The Effect of Ocean Pollution and Destructive Fishing on Endangered Coral Reefs

The Effect Of Ocean Pollution On Coral Reefs
Bright seas coat the sandy beaches. Vivid colors are spread throughout the reefs. Fish swimming in
each direction as you're trying to capture the perfect picture. Now, imagine that all washed away. All
signs of any marine life, habitats, and source of food all vanished. The public does not quite
understand the importance of the environment under the water. Our ecosystem revolves around our
well–being and what we contribute to maintain its healthy status. If not properly treated, losses of
habitats and species are a very huge concern.
Coral Reefs are not just targeted or damaged by just pollution. There are many different causes all
leading up to the same main point, in which is the coral reefs are being put under pressure from
these causes. The reefs are being physically damaged from multiple fishing methods, occurring
mostly in coastal developing countries. For developed countries near the coral reefs, their source of
food come from fish who spend a majority of their time in the coral reefs. Because of these actions
made by humans, the reefs are being destroyed little by little, until one day they vanish. The first
technique adapted that has been impacting these reefs negatively is bottom trawling. Bottom
Trawling uses a cone shaped netting style ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ocean Pollution in the coral reef includes many factors, one being factory runoff. Factories often
dump a variety of chemicals and toxins into the water. The water runoff enters once it has been
irrigated and been through soil several times. The chemicals disposed of into the water is a major
cause behind the decreasing amount of marine species. The toxins in the wastes are very deadly to
any of the organisms in the ocean waters, killing a numerous amount of the creatures. The nutrients
dumped into the oceans are very harmful to the survival and shelters of the
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Maui Dolphin Persuasive Essay
The Maui Dolphin – an endangered species
Introduction:
1. Area of Focus:
The rapidly increasing world population (1 billion in 1820, 2 billion in 1920 and probably 7 billion
in 2020) is putting enormous pressure on the habitats of many animals, as people use more space for
housing and for the production of food. The Maui Dolphin is one species affected by food
production as carried out by the fishing industry. I decided to do research on the Maui dolphin
because of its uniqueness and rarity. My purpose is to find out more about the endangered status of
the Maui Dolphin, why it has become rare, what problems are involved and what can be done to
improve the situation.
2. Research questions: My main research question is "What can be done ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Timeline:
As far as my timeline was concerned, I spent the first day deciding on the topic and getting an
overview of the information available. The main research question was not difficult to choose, as
there is no doubt that the Maui Dolphin is an endangered species.
The next couple of days were spent in reading the information on some of the more relevant sites, as
well as skimming through a book on the topic and looking at some educational videoes. Then I
started to summarize the important facts within the framework of my research questions.
Presentation:
What: The Maui dolphin is the world's rarest and smallest known subspecies of dolphin. It is a
subspecies of the Hector's dolphin and has genetic and skeletal differences which make it distinct
from the rest of the Hector's species. The Maui dolphin has distinctive grey, white and black
markings. The sides and back are light grey, with white "flames" reaching up along the sides of its
body. The underside is whitish, while the face, flippers, dorsal fin and tail are all black. There is a
crescent–shaped black mark between its blowhole and eyes. It has a short snout and is easily
recognized by the round shape of the dorsal fin. Females grow to 1.7 metres long and weigh up to
50 kg. Males are slightly smaller and lighter. They are known to live up to twenty years. The calves
live on their mothers' milk for up to a year although they can learn to eat at about six months. They
use

The Downfall Of Marine Life On The Brink Of Catastrophic...
http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/22/world/oceans–overfishing–climate–change/
"Over–fished and Under–protected: Ocean Life on the Brink of Catastrophic Collapse" Tom Levitt,
for CNN
Updated: 11:07 AM, Wednesday March 27, 2013.
The downfall of fish in the Atlantic Ocean is a result of numerous factors such as certain fishing
techniques, climate change, and pollution. One type of fishing technique that is causing serious
damage to marine life is bottom–trawling. Bottom–trawling is a form of fishing that involves a large
net, about 60 meters wide, and dragging it along the bottom of the sea with heavy weights from a
trawler. Bottom–trawling causes irreversible damage to coral life and slow–growing fish species, for
example the "Orange Roughy 's (Slime Head) species has decreased more than 90%. Halibut
disappeared from the North Atlantic in the 19th century. In the North Ocean, Blue Fin Tuna
disappeared in the 1930 's–1940 's, and today have disappeared across the seas of Northern Europe.
This is a paragraph from an article, "Over–fished and Under–protected: Oceans on the Brink of
Catastrophic Collapse"by Tom Levitt, for CNN.
"Marine conservationists compare it to a bulldozer, with the nets pulled for as far as 20km, picking
up turtles, coral and anything else in their path. The by–catch, unwanted fish and other ocean life
thrown back into the sea, can amount to as much as 90% of a trawl 's total catch."
"Opinion 2: Deep sea fishing is 'oceanocide '."
During 1990–2008, an

A Brief Note On Fisheries And Its Effects On Aquatic...
By 2050, we could effectively be out of fish." (United Nations, 2010) In the 21st century, fisheries
are facing a crisis along with some other public goods. Fisheries satisfy the conditions for being a
common (public) good by being 'non–excludable' and 'rival.' No one can 'exclude' a person from
fishing, but present–day intake of fish will reduce the amount available for other fisherman in the
future ('rival'). Around 80% of the world's fisheries are being over–exploited leading to a devastating
impact on aquatic communities as it destabilizes the food chain and destructs the natural habitats of
many oceanic communities.
Fish, however, are not the only stakeholders affected by these current threats. The different hazards
to this industry also cause a socio–economic and financial loss. Oceans support the livelihood of
over 520 million people involved in fishing and fish–related activities. (WWF) Various emerging
economies around the world such as Bangladesh, Peru and Pakistan depend highly on the fishing
industry for their national income. Additionally, seafood is a staple diet in many developing
countries as it is a rich source of protein. With rising incomes in emerging economies, the global
demand for fish is growing rapidly, affecting over 2.6 billion people. Due to the various threats, the
overall economic position of many developing countries is under pressure. Furthermore, fisheries
around the world are already working at or over capacity, causing overconsumption of

