The document discusses the differing views of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke on government. Thomas Hobbes believed that people were inherently evil and needed to be ruled by an all-powerful government, while John Locke believed that people had natural rights and that the purpose of government was to protect those rights through an agreement between the people and the government. Students are asked to discuss which view they agree with more based on the type of government they designed in a previous class. The document also provides questions about philosophers and ideas from the Enlightenment era.
Hobbes argued that all humans are by nature equal in faculties of body and mind (i.e., no natural inequalities are so great as to give anyone a "claim" to an exclusive "benefit"). From this equality and other causes in human nature, everyone is naturally willing to fight one another: so that "during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called warre; and such a warre as is of every man against every man". In this state every person has a natural right or liberty to do anything one thinks necessary for preserving one's own life; and life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"
Hobbes argued that all humans are by nature equal in faculties of body and mind (i.e., no natural inequalities are so great as to give anyone a "claim" to an exclusive "benefit"). From this equality and other causes in human nature, everyone is naturally willing to fight one another: so that "during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called warre; and such a warre as is of every man against every man". In this state every person has a natural right or liberty to do anything one thinks necessary for preserving one's own life; and life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"
John Locke believes governments are dangerous and must be kept ikarenahmanny4c
John Locke believes governments are dangerous and must be kept in check by a clear division of powers. In other words, Locke believed that power corrupts people so it must be watched and kept in check by other powers. But what justifies some people have power over others in the first place? Locke’s idea of the so-called “social contract” was a creative way to answer that question.
Here is a short video on Locke's political theory (also linked in the module):
LINK (Links to an external site.)
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For this week’s discussion board, please answer any one of the following three questions (you may answer more, if answering one does not reach the 250-word minimum):
[1] Think about this question of some people having authority over other people and what gives them the right to tell others what to do and to compel them to do it if they refuse? What gives this right of authority to parents, priests, politicians, bosses, and any others you might think interesting to consider? And what keeps that power and authority in check in case of abuse? Which of these positions are authorities by social contract and which are not? Explain.
[2] According to our American Constitution, people have a right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, but where did they get that right and what you do think about that claim? Do you believe that any of these rights should be limited by government? Why or why not? Do you think any basic human rights in America today are at risk or in jeopardy? If so, which one would you name and why?
[3] In terms of knowledge and how we get it, John Locke was a hard-nosed empiricist, as the eText explains. Locke became famous for his view that we are born into the world knowing absolutely nothing or with no preloaded ideas or mindsets; he called this theory the tabula rasa. All human knowledge, argued Locke, comes by experience. Do you agree with Locke's theory of knowledge? Why or why not? And even if you do agree with Locke on this, identify at least one possible problem with this idea that all knowledge comes by experience. What, for example, happens to knowledge certainty if all knowledge is based on human experience?
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Political Philosophy on John Locke By - Shashank Laleria from IndiaShashankLaleria
John Locke was an English philosopher and political theorist who was born in 1632 in Wrington, Somerset, England, and died in 1704 in High Laver, Essex. He is recognized as the founder of British empiricism and the author of the first systematic exposition and defense of political liberalism.
Thomas Hobbes & John Locke
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Both Hobbes & Locke reject the idea of Divine Right. Hobbes did favor absolutism (minus the divine aspect). Locke advocated a constitutional government (limited government) using philosophical and biblical justifications.
Social Contract Theory
PY201: Philosophy
& Ethical Reasoning
Born in 1588 into a family where his father abandoned his mother and he was raised by his uncle (an affluent merchant). He described himself as a "twin to fear." He was born prematurely due to his mother going into an anxious shock about the Spanish Armada attacking England.
He went to Oxford and was not attracted to scholastic learning (on Aristotelian thought). Studied natural sciences instead.
BA in 1608 and was recommended to William Cavendish, Earl of Devonshire, to serve as a private teacher. Went on a tour of different countries with this family. (Got to meet Galileo and Francis Bacon).
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In 1642 he wrote De Cive (Of the Citizen) In 1651 he wrote The Leviathan which Jon Rawls refers to as the most important work in Political Philosophy in the English Language.
With Charles II there was a restoration of the Stuart Monarchy. (Hobbes had taught him) Charles II included Hobbes in the high levels of his court, provided him a pension and let him teach at the top ranks.
He lived until 91yrs old, but in the late 1660s, he came into trouble with his writings (accused of atheism, profaneness, etc.) He was at risk of arrest and persecution, as a heretic he faced being burned. Later in his life, he wrote an autobiography and then turned to the Ancients and interpreted new translations of the Iliad and the Odyssey.
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The Leviathan
PY201: Philosophy
& Ethical Reasoning
Hobbes is the greatest political philosopher who wrote in English. His Leviathan is the most influential work in political philosophy in modern times. He wrote it to justify the absolute power of the monarchy. His argument is basically that one absolute sovereign is necessary to keep us in awe.
Hobbes’ conception of mankind is that we are primarily motivated by self-interest. Common sense moral rules, and following them, lies not in religious authority but in everyone's rational self-interest.
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& Ethical Reasoning
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Hobbes believed in Egoism... Charity & Pity. Hobbes we were not altruistic but totally selfish. You give out charity because it makes you look good and it also shows that you are very powerful. You are so powerful that you can take care of your own family as well as others. You show pity only people like you. You don't show it to the rapist who runs off and gets flattened by a car... you show it to people like you. You show pity not because you feel sorry for what he went through but because you realize it could be you going through that same thing.
