The joint properties significant affect on the dynamic performance and spindle
vibration of gantry CNC router structure. This paper presents the relationship
between the vibration amplitude of the spindle nose of a gantry CNC router and a bolt
pre-tightening force. The dynamic model from machine structures with bolt joints was
developed to consider the impact of a bolt pre-tightening force to spindle vibration of
CNC router structures and dynamic behavior. Based on the dynamic model, harmonic
analysis is conducted to specify the spindle nose’s displacement corresponding to the
different bolt pre-tightening force. The FE analysis results indicate that bolt pretightening
forces have great influence on the spindle nose vibration amplitude and
when the pre-tightening force of bolt joints was increased, the dynamic stiffness of the
spindle also increases while the vibration amplitude decreases. The accuracy and
effectiveness of the model have also been confirmed by experimental results. The
achieved result will enhance the rigidity, improve the vibration resistance of the
machine structure to improve the reliability as well as machining precision, and attain
the best surface quality
This document summarizes research on vibrations that occur during chip removal mechanical processing. It discusses the types of vibrations that can appear, including forced vibrations caused by external factors and self-excited vibrations caused by factors related to the cutting process itself. The document presents theories on modeling the vibratory movement of the cutting tool as an oscillating system. Equations are provided that describe the oscillation frequency, amplitude, phase angle, and amplitude ratio based on parameters like the cutting force, tool and workpiece geometry, and system stiffness. The energy consumed in maintaining vibratory movement is also analyzed. Causes of self-excited vibrations are explored, and how vibrations can affect surface quality is described.
Basic types of screw fasteners, Bolts of uniform
strength, I.S.O. Metric screw threads, Bolts under
tension, eccentrically loaded bolted joint in shear,
Eccentric load perpendicular and parallel to axis of
bolt, Eccentric load on circular base, design of Turn
Buckle.
Strength Analysis and Optimization Design about the key parts of the RobotIJRES Journal
Study on structure optimization design about Flip Arms of Mobile Robot. First conducted
preliminary structural design, and established finite element analysis model by HYPERMESH, use ANSYS
software to study Flip Arms Stress distribution and structure optimization. Strength check to ensure the strength
and stiffness of Flip Arms meet safety requirements, and make sure the reliability of the design, to provide a
theoretical basis for the structural optimization design of Flip Arms. Optimization design considering the
weighted compliance as the object function, the frame was improved by modifying the parameters which are
most sensitive to the character of the frame structure. The results showed that structural optimization design
without affecting the reliability of Flip Arms, reducing the quality of the parts improved and the Flip Arms
flexible mobility, to provide a theoretical basis for the structural design of robot.
A novel method for evaluating the dynamic load factor of an involute gear to...Alexander Decker
This document presents a new mathematical model for evaluating the dynamic load factor of an involute gear tooth with asymmetric profiles. It develops typical dynamic load factor equations for symmetric and asymmetric tooth gear in single and double tooth contact. A nonlinear time-varying mesh stiffness model is presented based on bending, shear, Hertzian, and foundation deflections. The effect of pressure angle asymmetry and static transmitted load on transmission error and dynamic load factor are studied. The results indicate that asymmetric tooth profiles can enhance transmission error and dynamic load factor compared to symmetric profiles.
The document contains 38 questions related to machine design. The questions cover topics such as standardization of sizes, tolerances, fits, design of joints, shafts, levers, frames and other machine elements. Design calculations are required to determine dimensions that satisfy given loading and stress criteria. Materials, their properties and appropriate factors of safety are provided. References for solutions and examples are given from standard machine design textbooks.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the static structural behavior of gear teeth using finite element analysis. It begins with introductions to spur gears and failure modes in gear systems. It then describes creating a 3D model of a gear in CATIA and performing static structural analysis in ANSYS to calculate stresses. The analysis is validated by comparing FEM results with theoretical stress calculations. In summary, it investigates gear stresses using 3D FEM and validates the accuracy of the FEM model.
Vibration analysis of lathe structrure due to gear defect using fem 02THANMAY JS
The document discusses vibration analysis of lathe structures due to gear defects using finite element modeling. It aims to analyze the effects of unbalanced forces generated by machine elements like spindles and gears on the lathe structure. Both frequency domain and time domain analyses will be conducted using FEM. Experiments will also be conducted to measure vibration velocities on critical points of a lathe for different spindle speeds using a vibration tester. The results of experimental and theoretical analyses will be discussed to monitor machine elements and understand the effects of vibration on the lathe structure.
The document is a past examination paper for the Design of Machine Elements II course. It contains 7 questions with multiple parts each related to design of machine elements. The questions cover topics such as stresses in beams, thick cylinders, springs, gears, brakes, clutches, bearings, belts and compressors. Students are asked to calculate dimensions, stresses, loads, speeds, and other parameters for various mechanical components and systems.
This document summarizes research on vibrations that occur during chip removal mechanical processing. It discusses the types of vibrations that can appear, including forced vibrations caused by external factors and self-excited vibrations caused by factors related to the cutting process itself. The document presents theories on modeling the vibratory movement of the cutting tool as an oscillating system. Equations are provided that describe the oscillation frequency, amplitude, phase angle, and amplitude ratio based on parameters like the cutting force, tool and workpiece geometry, and system stiffness. The energy consumed in maintaining vibratory movement is also analyzed. Causes of self-excited vibrations are explored, and how vibrations can affect surface quality is described.
Basic types of screw fasteners, Bolts of uniform
strength, I.S.O. Metric screw threads, Bolts under
tension, eccentrically loaded bolted joint in shear,
Eccentric load perpendicular and parallel to axis of
bolt, Eccentric load on circular base, design of Turn
Buckle.
Strength Analysis and Optimization Design about the key parts of the RobotIJRES Journal
Study on structure optimization design about Flip Arms of Mobile Robot. First conducted
preliminary structural design, and established finite element analysis model by HYPERMESH, use ANSYS
software to study Flip Arms Stress distribution and structure optimization. Strength check to ensure the strength
and stiffness of Flip Arms meet safety requirements, and make sure the reliability of the design, to provide a
theoretical basis for the structural optimization design of Flip Arms. Optimization design considering the
weighted compliance as the object function, the frame was improved by modifying the parameters which are
most sensitive to the character of the frame structure. The results showed that structural optimization design
without affecting the reliability of Flip Arms, reducing the quality of the parts improved and the Flip Arms
flexible mobility, to provide a theoretical basis for the structural design of robot.
