SlideShare a Scribd company logo
The Equal Rights
Amendment:
Legal Issues and Implications
“Equality of rights
under law shall not be
denied or abridged by
the United States or
any State on account
of sex”
Where We Stand
ERA Ratification Tally
35 States Approve (1982)
36 State Approved (2017)
5 States Attempted to Rescind
14 States Yet To Approve (only 2 states needed)
What is the ERA?
Equality of rights under law shall not
be denied or abridged
by the United States or any State
on account of sex
[1]
[2]
Current Legal Framework
“… No State shall make or enforce any law which shall
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the
United States; nor shall any State deprive any person
of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law;
nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal
protection of the laws.”
14th Amendment, § 1
The 14th Amendment
Level of
Scrutiny
Protected
Classes
Constitutional
Standard
Strict Race, National Origin,
Religion
Narrowly tailored to
achieve a compelling
government interest
Least Restrictive
Means
Intermediate Gender Substantially related
to important
government purpose
Current Protections For Protected Classes
Existing Federal and State Laws
Title VII
Title IX
Pregnancy Discrimination Act
F E D E R A L
State constitutions
State and local laws prohibiting
certain kinds of sex discrimination
S T A T E & L O C A L
Why Do We Need The ERA?
Current Protections are Inadequate
The government generally can
discriminate based on sex as
long as the action meets
intermediate scrutiny.
Some states do not have Equal
Rights Amendments.
State statutes and constitutional
provisions do not apply to federal
government action.
Current statutes
can be amended,
not renewed, etc.
ERA: Raises the Level of Scrutiny
Rational Basis
For Non-protected
Classes
Intermediate
scrutiny
STRICT
SCRUTINY
ERA
Nguyen v. INS: Level of Scrutiny in Action
• The Supreme Court upheld laws
related to the U.S. citizenship at birth
for children born out of wedlock
outside the United States to an
American parent
• Under intermediate scrutiny: It was
valid for the law to have a more
restrictive citizenship requirement for
children born to American fathers and
a non-citizen mother
• What if the standard had been strict
scrutiny?
Potential Challenges Under the ERA
Myths About The ERA
Myth #1:
“The ERA will
overturn laws that
benefit women”
Myth #2:
“The ERA will take power
away from the states on
laws impacted by gender”
Myth #3:
“The ERA is about
changing the law
on abortion.”
Myth #4:
“If the ERA is ratified, gender
designations would have to be
removed from bathrooms, locker
rooms, jails, and hospitals.”
Myth #5:
“The ERA will be
costly and burden
businesses”
Path to Ratification
“The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall
deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this
Constitution . . . Which, in either case, shall be valid to
all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution,
when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the
several states, or by conventions in three fourths thereof…”
U.S. Constitution, Article V
The Ratification Process
Ratifying the Equal Rights Amendment
ERA Ratification Tally
35 States Approve (1982)
36 State Approved (2017)
5 States Attempted to Rescind
14 States Yet To Approve (only 2 states needed)
ERA Ratification Tally
35 States Approve (1982)
36 State Approved (2017)
5 States Attempted to Rescind
14 States Yet To Approve (only 2 states needed)
Ratifying the Equal Rights Amendment
ILLINOIS
2003:
Illinois
House
2014:
Illinois
Senate
NEVADA
36th State
to Ratify
ERA
ERA Ratification Tally
35 States Approve (1982)
36 State Approved (2017)
5 States Attempted to Rescind
14 States Yet To Approve (only 2 states needed)
Recent Efforts in Illinois
NEVADA
36th State
to Ratify
ERA
ILLINOIS
2003:
Illinois
House
2014:
Illinois
Senate
ILLINOIS
2017: Bills introduced
in both the House
and the Senate
April 2018: Bill
passed
in the Senate
Ratification: Out of Time?
1971: House
1972: Senate approves
and sends to states for
ratification
1972 – 1978:
35 States Ratify
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
1982 – 2nd
Congressional
Deadline
1979: 1st
Congressional
Deadline
2017: Nevada
Ratifies
2018:
?
ERA Ratification Tally
35 States Approve (1982)
36 State Approved (2017)
5 States Attempted to Rescind
14 States Yet To Approve (only 2 states needed)
Once a State Ratifies…
IDAHO
NEBRASKA
KENTUCKY
TENNESSEE
S. DAKOTA
After 38 States Ratify
“ . . . Which, in either case, shall be valid to all
intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution,
when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of
the several states, or by conventions in three fourths
thereof…”
U.S. Constitution, Article V
Questions?
For More Information:
Winston.com/en/equal-rights-
amendment.html

More Related Content

What's hot

Differences Between Democrats and Whigs
Differences Between Democrats and WhigsDifferences Between Democrats and Whigs
Differences Between Democrats and Whigs
freealan
 
Articles of Confederation
Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation
Articles of Confederation
Norristown Area Hs
 