The Causes And Impacts Of Overexploitation
If fishing continues at the same rate, using todays destructive practices, the oceans could become
fishless by 2048 (Branch, 2013). Understanding and analyzing the causes and impacts of
overexploitation in oceans, can offer insight into possible solutions to remediate current and future
effected environments. Today, (see Figure 1) 53% of the worlds fisheries are fully exploited and
32% are overexploited, depleted, or recovering from depletion (FAO, 2010).
The overexploitation of the oceans is directly linked to overfishing. Overfishing can be defined as
"fishing with a sufficiently high intensity to reduce the breeding stock levels to such an extent that
they will no longer support a sufficient quantity of fish for sport or commercial harvest" (Hilborn
and Hilborn, 2012). Post industrial revolution there was an increase in global fishing and
consequently an increase in catches. The large scale industrialization of the fishing sector inevitably
led to over–fishing, causing the collapse of many fish stocks (Pauly, 2002). Due to unsustainable
fishing practices an increase in overfished and fully fished stocks can be observed over time (see
Figure 1). The fishing industry has had to adapt in recent times to maintain the quantity of fish being
caught, one way they have achieved this is to start fishing at greater depths, today more fish are
being caught deeper than ever before (see Figure 2). Deep sea fishing is mostly considered
unsustainable, (Norse, 2012) as it

Ingenious Coralbots May Help Restore Coral Reefs
Saving Coral Reefs
Coral reefs are one of the most exquisite ecosystems to look at. However, they're being put in a lot
of danger caused by humans. If something doesn't change we won't be able to see these coral reefs
anymore. However, fishermen are the cause of this; they use this process ― even though they know
it hurts the environment ― called bottom trawling. Fishermen are the main cause of the destruction
towards the coral reefs. The central idea of the article, " Ingenious Coralbots May Help Restore
Coral Reefs", is that humans should stop taking the coral reefs from their homes. To begin with,
what is bottom trawling? The article states, "Bottom Trawling involves dropping nets to the ocean
bed and then dragging them up when filled with fish." When this is done it scrapes the floor causing
the coral branches to break from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That's only if the broken branch it's far away. Although you still shouldn't break coral reefs from
their homes. The article states, "Coral belong to the sisle category of animals that are permanently
attached to an area and are therefore immobile." Basicly saying coral reefs were meant to say at
their homes. Coral reefs are permanently put where they are for a reason. In conclusion, coral is a
single; it's made up of thousands of ploys. Which secrete the limestones that attaches to rock or
ocean bed and keeps them in the places where they came. That's why if we stop the main cause of
this––fishermen–– we'll be able to see the coral reefs. The central idea of the article, " Ingenious
Coralbots May Help Restore Coral Reefs", is that humans should stop taking the coral reefs from
their

The New Zealand Sea Lion
I Introduction
The New Zealand sea lion (formerly known as the Hooker's sea lion) is the most threatened sea lion
species in the world.
A Scope
Bycatch is a significant issue affecting marine mammals in New Zealand. This paper will focus on
the effect that squid trawling has on the declining population of the New Zealand sea lion. This
paper will address whether current mechanisms that seek to protect the New Zealand sea lion are
robust and will recommend options for reform.
B Background
Historically, New Zealand sea lions occupied sites all around New Zealand. The New Zealand sea
lion was common throughout New Zealand until the late eighteenth century. Today, New Zealand
sea lions exist mainly on two main breeding sites: the Auckland Islands, and Campbell Island. In
2010, approximately 71% of sea lion pups were born at the Auckland Islands and 29% of sea lion
pups were born on Campbell Island. For sea lions, estimates of pup production are the best measure
of population status and size. In early 2014, 1,575 pups were counted on the Auckland Islands.
The Auckland Island population appears to be sharply decreasing. The most recent figures indicate
that since 1998 there has been decrease in pup production at the Auckland Islands of approximately
50%.
The Ministry for Primary Industries maintains that the direct effect of fishing–related mortality on
the New Zealand sea lion population is small. In spite of this, research suggests that a plausible
hypothesis of the

What Is Damaging The Deep Ocean
Have you ever wondered what would it be like to be a fish in the sea? Well it won't be so great if
humans continue at this rate in damaging the ocean. Many companies, and whole countries, are
starting to allow mining and industry in many areas of the ocean. Also, overfishing is a humongous
problem in today's oceans; it has killed many species. People must stop doing this much damage to
animals species or their habitats, from mining; this could result in a shortage of fish and eventually
running out of minerals and medicines that we currently get from the oceans, thus could lead to
global disaster in the future.
Many Specialists and Researchers around the world that human related movement, like fishing, oil,
gas improvement, mechanical scale mining for precious materials, waste management, and
pollution, could bring enduring harm to the deep ocean. We now have many new technologies, and
we will have more to come that allow us to get materials that we would not be able to get in the past;
this will cause very negative things to happen to the deep ocean. The deep ocean is also used as a
giant trash ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We also know that that many of the services provided by this habitat are connected," says Andrew
Thurber, Assistant Professor in Ocean Biology at OSU. The deep–sea mining that is currently
happening is people trying to get rich quick, and in the process of doing that they are harming many
organisms, organisms' habitats, and whole ecosystems. Most of the areas that people want to mine
are still unauthorized people to mine. Many scientists are warning that the deep sea could even more
damage the sea. Some companies have proposed they would do it less of a harmful way and many
people would think that if they do it in a humane way that it would be ok, and I agree with that
(Alexander

Ocean Abuse Research Paper
While many treat the oceans as a convenient area to abuse, due to years of using the oceans as an
unlimited source of food, a path for transporting goods, and a place to dump litter in, there are many
growing issues due to these problems that could lead to the loss of the oceans completely. As a result
of several problems caused by mankind, including unsustainable fishing practices, pollution, and
indirect impacts, the marine ecosystem has changed in a drastically negative matter, which can later
impact mankind due to the loss of many keystone species, and has the potential to negatively affect
mankind as a whole. By taking the ocean for granted, we are leading not only the oceans towards
disaster, but ourselves as well. One of the biggest issues that we have caused ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
From overfishing to trawling, the removal of many important species in the marine habitat due to
these fishing practices have led to many detrimental effects in the ocean.

Persuasive Essay On Overfishing
Overfishing
Stop trawling: Trawling is a method of fishing that involves pulling a fishing net through the water
behind one or more boats. The net that is used for trawling is called a trawl. The boats that are used
for trawling are called trawlers or draggers. Unfortunately, trawling has a major influence towards
our marine ecosystem. It collects every animal and ecosystem in its pathway, resulting in a massive
by–catch. Due to this effect, many dead fish are returned to the sea as they were not the targeted
fish. By changing this action, sea species will not be wasted and will be valued. This will contribute
to less endangered and extinction rates as no marine species is being caught and thrown away as
they are not targeted.
Produce more