A novel method for evaluating the dynamic load factor of an involute gear to...Alexander Decker
This document presents a new mathematical model for evaluating the dynamic load factor of an involute gear tooth with asymmetric profiles. It develops typical dynamic load factor equations for symmetric and asymmetric tooth gear in single and double tooth contact. A nonlinear time-varying mesh stiffness model is presented based on bending, shear, Hertzian, and foundation deflections. The effect of pressure angle asymmetry and static transmitted load on transmission error and dynamic load factor are studied. The results indicate that asymmetric tooth profiles can enhance transmission error and dynamic load factor compared to symmetric profiles.
The document contains 38 questions related to machine design. The questions cover topics such as standardization of sizes, tolerances, fits, design of joints, shafts, levers, frames and other machine elements. Design calculations are required to determine dimensions that satisfy given loading and stress criteria. Materials, their properties and appropriate factors of safety are provided. References for solutions and examples are given from standard machine design textbooks.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the static structural behavior of gear teeth using finite element analysis. It begins with introductions to spur gears and failure modes in gear systems. It then describes creating a 3D model of a gear in CATIA and performing static structural analysis in ANSYS to calculate stresses. The analysis is validated by comparing FEM results with theoretical stress calculations. In summary, it investigates gear stresses using 3D FEM and validates the accuracy of the FEM model.
Vibration analysis of lathe structrure due to gear defect using fem 02THANMAY JS
The document discusses vibration analysis of lathe structures due to gear defects using finite element modeling. It aims to analyze the effects of unbalanced forces generated by machine elements like spindles and gears on the lathe structure. Both frequency domain and time domain analyses will be conducted using FEM. Experiments will also be conducted to measure vibration velocities on critical points of a lathe for different spindle speeds using a vibration tester. The results of experimental and theoretical analyses will be discussed to monitor machine elements and understand the effects of vibration on the lathe structure.
The document is a past examination paper for the Design of Machine Elements II course. It contains 7 questions with multiple parts each related to design of machine elements. The questions cover topics such as stresses in beams, thick cylinders, springs, gears, brakes, clutches, bearings, belts and compressors. Students are asked to calculate dimensions, stresses, loads, speeds, and other parameters for various mechanical components and systems.
IRJET- Investigation of Stresses in Rear Half Axle of an AutomobileIRJET Journal
The document investigates stresses in the rear half axle of an automobile using finite element analysis. It considers various cases like increasing angular velocity, inclination of the axle, and additional loads. Von-Mises and maximum principal stresses increase with higher angular velocity and additional loads. At a constant speed, stresses increase up to a certain inclination angle and then remain similar. Comparing FEA results to analytical calculations shows good agreement at higher angular velocities. The maximum stresses occur at the junction of the axle and gear.
This paper studies the maximum deflection and Von-Misses stress analysis of:- a) Simply
Supported Beam and b) Cantilever Beam under two different types of loading. The theoretical
calculations are done based on the general Euler-Bernoulli’s Beam Equation. The Computational
Analysis is done on ANSYS 14.0 software. Comparing the Numerical Results with that of the
ANSYS 14.0, excellent accuracy of the present method has been extracted and demonstrated. In
ANSYS 14.0 accuracies of different elements are measured and it has been visualized and concluded
that Beam 189 element is most suitable element for Beam Analysis as compared to the Beam 188
element and other Solid elements
ME6503 design of machine elements - question bank.Mohan2405
This document contains questions and problems related to the design of machine elements, specifically regarding shafts and couplings. It includes 20 questions in Part A testing basic recall and understanding, 13 multi-part problems in Part B applying concepts to design scenarios, and 4 complex design problems in Part C. The topics covered include stresses in shafts, hollow vs solid shafts, keys and keyways, rigid and flexible couplings, and the design of shafts and keys based on strength and rigidity considerations.
Design of machine_elements 2 marks with answerMohan2405
This document provides a summary of key concepts in machine element design:
1. It defines terms like factor of safety, endurance limit, impact load, and discusses the design process phases.
2. It covers different types of loads, factors affecting endurance strength, types of stresses and failures.
3. It discusses machine elements like shafts, keys, couplings, and their design considerations.
4. It defines terms related to bolted and screwed joints like bolt designation, stresses in bolts, and applications of screwed fasteners.
5. It summarizes welding processes including common welded joints, stresses induced in eccentric loading, and when edge preparation is needed.
Design and Analysis of Loading Bracket for Landing Gear Strength TestIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a loading bracket used for landing gear strength testing. The loading bracket is designed to withstand heavy vertical, drag, and side loads experienced during testing. The design process involves selecting carbon molybdenum steel, theoretically calculating stresses under each load case, and verifying stresses using ANSYS simulation. The theoretical and ANSYS results are found to be within acceptable limits, confirming the design is sufficient to withstand testing loads.
FEM_Modeling_Project_Evaluation of a Steel Pulley and Shaft DesignMehmet Bariskan
The document summarizes a finite element analysis (FEA) project evaluating the design of a steel pulley and shaft system. The initial FEA model found unrealistic stress concentrations and displacements due to invalid boundary conditions. The boundary conditions were customized and additional analyses were run with fillet radii of 1-5 mm added to reduce stress. Increasing the shaft diameter from 25mm to 30mm further reduced stress. The maximum stress was plotted against degrees of freedom for each model, with the 5mm fillet radius and 30mm shaft diameter model exhibiting the lowest stress of around 75MPa.
Computation of a gearbox for a wind power plantPietro Galli
The project Computation of a Gearbox for a Wind Power Plant dealt with the study and the analysis of the Generator in order to provide data about the following characteristics
o Static Design of the gearbox:
Design of shaft 1
Design of bearings
Internal stresses
Safety factor
Design of shaft 2
o Fatigue analysis:
Shaft 1 section 3
Shaft 1 section 4
Shaft 2 section 1
Shaft 2 section 2
o Rolling bearings analysis, life and fatique:
Roller bearings C and D
Bearing E
Rating life_bearing D
Rating life_bearing E
o Spur gears analysis:
Computation of transmission ratio, pt and b
Tooth bending strength
Tooth surface fatigue strength
1) The document discusses various loading mechanisms that act on shafts, including loads from gears, belts, chains, and unbalanced masses. It also covers stresses in shafts such as bending, torsional, and axial stresses due to different loads.
2) Formulas are presented for calculating loads and stresses on shafts from common mechanical components like gears, belts, and chains. Examples of engineering problems are also given to calculate forces and loads on rotating shafts.
3) Rotating shafts are complex mechanical elements that experience many different types of loads that must be properly analyzed and accounted for in shaft design.
