The Development of Political Elites in Europe
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This presentation discusses about how political elites became a significant part of Europe's democratic systems. After the two World Wars, elites in European political sphere dominated as they had the funds needed by the government. The latter had to accept such a change as governments then exhausted their resources from the war.
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![POLITICAL ELITES
Small group of powerful people who hold
a relative amount of power in a group.
They are also linked to a specific polity.
Significant part of Europe's
democracy
Contributed to political
modernization.
Key qualities (Passionate,
Responsible, Sense of Proportion)
[Weber,1946]
DEfinit ion of t Erms
POLITY
- political community. A political space
sufficiently well identified and distinguishable
from other political spaces. In the modern day,
it refers to "nation-state" or a "state-nation".
CLASSICAL ELITE THEORY
A rule by minority of elite is an inevitable feature of social life and
societies.
S ociety is divided in two;those who rule and those who are ruled.
Group of Political Rulers is a fundamental factor for a strong political
community.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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AlSayyad, Nezar, and Manuel Castells. Muslim Europe or Euro-Islam: politics, culture, and citizenship in the age of globalization. Lexington Books, 2002.
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Anderson, James. "The shifting stage of politics: new medieval.
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The document discusses the development of the modern state in Europe from ancient times through the present. It traces the evolution from the Roman Empire, through feudal systems and absolute monarchies, to the rise of the nation-state. Key aspects of the modern state that emerged include fixed territorial borders, a monopoly on violence within its territory, impersonal and legitimate structures of political authority, and the representation of citizens. Warfare and capitalism helped drive these changes and underpin the power of the nation-state form. The document also examines how European political thought and the expansion of European powers globally have shaped debates around the modern state.
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This document discusses different theories and models of democracy. It covers classical democracy as practiced in ancient Athens, protective democracy which aims to protect citizens from government overreach, developmental democracy focused on citizen participation, people's democracy under communist regimes, and liberal democracy as the modern representative form. Criticisms of each model are also presented. Marxist views including capitalistic democracy, dictatorship of the proletariat, and socialist democracy are summarized. The document also examines waves of democratization globally from the 19th century onward.
1 ap euro chronological and thematic outline
The document outlines the AP European History course which covers history from 1450 to present day. It is divided into chronological periods such as Renaissance/Reformation from 1450-1550 and Industrialization/Enlightenment from 1700-1800. Within each period, the course focuses on 3 major themes: intellectual/cultural history, political/diplomatic history, and social/economic history. Themes include developments in art, science, government, nationalism, and changes in social structures from hierarchy to social classes with industrialization.
Transitional Justice in Cambodia
The methods in addressing l arge- scale systematic
human r i ghts v i o l ation
that the country' s normal justice system could not provide. In Cambodia, such a method was done in order to provide justice for the transgressions that took place during the Khmer Rouge Regime.
Pluralism - A State Theory
Pluralists believe that social heterogeneity prevents any single group from gaining dominance. In their view, politics is essentially a matter of aggregating preferences. This means that coalitions are inherently unstable (Polsby, 1980), hence competition is easily preserved.
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Bibliography
Alphabetical order
AlSayyad, Nezar, and Manuel Castells. Muslim Europe or Euro-Islam: politics, culture, and citizenship in the age of globalization. Lexington Books, 2002.
This article is important as it looks into the changing of realities and identity perception within the Europe. There is the need for full acknowledgement of the fact of ethnic diversity and religion. Muslim population got themselves part of a complex procedure of the European identity reconstruction and deconstruction from the above and below. The existence of the Islam within the European borders is pushing the reexamination of what it stands to be European, and giving profound and confusing questions about citizenship issues, civil society participation, and political recognition and being included or excluded. This article therefore gives why the composition of the Europe is full of the Christian population as compared to Muslim and what led to this and the distribution of the two religions. This also gives the making of the laws according to the religion that holds the power most, and thus in Europe the political life was some howsomehow most guided by the Christian religion. This therefore come up with religion as one of the factors that contributed to the political power in the European with Christians being many as compared to the Muslims thus controlling a large part of the Europe.
Anderson, James. "The shifting stage of politics: new medieval.
Finalpopulism en
The rise of populist and extremist parties in Europe can be explained by their process of normalization and institutionalization over the past 20 years. Previously marginalized parties have modernized their leadership, rhetoric, and policies to become more acceptable. They have also gained popularity by presenting themselves as entrepreneurs bringing new issues neglected by mainstream parties. Meanwhile, traditional parties have lost momentum by failing to offer meaningful programs, policies, and ways to engage and mobilize citizens. The economic crisis further fueled populist criticism of elites and the EU. However, populism is a complex phenomenon not limited to extremist fringes, but also reflecting broader anxieties in society about globalization, national identity, and the changing role of the nation-state
Should EU be more politicized?