Factors Affecting The Environment Of The World's Fisheries
Fisheries satisfy the conditions for being a common (public) good by being 'non–excludable' and
'rival.' No one can 'exclude' a person from fishing, but present–day intake of fish will reduce the
amount available for other fisherman in the future ('rival'). Around 80% of the world's fisheries are
being over–exploited leading to a devastating impact on aquatic communities as it destabilizes the
food chain and destructs the natural habitats of many oceanic communities. Fish, however, are not
the only stakeholders affected by these current threats. The different hazards to this industry also
cause a socio–economic and financial loss. Oceans support the livelihood of over 520 million people
involved in fishing and fish–related activities. (WWF) Various emerging economies around the
world such as Bangladesh, Peru and Pakistan depend highly on the fishing industry for their national
income. Additionally, seafood is a staple diet in many developing countries as it is a rich source of
protein. With rising incomes in emerging economies, the global demand for fish is growing rapidly,
affecting over 2.6 billion people. Due to the various threats, the overall economic position of many
developing countries is under pressure. Furthermore, fisheries around the world are already working
at or over capacity, causing overconsumption of seafood, leading to depletion in the amount of fish
available for future generations. This impairment of fisheries is also coming from a number of

Environmental Effects Of Overfishing
The ocean is one of the largest sources of food and income for countries all across the globe. As the
fishing industry and human population grow, more and more resources are being taken out of the
ocean every year. If this process continues without any type of new regulation, our oceans' supply of
resources will quickly start depleting. Without a sustainable output from our oceans, millions of
people will be losing income that they thought they could rely on forever. While most people are not
aware of this problem, over the past fifty years overfishing has developed into a huge environmental
issue that could have catastrophic global effects on us in the future if left untreated. According to
WorldWildlife.org, "More than 85 percent of the world's fisheries have been pushed to or beyond
their biological limits and are in need of strict management plans to restore them"(WWL.org). This
statistic shows that most of our oceans' resources are being overused and depleted. Some of the the
most important fish species, for example, the bluefin tuna, have been exploited to the point that their
population's survival is at risk. The overfishing of top predators disrupts marine ecosystems and
food chains, leaving a large quantity of smaller populations. This type of imbalance can be very
dangerous to the oceans ecosystems by throwing off the natural order of predators. In the past
fishing was more sustainable because the technology that is used today did not exist. They did not

Ocean Overfishing Essay
1.0 Introduction
Overfishing has led to the destruction of ecosystems and resulting in great amount of reduction of
stocks in fish and marine mammals from the 11th century onwards (Roberts, 2009). Ocean
overfishing is defined as catching fish from sea at rates too high thus lead to depletion of the stock
of fish. As today, there are almost 90 percent of fish population have been depleted by humans
worldwide because fish is considered as a sources of food. In 2010, 148 million tonnes of fish from
fisheries and aquaculture were used by the world and 86 percent of which was used as food for
people (Katz, 2012). Besides, according to the non–profit group New Economics Foundation,
Ireland, Spain, and Sweden were the worst offenders. Based on a

The Problem Of Overfishing
Overfishing: The Problem and the Solution
Your Name
Axia College of University of Phoenix
Overfishing: The Problem and the Solution
A major environmental problem that has developed over the last few years is overfishing. What is
overfishing? Overfishing is simply what it sounds like. Overfishing occurs when fishermen are
catching fish so quickly and at such high rates that the fish are unable to reproduce fast enough to
replenish the population. It is my belief that, if this has not always been a problem, it has always
been a problem in the making. This problem has progressively gotten worse as the human
population that relies on fish as a food resource has increased and the equipment and techniques
used by the fishermen have allowed for more fish than ever to be caught. Even though overfishing is
a serious problem that would not be possible to correct overnight, I do believe that there are actions
that could be taken to reverse this water resource problem.
Humans Are Not the Only Ones Affected
Humans are the number one contributor to this problem. With the continuing rise in population that
relies on fish in their diet and the demand to meet it there has been more need for fishermen and
fisheries to meet these needs. With the increase in the number of fishermen and fisheries in industry,
there has been an increase in competition to get the largest catch and make as much money as
possible. The race by fishermen and fisheries to increase their catches and the need to meet demands
has led to the discovery of the technology and techniques that would allow for this which are often
destructive. However, this problem affects more than humans. There are other animals that have fish
in their diet. Fish are also in the diet of many species in the water and are responsible for eating
some species. With dwindling fish populations and the chance that we will one day be without fish,
we face the balance of the species and habitats that are sustained by fish becoming unbalanced or
losing many more species as a result.
Current Strategies
There are currently laws and programs in place that are meant to protect fish and fish habitats. One
of these is the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (FWCA), 1956. "The Fish and

The World Of The Human Race Essay
Since the beginning of the human race, the ocean has been a major source of food. People near the
shores have been taking of advantage of the ocean's rich and diverse source of nourishment for
centuries, both as a source of food and a livelihood. However, since the dawn of the industrial age,
humans have begun to take from the ocean more that it can give. As a result, the ocean can no longer
provide the human race with the abundance that it once did. As technology rapidly advances,
populations skyrocket, and global warming spreads havoc, the ocean's biodiversity and once
abundant supply of fish is dwindling, calling marine scientists and experts to race to find solutions
that will restore the oceans health while battling world hunger.
If one were to describe what he or she thought of when thinking of the earliest humans, thousands of
years ago, chances are that the cliché image of a big–game hunter or cave man, running across a
savanna, chasing down wooly methods and saber tooth tigers would come to mind. And while this
hyperbolized scenario may hold some truth to it, a large component of human history is negated
from it. The first known interaction between humans and the sea dates back to nearly 160,000 years
ago. Archeologists have discovered remnants of shellfish littering the floors of caves that were
occupied by the earliest known humans. Shellfish were gathered by early humans and were essential
in provided essential omega–3 fatty acids for necessary brain development

GATT Essay
The matter of protecting human health, plant and animal life is not only mentioned in the GATT but
also in TBT agreement (Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade), which states in Artilce 2.2 that:
"Members shall ensure that technical regulations are not prepared, adopted or applied with a view to
or with the effect of creating unnecessary obstacles to international trade. For this purpose, technical
regulations shall not be more trade–restrictive than necessary to fulfil a legitimate objective, ... Such
legitimate objectives are, ...; protection of human health or safety, animal or plant life or health, ..."
The fact that many countries, including US, Canada, ..., have recognized turtles as an endangered
species and must be protected; the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And for that reason, the EU impose a ban for the sake of precaution. However, to impose an SPS
measure, members must present a solid ground based on international standard, guidelines or
recommendation, as provided by Article 2 of the SPS Agreement: "Members shall base their ...
measures on international standards, guidelines or recommendations, where they exist, except as
otherwise provided for in this Agreement ..." Moreover, in para 2, "...measures which conform to
international standards, guidelines or recommendations shall be deemed to be necessary to protect
human, animal or plant life or health, and presumed to be consistent with the relevant provisions of
this Agreement..." And to assess whether a product is a risk or not, the assessment procedures
needed to take place as required in Article 5 of the SPS: "an assessment, as appropriate to the
circumstances, of the risks to human, animal or plant life or health, taking into account risk
assessment techniques developed by the relevant international organizations ....". For instance, the
Appellate body of WTO in the EC Beef Hormones case has held on risk assessment that: – The risk
must be proven, not theoretical – Assessment may go beyond controlled scientific conditions to take
account of real risks – It must be based on a specific type of risk, not a general risk of harm –
Members do not have to rely on their own assessments if there is one carried out by another