IRJET- Effect of Relative Stiffness of Beam-Column Joint on Internal Forces i...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of relative stiffness of beam-column joints in reinforced concrete structures. It presents research analyzing the behavior of partially restrained beam-column connections using the STAAD.Pro software. The study varies the grade of concrete to change the relative stiffness of the joint and observes the impact on internal forces. It calculates section properties and compares results from two methods - considering the full cross-sectional area versus accounting for the moment of inertia of steel reinforcement. The objectives are to study how relative joint stiffness and concrete/steel properties affect flexural and compressive strengths.
This document summarizes a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) project evaluating the stress on a pulley design. The initial simulation found unexpected high stress, so boundary conditions were adjusted by adding restraints on the pulley bores. However, a re-entrant edge at the shaft-bore connection caused stress singularities. Adding a 1mm fillet removed this issue, and subsequent local mesh refinement showed stress values converging, validating the design.
ME6601 design of transmission systems - important 2 marksMohan2405
This document provides information about ME6601 - Design of Transmission Systems. It covers topics like types of power drives, mechanical drives, belt drives, pulleys, belts, rope drives, chain drives, and gear drives. Some key points:
- The main types of power drives are mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, and electrical drives. Mechanical drives can be further classified based on power transmission method and center distance between power shafts.
- Belt drives transmit power through contact forces and are suitable for long distances. They require a large space but have a smooth, flexible operation. Gear drives can transmit high power and have a compact layout.
- Belts are made of various materials and come in types
Profile modification of adhesively bonded cylindrical joint for maximum torqu...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This document describes the design and analysis of a high speed milling spindle to minimize deflection. Various spindle diameters and bearing configurations were considered, including duplex and triplet bearing arrangements. Static analysis was performed to calculate spindle nose deflection from bending and bearing elasticity. The optimum bearing span length that minimizes deflection was determined analytically and verified using ANSYS software. Results showed that bearing stiffness and span length significantly impact spindle deflection, with shorter spans and higher stiffness bearings reducing deflection.
This document summarizes a study on the three dimensional contact stress analysis of straight bevel gear teeth using finite element analysis. A geometric model of a bevel gear tooth was created in ANSYS. The stress distribution at the root of the tooth was evaluated under two loading conditions: a uniformly varying load and a concentrated load at the pitch point. The results found that the stress is highest at the toe side under both loading conditions and decreases towards the heel side. The pitch point loading produced higher stresses than the uniform loading.
Comparative study on different pin geometries of tool profile in friction sti...IAEME Publication
This document presents a comparative study on different pin geometries for tool profiles in friction stir welding using artificial neural networks. An experiment was conducted using AA6061 aluminum alloy plates welded with two different pin profiles (conical and triangular). Tensile strength test results were obtained for 27 welded joints under different welding parameters. Regression and artificial neural network models were developed to predict tensile strength based on the input parameters of tool rotation speed, welding speed, and axial force. The regression model results showed good agreement with experimental data. The artificial neural network model was found to be an effective method for predicting joint performance and identifying optimal welding conditions compared to regression analysis.
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to analyze stress concentrations at bolt hole locations in lap joints. A 3D finite element model of a lap joint was developed using Abaqus software. Non-linear analysis considered the stress-strain behavior of materials and interactions between bolt and plate surfaces. Parametric studies varied the end distance and compared results to failure criteria in design codes. Stress patterns were compared to bearing capacity equations to determine the optimum end distance that prevents premature failure.
This report presents the structural analysis of knuckle joint using finite element analysis. The analysis considered the fracture failure of the structure from a loading of 70 kN axial load. It was found that the structure has a factor of safety of 2 for this loading and failure mode. The structure is therefore satisfactory for the desire design condition. The model is done with solid work and imported into Ansys. The FEM analysis had done with different mesh type and compared the result obtained. Further study in this direction can made by using various diameter of the pin, choosing the different material and the capacity to withstand load.
Solid_Modeling_Project_#2_ Reverse engineering of a connecting rod and docume...Mehmet Bariskan
This document summarizes a student's solid modeling project to create a computer-aided design (CAD) model of a connecting rod through reverse engineering. The student followed these steps: 1) Creating a freehand sketch of the connecting rod using measurements; 2) Developing a solid model in SolidWorks based on the sketch; 3) Creating technical drawings of the model; 4) Performing a finite element analysis to evaluate stresses and deformation under load. The analysis found the highest stresses occurred near where loads were applied. Though within safety factors, real connecting rods can still break due to unmodeled factors like fatigue not considered.
IRJET- The Effect of Tooth Thickness on Root Stress of Internal Spur Gear Mec...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effect of tooth thickness on root stress in an internal spur gear mechanism using finite element analysis. The study found that by increasing the tooth thickness of the pinion gear and decreasing the thickness of the internal gear from the standard value of half the pitch, the maximum bending stresses in the two gears could be balanced. Specifically, a tooth thickness of 0.572 times the pitch for the pinion and 0.428 times the pitch for the internal gear resulted in approximately equal stresses of 47.3 MPa in both gears. This tooth thickness optimization also reduced the total weight of the gear mechanism.
This document presents a mathematical model of ball bearing anomalies in induction machines. It begins with background on ball bearing failures accounting for around 50% of induction machine breakdowns. It then discusses modeling the kinematic frequencies of ball bearings and developing models to represent anomalies on the outer ring and inner ring. The outer ring anomaly is modeled as a series of radial pulses with a frequency equal to the ball rotation frequency around the outer ring. The inner ring anomaly is modeled in a reference frame rotating with the inner ring speed. The modeling aims to analyze the effects of anomalies on electrical and mechanical quantities of the machine and its stability during operation.
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the design of a connecting rod using finite element analysis. It begins by introducing the connecting rod component and its function in an internal combustion engine. It then reviews previous related studies and identifies a gap in analyzing stresses and fatigue life of connecting rods in light vehicle engines. The objectives are defined as evaluating the stresses and fatigue failure of an existing connecting rod design, creating a CAD model, conducting finite element analysis, testing on a universal testing machine, analyzing alternative designs, and recommending a best design. Dimensions and material properties of the existing connecting rod are provided. Mathematical calculations of forces and stresses on the connecting rod are shown. The methodology involves creating a finite element model and conducting finite element analysis to
Influence of Semi-Rigid Connection on Behaviour of Steel Space Frame Under St...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the influence of semi-rigid connections on the behavior of steel space frames under static loads. It describes a 10-story steel space frame model with beam-column connections that vary in fixity from fully rigid to fully pinned. Static analysis is performed to calculate the structural responses for different connection fixity factors. The results show that to achieve maximum design moments in beams, the moments at supports and mid-span should be equal, which occurs for fixity factors between 0.5-0.6. Compared to rigid frames, semi-rigid frames experience increased bending deformation and higher primary bending moments. Overall, the study finds that semi-rigid connections significantly impact structural requirements and responses under static loads.
