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The Documentary
Genre
What is a Documentary?
A Documentary is a factual genre.
The purpose of a documentary is to document i.e. to report, with
evidence, something that has actually happened.
It can show this by using actuality footage or reconstruction.
It can use a narrator’s voice over to anchor the meaning or rely on the
participants themselves, with occasional interjections from the
narrator.
John Corner
“what distinguishes documentary is the portrayal of the recorded sounds
and images of actuality”
A good documentary should be about the topic and not the presentation.
However, the content alone, without any intervention from the producers,
would seldom be enough to make the documentary coherent, let alone
interesting. To give a product a sense of pace and structure, they draw on
many of the characteristics of fiction in their use of, for example, camera
angles, framing, lighting and editing.
John Grierson
He coined the term documentary in 1926.
He defined it as “the creative treatment of actuality”.
Features of a Documentary
OBSERVATION
The programme makers pretend that the camera is unseen and just observes what is
going on. This places the audience in the position of an eye witness to events.
For example – 24 hours in A&E
INTERVIEW
Documentaries rely on Interviews. The interviewer is commonly not seen or heard.
Cutaways are used to illustrate what the interviewee is talking about.
Features of a Documentary
DRAMATISATION
Documentaries use a sense of drama through the observation elements. So, the
audience is an eye witness to dramatic events.
MISE-EN-SCENE
Documentary makers carefully compose shots so that they contain the images they
want the audience to see.
EXPOSITION
The line of argument in a documentary is called the exposition. The exposition is
what the documentary is “saying”.
Different Types of Documentary
FULLY NARRATED
An off screen voice over conveys the exposition. The voice over is used to make sense
of the visuals and sounds. The narration style is referred to as ‘the voice of God’.
For example – Natural History/Nature Documentaries e.g. Frozen Planet
FLY ON THE WALL
These Documentaries rely almost totally on observation. The cameras are left to
record the subjects without interference. The camera is unseen/unacknowledged.
For example – 24 hours in A&E
THE MIXED DOCUMENTARY
These use a combination or mixture of interview, observation and narration to
advance the argument or narrative.
For example – The Big Reunion
Different Types of Documentary
SELF - REFLECTIVE
The subjects of the programme acknowledge the presence of the camera and often
speak directly to the programme maker.
For example – Celebrity Profile Documentaries e.g. Life of Peter Andre
DOCUDRAMA
A re-enactment of events as they are supposed to have actually happened. The
elements of argument and exposition are combined with those of a fictional narrative.
For example – History Programmes
DOCUSOAP
Follows the daily lives of particular individuals, usually within a designated
occupation, over a number of programmes in a series.
For example – The Cruise

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The Documentary Genre

  • 2. What is a Documentary? A Documentary is a factual genre. The purpose of a documentary is to document i.e. to report, with evidence, something that has actually happened. It can show this by using actuality footage or reconstruction. It can use a narrator’s voice over to anchor the meaning or rely on the participants themselves, with occasional interjections from the narrator.
  • 3. John Corner “what distinguishes documentary is the portrayal of the recorded sounds and images of actuality” A good documentary should be about the topic and not the presentation. However, the content alone, without any intervention from the producers, would seldom be enough to make the documentary coherent, let alone interesting. To give a product a sense of pace and structure, they draw on many of the characteristics of fiction in their use of, for example, camera angles, framing, lighting and editing. John Grierson He coined the term documentary in 1926. He defined it as “the creative treatment of actuality”.
  • 4. Features of a Documentary OBSERVATION The programme makers pretend that the camera is unseen and just observes what is going on. This places the audience in the position of an eye witness to events. For example – 24 hours in A&E INTERVIEW Documentaries rely on Interviews. The interviewer is commonly not seen or heard. Cutaways are used to illustrate what the interviewee is talking about.
  • 5. Features of a Documentary DRAMATISATION Documentaries use a sense of drama through the observation elements. So, the audience is an eye witness to dramatic events. MISE-EN-SCENE Documentary makers carefully compose shots so that they contain the images they want the audience to see. EXPOSITION The line of argument in a documentary is called the exposition. The exposition is what the documentary is “saying”.
  • 6. Different Types of Documentary FULLY NARRATED An off screen voice over conveys the exposition. The voice over is used to make sense of the visuals and sounds. The narration style is referred to as ‘the voice of God’. For example – Natural History/Nature Documentaries e.g. Frozen Planet FLY ON THE WALL These Documentaries rely almost totally on observation. The cameras are left to record the subjects without interference. The camera is unseen/unacknowledged. For example – 24 hours in A&E THE MIXED DOCUMENTARY These use a combination or mixture of interview, observation and narration to advance the argument or narrative. For example – The Big Reunion
  • 7. Different Types of Documentary SELF - REFLECTIVE The subjects of the programme acknowledge the presence of the camera and often speak directly to the programme maker. For example – Celebrity Profile Documentaries e.g. Life of Peter Andre DOCUDRAMA A re-enactment of events as they are supposed to have actually happened. The elements of argument and exposition are combined with those of a fictional narrative. For example – History Programmes DOCUSOAP Follows the daily lives of particular individuals, usually within a designated occupation, over a number of programmes in a series. For example – The Cruise