louis XIV had expanded significantly to symbolize his absolute power. The document contains over 30 images related to Louis XIV, members of his family, artists and architects that worked on Versailles, and views of the interior and exterior of the massive palace and grounds.
1. Philip II ruled Spain from 1556 to 1598 and made himself an absolute monarch, believing that God had given him the right to rule.
2. He controlled all parts of the Spanish government and persecuted Protestants while supporting the Catholic Reformation.
3. Under Philip II, Spain had a strong navy and defeated the Ottomans in 1571, but the English navy later defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, contributing to the decline of Spanish power over subsequent decades as it spent too much on wars and neglected domestic economic matters.
This document provides instructions for creating a gourmet strata. It begins with brief descriptions of how to use a chef's knife safely and how to sauté vegetables and meats. It then explains how to whisk eggs. The ingredients and kitchen utensils needed are listed. Finally, the document provides a step-by-step recipe directions that involve cooking sausage, sautéing vegetables, whisking eggs and milk, layering ingredients in a baking pan, refrigerating, and baking for one hour to create the finished strata.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
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2. The Old Regime
This cartoon from
the era of the
French Revolution
depicts the third
estate as a person
in chains, who
supports the clergy
and nobility on his
back.
The Third Estate
3. The Three Estates
Before the revolution the
French people were divided
into three groups:
– The first estate: the clergy
– The second estate: the nobility
– The third estate:
the common people
Bourgeoisie- upper middle class
urban workers
Peasants
Legally the first two estates enjoyed many
privileges, particularly exemption from most
taxation.
4. The First Estate
The First
Estate, consisted of rich
and poor clergy.
– There were very
wealthy
abbots, members of
the aristocracy who
lived in luxury off of
wealthy church lands.
– There were also poor
parish priests, who
lived much like the
peasants.
5. The Second Estate
The second estate, the
nobility, inherited their
titles and got their wealth
from the land.
– Some members of the
nobility had little
money, but had all the
privileges of noble
rank.
– However, most enjoyed
both privileges and
wealth.
6. The Third Estate
The third estate, the common people, was by far the
largest group in France.
Everyone who was not a member of the first or second
estates was a member of the third. It included:
– Wealthy merchants, whose wealth rivaled that of the
nobility
– Doctors and lawyers
– Shopkeepers
– The urban poor
– The peasants who
worked the land.
7. The French Royalty
The royal family
lived in luxury at
the Palace of
Versailles.
Hall of Mirrors
8. Louis XIV
Louis XVI was an
awkward, clumsy man who
had a good heart but was
unable to relate to people on
a personal level.
– He often appeared unfeeling and gruff.
– He was insecure and seems to have disliked
being King of France.
When one of his ministers resigned, he was
heard to remark, "Why can't I resign too?"
9. Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette, in her
early years as
Queen, was flighty and
irresponsible.
– She spent huge amounts
on clothes, buying a new
dress nearly every other
day.
– Being Austrian, she was
terribly unpopular in
France and had few
friends.
10. The Palace of Versailles
The King and Queen of France lived
in luxury and splendor at the
magnificent Palace of Versailles
outside of Paris.
11. The Financial Crisis
The government of France was bankrupt
and a serious financial crisis.
Reason for the crisis:
– Inefficient and unfair tax structure
burden of taxation on those least able to pay, the
third estate
– Outdated medieval land practices
– A drained treasury which was the result of:
Aiding the Americans during the American Revolution
Long wars with England
Overspending
12. Where is the Money?
In this cartoon from the time, Louis is looking at
the chests and asks “Where is the tax money?“
– The financial minister, Necker, looks on and says
“The money was there last time I looked."
– The nobles and clergy are sneaking out the door
carrying sacks of money, saying "We have it."
13. The Nobility
With the
exception of a
few
liberals, the
nobility wanted
greater political
influence for
themselves but
nothing for the
third estate.
14. Calling the Estates General
The King’s attempt to solve the financial
crisis
– removing some of the nobles' tax exemptions.
However, the nobility saw themselves as special, with
better blood, and entitled to all of their class
privileges.
– The Parlement, a judicial organization
controlled by the nobility blocked the King's
move.
He was forced reluctantly to call a meeting
of the Estates General in 1788.
16. The Estates General
When the Estates General met, each
estate solemnly marched into the
hall at Versailles.
The third estate dressed all in
black, the nobility dressed in all their
finery, and the clergy dressed in full
regalia.
17. To Vote by Head or by Order
The delegates of the third estate insisted
– that the three estates meet together
– that the vote be taken by head, rather than by
order.
Since there were far more delegates from
the third estate, this plan would give them
a majority.
The King refused to grant their request.
The third estate refused to budge.
18. What Is the Third Estate?
"What is the Third Estate?" asked Abbe
Sieyes. "Everything!“
This liberal clergyman rallied the
commoners of France to assert their
power and take charge of the Estates
General.