IRJET- Investigation of Stresses in Rear Half Axle of an AutomobileIRJET Journal
The document investigates stresses in the rear half axle of an automobile using finite element analysis. It considers various cases like increasing angular velocity, inclination of the axle, and additional loads. Von-Mises and maximum principal stresses increase with higher angular velocity and additional loads. At a constant speed, stresses increase up to a certain inclination angle and then remain similar. Comparing FEA results to analytical calculations shows good agreement at higher angular velocities. The maximum stresses occur at the junction of the axle and gear.
This paper studies the maximum deflection and Von-Misses stress analysis of:- a) Simply
Supported Beam and b) Cantilever Beam under two different types of loading. The theoretical
calculations are done based on the general Euler-Bernoulli’s Beam Equation. The Computational
Analysis is done on ANSYS 14.0 software. Comparing the Numerical Results with that of the
ANSYS 14.0, excellent accuracy of the present method has been extracted and demonstrated. In
ANSYS 14.0 accuracies of different elements are measured and it has been visualized and concluded
that Beam 189 element is most suitable element for Beam Analysis as compared to the Beam 188
element and other Solid elements
ME6503 design of machine elements - question bank.Mohan2405
This document contains questions and problems related to the design of machine elements, specifically regarding shafts and couplings. It includes 20 questions in Part A testing basic recall and understanding, 13 multi-part problems in Part B applying concepts to design scenarios, and 4 complex design problems in Part C. The topics covered include stresses in shafts, hollow vs solid shafts, keys and keyways, rigid and flexible couplings, and the design of shafts and keys based on strength and rigidity considerations.
Design of machine_elements 2 marks with answerMohan2405
This document provides a summary of key concepts in machine element design:
1. It defines terms like factor of safety, endurance limit, impact load, and discusses the design process phases.
2. It covers different types of loads, factors affecting endurance strength, types of stresses and failures.
3. It discusses machine elements like shafts, keys, couplings, and their design considerations.
4. It defines terms related to bolted and screwed joints like bolt designation, stresses in bolts, and applications of screwed fasteners.
5. It summarizes welding processes including common welded joints, stresses induced in eccentric loading, and when edge preparation is needed.
Design and Analysis of Loading Bracket for Landing Gear Strength TestIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a loading bracket used for landing gear strength testing. The loading bracket is designed to withstand heavy vertical, drag, and side loads experienced during testing. The design process involves selecting carbon molybdenum steel, theoretically calculating stresses under each load case, and verifying stresses using ANSYS simulation. The theoretical and ANSYS results are found to be within acceptable limits, confirming the design is sufficient to withstand testing loads.
FEM_Modeling_Project_Evaluation of a Steel Pulley and Shaft DesignMehmet Bariskan
The document summarizes a finite element analysis (FEA) project evaluating the design of a steel pulley and shaft system. The initial FEA model found unrealistic stress concentrations and displacements due to invalid boundary conditions. The boundary conditions were customized and additional analyses were run with fillet radii of 1-5 mm added to reduce stress. Increasing the shaft diameter from 25mm to 30mm further reduced stress. The maximum stress was plotted against degrees of freedom for each model, with the 5mm fillet radius and 30mm shaft diameter model exhibiting the lowest stress of around 75MPa.
Computation of a gearbox for a wind power plantPietro Galli
The project Computation of a Gearbox for a Wind Power Plant dealt with the study and the analysis of the Generator in order to provide data about the following characteristics
o Static Design of the gearbox:
Design of shaft 1
Design of bearings
Internal stresses
Safety factor
Design of shaft 2
o Fatigue analysis:
Shaft 1 section 3
Shaft 1 section 4
Shaft 2 section 1
Shaft 2 section 2
o Rolling bearings analysis, life and fatique:
Roller bearings C and D
Bearing E
Rating life_bearing D
Rating life_bearing E
o Spur gears analysis:
Computation of transmission ratio, pt and b
Tooth bending strength
Tooth surface fatigue strength
1) The document discusses various loading mechanisms that act on shafts, including loads from gears, belts, chains, and unbalanced masses. It also covers stresses in shafts such as bending, torsional, and axial stresses due to different loads.
2) Formulas are presented for calculating loads and stresses on shafts from common mechanical components like gears, belts, and chains. Examples of engineering problems are also given to calculate forces and loads on rotating shafts.
3) Rotating shafts are complex mechanical elements that experience many different types of loads that must be properly analyzed and accounted for in shaft design.
IRJET- Effect of Relative Stiffness of Beam-Column Joint on Internal Forces i...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of relative stiffness of beam-column joints in reinforced concrete structures. It presents research analyzing the behavior of partially restrained beam-column connections using the STAAD.Pro software. The study varies the grade of concrete to change the relative stiffness of the joint and observes the impact on internal forces. It calculates section properties and compares results from two methods - considering the full cross-sectional area versus accounting for the moment of inertia of steel reinforcement. The objectives are to study how relative joint stiffness and concrete/steel properties affect flexural and compressive strengths.
This document summarizes a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) project evaluating the stress on a pulley design. The initial simulation found unexpected high stress, so boundary conditions were adjusted by adding restraints on the pulley bores. However, a re-entrant edge at the shaft-bore connection caused stress singularities. Adding a 1mm fillet removed this issue, and subsequent local mesh refinement showed stress values converging, validating the design.
ME6601 design of transmission systems - important 2 marksMohan2405
This document provides information about ME6601 - Design of Transmission Systems. It covers topics like types of power drives, mechanical drives, belt drives, pulleys, belts, rope drives, chain drives, and gear drives. Some key points:
- The main types of power drives are mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, and electrical drives. Mechanical drives can be further classified based on power transmission method and center distance between power shafts.
- Belt drives transmit power through contact forces and are suitable for long distances. They require a large space but have a smooth, flexible operation. Gear drives can transmit high power and have a compact layout.
- Belts are made of various materials and come in types
Profile modification of adhesively bonded cylindrical joint for maximum torqu...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This document describes the design and analysis of a high speed milling spindle to minimize deflection. Various spindle diameters and bearing configurations were considered, including duplex and triplet bearing arrangements. Static analysis was performed to calculate spindle nose deflection from bending and bearing elasticity. The optimum bearing span length that minimizes deflection was determined analytically and verified using ANSYS software. Results showed that bearing stiffness and span length significantly impact spindle deflection, with shorter spans and higher stiffness bearings reducing deflection.