Rhetorical Analysis Of The Criminal Justice System
"We are a nation that professes freedom, yet we have this mass incarceration, this hyper–
incarceration, that is trawling into it, grinding into it, our most vulnerable citizenry, and is
overwhelmingly biased towards people of color." Booker's quote serves to question the hypocrisy of
our "democratic" government leaders. The American government has two faces: one for whites and
the other for minorities. It comes out into the public and wears garments that portray freedom and
equality for all. However, it reveals its bare self when it incarcerates and abuses minorities' freedom
to make rich white men more wealthy and powerful.
"Over 40,000 collateral consequences for people that come through our criminal justice system.
They can't get many business

Informative Essay On Fishless Oceans
Melanie Chen
Professor Polster
English 1B
14 March 2016
Fishless Oceans Have you ever wondered about what lives deep within the ocean? With the earth
composed of 71% of ocean, there live many different species of marine life such as salmon, tuna,
sharks, and other aquatic animals. Because of the healthy proteins and fats such as omega–3 fatty
acids fish provide, fish consumption has greatly increased over the past few decades. With fish as an
alternative to red meats such as cows, pigs, and chicken, it has provided many benefits for our health
such as regulate blood clotting, and provide significant amounts of iron, and "good" omega fatty
acids that the human body cannot produce on its own. Fishing has been used to meet consumer
demand and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, one commercial fishing method that has significantly increased the amount of bycatch
and destruction of marine ecosystems is known as bottom trawling. This popular commercial fishing
technique was first introduced in New Zealand when fishers began searching for shrimp and other
deep sea species. Trawling is now being used to catch a range of species, such as shrimp, hoki, ling,
hake, squid, and halibut. Bottom trawling "involves one or two fishing vessels to tow a large net."
As these large nets drag through the bottom seafloor, nets can be towed for at least two hours at a
speed of a high of four knots. With these weighted nets dragging along the seafloor, everything in its
path is either disturbed, damaged, or completely destroyed. Although bottom trawling may be a
more labor–saving method to catching large loads of shrimp and other deep sea life, there have been
occurrences in which the amount of bycatch discarded exceeds the amount of target fish caught. For
instance, in 2007, Belize only landed "19 metric tons of shrimp and likely discarded about 76 to 190
metric tons of other marine life." From the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, Kelleher stated that bottom trawling has been "one of the most destructive ways to catch
fish, and is responsible for up to half of all discarded fish and marine life worldwide." Not only has
bottom trawling led to overfishing but it also has disrupted coral reefs, and many other seafloor
habitats. As habitat destruction from these fishing techniques worsen, fish populations continue to
be threatened and

The Controversy Of Seawater Banning
Our plan has the United States Department of Interior banning all commercial fishing in Marine
Protected Areas,and establishing and enforcing regulations for the recreational use of these areas.
The practice of bottom trawling will be banned in U.S. ocean fisheries. This plan will decrease the
worry of losing all our fish in the sea. We are harvesting more fish that can be replenished, so
banning the practice of bottom trawling and other fishing practices in Marine Protected Areas put
fish like tuna in danger. The decrease in tuna cause the marine food chain to change thus causing an
abundance of smaller fish such as sardines and anchovies. "Declines of top predators may cascade
down food webs, and the implications of these cascading processes ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Our plan of the United States Department of Interior banning all commercial fishing in Marine
Protected Areas,and establishing and enforcing regulations for the recreational use of these areas fits
to the resolved. The program will be run directly from the government as said from the plan. Our
plan will be saving our nation approximately $250 million of discarded fish. The amount of fish we
have wasted is breaking down. This plan will help to restore our marine ecosystems so we are able
to have another millennia of fish to eat. Our plan also will promote the development of the Earth's
oceans. According to Ocean Conservancy, "Underwater parks, called marine protected areas...allow
fish to grow larger, stay healthier, and reach greater abundance and diversity. Fish thrive in these
areas...move to other parts of the ocean and replenish weaker populations...We people depend on
healthy fish for survival...Underwater parks hold up even in the face of disaster." our plan of
increasing these marine protected areas are crucial if we want to continue to live off of fish meat.
Also, Callum Roberts says that Marine protected Areas can "allow recovery of species such as
corals, sponges, sea squirts, and mollusks that create complex bottom structures that blind the
seabed and perform countless other vital roles such as filtering the water." the plan of expanding
marine protected areas will greatly develop the ocean and its

Case Study Of Brazil : The World 's Largest Estuary Of...
Case Study
Brazil gains the most of their ocean fishier–yields from the southernmost subtropical shelf. The shelf
has seasonal currents of nutrient filled ocean water and yields more fish than other areas due the
other surrounding waters being lower in nutrients. In 2009, Brazil produced less than one percent of
the world's production of fish at 585 thousand tons of fish per year (Brandini, 2013).
Even with the low nutrient filled waters, Brazil boasts coasts with diverse ecosystems due to the
length of the coastline. This lengthy coastline incudes' "the world's largest estuary in the Amazon
River Plume; the longest beach, Cassino Beach... and the largest coastal lagoon, Patos Lagoon" to
list some examples of the different ecosystems found in this area (Brandini, 2013, p2127). Brazil is
seen as a maritime country due to the numerous marine resources available. These resources have
drawn in fishing, tourism, commerce, transportation, real estate, and mariculture opportunities.
While these resources have drawn in profit, their sustainability is also threatened by the demand that
they are being faced with (Brandini, 2013). One of the areas that has found to have higher instances
of effecting the ecosystems' sustainability and biodiversity is the current fishing practices (Brandini,
2013).
The coastal marine ecosystems off of Parana, Brazil consists of almost 99.9% of sandy–bottom
communities (Brandini, 2013). This area lacks many hard substrates and has few natural, submerged