Ch7 Electoral Process
Ch7 Electoral ProcessCh7 Electoral Process
Ch7 Electoral Process
grieffel
 
Constitutional Convention
Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention
Constitutional Convention
kbeacom
 
TX History Ch 15.1
TX History Ch 15.1TX History Ch 15.1
TX History Ch 15.1
txaggieteacher
 
The Electoral Process
The Electoral ProcessThe Electoral Process
The Electoral Process
Chris Thomas
 
APUSH Period 4 Review
APUSH Period 4 ReviewAPUSH Period 4 Review
APUSH Period 4 Review
kellycrowell
 
Federalist v. democratic republican parties
Federalist v. democratic republican partiesFederalist v. democratic republican parties
Federalist v. democratic republican parties
Kelly Milkowich
 
Equal rights amendment
Equal rights amendmentEqual rights amendment
Equal rights amendment
kcloer
 
Richard M. Nixon
Richard M. NixonRichard M. Nixon
Richard M. Nixon
HistoryExpert006
 
Manifest destiny map
Manifest destiny mapManifest destiny map
Manifest destiny map
hawkinsteve
 
Tx history-ch-15.2
Tx history-ch-15.2Tx history-ch-15.2
Tx history-ch-15.2
AvantK
 
Political Parties
Political PartiesPolitical Parties
Political Parties
Norristown Area Hs
 
Amendments 11 27
Amendments 11 27Amendments 11 27
Amendments 11 27
Bryan Toth
 
Unit 3 Powerpoint the Progressive Era
Unit 3 Powerpoint the Progressive EraUnit 3 Powerpoint the Progressive Era
Unit 3 Powerpoint the Progressive Era
Crosswinds High School
 
Government chapter 1 powerpoint con't
Government chapter 1 powerpoint con'tGovernment chapter 1 powerpoint con't
Government chapter 1 powerpoint con't
mistygoetz
 
Reconstruction ppt
Reconstruction pptReconstruction ppt
Reconstruction ppt
Justin "Trent" Harris
 
7 principles of the US Constitution
7 principles of the US Constitution 7 principles of the US Constitution
7 principles of the US Constitution
Kevitz
 
Roles of The President
Roles of The PresidentRoles of The President
Roles of The President
hcpsgov
 
Constitutional Convention 1787
Constitutional Convention 1787Constitutional Convention 1787
Constitutional Convention 1787
cortezushistory
 

What's hot (20)

Differences Between Democrats and Whigs
Differences Between Democrats and WhigsDifferences Between Democrats and Whigs
Differences Between Democrats and Whigs
 
Articles of Confederation
Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation
Articles of Confederation
 
Ch7 Electoral Process
Ch7 Electoral ProcessCh7 Electoral Process
Ch7 Electoral Process
 
Constitutional Convention
Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention
Constitutional Convention
 
TX History Ch 15.1
TX History Ch 15.1TX History Ch 15.1
TX History Ch 15.1
 
The Electoral Process
The Electoral ProcessThe Electoral Process
The Electoral Process
 
APUSH Period 4 Review
APUSH Period 4 ReviewAPUSH Period 4 Review
APUSH Period 4 Review
 
Federalist v. democratic republican parties
Federalist v. democratic republican partiesFederalist v. democratic republican parties
Federalist v. democratic republican parties
 
Equal rights amendment
Equal rights amendmentEqual rights amendment
Equal rights amendment
 
Richard M. Nixon
Richard M. NixonRichard M. Nixon
Richard M. Nixon
 
Manifest destiny map
Manifest destiny mapManifest destiny map
Manifest destiny map
 
Tx history-ch-15.2
Tx history-ch-15.2Tx history-ch-15.2
Tx history-ch-15.2
 
Political Parties
Political PartiesPolitical Parties
Political Parties
 
Amendments 11 27
Amendments 11 27Amendments 11 27
Amendments 11 27
 
Unit 3 Powerpoint the Progressive Era
Unit 3 Powerpoint the Progressive EraUnit 3 Powerpoint the Progressive Era
Unit 3 Powerpoint the Progressive Era
 
Government chapter 1 powerpoint con't
Government chapter 1 powerpoint con'tGovernment chapter 1 powerpoint con't
Government chapter 1 powerpoint con't
 
Reconstruction ppt
Reconstruction pptReconstruction ppt
Reconstruction ppt
 
7 principles of the US Constitution
7 principles of the US Constitution 7 principles of the US Constitution
7 principles of the US Constitution
 
Roles of The President
Roles of The PresidentRoles of The President
Roles of The President
 
Constitutional Convention 1787
Constitutional Convention 1787Constitutional Convention 1787
Constitutional Convention 1787
 

Similar to The Equal Rights Amendment: Legal Issues and Implications

NFDW 2022 position paper on era (1)
NFDW 2022 position paper on era (1)NFDW 2022 position paper on era (1)
NFDW 2022 position paper on era (1)
JoeCheray
 