This document summarizes a study on the three dimensional contact stress analysis of straight bevel gear teeth using finite element analysis. A geometric model of a bevel gear tooth was created in ANSYS. The stress distribution at the root of the tooth was evaluated under two loading conditions: a uniformly varying load and a concentrated load at the pitch point. The results found that the stress is highest at the toe side under both loading conditions and decreases towards the heel side. The pitch point loading produced higher stresses than the uniform loading.
Comparative study on different pin geometries of tool profile in friction sti...IAEME Publication
This document presents a comparative study on different pin geometries for tool profiles in friction stir welding using artificial neural networks. An experiment was conducted using AA6061 aluminum alloy plates welded with two different pin profiles (conical and triangular). Tensile strength test results were obtained for 27 welded joints under different welding parameters. Regression and artificial neural network models were developed to predict tensile strength based on the input parameters of tool rotation speed, welding speed, and axial force. The regression model results showed good agreement with experimental data. The artificial neural network model was found to be an effective method for predicting joint performance and identifying optimal welding conditions compared to regression analysis.
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to analyze stress concentrations at bolt hole locations in lap joints. A 3D finite element model of a lap joint was developed using Abaqus software. Non-linear analysis considered the stress-strain behavior of materials and interactions between bolt and plate surfaces. Parametric studies varied the end distance and compared results to failure criteria in design codes. Stress patterns were compared to bearing capacity equations to determine the optimum end distance that prevents premature failure.
This report presents the structural analysis of knuckle joint using finite element analysis. The analysis considered the fracture failure of the structure from a loading of 70 kN axial load. It was found that the structure has a factor of safety of 2 for this loading and failure mode. The structure is therefore satisfactory for the desire design condition. The model is done with solid work and imported into Ansys. The FEM analysis had done with different mesh type and compared the result obtained. Further study in this direction can made by using various diameter of the pin, choosing the different material and the capacity to withstand load.
Solid_Modeling_Project_#2_ Reverse engineering of a connecting rod and docume...Mehmet Bariskan
This document summarizes a student's solid modeling project to create a computer-aided design (CAD) model of a connecting rod through reverse engineering. The student followed these steps: 1) Creating a freehand sketch of the connecting rod using measurements; 2) Developing a solid model in SolidWorks based on the sketch; 3) Creating technical drawings of the model; 4) Performing a finite element analysis to evaluate stresses and deformation under load. The analysis found the highest stresses occurred near where loads were applied. Though within safety factors, real connecting rods can still break due to unmodeled factors like fatigue not considered.
IRJET- The Effect of Tooth Thickness on Root Stress of Internal Spur Gear Mec...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effect of tooth thickness on root stress in an internal spur gear mechanism using finite element analysis. The study found that by increasing the tooth thickness of the pinion gear and decreasing the thickness of the internal gear from the standard value of half the pitch, the maximum bending stresses in the two gears could be balanced. Specifically, a tooth thickness of 0.572 times the pitch for the pinion and 0.428 times the pitch for the internal gear resulted in approximately equal stresses of 47.3 MPa in both gears. This tooth thickness optimization also reduced the total weight of the gear mechanism.
This document presents a mathematical model of ball bearing anomalies in induction machines. It begins with background on ball bearing failures accounting for around 50% of induction machine breakdowns. It then discusses modeling the kinematic frequencies of ball bearings and developing models to represent anomalies on the outer ring and inner ring. The outer ring anomaly is modeled as a series of radial pulses with a frequency equal to the ball rotation frequency around the outer ring. The inner ring anomaly is modeled in a reference frame rotating with the inner ring speed. The modeling aims to analyze the effects of anomalies on electrical and mechanical quantities of the machine and its stability during operation.
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the design of a connecting rod using finite element analysis. It begins by introducing the connecting rod component and its function in an internal combustion engine. It then reviews previous related studies and identifies a gap in analyzing stresses and fatigue life of connecting rods in light vehicle engines. The objectives are defined as evaluating the stresses and fatigue failure of an existing connecting rod design, creating a CAD model, conducting finite element analysis, testing on a universal testing machine, analyzing alternative designs, and recommending a best design. Dimensions and material properties of the existing connecting rod are provided. Mathematical calculations of forces and stresses on the connecting rod are shown. The methodology involves creating a finite element model and conducting finite element analysis to
Influence of Semi-Rigid Connection on Behaviour of Steel Space Frame Under St...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the influence of semi-rigid connections on the behavior of steel space frames under static loads. It describes a 10-story steel space frame model with beam-column connections that vary in fixity from fully rigid to fully pinned. Static analysis is performed to calculate the structural responses for different connection fixity factors. The results show that to achieve maximum design moments in beams, the moments at supports and mid-span should be equal, which occurs for fixity factors between 0.5-0.6. Compared to rigid frames, semi-rigid frames experience increased bending deformation and higher primary bending moments. Overall, the study finds that semi-rigid connections significantly impact structural requirements and responses under static loads.
The comparative study of die cushioning force in u bending process using feaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Vibrational Analysis of Pinion Shaft for the Diagnose of Cracks in Heavy Load...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes vibrational stresses in the pinion shaft of heavy loaded vehicles to diagnose cracks. It discusses how vibrations can cause cracks in the pinion shaft due to torsional vibration and instability. The authors used 3D modeling and finite element analysis in ANSYS to analyze bending stresses, shear stresses, and natural frequencies in the stepped pinion shaft under different loading conditions. The results showed that higher natural frequencies and mass participation in mating parts can induce high stresses and increase the likelihood of crack initiation. Proper vibrational analysis of the shaft is important to maximize power transfer and maintain proper gear meshing and interference.
IRJET - Vibration Analysis Technique for the Diagnosis of Bearing Housing Vib...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on analyzing vibrations in a bearing housing made of different materials. The study used mild steel and Bakelite as housing materials for a 30205 taper roller bearing tested between 500-2500 RPM. Vibration signals were collected from the housings using an FFT analyzer. Results showed Bakelite housing had more uniform vibration patterns and lower amplitudes compared to mild steel across all speeds and axes. Bakelite demonstrated better damping of vibrations. The study concluded Bakelite is a more reliable housing material than mild steel for applications like offshore pumps due to its vibration damping and chemical resistivity properties.
Effect of gear design variables on the dynamic stress of multistage gearsAlexander Decker
The document describes a numerical model developed to simulate and optimize the dynamic stress of multistage spur gears. The model considers three design variables: module, pressure angle, and contact ratio. Simulation results showed that increasing module and decreasing pressure angle and contact ratio can increase dynamic stress levels. A module of 2.5 and contact ratio of 2.0 were found to yield the lowest dynamic stresses for the given multistage gear train design. The model can be used as a tool to determine optimal gear design parameters for minimizing dynamic stresses.