– At his suggestion, they declared themselves
the National Assembly and invited the other
two orders to join them.
– The next day they found their meeting hall
locked.
– At the suggestion of one of the delegates they
moved to a nearby indoor tennis court.
19. Debating the Course of Action
There they debated their course of
action.
– Some wanted to return to Paris to the
protection of the people.
– Mounier, not ready to take such a
revolutionary step, suggested instead
that they swear an oath of allegiance
not to disband until a constitution had
been created for France
20. Mounier’s Suggestion
“Let us swear to
God and our country
that we will not
disperse until we
have established a
sound and just
constitution, as
instructed by those
who nominated us.”
-M. Mounier
21. The Tennis Court Oath
The delegates agreed and all but one of
the 578 delegates signed it.
– Their oath is known as the Tennis Court Oath.
– It said: "The National Assembly, considering
that it has been summoned to establish the
constitution of the kingdom... decrees that all
members of this assembly shall immediately
take a solemn oath not to separate... until the
constitution of the kingdom is established on
firm foundations..." June 20, 1789
23. King Asks Third Estate to Disperse
Hearing of the oath, the King called a
meeting of all three estates.
– At the end of the meeting he ordered the third
estate to disperse.
– They refused.
One of the delegates declared that "We
are here at the will of the people, . . . and
. . . shall not stir from our seats unless
forced to do so by bayonets."
24. Third Estate Triumphs
The King was
unwilling to use
force and eventually
ordered the first
and second estates
to join the new
National Assembly.
The third estate had
won.
25. The National Assembly
The new National
Assembly created the
historic and influential
document The
Declaration of the
Rights of Man
– which stated the
principle that all men
had equal rights under
the law.
26. Declaration of the Rights of Man
"Men are born free and
equal in their
rights....These rights are
liberty, property, security
and resistance to
oppression.
The fundamental source
of all sovereignty resides
in the nation.
The law is the expression
of the general will. All
citizens have the right to
take part personally, or
through
The Declaration of the Rights representatives, in the
of Man and the Citizen making of the law."
27. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
The National Assembly resolved the
immediate financial crisis by:
– Seizing church lands
– Putting the church under the control of
the State withThe Civil Constitution of
the Clergy.
29. The Oath of Allegiance
Clergymen were required to swear
an oath to the new constitution.
– Many refused and were placed under
arrest.
– Was very controversial to a nation of
Catholics and drew support away from
the new government.
30. Revolution Spreads to Common People
The Revolution, instigated by the
nobility, and set in motion by the
bourgeoisie, now spread to the
common people.
31. Conditions in Paris
Conditions in Paris were poor for the
common people.
– The price of bread had doubled
– supplies were short due to harvest failures.
– Rumors spread that the King and Queen were
responsible for the shortages
French troops marched to the capital.
– Rumors spread quickly that the King was
intending to use them against the people.
– The dismissal of the Finance Minister
Necker, who was popular with the third
estate, ignited the spark.
32. The Storming of the Bastille
Searching for weapons on July
14, 1789, a mob, joined by some of
the King's soldiers, stormed the
Bastille.
The commander of the Bastille, de
Launay, attempted to surrender, but
the mob would not accept it.
– He was killed as they poured through
the gates.
– No guard was left alive.
35. Liberated Prisoners
Prisoners of the Bastille
were released.
And marched down the
streets of Paris in
victory.
It was a great symbolic
event, one which is still
celebrated in France
every year.
38. The Great Fear 1789
The end of July and beginning of
August there were riots in the
countryside.
Peasants burned their nobles'
chateaux and destroyed documents
which contained their feudal
obligations.
40. The Night of August 4
The National Assembly response to the
Great Fear.
August 4, 1789, one by one members of
the nobility and clergy rose to give up:
– Feudal dues
– Serfdom
– The tithe
– Hunting and fishing rights
– Personal privileges.
In one night feudalism was destroyed in
France.
42. Women’s March to Versailles
October 4, 1789, a crowd of
women, demanding bread for their
families, marched toward Versailles.
When they arrived, they demanded to see
"the Baker," "the Baker's wife," and "the
Baker's boy".
The King met with some of the women
and agreed to distribute all the bread in
Versailles to the crowd.
44. The King’s Return to Paris
Under pressure
agreed to return to
Paris with his wife
and children.
It was the last
time the King
saw Versailles.
45. The Flight to Varennes
The King reluctantly accepted the new
constitution,
– he would not accept all the reforms and decided to
leave the country.
On June 20, 1791, the King and his family set
out for the border in a carriage.
– The King was disguised as a steward and his son was
wearing a dress.
– At the border village of Varennes, he was recognized
and eventually apprehended.
47. The Paris Mob
The King's flight destroyed the last of the
King's popularity with the people of Paris.
The popular press portrayed the royal
family as pigs and public opinion
plummeted.
Increasingly there were demands for an
end to the monarchy and the creation of a
new kind of government, a republic.