2020 Equal Rights Amendment - Minnesota Presentation
2020 Equal Rights Amendment - Minnesota Presentation2020 Equal Rights Amendment - Minnesota Presentation
2020 Equal Rights Amendment - Minnesota Presentation
ERA MN
 
States upload
States uploadStates upload
States upload
klstar1
 
States upload
States uploadStates upload
States upload
klstar1
 
Articles 4 7
Articles 4 7Articles 4 7
Articles 4 7
jakebig13
 
Class 5 how government works
Class 5 how government worksClass 5 how government works
Class 5 how government works
professorgoff
 
Civics201
Civics201Civics201
Civics201
David Hancock
 
Civics201
Civics201Civics201
Civics201
David Hancock
 
Class 3 How Government Works
Class 3 How Government WorksClass 3 How Government Works
Class 3 How Government Works
Zara West
 
Class 3 How Government Works
Class 3 How Government WorksClass 3 How Government Works
Class 3 How Government Works
professorgoff
 
Website arizona v. us summary (1)
Website  arizona v. us summary (1)Website  arizona v. us summary (1)
Website arizona v. us summary (1)
Wheeler School
 
ERA Minnesota Presentation (2107)
ERA Minnesota Presentation (2107)ERA Minnesota Presentation (2107)
ERA Minnesota Presentation (2107)
ERA MN
 
Chapter Three and Four
Chapter Three and FourChapter Three and Four
Chapter Three and Four
bminus
 
Intro to u.s. law prof. betsy candlersummer 2018class
Intro to u.s. law prof. betsy candlersummer 2018class Intro to u.s. law prof. betsy candlersummer 2018class
Intro to u.s. law prof. betsy candlersummer 2018class
ssuser47f0be
 
Us constitutionnew
Us constitutionnewUs constitutionnew
Us constitutionnew
mrbruns
 
Congress Part 2
Congress Part 2Congress Part 2
Congress Part 2
mandrewmartin
 
civil rights handbook - unlawful discrimination cover
civil rights handbook - unlawful discrimination covercivil rights handbook - unlawful discrimination cover
civil rights handbook - unlawful discrimination cover
Phyllis W. Cheng
 
Chapter 2
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Sboyett1
 
Day 4 legal matters
Day 4 legal mattersDay 4 legal matters
Day 4 legal matters
Travis Klein
 
2015 er amn_presentation
2015 er amn_presentation2015 er amn_presentation
2015 er amn_presentation
ERA MN
 

Similar to The Equal Rights Amendment: Legal Issues and Implications (20)

NFDW 2022 position paper on era (1)
NFDW 2022 position paper on era (1)NFDW 2022 position paper on era (1)
NFDW 2022 position paper on era (1)
 
2020 Equal Rights Amendment - Minnesota Presentation
2020 Equal Rights Amendment - Minnesota Presentation2020 Equal Rights Amendment - Minnesota Presentation
2020 Equal Rights Amendment - Minnesota Presentation
 
States upload
States uploadStates upload
States upload
 
States upload
States uploadStates upload
States upload
 
Articles 4 7
Articles 4 7Articles 4 7
Articles 4 7
 
Class 5 how government works
Class 5 how government worksClass 5 how government works
Class 5 how government works
 
Civics201
Civics201Civics201
Civics201
 
Civics201
Civics201Civics201
Civics201
 
Class 3 How Government Works
Class 3 How Government WorksClass 3 How Government Works
Class 3 How Government Works
 
Class 3 How Government Works
Class 3 How Government WorksClass 3 How Government Works
Class 3 How Government Works
 
Website arizona v. us summary (1)
Website  arizona v. us summary (1)Website  arizona v. us summary (1)
Website arizona v. us summary (1)
 
ERA Minnesota Presentation (2107)
ERA Minnesota Presentation (2107)ERA Minnesota Presentation (2107)
ERA Minnesota Presentation (2107)
 
Chapter Three and Four
Chapter Three and FourChapter Three and Four
Chapter Three and Four
 
Intro to u.s. law prof. betsy candlersummer 2018class
Intro to u.s. law prof. betsy candlersummer 2018class Intro to u.s. law prof. betsy candlersummer 2018class
Intro to u.s. law prof. betsy candlersummer 2018class
 
Us constitutionnew
Us constitutionnewUs constitutionnew
Us constitutionnew
 
Congress Part 2
Congress Part 2Congress Part 2
Congress Part 2
 
civil rights handbook - unlawful discrimination cover
civil rights handbook - unlawful discrimination covercivil rights handbook - unlawful discrimination cover
civil rights handbook - unlawful discrimination cover
 
Chapter 2
Chapter 2Chapter 2
Chapter 2
 
Day 4 legal matters
Day 4 legal mattersDay 4 legal matters
Day 4 legal matters
 
2015 er amn_presentation
2015 er amn_presentation2015 er amn_presentation
2015 er amn_presentation
 