11.effect of gear design variables on the dynamic stress of multistage gearsAlexander Decker
This document presents a numerical model to simulate and optimize the dynamic stress of multistage spur gears. The model considers time-varying mesh stiffness and frictional torque. It was used to study the effects of three gear design variables - module, pressure angle, and contact ratio - on dynamic stress. Increasing the module increased stress levels, while a pressure angle of 25 degrees and contact ratio of 2.0 reduced stresses the most for the gear train studied. The model can be used as a tool to obtain optimal design parameters for a given multistage gear train.
IRJET-Analysis of Load Factors and Modes of Failure on Spur GearIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the load factors and modes of failure in spur gears. A finite element analysis is conducted to determine the load distribution factor in AGMA formulas for spur gears with different shaft misalignments. The 3D gear model is imported into ANSYS to calculate maximum bending and contact stresses using FEA. The results are then compared to analytical calculations to estimate the load distribution factor. Key factors influencing bending stress on gear teeth are also considered, including load distribution, stress concentration, and external factors.
Effect of punch profile radius and localised compressioniaemedu
This document discusses springback in V-bending of high strength steel sheets. It presents results from an experimental investigation and finite element analysis simulation of the effects of punch profile radius and localized compression on springback. The experimental results showed that increasing punch radius or decreasing sheet thickness increases springback, while applying localized compressive stress through bottoming the punch can compensate for springback. The finite element analysis validated the experimental findings. The document provides background on springback in bending, methods to compensate for it, and details of the materials testing and modeling approach used in the study.
IRJET- Error Identification and Comparison with Agma Standard in Gears us...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to identify errors in gears by comparing contact and bending stresses to AGMA standards. A 3D model of a helical gear was created in ANSYS to analyze bending stresses. A 2D model of a rack and pinion was used to analyze contact stresses. The stresses from the finite element models were then compared to values calculated from AGMA standards. The results showed good agreement between the ANSYS and AGMA values, with errors generally under 5%. The study demonstrated that finite element analysis can accurately model gear stresses.
This document discusses modeling the dynamics of the crank mechanism in the motor housing production process to optimize cost control. It derives kinematic and dynamic equations to analyze the motion of the crankshaft and connecting rod structure. The relationships between stroke velocity, acceleration, included angle, and crank parameters like length and radius are examined under different conditions. The results show that stroke velocity decreases over time and acceleration is largest within the first 0.02 seconds. Optimizing the crank parameters can increase stroke length and efficiency to reduce production costs.
A novel method for evaluating the dynamic load factor of an involute gear to...Alexander Decker
This document presents a new mathematical model for evaluating the dynamic load factor of an involute gear tooth with asymmetric profiles. It develops equations for nonlinear time-varying mesh stiffness and dynamic load factor for symmetric and asymmetric spur gear teeth in single and double tooth contact. The model considers various components of tooth deflection. Results show that the asymmetric tooth profiles increase mesh stiffness, reduce transmission error, and increase dynamic load factor compared to symmetric profiles. This indicates asymmetric gears can enhance dynamic behavior and reduce vibration and noise in gear systems.
Experimental analysis of circular disc with diametral slotsIAEME Publication
Discs are important structural elements in engineering application such as pressure vessel,missiles and liquid container. The turbine, brake disc and diaphragm clutch spring are the wellknown examples for the industrial application of the annular plate with radial slots. The natural frequencies of component are of great interest in the analysis for response of structures to various excitations. Annular discs are fundamental structural elements studied in ocean engineering
applications from offshore platforms to under water acoustic transducers.
The document compares the results of 2D and 3D static finite element analysis on a piston model of an internal combustion engine. Both plane42 axi-symmetric and solid45 3D elements were used to model the piston geometry. The stress distributions and displacements from both analyses were compared. While the stress and displacement trends were similar, the actual values differed. The 3D analysis provided results that more closely matched theoretical values. It was concluded that the 3D analysis better represents the structural behavior and is preferable over 2D analysis for complex piston problems.
Research of The Design Life of Casting Crane GirderIJRESJOURNAL
This document analyzes the design life of casting crane girders. It uses the IIW (Institute of Welding International) 13 S-N curves and GB/T3811 standards to calculate the fatigue life of critical points on the main girder. The results show the calculated cycle times meet the requirements in GB/T3811. Studying design life provides a theoretical basis for crane replacement and retirement decisions. Further analysis using limit stress and crack propagation methods could provide more accurate predictions of design life.
Design and Analysis of the Robot PedestalIRJET Journal
1) The document describes the design and analysis of a robot pedestal using finite element analysis software ANSYS.
2) A CAD model of the robot pedestal was created in ANSYS and loads and boundary conditions were applied representing the forces and moments expected during operation.
3) A modal analysis was performed to determine the first six natural frequencies and mode shapes. The maximum equivalent stress and total deformation under load were also found to verify the design is safe and stable.
Effect of Various Parameters on Double Lap Bolted GFRP-to-Steel Joint by Expe...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that analyzes the effect of various parameters on the strength of double lap bolted joints connecting glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) to steel. Specifically, the study examines the effects of washer outer diameter size, preload, and edge-to-hole diameter ratio on joint strength through experimental testing and finite element analysis (FEA). The experimental and FEA results are found to be in good agreement. The study aims to provide guidance on optimizing bolted joint design between GFRP and steel components.
DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR USING FINITE ELEMENT AN...IAEME Publication
An electrostatic precipitator is designed to trap and remove dust particles from the exhaust gas. The computer aided design and finite element analysis of electrostatic precipitator cone structure has been carried out. For static structure analysis two models (Model A and Model B) is being
considered having horizontal and vertical stiffener arrangement.
This document summarizes a study that uses finite element analysis and Monte Carlo simulation to analyze the bending stress of hollow circular composite beams under random loading conditions. The study varies design parameters like beam length, radius, ply angles, elastic modulus, and force randomly within defined ranges. It analyzes the relationship between maximum bending stress and each parameter. Random optimization is then performed to determine a set of parameters that minimize bending stress. The best optimized set is proposed to reduce bending stress under different loading conditions.
Similar to THE EFFECTS OF BOLT PRELOAD ON VIBRATION AMPLITUDE OF GANTRY CNC ROUTER (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
2. The Effects of Bolt Preload on Vibration Amplitude of Gantry CNC Router
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percent of total dynamic stiffness (G. P. Zhang et al., 2003). It is important to research how
the dynamic parameters of joint influence the dynamic properties of a CNC router.