Heavy and Unjustifiable Fishing Techiques
With heavy and unjustifiable fishing techniques the fishing populations has been declining over the
years. As of this moment close to eighty–five percent of the world's fisheries have been threatened.
With the lowering fish populations, the world has had to adjust by reducing the amount of fish that
are harvested. But still the fish population is on the decline. Due to the over fishing of certain
species, mostly predators (sharks, tuna, etc.) has had a negative effect on marine ecosystems.
Overfishing also leads to bycatch; catching of unwanted fish, which leads to millions of dead fish
each year. Overfishing also having a negative effect on the economies of fish communities too.
Fishing communities that solely rely on fish harvesting and fish consummation are faces
overwhelming affects. Developing countries were they account for almost fifty percent of the
world's fish export, and being hit the hardest with these consequences. The overfishing by the
world's fleet leads to illegal fishing and higher prices for the developing countries. Fish is one of the
most important sources of for that this world offers us, and over seventy–one percent of the world is
ocean water. Fish is a huge source of protein for humans; in Asia almost one billion people's primary
source of protein comes from fish. Almost twenty–five percent of the world's consumed animal
protein is provide threw fish, twenty percent from the ocean and five percent from fish farms. Even
though the fishing

The 's Dolphin Threat Management Plan
Introduction
People and dolphins have shared New Zealand's coastal waters for centuries. In recent years there
has been increasing awareness of marine mammals and the threats they face within our coastal
environments (Department of Conservation1, n.d.). The Banks Peninsula Marine Mammal
Sanctuary was implemented in 1988 as a result of conflict between local and commercial fisherman,
and the endangered Hector's dolphin. Due to increasing concern despite the sanctuary's set up, the
Hector's and Maui's Dolphin Threat Management Plan was drafted in 2007 to place further
restrictions on fishing practices within the area. The formation of the sanctuary has created a safer
habitat for the local dolphin population, but in the process has negatively affected the livelihoods of
many local fishermen within the region.
The Banks Peninsula Marine Mammal Sanctuary 1988
The Hector's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori) is one of the world's smallest species of marine
dolphin. These dolphins are only found within the inshore waters off the coast of New Zealand.
There are currently four distinct populations found off the west coast of the North Island, and the
west, east, and south coasts of the South Island (Department of Conservation2, n.d.; World Wildlife
Fund, n.d.). There are two sub–species of Hector's dolphin in existence; the South Island Hector's
dolphin which is found off the coast of the South Island, and the Maui's dolphin which is found off
the west coast of the North Island

David Allan Overfishing
In comparison of David Allan's masterfully sculpted Overfishing of Inland Waters to Myers' vastly
informative Rapid Worldwide Depletion of Predatory Fish Communities, the two contrasting writing
styles embodied in the journal entries are blazingly evident. While each article shares the same
postulation of mankind milking our oceans dry, the similarities stop there. One presents itself in
circuitous manner and the other undeviating, not slowed by the baggage of excess verbiage.
Regardless of the authors' approach, each article contains largely similar evidence. The importance
lies within the information: not presentation. Exploring David Allan and his colleagues' scintillating
article "Overfishing of Inland Waters" ("Overfishing") enriches ... Show more content on
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Bycatch is defined by Webster's dictionary as: "the unwanted fish and other marine creatures caught
during commercial fishing for a different species". Bycatch is one of the most threatening facets of
overfishing. It is responsible for removing vast numbers of aquatic life from the ocean, aside from
the target species. Another stimulating characteristic found in Myers' "Rapid Depletion" that is not
present in Allan's "Overfishing" is a solution to current crisis we face. While Allan's article does a
sound job of relaying the message of how important the issue itself is, Myers' entry offers a
suggestion on how to combat it. Specifically, in Myers' "Rapid Depletion", he states that there are
several ways to successfully combat overfishing: "more efficiently catch target species and reduce
bycatch, elimination of taking immature fish before they have time to successfully breed, and of
course, momentarily decrease global catch limits" (Myers 281–282). Both articles contain relevant
information and utilize visualizations, however the graphs and charts found in "Rapid Depletion" are
clearly more advanced and target

Persuasive Fishing Outline
Introduction
With fishing industries advancing dramatically, fishing gear now consists of equipment such as large
nets and hooks to capture aquatic species at a much faster rate. But with such a large amount of fish
being captured daily and many more being thrown away, we are reducing food supply.
Thesis Statement: Advance in technology and fishing methods have made it easier to catch large
amounts of fish in a short amount of time; resulting in endangering fish species, reduce reproduction
rate, harm fish habitats, and reduce food supply for the future. II. Background Paragraph
For centuries we have relied on fishing as a means for food. Over the years we have developed new
methods of fishing and have enhanced our equipment to capture vast amounts of fish in a minimum
amount of time. We now have industrial fishing companies that provide for our seafood demand. As
we continue to capture large amounts of fish we begin to shorten supply for the future, reduce
reproduction rates, disrupt food chains, harm habitats, and drive species to extinction.
III. Paragraph I
Overfishing has been a major threat to ocean inhabitants. Fishing industries use harsh methods to
fish that unintentionally harm habitats or catch and kill fish that are untargeted. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many species, including those who are endangered, are often caught and thrown back, often they are
dead (Slowfood). Up to 90% of the total catch are often discarded (Slowfood). Large areas of
seafloor are swept by these ballast and crush habitats; where fish find food or use for shelter
(Slowfood). The larger nets have large enough mouths to scrape the sea floor, sometimes leaving
permanent scars that can reach up to four kilometer long (Slowfood). Bottom trawling sometimes
realises sediments that are toxic, creating turbid water, making it insufficient to sustain life

Research on Marine Vessels
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
There are four classes of vessels and four zones. The vessel for class A will sail in the area of zone
A, vessel of class B at zone b and so on. Those vessels have their own fish catches. Trawling is a
fishing method that very profit and this method have been used in the world and catch every marine
organism through the open mouth of the trawl net. There are various type of gear sizes, from the
small gear size to the bigger size that will sail in the middle of the ocean. However, trawling will
catch a big number of marine organism. The trawling techniques are expands within the short times
in the gear size, which can catch a big quantity of fishes. The weakness of the trawl gear is the
trawlers are always catch the non–target organisms that must be avoided such as juvenile, threatened
species, lower price fishes, and the charisma species such as sea turtle ad marine mammal
(Fonteyne, 2000). Trawl net can be classified to several categories such as demersal–otter trawling
or bottom trawling, shooting and hauling otter trawl gear, twin–rig trawling, demersal pair trawling,
beam trawling, pelagic pair trawling or mid water trawling, and pelagic single boat trawling
(Sainsbury, 1986). In our country, the trawlers use bottom trawling and mid water trawling.
Bottom trawling is the method of towing the trawl along the sea floor. Mid water trawling is the
method of towing the trawl through the column of water above the bottom of