More from Winston & Strawn LLP

The Nordic Sessions: Avoiding Employment Law Landmines
The Nordic Sessions: Avoiding Employment Law LandminesThe Nordic Sessions: Avoiding Employment Law Landmines
The Nordic Sessions: Avoiding Employment Law Landmines
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
Latest Developments Regarding Arbitration in Hong Kong and Mainland China
Latest Developments Regarding Arbitration in Hong Kong and Mainland ChinaLatest Developments Regarding Arbitration in Hong Kong and Mainland China
Latest Developments Regarding Arbitration in Hong Kong and Mainland China
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
Recent Trends in Regulatory Actions Impacting Banks and Financial Institutions
Recent Trends in Regulatory Actions Impacting Banks and Financial InstitutionsRecent Trends in Regulatory Actions Impacting Banks and Financial Institutions
Recent Trends in Regulatory Actions Impacting Banks and Financial Institutions
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
Computer Forensics – What Every Lawyer Needs to Know
Computer Forensics – What Every Lawyer Needs to KnowComputer Forensics – What Every Lawyer Needs to Know
Computer Forensics – What Every Lawyer Needs to Know
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
Maximizing Deductions in Light of the Section 162(m) Guidance
Maximizing Deductions in Light of the Section 162(m) GuidanceMaximizing Deductions in Light of the Section 162(m) Guidance
Maximizing Deductions in Light of the Section 162(m) Guidance
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
Regulators on the Move – Recent Treasury and Comptroller Actions: How They Af...
Regulators on the Move – Recent Treasury and Comptroller Actions: How They Af...Regulators on the Move – Recent Treasury and Comptroller Actions: How They Af...
Regulators on the Move – Recent Treasury and Comptroller Actions: How They Af...
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
IRS and DOL Audit Issues for Retirement Plans
IRS and DOL Audit Issues for Retirement PlansIRS and DOL Audit Issues for Retirement Plans
IRS and DOL Audit Issues for Retirement Plans
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
Solutions to Section 301 Tariffs on Products from China—Managing the Shock of...
Solutions to Section 301 Tariffs on Products from China—Managing the Shock of...Solutions to Section 301 Tariffs on Products from China—Managing the Shock of...
Solutions to Section 301 Tariffs on Products from China—Managing the Shock of...
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
Best Practices for Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption (ABAC) Compliance
Best Practices for Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption (ABAC) ComplianceBest Practices for Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption (ABAC) Compliance
Best Practices for Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption (ABAC) Compliance
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
International Transactions Program
International Transactions ProgramInternational Transactions Program
International Transactions Program
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
Recent Legislation Impacting Dodd-Frank Requirements: What Financial Institut...
Recent Legislation Impacting Dodd-Frank Requirements: What Financial Institut...Recent Legislation Impacting Dodd-Frank Requirements: What Financial Institut...
Recent Legislation Impacting Dodd-Frank Requirements: What Financial Institut...
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
Trade Secret Protection: Practical Advice on Protecting and Defending Your Or...
Trade Secret Protection: Practical Advice on Protecting and Defending Your Or...Trade Secret Protection: Practical Advice on Protecting and Defending Your Or...
Trade Secret Protection: Practical Advice on Protecting and Defending Your Or...
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
Cryptocurrency Crackdown: What You Need to Know about Enhanced IRS/Government...
Cryptocurrency Crackdown: What You Need to Know about Enhanced IRS/Government...Cryptocurrency Crackdown: What You Need to Know about Enhanced IRS/Government...
Cryptocurrency Crackdown: What You Need to Know about Enhanced IRS/Government...
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
Sanctions & Export Controls: Focus on Medical Devices
Sanctions & Export Controls: Focus on Medical DevicesSanctions & Export Controls: Focus on Medical Devices
Sanctions & Export Controls: Focus on Medical Devices
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
Under New Management: What to Expect from a Trump NLRB
Under New Management: What to Expect from a Trump NLRBUnder New Management: What to Expect from a Trump NLRB
Under New Management: What to Expect from a Trump NLRB
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
2018 Hot Topics for Health & Welfare Plans, Fringe Benefits, and Withholding ...
2018 Hot Topics for Health & Welfare Plans, Fringe Benefits, and Withholding ...2018 Hot Topics for Health & Welfare Plans, Fringe Benefits, and Withholding ...
2018 Hot Topics for Health & Welfare Plans, Fringe Benefits, and Withholding ...
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
The Real Deal Webinar Series: Delaware Law Developments/Recent Judicial Decis...
The Real Deal Webinar Series: Delaware Law Developments/Recent Judicial Decis...The Real Deal Webinar Series: Delaware Law Developments/Recent Judicial Decis...
The Real Deal Webinar Series: Delaware Law Developments/Recent Judicial Decis...
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
GDPR is Coming, Five Things You Can Do Now To Prepare
GDPR is Coming, Five Things You Can Do Now To PrepareGDPR is Coming, Five Things You Can Do Now To Prepare
GDPR is Coming, Five Things You Can Do Now To Prepare
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
The Real Deal Webinar Series: Practical Advice from a Former Chief Compliance...
The Real Deal Webinar Series: Practical Advice from a Former Chief Compliance...The Real Deal Webinar Series: Practical Advice from a Former Chief Compliance...
The Real Deal Webinar Series: Practical Advice from a Former Chief Compliance...
Winston & Strawn LLP
 