This document discusses whether and how European integration could become more politicized. It notes that public opinion is no longer accepting of integration without question due to shifts in the EU's policy agenda and the end of a "permissive consensus" among citizens. It argues that constitutionalization alone does not encourage citizen participation and that "majoritarianism light," including more qualified majority voting and less consensus-seeking, could help politicize the process and make leaders more accountable. However, there are trade-offs between constitutionalization and politicization. The document reviews arguments from various scholars on these issues.
Democratic and non-democratic.pptx
Democratic systems vary significantly across countries due to differences in history, culture, institutions and electoral systems. The document discusses several dimensions along which democracies differ, including presidential vs parliamentary systems, unitary vs federal systems, winner-take-all vs proportional representation, two-party vs multiparty systems, and majoritarian vs consensual policymaking. It traces the development of democratic theory from ancient thinkers like Pericles and Aristotle to modern philosophers like Locke, Montesquieu, and Hume, and examines factors that contributed to democracy's global expansion in the 20th century.
The revolutions results 2014
This document discusses the outcomes and impacts of several different revolutions:
- The American Revolution resulted in the stable new government outlined in the US Constitution and Bill of Rights, though slavery continued and democracy was gradual.
- The French Revolution led to more involvement in politics by ordinary citizens but also instability, as the government changed between republic and monarchy with periods of violence. It also spread revolutionary ideals through European conquest.
- The Haitian Revolution was the only successful slave revolt in history, resulting in independence but also poverty and divisions in Haiti.
- Latin American independence movements were more cautious due to inspiration from Haiti's instability after its revolution.
The cult of personality as an important feature of totalitarian propaganda
This document discusses the cult of personality that emerged around totalitarian leaders Stalin, Mussolini, and Hitler. It provides context on the growth of right-wing populism in Europe and examines how each dictator developed extensive personality cults to consolidate their power and legitimize their totalitarian regimes. The cult of Stalin in particular grew enormously after his 50th birthday celebration in 1929, where he began to rival Lenin's cult in scale after taking dictatorial control of the Soviet Union.
Political culture
This document discusses political culture and its role in different types of governments. It begins by summarizing Almond and Verba's classic study of political culture, which identified three types: parochial, subject, and participant. They argued democracy is most stable with a mix of these cultures, called a "civic culture." More recent research has found declines in political trust in established democracies. New democracies have weaker political cultures providing less support to new systems of government. Authoritarian governments either ignore political culture, manipulate existing cultures, or try to transform cultures to gain legitimacy.
PICK A PRODUCT OR PRODUCT CATEGORY ON EUROMONITOR AND WRITE A .docx
PICK A PRODUCT OR PRODUCT CATEGORY ON EUROMONITOR AND WRITE A 600
WORD REPORT ON CONSUMER TRENDS FOR THAT PRODUCT OR PRODUCT CATEGORY
USING DATA FROM FIVE COUNTRIES. (The countries should be from different regions
and have different levels of economic development)
THE REPORT SHOULD INDICATE:
o What the overriding trends are for the product;
o In what type of country is the product doing well or poorly and why;
o Where are sales for the product projected to grow and decline;
o What do Euromonitor’s written assessments and reports tell you about the
product?
This assignment is due at 11:59pm on Wednesday, 12/4/2019.
Chapter 6. The Totalitarian Model: A False Utopia
Learning Objectives
· 1Define totalitarianism.
· 2Describe the role of ideology in totalitarian states.
· 3Identify the three most infamous totalitarian rulers and how they earned that reputation.
· 4Describe the three developmental stages in the life of a totalitarian state.
· 5Determine the value of studying totalitarianism even though the world’s worst examples of totalitarian rule have passed into the pages of history.
A new and more malignant form of tyranny called totalitarianism reared its ugly head in the twentieth century. The term itself denotes complete domination of a society and its members by tyrannical rulers and imposed beliefs. The totalitarian obsession with control extends beyond the public realm into the private lives of citizens.
Imagine living in a world in which politics is forbidden and everything is political—including work, education, religion, sports, social organizations, and even the family. Neighbors spy on neighbors and children are encouraged to report “disloyal” parents. “Enemies of the people” are exterminated.