The Unnatural History Of The Sea
On The Unnatural History of the Sea Callum Roberts set himself the difficult task of cataloguing
evidence that today's oceans are depleted and struggling against overfishing and human influence,
while still remaining optimistic about the future of the world's oceans in his book The Unnatural
History of the Sea. Roberts begins by painting a picture of the oceans as they may have been before
human influence had drastically depleted species and changed ecosystems through fishing. From
this point, he maps out centuries of development in fishing and shows how drastically changed and
depleted the world's oceans are today because of human exploitation. With the explanation of
modern day fishery policy and a strong case against the practice of trawling, Roberts shows how
humanity continues to exploit the ocean as if it were an endless resource. In spite of all this, the
author, in the end, attempts to develop a positive outlook by explaining what can be done to stop the
rapid decimation of fisheries, including reevaluation of fishery regulations and development of
marine reserves. Historical accounts of abundant fisheries can clearly show the phenomenon of
shifting baselines when compared to what we observe in our oceans today. Roberts argues for
Pauly's shifting baseline theory and provides strong evidence supporting its existence. In order to
stop historical amnesia and the attitude that the ocean is an endless resource, we must be able to
understand how we have changed the

Descriptive Essay On Fishing
My father and I have be going on an annual fishing trip since I was eight. Every summer, we would
go out and sit for hours waiting for something to bite. Last year my father made a poignant
observation, he noted that in recent years there seemed to be less fish. He's been doing this trip since
he was my age and where he used to at least get some pull, he now has to wait nearly twice as long
for anything. I've since come to realize that our ocean is running out of fish. We are overexploiting a
natural resource and doing nothing to stop it. The current large scale fishing operations are not
sustainable ecologically or economically.
large fish are disappearing from the ocean at alarmingly high rates. There has been a 90% decline in
the top predator fish abundance in the world between 1955 and 2000. Most industrial fishing
techniques are overly aggressive to marine environments in that they attract an abundance of
bycatch. The three primary techniques are surface long–line Fishing where chains more than 100
kilometers long are floated in the ocean with thousands of baited hooks, fish aggregating devices use
long nets going down 300 meters that are left for days and just collect fish indiscriminately, finally
and perhaps the worst being bottom Trawling which involves a long heavily weighed net dragged
across seafloor. Fish aggregating devices are too indiscriminate in what kind of marine life they
capture. They are often deployed with the intention of catching skipjack

The Overfishing Of Our Oceans
Overfishing
The ocean makes up nearly three–quarters of the planet 's surface and contains about eighty percent
of the life on earth. Millions of people all over the world depend on seafood heavily as a primary
source of food. Americans alone consumed as much as 15.8 pounds of seafood per person in 2009
(NOAA). This is a lot of fish. In fact, it is so much that many populations of fish are going extinct.
At this particular rate according to National Geographic, scientist predict that the earth is expected
to lose all of its current fisheries by the year 2048 (Roach). The overfishing of our oceans leads to
unmanageable practices that will eventually cause many species of fish to become extinct.
According to National Geographic, overfishing dates back to the 1800s when humans killed off
massive amounts of whale population to retrieve blubber for lamp oil (Roach). Similarly, Atlantic
cod, herring, and California 's sardines, were also fished to the brink of extinction by the mid–1900s.
Theses cases were extremely harmful to the ecosystems food chain. To counter these losses, the
United States passed the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (NOAA).
This law made it illegal for foreign countries to fish within 200 nautical miles of the United States
shoreline. This would make it easier to manage illegal fishing. Congress also established eight
regional councils with representation from the coastal states and fishery stakeholders. Their jobs
were to come up

Economic And Environmental Effects Of Overfishing In...
According to a study done by Living Planet Report in 2015, 29% of the world's fishing stocks are
considered overfished and an additional 61% is fully exploited with no possibility to produce more
fish. Our environment is currently afflicted by a number of different problems, one of which is
overfishing. Overfishing is defined by FishOnline as, "Fishing with a sufficiently high intensity to
reduce the breeding stock levels to such an extent that they will no longer support a sufficient
quantity of fish for sport or commercial harvest." The overfishing situation is being exacerbated by
non–sustainable and destructive fishing practices and unfair fisheries partnership agreements; while
there are currently attempts being made at fixing these problems and their effects on overfishing,
nothing has been extremely effective.
Some of the most popular current fishing practices are bottom trawling, cyanide fishing, dynamite
fishing, and ghost fishing. All of these practices have two things in ... Show more content on
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I focused on Australia and the impact overfishing had on the country and its inhabitants. Through
researching I found information that supported my hypothesis that they were affected greatly by
overfishing because they are an island and relied predominantly on marine exports. I also focused on
how the fishing practices that are currently utilized damage the coral reefs, which are a main
breeding area for many species of fish; if this is destroyed, there is less breeding and thus less fish
which contributes to the fish population decline. Some of the smaller parts of Australia, if engaged
in a fishery partnership, would probably think that they're benefiting at first because the lump sum
would help them, but in the long run it would hurt them because it debilitates their fish population
and gets rid of many jobs that the natives normally

How To Write A Destructive Fishing Essay
Destructive fishing is a very hostile fishing practice that destroys marine habitats and environments.
These practices such as: bottom trawling, poisoning the waters, overfishing, dynamite fishing, and
even ghost fishing, are killing off many populations of fish around the world and destroying vital
breeding grounds for not only fish, but for other marine wildlife, disrupting the natural order. Fish
are no longer able to survive in their natural habitats, therefore, not allowed to reproduce – driving
many species into extinction. Corals are also affected in such a way that their growth is repressed.
Because they cannot thrive, they die out, leaving sediment behind, so new corals are not able to
settle. Due to a dramatic decline in the sustainability

The Danger in the Sea: Negative Human Impacts on Marine...
Turtles have been around for about 230 million years (Dobbs 1). In that time, they have seen the rise
and fall of the dinosaurs and the rise of mankind. Marine turtles have been around for about 65
million years (Dobbs 1). This family has withstood the test of time and is being threatened by
human's impact on the sea. All six of the marine turtles occurring on the shores of America are at
least threatened. Marine turtles are very important to the ecosystem but humans are endangering this
family directly and indirectly; if humans do not stop their destructive habits, we may lose the
influence of marine turtles on the earth's seas. Marine turtles play an important role in the ocean's
ecology and without turtles we may see an ecological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ancient Romans and ancient Greeks used turtle scutes for combs and brushes used mainly by the
Upper class (Musick 5). "The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped the sea and its animals. On
many occasions marine turtles were depicted" (Shore). Marine turtle's habitats are always being
altered. Either they are lost for human recreation or altered by human structures. Turtles are affected
by these habitat alterations in a variety of negative ways. Beach armoring is hardened structures that
are built to protect sand dune properties (Musick 389). Beach armoring, if ridged enough, are
detrimental to the nesting turtle's ability to go to the nesting sites (Musick 389). This can make the
nesting turtle decide not to nest that particular year. The biggest threat of beach armoring is the
nesting area loss (Musick 389). Beach nourishment is another way the marine turtle's habitat is
altered. Beach nourishment is where humans dump or pump sand onto eroded beaches (Musick
389). This usually only happens on more developed beaches. Beach nourishment is better than
beach armoring, but it replaces rather than maintains the original nesting sites (Musick 390).
Beaches that have been nourished may have high levels of clay, silt, and shell that make it too
compact for hatchlings to get out off the nest (Musick 390). Different elements in the pumped or
dumped sand may have an effect on the sex of the hatchling; since the sex is