The Current M&A Environment
The Current M&A EnvironmentThe Current M&A Environment
The Current M&A Environment
Winston & Strawn LLP
 

More from Winston & Strawn LLP (20)

The Nordic Sessions: Avoiding Employment Law Landmines
The Nordic Sessions: Avoiding Employment Law LandminesThe Nordic Sessions: Avoiding Employment Law Landmines
The Nordic Sessions: Avoiding Employment Law Landmines
 
Latest Developments Regarding Arbitration in Hong Kong and Mainland China
Latest Developments Regarding Arbitration in Hong Kong and Mainland ChinaLatest Developments Regarding Arbitration in Hong Kong and Mainland China
Latest Developments Regarding Arbitration in Hong Kong and Mainland China
 
Recent Trends in Regulatory Actions Impacting Banks and Financial Institutions
Recent Trends in Regulatory Actions Impacting Banks and Financial InstitutionsRecent Trends in Regulatory Actions Impacting Banks and Financial Institutions
Recent Trends in Regulatory Actions Impacting Banks and Financial Institutions
 
Computer Forensics – What Every Lawyer Needs to Know
Computer Forensics – What Every Lawyer Needs to KnowComputer Forensics – What Every Lawyer Needs to Know
Computer Forensics – What Every Lawyer Needs to Know
 
Maximizing Deductions in Light of the Section 162(m) Guidance
Maximizing Deductions in Light of the Section 162(m) GuidanceMaximizing Deductions in Light of the Section 162(m) Guidance
Maximizing Deductions in Light of the Section 162(m) Guidance
 
Regulators on the Move – Recent Treasury and Comptroller Actions: How They Af...
Regulators on the Move – Recent Treasury and Comptroller Actions: How They Af...Regulators on the Move – Recent Treasury and Comptroller Actions: How They Af...
Regulators on the Move – Recent Treasury and Comptroller Actions: How They Af...
 
IRS and DOL Audit Issues for Retirement Plans
IRS and DOL Audit Issues for Retirement PlansIRS and DOL Audit Issues for Retirement Plans
IRS and DOL Audit Issues for Retirement Plans
 
Solutions to Section 301 Tariffs on Products from China—Managing the Shock of...
Solutions to Section 301 Tariffs on Products from China—Managing the Shock of...Solutions to Section 301 Tariffs on Products from China—Managing the Shock of...
Solutions to Section 301 Tariffs on Products from China—Managing the Shock of...
 
Best Practices for Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption (ABAC) Compliance
Best Practices for Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption (ABAC) ComplianceBest Practices for Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption (ABAC) Compliance
Best Practices for Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption (ABAC) Compliance
 
International Transactions Program
International Transactions ProgramInternational Transactions Program
International Transactions Program
 
Recent Legislation Impacting Dodd-Frank Requirements: What Financial Institut...
Recent Legislation Impacting Dodd-Frank Requirements: What Financial Institut...Recent Legislation Impacting Dodd-Frank Requirements: What Financial Institut...
Recent Legislation Impacting Dodd-Frank Requirements: What Financial Institut...
 
Trade Secret Protection: Practical Advice on Protecting and Defending Your Or...
Trade Secret Protection: Practical Advice on Protecting and Defending Your Or...Trade Secret Protection: Practical Advice on Protecting and Defending Your Or...
Trade Secret Protection: Practical Advice on Protecting and Defending Your Or...
 
Cryptocurrency Crackdown: What You Need to Know about Enhanced IRS/Government...
Cryptocurrency Crackdown: What You Need to Know about Enhanced IRS/Government...Cryptocurrency Crackdown: What You Need to Know about Enhanced IRS/Government...
Cryptocurrency Crackdown: What You Need to Know about Enhanced IRS/Government...
 
Sanctions & Export Controls: Focus on Medical Devices
Sanctions & Export Controls: Focus on Medical DevicesSanctions & Export Controls: Focus on Medical Devices
Sanctions & Export Controls: Focus on Medical Devices
 
Under New Management: What to Expect from a Trump NLRB
Under New Management: What to Expect from a Trump NLRBUnder New Management: What to Expect from a Trump NLRB
Under New Management: What to Expect from a Trump NLRB
 
2018 Hot Topics for Health & Welfare Plans, Fringe Benefits, and Withholding ...
2018 Hot Topics for Health & Welfare Plans, Fringe Benefits, and Withholding ...2018 Hot Topics for Health & Welfare Plans, Fringe Benefits, and Withholding ...
2018 Hot Topics for Health & Welfare Plans, Fringe Benefits, and Withholding ...
 