Who are these “enemies“? Defined in terms of whole categories or groups within society, they typically encompass hundreds of thousands and even millions of people who are “objectively” counterrevolutionary—for example, Jews and Gypsies (Romany) in Nazi Germany, the bourgeoisie (middle class) and kulaks (rich farmers) in Soviet Russia, and so on. By contrast, authoritarian governments typically seek to maintain political power (rather than to transform society) and more narrowly define political enemies as individuals (not groups) actively engaged in opposing the existing state.
Why study totalitarianism now that the Soviet Union no longer exists? First, communism is not the only possible form of totalitarian state. The examples of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy are reminders that totalitarianism is not a product of one ideology, regime, or ruler. Second, totalitarianism is an integral part of contemporary history. Many who suffered directly at the hands of totalitarian dictators or lost loved ones in Hitler’s Holocaust, Stalin’s Reign of Terror, Mao’s horrific purges, or other more recent instances of totalitarian brutality are still living. The physical and emotional scars of the victims remain even after the tyrants are long g ...
Political thought assignment ethiopian political theor1
The document summarizes an article that discusses the need for an Ethiopian political theory rooted in the country's history and culture rather than just borrowing ideas from the West. It argues that recognizing Ethiopia's "surplus history" is important for overcoming problems like poverty and oppression. The article introduces concepts like "yetarikawi adera" to show how Ethiopian culture and traditions can help develop democratic values and a democratic political culture within an Ethiopian context. While it provides useful insights, the summary argues the original article could have more fully examined diverse Ethiopian cultures and democratic traditions beyond northern regions.
Political thought assignment ethiopian political theor1
The document summarizes an article that discusses the need for an Ethiopian political theory rooted in the country's history and culture rather than just borrowing ideas from the West. It argues that recognizing Ethiopia's "surplus history" is important for overcoming problems like poverty and oppression. The article introduces concepts like "yetarikawi adera" to show how Ethiopian culture and traditions can help develop democratic values and a democratic political culture within an Ethiopian context. While it provides useful insights, the summary argues the original article could have more fully examined diverse Ethiopian cultures and democratic traditions beyond northern regions.
Political thought assignment ethiopian political theor1
The document summarizes an article that discusses the need for an Ethiopian political theory rooted in the country's history and culture rather than just borrowing ideas from the West. It argues that recognizing Ethiopia's "surplus history" is important for overcoming problems like poverty and oppression. The article introduces concepts like "yetarikawi adera" to show how Ethiopian culture and traditions can help develop democratic values and a democratic political culture within an Ethiopian context. While it provides useful insights, the document notes that the original article could have more fully examined diverse democratic aspects of Ethiopian cultures across regions.
Political thought assignment ethiopian political theor1
The document summarizes an article that discusses the need for an Ethiopian political theory rooted in the country's history and culture rather than just borrowing ideas from the West. It argues that recognizing Ethiopia's "surplus history" is important for overcoming problems like poverty and oppression. The article introduces concepts like "yetarikawi adera" to show how Ethiopian culture and traditions can help develop democratic values and a democratic political culture within an Ethiopian context. While it provides useful insights, the summary argues the original article could have more fully examined diverse Ethiopian cultures and democratic traditions beyond northern regions.
The_Development_of_Modern_State_In_Europ.ppsx
The document discusses the development of the modern state in Europe from ancient times through the present. It traces the evolution from the Roman Empire, through feudal systems and absolute monarchies, to the rise of the nation-state. Key aspects of the modern state that emerged include fixed territorial borders, a monopoly on violence within its territory, impersonal and legitimate structures of political authority, and the representation of citizens. Warfare and capitalism helped drive these changes and underpin the power of the nation-state form. The document also examines how European political thought and the expansion of European powers globally have shaped debates around the modern state.
theoriesofdemocracy-130525000913-phpapp01.pptx
This document discusses different theories and models of democracy. It covers classical democracy as practiced in ancient Athens, protective democracy which aims to protect citizens from government overreach, developmental democracy focused on citizen participation, people's democracy under communist regimes, and liberal democracy as the modern representative form. Criticisms of each model are also presented. Marxist views including capitalistic democracy, dictatorship of the proletariat, and socialist democracy are summarized. The document also examines waves of democratization globally from the 19th century onward.
