The religious breakdown in Europe changed significantly following the Protestant Reformation. Before the Reformation, nearly all of Europe followed the Roman Catholic Church. After the Reformation began in the 1500s led by Martin Luther, many northern European countries broke away from the Catholic Church and established new state churches that followed Protestant theology like Lutheranism or Calvinism. The religious map of Europe was redrawn as some regions like Germany and Scandinavia largely converted to Protestantism, while other areas like France, Spain and southern Europe mostly remained Catholic.