The Real Deal Webinar Series: Delaware Law Developments/Recent Judicial Decis...
The Real Deal Webinar Series: Delaware Law Developments/Recent Judicial Decis...The Real Deal Webinar Series: Delaware Law Developments/Recent Judicial Decis...
The Real Deal Webinar Series: Delaware Law Developments/Recent Judicial Decis...
 
GDPR is Coming, Five Things You Can Do Now To Prepare
GDPR is Coming, Five Things You Can Do Now To PrepareGDPR is Coming, Five Things You Can Do Now To Prepare
GDPR is Coming, Five Things You Can Do Now To Prepare
 
The Real Deal Webinar Series: Practical Advice from a Former Chief Compliance...
The Real Deal Webinar Series: Practical Advice from a Former Chief Compliance...The Real Deal Webinar Series: Practical Advice from a Former Chief Compliance...
The Real Deal Webinar Series: Practical Advice from a Former Chief Compliance...
 
The Current M&A Environment
The Current M&A EnvironmentThe Current M&A Environment
The Current M&A Environment
 

Recently uploaded

一比一原版加拿大达尔豪斯大学毕业证(dalhousie毕业证书)如何办理
一比一原版加拿大达尔豪斯大学毕业证(dalhousie毕业证书)如何办理一比一原版加拿大达尔豪斯大学毕业证(dalhousie毕业证书)如何办理
一比一原版加拿大达尔豪斯大学毕业证(dalhousie毕业证书)如何办理
cadyzeo
 
一比一原版(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证如何办理一比一原版(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证如何办理
ayvace
 
一比一原版(liverpool毕业证书)利物浦大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(liverpool毕业证书)利物浦大学毕业证如何办理一比一原版(liverpool毕业证书)利物浦大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(liverpool毕业证书)利物浦大学毕业证如何办理
aypxuyw
 
Indonesian Manpower Regulation on Severance Pay for Retiring Private Sector E...
Indonesian Manpower Regulation on Severance Pay for Retiring Private Sector E...Indonesian Manpower Regulation on Severance Pay for Retiring Private Sector E...
Indonesian Manpower Regulation on Severance Pay for Retiring Private Sector E...
AHRP Law Firm
 
一比一原版(monash毕业证书)莫纳什大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(monash毕业证书)莫纳什大学毕业证如何办理一比一原版(monash毕业证书)莫纳什大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(monash毕业证书)莫纳什大学毕业证如何办理
bzofm
 
Capital Punishment by Saif Javed (LLM)ppt.pptx
Capital Punishment by Saif Javed (LLM)ppt.pptxCapital Punishment by Saif Javed (LLM)ppt.pptx
Capital Punishment by Saif Javed (LLM)ppt.pptx
OmGod1
 
一比一原版(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证如何办理一比一原版(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证如何办理
ubype
 
Comparative analysis of ipc and bharitye Naya sahinta
Comparative analysis of ipc and bharitye Naya sahintaComparative analysis of ipc and bharitye Naya sahinta
Comparative analysis of ipc and bharitye Naya sahinta
adi2292
 
Call Girls Hyderabad 📞 8824825030 Top Class Hyderabad Escorts Available
Call Girls Hyderabad 📞 8824825030 Top Class Hyderabad Escorts AvailableCall Girls Hyderabad 📞 8824825030 Top Class Hyderabad Escorts Available
Call Girls Hyderabad 📞 8824825030 Top Class Hyderabad Escorts Available
soyamiss679 #v08
 
一比一原版牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证(牛布毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证(牛布毕业证)如何办理一比一原版牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证(牛布毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证(牛布毕业证)如何办理
meboh
 
BNS PRESENTATION for basic information.pdf
BNS PRESENTATION for basic information.pdfBNS PRESENTATION for basic information.pdf
BNS PRESENTATION for basic information.pdf
surbhiaeron21
 
一比一原版新加坡南洋理工大学毕业证(本硕)ntu学位证书如何办理
一比一原版新加坡南洋理工大学毕业证(本硕)ntu学位证书如何办理一比一原版新加坡南洋理工大学毕业证(本硕)ntu学位证书如何办理
一比一原版新加坡南洋理工大学毕业证(本硕)ntu学位证书如何办理
hedonxu
 
一比一原版(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证如何办理一比一原版(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证如何办理
pdeehy
 
THE CONCEPT OF RIGHT TO DEFAULT BAIL.pptx
THE CONCEPT OF RIGHT TO DEFAULT BAIL.pptxTHE CONCEPT OF RIGHT TO DEFAULT BAIL.pptx
THE CONCEPT OF RIGHT TO DEFAULT BAIL.pptx
Namrata Chakraborty
 
How to Review a Contract Faster and More Efficiently
How to Review a Contract Faster and More EfficientlyHow to Review a Contract Faster and More Efficiently
How to Review a Contract Faster and More Efficiently
PracticeLeagueLegalt
 