The World 's Greatest Sushi Chef
Regarded by many to be the world's greatest sushi chef, 85 year–old Jiro Ono has dedicated his life
to perfecting his craft– using only the most delicately cooked rice, and the highest quality cuts of
fish. But in recent years, the fish market has gone sour; the "global sushi boom" has brought about
overfishing not only on the coasts of Japan, but across oceans worldwide. Overfishing affects more
than just sushi enthusiasts, as it poses a threat of extinction to many species of tuna and sharks.
Whereas traditional fishing techniques remove a sustainable number of matured fish from the
ecosystem, overfishing– the two most common techniques of which are purse seine netting and
longline fishing, both used to maximize the number of fish ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Anglers no longer visited them, for all the fish had died. [...] No witchcraft, no enemy action had
silenced the rebirth of new life in this stricken world. The people had done it themselves"
(McKibben 366). The people in Carson's town had been given a gift of fruitful nature, but took more
than what the ecosystem could provide until it fell entirely out of balance. Carson predicted the fate
of fisheries across the globe, that they will be drained of their resources until there is nothing left to
take, and the greedy fishermen are forced to move elsewhere. The southern bluefin tuna, for
example, has been placed into the critically endangered category due to both it's large size, making it
easily entangled in fishermen's nets, and their extremely high value– a single fish alone can be worth
up to $10,000 in the United States. According to the Washington Post, "The total population of
southern bluefin has been reduced to about 8 percent of levels before industrial fishing" (Harden).
Because overfishing rapidly catches the fish before they have time to reproduce, the southern
bluefin population has been absolutely decimated, just like the fishless streams that Rachel Carson
describes in her story. The oceans must be given time to rest, in order to recover from the damage
that has built up over the many past decades, as Calvin B. DeWitt states in Inspirations for
Sustaining Life on Earth, "we may take the fruit, but must not destroy the fruitfulness

The Importance Of A Sustainable Future
Part 6A
"A sustainable future is one in which a healthy environment, economic prosperity and social justice
are pursued simultaneously to ensure the well–being and quality of life of present and future
generations. Education is crucial to attaining that future." (Learning for a Sustainable Future –
Teacher Centre)
The dictionary meaning of sustainability is "the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level". In
real terms this means we need to treat and respect the environment and keep it at a level that the is
still reasonable to the human eye. This is so that future generations will be able to enjoy the
beautiful serenity in its respectful state.
A renewable resource is a resource which can be used repeatedly and replaced naturally. Solar
power is the technology of obtaining usable energy from the light of the sun. Solar energy is a
renewable source which has come into use where other power supplies are absent.
A non–renewable resource is a resource of economic value that cannot be readily replaced by
natural means. Most fossil fuels, such as oil, natural gas and coal are all considered to be non–
renewable resources.
The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is used for lots of different activities. Zoning helps to manage
and protect the Marine Park that users enjoy. Zoning Plans define what activities can occur in which
locations. This is to protect the marine environment and to separate potentially harmful activities.
The main focus of the GBRMPA is to keep it as

Taxonomy Of Cobia (Rachycentron Candum)
Introduction
Cobia (Rachycentron candum) goes by many English variant common names, such as, black
kingfish, black salmon, cabio, crabeater, cubby yew, kingfish, lemonfish, ling, prodigal son, runner
and sergeant fish (NOAA, 2014; Bester, n.d.). The initial taxonomy of cobia was labeled as
Gasterosteus canadus by Linnaeus in 1766 and then later changed to the current name Rachycentron
candum (as cited in Bester, n.d.). Often the cobia is misidentified as a shark or a remora (family
Echeneidae) which is the closest living relative to the cobia. Incidentally, the cobia is the only
member of the family Rachycentridae. The historical range of the species is within tropical,
subtropical and warm–temperate waters worldwide with the exception of ... Show more content on
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Cobia can achieve lengths of six feet and weigh as high as 135 pounds (Bester, n.d.; Williams, 2001;
NOAA, 2014). The common length of a cobia is between 25 and 47 inches with weights up to 50
pounds. Cobia males are known to live up to 9 years old while the females can live to 11 years
(Bester, n.d.; Williams, 2001; NOAA, 2014). Males reaches sexual maturity in as little as 2 years
and females in 3 years. During reproduction cobia form in large groups during the daytime between
the months of June and August within the Atlantic fishery. The Gulf of Mexico reproduction occurs
between the months of April through September. Cobia spawns several times in a season, as many as
15–20, releasing between 375,000 and a million eggs (NOAA, 2014; Bester, n.d). The spawn
frequency of cobia using both oocytes undergoing final oocyte maturation (FOMs) and
postovulatory follicles (POFs) estimated the spawn every 4 to 5 days in the North Central Gulf of
Mexico, while those from the southeastern U.S. Atlantic coast spawn every 5.2 days (SEDAR,
2013) The larval is typically released within 24–36 hour and within 5 days the larval has developed
eyes and mouth for feeding. The juvenile begins to take on the appearance of the adults by day 30
with the two bands running from head to

Paul Taylor Biocentric Egalitarianism
Paul Taylor was a philosopher best known for his work in environmental ethics. In his book,
Respect for Nature and essay, "The Ethics of Respect for Nature," Paul Taylor offers an
individualistic ethic, Biocentric Egalitarianism, as a way with which to frame nature's value.
Biocentric egalitarianism puts forth the view that all living things including plants, have equal and
inherent worth; in other words, every living thing has its own biological interest and with that its
own end. From Taylor's perspective, Bottom trawling would be morally wrong because humans are
claiming superiority from a strictly human point of view, and that it inflicts pain on aquatic life and
represents a failure to respect their inherent value because they are not ... Show more content on
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The first principle is for humans to be non–maleficent, which means it is our duty to not harm other
living things. This rule has obviously been broken, because animals are being killed and much harm
is being done to plants, because the trawl destroys everything in its path. Adding to that, most
humans do not care of these consequences. The second principle is that there are supposed to be
reparations for wrongs committed against living things. There have been many reparations for
wrongs committed against humans, but in this case, there are no reparations for the wrongs
committed against the aquatic community. Humans are free to capture them and destroy their
ecosystems without having to worry about being charged with a crime or preserving the populations
of aquatic life. The third principle is the act fidelity, which is our duty to not lie or deceive other
living things. This principle can be applied to the safety and well–being of the animals. We are
deceiving them by letting them think they have the right to exist and live in the oceans, regardless of
our need for them. The fourth and final principle is the act of non–interference. It is our duty to not
hinder the freedom of another species for their own good. Humans are violating this principle by
bottom trawling, because we are taking away their right to live their lives, and prosper. Aquatic
animals most likely are not thinking about the consequences of our actions, because they are too
busy developing into the good fish, crab, turtle, or coral they can