Hobbes .
a) Thomas Hobbes and John Locke are philosophers who came up with .docxbartholomeocoombs
a) Thomas Hobbes and John Locke are philosophers who came up with different philosophies concerning political authority (Huhne, 2013). John Locke advocated constitutionalism and the belief that every human had a right. He set forth the belief that the state has a responsibility to protect the rights of its citizens and if it does not the citizens can withdraw their support or rebel. Thomas Hobbes, on the other hand, believed that the only correct form of government was an absolute monarchy (Wikipedia, 2013). Having lived through the English civil war, his experience led him to believe that to maintain peace and prevent another civil war there was a need for absolute power. I support Hobbes philosophy since I view Locke’s as having a number of limitations.
I agree with Hobbes that the only government strong enough to hold human’s cruel impulses in check is the absolute monarchy. Lack of a sovereign power leads to war and lack of peace (Sherman, 2013). Therefore, it is important that individuals are freed from control, especially because human beings are naturally powered seeking and entirely submit to the sovereign power. Observing this will ensure that peace is maintained. Allowing individual control will lead to war and therefore a sovereign government would be better as burdens of even the most oppressive government are “scarce sensible, in respect of the miseries, and horrible calamities, that accompany a Civil War”.
I entirely concur with Hobbes philosophy as I consider what life would be in a condition without a government. Perhaps the liberal way of John Locke is more desirable, that is, each person decides for herself how to act, and is judge, executioner, and jury in her own case whenever disputes arise. However, this is a dangerous state as there is no agency with recognized authority to arbitrate disputes and effective power to enforce its decisions. A state without subjection to Laws, and a coercive Power to tie the hands of its citizen from rapine, and revenge, would make impossible all of the basic security upon which civilized, comfortable and sociable life depends.
On the other hand, I discount John Locke’s philosophy as often times, freedom corrupts people (Finnis, 2013). Locke’s philosophy assumes that all people are good and they make the right decisions all the time but this is inconsistent with the reality. It is a fact that in every society there is at least a violent bad person and this person may corrupt the entire society. In the liberal society that John Locke suggests, it will be hard to tame such a person as people are free to act how they please and there is no authority to control their actions. Therefore, having a sovereign authority will be more beneficial in taming people in a given society.
John Locke’s philosophy also has its setbacks since allowing people to rebel to authority may lead to warfare. The philosophy states that the government’s task is to preserve the natural rights of its citizens. When the gov.
RESPOND to each post150 words EACHPOST ONEAs a result of havin.docxisbelsejx0m
RESPOND to each post150 words EACH
POST ONE
As a result of having a different perspective than Thomas Hobbes and the state of nature, John Locke also views the need for enacting a social contract differently. Locke did not see humans as warring in a state of nature as Hobbes had. Instead, Locke's state of nature could be explained as a perfect place where people had the freedom to choose their own paths in life so long as it did not infringe upon others.
Locke viewed people as being kind toward one another as a result of the Law of Nature, which was a result of virtues from God. Under the Law of Nature, people were equal and would be treated as such because of their morals stemming from their belief in God. By the same token, Locke acknowledged that having liberty in the state of nature was not synonymous with a "license" to do what we pleased, as, "no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions…"(Locke, section 6). Only when a man has done something wrong can another man have power over him in the state of nature and this power cannot be used excessively, and only using calm reason and conscience (Locke, section 8)
Locke also understood the need for private property for men. Private property was the combining of a person using his (her) own labor along with the natural resources in nature to produce something. When a person used their abilities to produce something, they should have the right to that final product. However, a person could not claim more than what should be considered their own "fair share." In other words, owning excessive private property would now breach the Law of Nature. Because of the desire for private property and the want to maintain it, men would give up the freedom of the state of nature, relying upon a government for protection.
To me, Locke's state of nature is more in line with my own thinking. People are not naturally evil and warring, but instead more virtuous, whether stemming from beliefs in God, their own upbringing, or just naturally moral. As a result, the only need for people to enter into a social contract is to settle disputes and not for self preservation as Hobbes suggested.
Although I accept (interpret?) the notions of a state of nature from both Locke and Hobbes as theoretical, Locke's description seems closer to what I understand as reality. His description of the importance of property is not only unique from Hobbes', but also makes sense. People "like their things" and do not want them taken away. This seems very natural in society today. Locke's views were instrumental not only in our "re-establishment" of the state of nature when the American colonists declared their independence, but was also instrumental in the writing of the Bill of Rights.
POST TWO
Locke view of the state of nature is that mankind is "a state of perfect and complete liberty to conduct one's life as one best sees fit, free from the interference of others (iep.utm.edu)." In other words people ar.
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS OF POLITICAL POWER / TUTORIALOUTLET DOT COMalbert0026
Two Treatises of Government, he defended the claim that men are by nature free and equal against claims
that God had made all people naturally subject to a monarch. He argued that people have rights, such as the
right to life, liberty, and property
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2. Hobbes vs Locke
Thomas Hobbes believed that people were inherently evil, and therefore
people needed to be ruled by a government that was all powerful. You can see
this in the examples of Iraq and Yugoslavia
John Locke believed that people had natural rights, and that it was the job of
the government to protect peoples rights. He said governments were an
agreement between the people and the government.
Discuss with your table the type of government you set up on your interaction
page last class. Prepare to discuss with the class your ideas on government’s
purpose and whether you agree more with Hobbes or Locke.
3. The Enlightenment video
Just watch the video The Enlightenment by Mr. Byrd found
on the next slide or from the link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CP8k_f3PFq8
4.
5. Questions from pages 357 – 361
What are some of the things that philosophers in
France believed in? (pg 357)
Describe Voltaire’s ideas on religion.
What is deism?
Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?
Describe Rousseau’s ideas on government.
Explain how France’s Louis XIV was different in his
thoughts on ruling than Prussia’s Frederick II.
For page 11of the
Interactive Notebook,
answer the prompts at
the right.
Page 10 will be a
Student Interaction of
your own choosing