一比一原版林肯大学毕业证(lincoln毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版林肯大学毕业证(lincoln毕业证)如何办理一比一原版林肯大学毕业证(lincoln毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版林肯大学毕业证(lincoln毕业证)如何办理
fexbqa
 
一比一原版(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证如何办理一比一原版(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证如何办理
qevye
 
一比一原版朴次茅斯大学毕业证(uop毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版朴次茅斯大学毕业证(uop毕业证)如何办理一比一原版朴次茅斯大学毕业证(uop毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版朴次茅斯大学毕业证(uop毕业证)如何办理
onduyv
 
一比一原版伯恩茅斯大学毕业证(bu毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版伯恩茅斯大学毕业证(bu毕业证)如何办理一比一原版伯恩茅斯大学毕业证(bu毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版伯恩茅斯大学毕业证(bu毕业证)如何办理
ymefneb
 
1.-Introduction-to-Ethics-in-Research.pptx
1.-Introduction-to-Ethics-in-Research.pptx1.-Introduction-to-Ethics-in-Research.pptx
1.-Introduction-to-Ethics-in-Research.pptx
mjmjlorenzo0805
 

Recently uploaded (20)

一比一原版加拿大达尔豪斯大学毕业证(dalhousie毕业证书)如何办理
一比一原版加拿大达尔豪斯大学毕业证(dalhousie毕业证书)如何办理一比一原版加拿大达尔豪斯大学毕业证(dalhousie毕业证书)如何办理
一比一原版加拿大达尔豪斯大学毕业证(dalhousie毕业证书)如何办理
 
一比一原版(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证如何办理一比一原版(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证如何办理
 
一比一原版(liverpool毕业证书)利物浦大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(liverpool毕业证书)利物浦大学毕业证如何办理一比一原版(liverpool毕业证书)利物浦大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(liverpool毕业证书)利物浦大学毕业证如何办理
 
Indonesian Manpower Regulation on Severance Pay for Retiring Private Sector E...
Indonesian Manpower Regulation on Severance Pay for Retiring Private Sector E...Indonesian Manpower Regulation on Severance Pay for Retiring Private Sector E...
Indonesian Manpower Regulation on Severance Pay for Retiring Private Sector E...
 
一比一原版(monash毕业证书)莫纳什大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(monash毕业证书)莫纳什大学毕业证如何办理一比一原版(monash毕业证书)莫纳什大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(monash毕业证书)莫纳什大学毕业证如何办理
 
Capital Punishment by Saif Javed (LLM)ppt.pptx
Capital Punishment by Saif Javed (LLM)ppt.pptxCapital Punishment by Saif Javed (LLM)ppt.pptx
Capital Punishment by Saif Javed (LLM)ppt.pptx
 
一比一原版(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证如何办理一比一原版(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证如何办理
 
Comparative analysis of ipc and bharitye Naya sahinta
Comparative analysis of ipc and bharitye Naya sahintaComparative analysis of ipc and bharitye Naya sahinta
Comparative analysis of ipc and bharitye Naya sahinta
 
Call Girls Hyderabad 📞 8824825030 Top Class Hyderabad Escorts Available
Call Girls Hyderabad 📞 8824825030 Top Class Hyderabad Escorts AvailableCall Girls Hyderabad 📞 8824825030 Top Class Hyderabad Escorts Available
Call Girls Hyderabad 📞 8824825030 Top Class Hyderabad Escorts Available
 
一比一原版牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证(牛布毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证(牛布毕业证)如何办理一比一原版牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证(牛布毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证(牛布毕业证)如何办理
 
BNS PRESENTATION for basic information.pdf
BNS PRESENTATION for basic information.pdfBNS PRESENTATION for basic information.pdf
BNS PRESENTATION for basic information.pdf
 
一比一原版新加坡南洋理工大学毕业证(本硕)ntu学位证书如何办理
一比一原版新加坡南洋理工大学毕业证(本硕)ntu学位证书如何办理一比一原版新加坡南洋理工大学毕业证(本硕)ntu学位证书如何办理
一比一原版新加坡南洋理工大学毕业证(本硕)ntu学位证书如何办理
 
一比一原版(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证如何办理一比一原版(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证如何办理
 
THE CONCEPT OF RIGHT TO DEFAULT BAIL.pptx
THE CONCEPT OF RIGHT TO DEFAULT BAIL.pptxTHE CONCEPT OF RIGHT TO DEFAULT BAIL.pptx
THE CONCEPT OF RIGHT TO DEFAULT BAIL.pptx
 
How to Review a Contract Faster and More Efficiently
How to Review a Contract Faster and More EfficientlyHow to Review a Contract Faster and More Efficiently
How to Review a Contract Faster and More Efficiently
 
一比一原版林肯大学毕业证(lincoln毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版林肯大学毕业证(lincoln毕业证)如何办理一比一原版林肯大学毕业证(lincoln毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版林肯大学毕业证(lincoln毕业证)如何办理
 
