This document discusses different definitions and understandings of ideology: 1) Ideology refers to a systematic set of ideas held by a group, like professional or class ideologies. 2) Some see ideology as distorting or concealing reality and producing "false consciousness." 3) Ideology shapes how cultural texts like films present the world. 4) For Barthes, ideology operates through unconscious meanings and naturalizing social constructs. 5) For Althusser, ideology is a material social practice reproduced through institutions like education, not just ideas. It constructs subjects and resolves contradictions in lived experience through illusions of free will.

1. Ideology

2. First ideology can refer to a systematic body of
ideas articulated by a particular group of
people. For example, we could speak of
‘professional ideology’ to refer to the ideas
which inform the practices of particular
professional groups. We could also speak of
the ‘ideology of the labour class’.

3. A second definition suggest a certain masking,
distortion or concealment. Ideology is used here
to indicate how some texts and practices present
distorted images of reality. They produce what
they sometimes call ‘False Consciousness’. using
this definition, we might speak of capitalist
ideology. This definition derives from certain
assumptions about the circumstances of the
production of texts and practices. It is argued that
they are the super structural ‘Reflections, or
‘Expressions’ of the power relations of the
economic base of society.

4. A third definition of ideology (closely related to and
in some ways dependent on the second
definition) uses the term to refer to ‘ideological
forms’ (Marx, 1976a:5). This usage is intended to
draw intention to the way in which texts
(television fiction, pop songs, novels, feature
films,etc) always present a particular image of the
world.
The German Playwright Bertolt Bretch
(1978) summarizes the point: “Good or bad, a
play always includes an image of the world….
There is no play and no theatrical performance
which does not in some way effect the
dispositions and conceptions of the audience.
Art is never without consequences.”

5. • A fourth definition of ideology is one associated with
the early work of the French cultural theorist Roland
Barthes. Barthes argues that ideology (Or ‘Myth’ as
Barthes himself calls it) operates mainly at the level of
connotations the secondary, of an unconscious
meanings that texts and practices carry or can be made
to carry. For Barthes, This would be a classic example of
the operations of ideology, The attempt to make
universal and legitimate what is in fact partial or
particular; An attempt to pass off that which is cultural
(i.e. humanly made) as something which is natural (i.e.
just existing ). This is made clear in such formulations as
a female pop singer, a black journalist, a working-class
writer, a gay comedian. In each instance the first term is
used to qualify the second as a deviation from the
‘universal’ categories of pop singer, journalist, writer
and comedian.

6. • A fifth definition is one that was very influential in the
1970s and early 1980s. It is the key points of the
definition of ideology develop by the French Marxist
Philosopher Louis Altusser.
• Althusser’s main contention is to see ideology not
simply as the body of ideas but as a material practice.
What he means by this is that ideology is encountered
in the practices of everyday life and not simply in certain
ideas about everyday life. Principally what Althusser has
in mind is the way in which certain rituals and customs
have the effect of binding us to the social order: A social
order that is marked by enormous inequalities of
wealth, status and power. Using this definition, we could
describe the seaside holiday or the celebration of
Christmas as the examples of ideological practices.

7. Ideological State Apparatus
• All ideology has the function of constructing concrete
individuals as subjects
• Ideological subjects are produced by acts of hailing or
interpellation
• In this way ,ideology is a material practice that creates
subjects who are in turn subjected to its specific
pattern of thought and modes of behavior
• Ideology is not only a body of ideas, but as a lived
material practice reproduced through the practices and
production of ISAs :education, organized religion, the
family, media, culture, politics etc.

8. • In this way, ideology dispels contradictions in
lived experience
• It accomplishes this by offering false, but
seemingly true ,resolutions to real problems
• This is not a conscious process ; ideology is
profoundly unconscious in its mode of operation.
• The relationship is both real and imaginary in the
sense that ideology is the way we live our
relationship to the real conditions of existence at
the level of representations

9. The problematic
• A problematic consists of the assumptions,
motivations, underlying ideas ,etc., from which a text is
made.
• A text is structured as much by what is absent (what is
not said) as by what is present(what is said).
• If we are to fully understand the meaning of a text, we
have to be aware of not only what is in a text but also
the assumptions which may not appear in the text but
exist only its problematic.
• The task of an Althusserian critical practice is to
deconstruct the text to reveal its problematic.

10. Conclusion
• According to Althusser: “ It therefore appears
that the subject acts insofar as he is acted by
the ….. system, while we believe that we are
acting out of free will, we are in reality ‘acted
by …. System’.