Overfishing Is A Global Issue
Overfishing began in the early 1800's when it was discovered that whale blubber could be utilized
for oil lamps. Overfishing is when fish are taken from the ocean at a rate that is too fast for them to
adequately repopulate. In contrast to every damaging anthropogenic activity, overfishing has taken
the biggest toll on the marine ecosystems and has led many fish species to reduce rapidly and others
to become extinct. In order to stop this before it is too late, we must enforce sustainable methods,
and eliminate the use of these extremely damaging procedures. Overfishing is a global issue, that
has resulted in economic loss, marine life disruption and decreased food security, by supporting
sustainable methods and campaigning to ban our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bycatch is all of the extra items the net catches outside of the targeted species. Practices like
trawling, could lead our marine ecosystems to suddenly collapse, leading our already severe
problem to spiral out of control. This practice is not the only method that is currently being used that
is resulting in terrible consequences. Furthermore, fish are not the only ones affected by overfishing.
Many of the human population rely heavily on fish species as a viable food source. If it were to
suddenly and entirely disappear we would notice. "Every year, 77.9 million metric tons (170 billion
lbs.) of wild fish and shellfish are harvested from the oceans " (Palliser). Plus, this high demand for
fish has led fisheries to fish down the web. This means that as fish species have become depleted or
extinct, fisheries will continue to search and catch deeper and deeper into the ocean. This affects the
marine biodiversity and also effects the value of marine animals. The majority of fisheries around
the world are pushed to their limits. Fishermen are aware of the critical need for safeguarding fish
populations and the marine environment. However, illegal and pirate fishing are still in practice and
regulations continue to be ignored. "Worldwide illegal and unreported fishing losses are estimated
between 11 and 26 million tons, or one–fifth of the total global fisheries

Compare and Contrast Hunting and Fishing Essay
Hunting and fishing have been a part of the past and present of America and all around the world for
as far back as the world dates. As far back as we can date, people have always hunted and fished.
Back then they needed to because people need food to survive. Now hunting and fishing are starting
to become sports. You may think that hunting and fishing can harm the environment, but there are
many positive things about them. Hunting and fishing can have some positive effects and negative
effects on the environment and economy, so if you don't really agree with hunting and fishing
maybe these facts will change your mind. Hunting nowadays is becoming more popular around the
world. There are many different types of animals that you can ... Show more content on
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The same activities are carried out in order to increase the food available for game species, and in
turn increase their numbers for hunters. Hunting can disrupt natural food chains as well. It disrupts
the natural prey–predator cycles that are so important for the sustenance of the forest. Long term
effects of hunting take a toll on forests and they are slowly lost to us. Now let's learn a little about
fishing and how it effects the environment. Fishing can have some positive effects on the
environment and the economy. First fishing helps provide food for restaurants to sell to their
customers. Fish are also sold at fish markets so people have food to survive. Many places in the
world rely on fishing to sustain their way of living. Without fishing, they would not be able to make
a living or survive. In some countries certain fish and fish eggs are a very important delicacy to
them. Fishing helps the world go round and provides jobs for many people who fish on commercial
fishing boats. Fishing helps many people in the world, but still some people have their negative
views on it. There are also some negative effects that fishing has on the environment. Destructive
fishing practices devastate the marine environment and include bottom trawling, bycatch, the use of
poison and explosives, and ghost fishing. The larger and better equipped boats mean the more
devastating the impact of illegal fishing techniques. Bottom trawling is an industrial

Pros And Cons Of Derelict Fishing Gear Mitigation
Proponents of derelict fishing gear mitigation provide ample evidence and examples in support of
their argument, which I find convincing and well–supported. Substantial removal of derelict fishing
equipment from local waters can be accomplished when the expense and effort is shared among
government agencies and organizations (Donohue, 2002). Although some information is missing
regarding how responsibility is distributed between the groups involved (i.e. does a large
government agency take on more work and cost than a small, non–profit organization, or are tasks
split evenly between participants?), this strategy appears to be an adequate response to increasing
marine debris threats. However, it should be mentioned that this mitigation method ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some techniques, such as bottom trawling with large hooks for gear on the sea floor, are probably
equally as devastating for bottom habitats as derelict equipment because they stir up and disturb the
sea bed (Cho, 2011). Although there are no known alternatives for gear removal in deep waters,
based on this information, I find that the benefits of bottom trawling for marine debris are not worth
the adverse impacts it causes to benthic environments. In these areas, perhaps derelict traps should
be left on the sea floor to eventually become artificial habitats themselves. It should be
acknowledged, however, that concrete data explicitly showing the harmful effects of trawling for
derelict fishing gear is missing; the damage is assumed based on other, known impacts of bottom
trawling operations unrelated to gear removal. Recent studies demonstrate that incentive programs
fail to encourage prevention and long–term, sustainable behavior (Cho, 2009). However, methods
that involve rewards for fishermen who collect marine debris are otherwise successful, and so the
next step should possibly be an even more robust incentive program for those who do not lose or
abandon their gear in the first place (though tracking who maintains their equipment would certainly
be a challenge). Based on my review of the literature, incentive

Overfishing And Its Effects On The World 's Food Supply
Fish are organisms that the world greatly relies upon. Making up a large chunk of the food chain,
fish are a primary source of food for many land and sea animals. According to the FAO (Food and
Agriculture Association of the United Nations), fish are a basal source of protein to about one billion
people, and are extremely vital to poor and developing countries, supplying these countries' people
with 27% of their protein intake. Although fish are obviously an important staple to the earth's food
supply, many people are completely unaware of how threatened these important organisms are by
overfishing. Overfishing is the act of harvesting too many fish for the mature fish to reproduce and
replenish the ocean. In turn, this act of overfishing results in the exploitation of many fish
populations, and simply put, fewer fish. As of late, the FAO has stated that 80% of the world's fish
stocks are considered exploited and are suffering from depletion. Furthermore, "Scientists have
determined that the negative effects of pollution, habitat loss, and overfishing will deplete current
marine fishing stocks by 2048." (Essentials of Oceanography). This is an unfortunate state for these
organisms to be in, considering their importance to humans and the earth's ecosystem. Overfishing is
a crucial issue in the world that needs to be addressed and solved effectively.
One may be wondering as to how 80% of the ocean's fish have come into this dire situation. It may
be surprising to

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