一比一原版(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证如何办理一比一原版(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证如何办理
一比一原版(uwlc毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学拉克罗斯分校毕业证如何办理
 
一比一原版朴次茅斯大学毕业证(uop毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版朴次茅斯大学毕业证(uop毕业证)如何办理一比一原版朴次茅斯大学毕业证(uop毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版朴次茅斯大学毕业证(uop毕业证)如何办理
 
一比一原版伯恩茅斯大学毕业证(bu毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版伯恩茅斯大学毕业证(bu毕业证)如何办理一比一原版伯恩茅斯大学毕业证(bu毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版伯恩茅斯大学毕业证(bu毕业证)如何办理
 
1.-Introduction-to-Ethics-in-Research.pptx
1.-Introduction-to-Ethics-in-Research.pptx1.-Introduction-to-Ethics-in-Research.pptx
1.-Introduction-to-Ethics-in-Research.pptx
 

The Equal Rights Amendment: Legal Issues and Implications

  • 1. The Equal Rights Amendment: Legal Issues and Implications
  • 2. “Equality of rights under law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex”
  • 3. Where We Stand ERA Ratification Tally 35 States Approve (1982) 36 State Approved (2017) 5 States Attempted to Rescind 14 States Yet To Approve (only 2 states needed)
  • 4. What is the ERA?
  • 5. Equality of rights under law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex [1] [2]
  • 7. “… No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” 14th Amendment, § 1 The 14th Amendment
  • 8. Level of Scrutiny Protected Classes Constitutional Standard Strict Race, National Origin, Religion Narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling government interest Least Restrictive Means Intermediate Gender Substantially related to important government purpose Current Protections For Protected Classes
  • 9. Existing Federal and State Laws Title VII Title IX Pregnancy Discrimination Act F E D E R A L State constitutions State and local laws prohibiting certain kinds of sex discrimination S T A T E & L O C A L
  • 10. Why Do We Need The ERA?
  • 11. Current Protections are Inadequate The government generally can discriminate based on sex as long as the action meets intermediate scrutiny. Some states do not have Equal Rights Amendments. State statutes and constitutional provisions do not apply to federal government action. Current statutes can be amended, not renewed, etc.
  • 12. ERA: Raises the Level of Scrutiny Rational Basis For Non-protected Classes Intermediate scrutiny STRICT SCRUTINY ERA
  • 13. Nguyen v. INS: Level of Scrutiny in Action • The Supreme Court upheld laws related to the U.S. citizenship at birth for children born out of wedlock outside the United States to an American parent • Under intermediate scrutiny: It was valid for the law to have a more restrictive citizenship requirement for children born to American fathers and a non-citizen mother • What if the standard had been strict scrutiny?
  • 16. Myth #1: “The ERA will overturn laws that benefit women”
  • 17. Myth #2: “The ERA will take power away from the states on laws impacted by gender”
  • 18. Myth #3: “The ERA is about changing the law on abortion.”
  • 19. Myth #4: “If the ERA is ratified, gender designations would have to be removed from bathrooms, locker rooms, jails, and hospitals.”
  • 20. Myth #5: “The ERA will be costly and burden businesses”
  • 22. “The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution . . . Which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three fourths thereof…” U.S. Constitution, Article V The Ratification Process
  • 23. Ratifying the Equal Rights Amendment ERA Ratification Tally 35 States Approve (1982) 36 State Approved (2017) 5 States Attempted to Rescind 14 States Yet To Approve (only 2 states needed)
  • 24. ERA Ratification Tally 35 States Approve (1982) 36 State Approved (2017) 5 States Attempted to Rescind 14 States Yet To Approve (only 2 states needed) Ratifying the Equal Rights Amendment ILLINOIS 2003: Illinois House 2014: Illinois Senate NEVADA 36th State to Ratify ERA
  • 25. ERA Ratification Tally 35 States Approve (1982) 36 State Approved (2017) 5 States Attempted to Rescind 14 States Yet To Approve (only 2 states needed) Recent Efforts in Illinois NEVADA 36th State to Ratify ERA ILLINOIS 2003: Illinois House 2014: Illinois Senate ILLINOIS 2017: Bills introduced in both the House and the Senate April 2018: Bill passed in the Senate
  • 26. Ratification: Out of Time? 1971: House 1972: Senate approves and sends to states for ratification 1972 – 1978: 35 States Ratify 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1982 – 2nd Congressional Deadline 1979: 1st Congressional Deadline 2017: Nevada Ratifies 2018: ?
  • 27. ERA Ratification Tally 35 States Approve (1982) 36 State Approved (2017) 5 States Attempted to Rescind 14 States Yet To Approve (only 2 states needed) Once a State Ratifies… IDAHO NEBRASKA KENTUCKY TENNESSEE S. DAKOTA
  • 28. After 38 States Ratify “ . . . Which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three fourths thereof…” U.S. Constitution, Article V