Investigates about the joints concentrated on joint parameters identification, the dynamic
modeling of the dynamic and the joints behaviors of a whole gantry CNC router ( Li et al.,
2010; Mao et al., 2010). Based on the vibration experiment and the finite element simulation,
the linear guide slides joint influence the dynamic parameter in the column and spindle of the
machine. Its dynamic properties have been improved while the preload of the guide is
increased (Lin et al., 2010). To investigate the dynamic properties of guides influenced by
preload of joints, contact stress was introduced and used shear/normal stiffness to the contact
elements of the FE model. At the overall stage of machine design, a model of the whole
machine is set up. The components include a mass beam, a distributed lumped mass, and
joints to predict the dynamic characteristics. According to the dynamic values of the joints on
machine structure, the dynamic equations with this synthesis have been established. (G.
Zhang et al., 2001).
One of the most important operating parameters of CNC machines is the preload on the
joint. Studies show that preloads have a major impact on damping and stiffness of the
machine joints (Li et al., 2010; Mao et al., 2010). In other studies, a preload technology of
roller bearings for machine spindle has been extensively analyzed (Cao and Altintas, 2004;
Hwang and Lee, 2010b; Jiang and Mao, 2010). Various devices rely on electromagnetic and
centrifugal forces are proposed to control the preload of the rolling spindle bearing (Hwang
and Lee, 2009, 2010a). It is important to research a relationship between the preload of joints
on machine structures such as bolts, bearings, ball screws, linear guides, and dynamic
stiffness, the vibration amplitude of spindle head. Accurate analysis of such relationships is
useful in applying an appropriate preload
This paper aims to explore the effect of pre-tightening force on vibration amplitude of the
spindle nose of gantry machine structure. For this, this paper proposes the FE model of the
gantry CNC router with the integration of bolt joints model. With FEM, stiffness and
vibration amplitude under different pre-tightening forces are predicted. Results indicate that
bolt pre-tightening forces on CNC router have a significant impact on the stiffness and spindle
head vibration amplitude.
2. DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTIC OF BOLT JOINT
The gantry CNC router of 800x800x320 mm was designed. The machining operation speed of
12000 rpm and accuracy of 0.05mm were predicted as the capability of this machine. The
CNC router model is illustrated in Fig. 1.
Figure 1 Model of the gantry CNC router structure
3. Nguyen Huu Loc, Tran Van Thuy
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There are four types of joints in the gantry CNC router, which are respectively bearing,
bolt joint, linear guide and a ball screw (Mi et al., 2012; Shulong, 2010). The article is
primarily interested in determining the dynamic characteristics of bolt joints and create their
dynamic models.
A typical type of fixed joint is a bolt joint that is widely available in the gantry CNC
router structure. The analysis indicates that the dynamic properties of bolt joints depend on
many components, some of which are material, appearance, pressure, geometry shapes, etc.
(Li et al., 2010; G. P. Zhang et al., 2003). In Fig. 2. illustrates a typical bolt joint of CNC
router structure including bolts, nuts, details A and B.
Figure 2 Modeling of bolt joint
The simulation of joint characteristics with high precision conditions is a complex
problem. The gantry CNC router is divided into several independent parts. Where the
connection of face-to-face are ignored, the joints of these parts are associated with damping
and spring.
To tighten the bolt with pre-tightening force V, it is necessary to have a pre-tightening
moment TV on the bolt body with the torque acting on the thread Tr to prevent the bolt from
rotating in Fig. 3. Then:
V f rT T T (1)
Where Tf is the friction moment between two surfaces of detail A and nut. Tf, Tr are
calculated by Eq. (2) and Eq. (3).
0 0
f
D dVf
T
2 2
(2)
r t 2 2T 0.5Fd 0.5Vd tan ' (3)
Figure 3 Load conditions of bolt joints
4. The Effects of Bolt Preload on Vibration Amplitude of Gantry CNC Router
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Substituting the expressions for defining Tr and Tf in Eq. (1). Eq. (1) can be rewritten as:
'tan
2
5.0
2
00
2 f
d
dD
VdTV (4)
Where, d0, d2, D0, f, ’ represent the pitch diameter of the threaded hole, the average
diameter of the thread, the nut diameter, the friction coefficient between the surface of detail
A and the nut, the lead angle and the equivalent friction angle respectively.
For every joint of the bolt, the dependence between pre-tightening force V and pre-
tightening moment TV are described as Eq. (5).
KVdTV
3
10
(5)
Where the tightening coefficient is K, the nominal bolt diameter is d. This coefficient
depends on the bolt thread, surface friction, size and material and is described as Eq. (6).
'tan
2
5.0
2
002
f
d
dD
d
d
Vd
T
K V
(6)
The bolt joint pressure is shown as Eq. (7).
A
dD
dD
fD
T
P V
2
0
2
0
3
0
3
0
3
2'tan
2
(7)
Where D and A are the nut nominal diameter and area of bolt joints
In many cases, there are many bolts in the bolt joint. Assuming that the applied force is
the same for each bolt (Mi et al., 2012), the pressure is described as Eq. (8).
AN
dD
dD
fD
T
P V
2
0
2
0
3
0
3
0
3
2'tan
2
(8)
Where the number of bolts is N.
Dynamic stiffness of the bolt joints can be calculated by Eq. (9) (Xu et al., 2012).
dxdyRfSPkK ii ,,, (9)
Where S is the joints surface area, f is the frequency of load, P is the bolt joint pressure,
and ki is obtained from the identification of joints .R relates to the machining method of
surface and the properties of the material.
From Eq. (9), it is found that the stiffness of Ki bolt joints depends on the tightening
pressure of the bolt joints. Besides, structure stiffness depends greatly on the stiffness of bolt
joints. Consequently, it can be concluded that the tightening pressure of the bolt joints greatly
affects the stiffness of the whole CNC router. In this way, the stiffness of the whole CNC
router is confirmed by FEM, and compared with the experimental method.
3. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Using ANSYS Workbench performs finite element analysis and solid elements to create a
mesh for machine structure model. The material of all bodies is steel with E = 2.06×1011
Pa
with ρ = 7850 kg/m3
(density) and ν = 0.3 (Poisson’s ratio). Alloy structural steel made the
M8 bolts with elastic modulus E = 2×1011
Pa with ρ = 7830 kg/m3
(density) and ν = 0.32
(Poisson ratio). The FEM of the gantry CNC router is illustrated in Fig. 4.