49. The San-Culottes
At the beginning of the revolution, the working
men of Paris allowed the revolutionary
bourgeoisie to lead them.
But by 1790 the sans-culottes were beginning to
be politically active in their own right.
– They were called sans-culottes (literally, without
trousers) because the working men wore loose
trousers instead of the tight knee breeches of the
nobility.
– Eventually sans culottes came to refer to any
revolutionary citizen.
51. The End of Constitutional Monarchy
On August 10, 1792, a mob attacked the
Tuileries.
– The royal family barely escaped with their lives.
– The king's guards were killed and the King and
his family fled to the protection of the Assembly.
The constitutional monarchy was over.
53. Spreading the Gospel of Revolution
The French Revolution took on the
character of a religious crusade.
It was not enough to have a revolution at
home. The gospel of revolution must be
spread to the rest of Europe.
France declared war on Prussia and
Austria and proclaimed that it advanced
the cause of liberty.
54. The French Flag
The Marquis de
Lafayette, commander of
the new National
Guard, combined the
colors of the King (white)
and the colors of Paris
(blue and red) for his
guardsmen's uniforms
and from this came the
Tricolor, the new French
flag.
55. The September Massacres
The country was embroiled in a foreign war.
The new government had declared war against
the powerful Austria and in the beginning it did
not go well for France.
Complicating matters was the fact that counter-
revolutionary Frenchmen were working with
Austria in the hopes of turning back the
revolution.
In France people saw counter-revolutionaries
under every rock.
56. Let the blood of the traitors flow
The radical press took up the cry, "Let the
blood of the traitors flow," and within
hours the streets of France did indeed run
with blood.
Within two days, over 1000 were dead.
57. The Execution of Louis XVI
The constitutional monarchy put in place by
moderate revolutionaries gave way to a radical
republic.
The National Convention decided to put Louis on
trial for his crimes.
– They voted for his execution.
On January 23, 1793 Louis Capet went to the
guillotine in the Place de la Concorde, where a
statue of his predecessor, Louis XV, once stood.
– At the scaffold he said "I forgive those who are guilty
of my death."
59. Two Radical Groups
Two radical groups began vying for
power, the Girondins and the Jacobins.
Although both groups were more radical in
their views than the moderates who had
designed the constitutional monarchy, the
Girondins were somewhat less radical.
In late 1791, the Girondins first emerged
as an important power in France.
60. The Reign of Terror
After the death of Louis in 1793, the Reign of
Terror began.
– Marie Antoinette led a parade of prominent and not-
so-prominent citizens to their deaths.
– The guillotine, the new instrument of egalitarian
justice, was put to work.
Public executions were considered educational.
Women were encouraged to sit and knit during
trials and executions.
The Revolutionary Tribunal ordered the
execution of 2,400 people in Paris by July 1794.
Across France 30,000 people lost their lives.
61. Suspension of Civil Liberties
Civil liberties were suspended.
– The Convention ordered that "if material or moral
proof exists, independently of the evidence of
witnesses, the latter will not be heard, unless this
formality should appear necessary, either to discover
accomplices or for other important reasons concerning
the public interest."
– The promises of the Declaration of the Rights of Man
were forgotten.
– Terror was the order of the day. In the words of
Maximilien Robespierre, "Softness to traitors will
destroy us all."
62. Maximilien Robespierre
"Terror is nothing
other than
justice, prompt, sev
ere, inflexible"
Terror was the order of
the day.
Robespierre, "Softness to
traitors will destroy us
all."
63. Republic of Virtue
Robespierre was the mastermind of the
Reign of Terror.
– He was the leader of the Committee of Public
Safety, the executive committee of the National
Convention, and the most powerful man in France.
– He explained how terror would lead to the Republic of
Virtue in a speech to the National Convention: “If the
spring of popular government in time of peace is
virtue, the springs of popular government in
revolution are at once virtue and terror:
virtue, without which terror is fatal; terror, without
which virtue is powerless. Terror is nothing other than
justice, prompt, severe, inflexible...” Speech on Terror
The old maxim "the end justifies the means"
describes Robespierre's policy well.
64. The Last Victim of the Reign of Terror
Even the radical supporters of Robespierre, came
to feel that the Terror must be stopped.
– Those who rose in the Convention calling for an end to
the Terror were its next victim.
– When Robespierre called for a new purge in 1794, he
seemed to threaten the other members of the
Committee of Public Safety.
The Jacobins had had enough.
– Robespierre was arrested and sent to the guillotine the
next day, the last victim of the Reign of Terror.
65. The Directory
People had grown tired of the instability
and bloodshed of the revolution and were
ready for something more moderate.
By 1795, the republic was gone, and 5
men with business interests had the
executive power in France.
This new government was called The
Directory.
– It was far more conservative than the
republic had been.
– It was also ineffective.
66. Napoleon Bonaparte
The people readily
accepted the coup d'etat
of Napoleon Bonaparte in
1799.
The revolution was over.
Or was it?