5. Nguyen Huu Loc, Tran Van Thuy
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Figure 4 The FEM of the CNC router structure
Application of finite element method performs the modal and harmonic analysis for CNC
router structure. The modal analysis determines the dynamic performance of gantry CNC
machines such as mode shapes and natural frequencies. With natural frequencies, the gantry
CNC router can dodge resonant frequency in the manufacturing process. The results of the
natural frequencies analysis of machine are described in Fig. 5. At the first natural frequency
of 200.71 Hz, the headstock has twisted vibration around the X-axis as described in Fig. 5a.
At frequency 294.44 Hz, the headstock and cross beam has a swaying movement in the YZ-
plane as described in Fig. 5b. At the frequency 352.83 Hz, the column has bending vibration
in the XZ plane as described in Fig. 5c. At the frequency 433.88 Hz, the cross beam has
bending vibration in the XZ-plane as described in Fig. 5d. At the frequency 610.88 Hz, the
cross beam and headstock have twisted vibration around the X-axis as described in Fig. 5e. At
the frequency 696.91 Hz, the headstock has a twisted vibration around the Z-axis as described
in Fig. 5f.
(a) ( b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Figure 5 The natural frequency and vibration modes obtained from FEM
6. The Effects of Bolt Preload on Vibration Amplitude of Gantry CNC Router
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Harmonic analysis is carried out to specify vibration amplitude and response of spindle
head of gantry CNC router structure based on the external excitation force. The analytical
results are illustrated in Fig. 6.
(a) X Direction FRF (b) Y Direction FRF
(c) Z Direction FRF
Figure 6 Results of harmonic response analysis
4. THE INFLUENCES OF PRE-TIGHTENING FORCE ON THE
VIBRATION AMPLITUDE OF SPINDLE
Maximum cutting parameters valued as follows: cutting speed n = 6000 rpm, feed rate s =
6000 mm/min and cutting depth t = 3 mm. With the maximum cutting parameters, calculate
the cutting force as follows direction X and direction Y: FX = FY = 390N. The harmonic
analysis was performed with bolt joint under different pre-tightening forces and the external
excitation force FX = FY = 390N as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Harmonic analysis results
N0
Pre-tightening
force, kN
Vibration amplitude of spindle
head, mm
ux uy
1 5.0 0.057 0.069
2 5.5 0.045 0.062
3 6.0 0.039 0.056
4 6.5 0.033 0.047
5 7.0 0.029 0.038
6 7.5 0.025 0.031
7 8.0 0.021 0.027
8 8.5 0.016 0.024
9 9.0 0.013 0.020
10 9.5 0.012 0.018
7. Nguyen Huu Loc, Tran Van Thuy
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The analytical results indicate that with each of pre-tightening force values, it is possible
to determine the vibration amplitude value of spindle nose in the directions of X and Y
respectively. Also, when pre-tightening force value of bolt joints increased, the vibration
amplitude value of spindle nose in the directions of X and Y decreased respectively.
5. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The experimental setup is illustrated in Fig. 7. Experimental devices include the system of
Multi-Channel NI SCXI-1000DC, accelerometer sensor PCB 603C01, sensitivity 10.2 mV/g,
PCB Group, and the NI Signal Express software. The experiments were carried out at the
spindle nose in the machine structure. Machining materials are fir wood. The NI SCXI-
1000DC vibration analysis is connected to a computer and acceleration sensor; the
acceleration sensor was connected to the spindle nose of a CNC machine. The measured data
is analyzed and processed on NI Signal Express software.
Figure 7 Experimental setup
Performing ten experiments with different pre-tightening forces, every test was performed
seven times. The average findings of the measurement of vibration amplitude are illustrated in
Table 2
Table 2 Experimental results
N0
Pre-tightening
force, kN
Vibration amplitude of spindle head, mm
Harmonic analysis
method
Experimental method Relative error
%
ux uy xu yu %ux %uy
1 5.0 0.057 0.069 0.065 0.077 12.30 10.4
2 5.5 0.045 0.062 0.050 0.068 10.00 8.82
3 6.0 0.039 0.056 0.045 0.064 13.33 12.50
4 6.5 0.033 0.047 0.038 0.055 13.16 14.55
5 7.0 0.029 0.038 0.034 0.044 14.70 13.64
6 7.5 0.025 0.031 0.029 0.036 13.78 13.89
7 8.0 0.021 0.027 0.024 0.031 12.50 12.90
8 8.5 0.016 0.024 0.018 0.028 11.11 14.29
9 9.0 0.013 0.020 0.015 0.023 13.33 13.04
10 9.5 0.012 0.018 0.014 0.021 14.29 14.28
The accuracy of the simulation method is proposed in the article has been tested by the
experimental method. Comparison of the vibration amplitude of the spindle head using the
simulation method and experimental method with the same input conditions illustrated in
Table 2. The greatest relative error in the vibration amplitude of the spindle head is less than
8. The Effects of Bolt Preload on Vibration Amplitude of Gantry CNC Router
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15%. The difference between the experimental method and the simulation method are
associated with the geometry simplifications, relatively coarse mesh and damping coefficient.
(a) X direction ( b) Y direction
Figure 8 The effects of bolt preload on vibration amplitude
Regression model for X direction:
Simulation method: Y1 = 0.1721 - 0.03081V + 0.001470V2
Experimental method: Y2 = 0.1899 - 0.03337V + 0.001561V2
Regression model for Y direction:
Simulation method: Y3 = 0.2080 - 0.03561V + 0.001636V2
Experimental method: Y4 = 0.2160 - 0.03505V + 0.001515V2
Following the Fig.8, the dependence of the spindle nose vibration amplitude on a pre-
tightening force. It is shown that the vibration amplitude decreases with increasing the pre-
tightening force.
6. CONCLUSIONS
This article studies the significant influences of the vibration amplitude of the spindle nose
based on bolt pre-tightening force. The FEM of the whole gantry CNC router about the effects
of joints is created. This model exactly predicts and simulate the dynamic properties of the
gantry CNC machine. Effects of various bolt pre-tightening forces on the machine structure
are careful analyzes. It indicates that pre-tightening force on the joint of the gantry CNC
router has a relationship to the vibration amplitude of the spindle nose. The simulation and
experimental results indicate that when bolt pre-tightening force was increased, the dynamic
stiffness of spindle also increases while the vibration amplitude of the spindle head decreases.
According to the above results, some frequencies of dynamic stiffness decrease and thus
decline the dynamic performance in the gantry CNC router. The accuracy of the simulation
method proposed in the current study has been tested through experimental method. The error
between the experimental results and the simulation are less than 15%. The difference
between the experimental method and the simulation method are associated with the
simplifications of geometry, relatively coarse mesh and damping coefficient.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research is funded by Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM)
under grant number B2016-20-04.
9. Nguyen Huu Loc, Tran Van Thuy
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