1 ap euro chronological and thematic outline
The document outlines the AP European History course which covers history from 1450 to present day. It is divided into chronological periods such as Renaissance/Reformation from 1450-1550 and Industrialization/Enlightenment from 1700-1800. Within each period, the course focuses on 3 major themes: intellectual/cultural history, political/diplomatic history, and social/economic history. Themes include developments in art, science, government, nationalism, and changes in social structures from hierarchy to social classes with industrialization.
Similar to The Development of Political Elites in Europe (20)
Populism in Hungary the false promise of repoliticisation
Populism in Hungary the false promise of repoliticisation
Civic european cities in the age of national populism
Civic european cities in the age of national populism
15.520Political life of the European Medieval Culture.docx
15.520Political life of the European Medieval Culture.docx
The cult of personality as an important feature of totalitarian propaganda
The cult of personality as an important feature of totalitarian propaganda
PICK A PRODUCT OR PRODUCT CATEGORY ON EUROMONITOR AND WRITE A .docx
PICK A PRODUCT OR PRODUCT CATEGORY ON EUROMONITOR AND WRITE A .docx
Political thought assignment ethiopian political theor1
Political thought assignment ethiopian political theor1
Political thought assignment ethiopian political theor1
Political thought assignment ethiopian political theor1
Political thought assignment ethiopian political theor1
Political thought assignment ethiopian political theor1
Political thought assignment ethiopian political theor1
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The Development of Political Elites in Europe
- 1. ThE DEVEl opmEnt of pol it ic Al El it Es in EuropE LUCA V E R Z I C H E L L I A N D M A U R I Z I O COTTA P R E S E N T E D BY 高 君 翔
- 2. POLITICAL ELITES Small group of powerful people who hold a relative amount of power in a group. They are also linked to a specific polity. Significant part of Europe's democracy Contributed to political modernization. Key qualities (Passionate, Responsible, Sense of Proportion) [Weber,1946] DEfinit ion of t Erms POLITY - political community. A political space sufficiently well identified and distinguishable from other political spaces. In the modern day, it refers to "nation-state" or a "state-nation". CLASSICAL ELITE THEORY A rule by minority of elite is an inevitable feature of social life and societies. S ociety is divided in two;those who rule and those who are ruled. Group of Political Rulers is a fundamental factor for a strong political community.
- 3. PRIMARY TRANSFORMATIONS POLITICAL ELITES - They gave rise to political modernization by COMPOSITION OF ELITES forming stable groups of national political elites who are both capable and well-aware, allowing them to unify the groups of local notables. Development of mass parties. CLASSICAL ELITE THEORY The first wave of democratization created a strong link between a unified elite and the national community. Party-state leaders Professional Parliamentary Politicians Top Governmental Bureaucrats Party officialdoms VARYING TRANSFORMATIONS Polities in North America as leader-centered. Polities in Europe as Party-centerd. Differences caused by the timing of achieving democratic standards by Rokkan. Liberalization, Participation, Parliamentary Control and Proportional Representation.
- 4. ThE EuropEAn Pol it ic Al El it Es in t hE 20t h c Ent ury POLITICAL ELITES - Became the center of the problems in representative democracy and targets of mistrust and disenchantment. The elites' responses across Europe varied. TRADITIONAL ELITE CHARACTERISTICS M ale,Well-educated and Financially Capable. S elf-Interested,Dislikes New Challengers,Powerful Political Leader OVER THE DECADES... Increase in Female Representation Institutional Devices Attempts to solve concerns in democracy and awareness on the democratic deficit.
- 5. 19th European upper classes representative institutions in were challenged and reduced. Produced national-political elites who are well-educated "liberals" S enior servants and great number of noblemen in the parliament. Hist oric Al PhAsEs of TrAnsformAt ion in EuropEAn PArl iAmEnt Ary REprEsEnt At iVEs C O TTA A N D B E S T (20 0 7) FIRST PHASE Democratization and Consoldiation of a Pluralistic Elite From the last two decades of century to the end of WWI SECOND PHASE Breakthrough and Ascendance of New Mass Parties From the end of WW1to 1960s Rise of Professional Politicians Different parties and types of professional politician THIRD PHASE Breakthrough and M ass Parties Ascendance of New About 30 years after WW2 Political parties expanded party organizations. as mass M et challegnes reducing their membership and activities' size. Professional Elites remained in power.
- 6. Th E C h Al l En g Es Fo r t h E "O l d " Eur o pEAn Po l it ic Al El it Es RISE OF POST- MATERIALIST VALUES People Express the need for wider participation in making critical decisions. ORGANIZATIONAL FINANCIAL CRISIS Parties' reliance on the public funding, with less regards for the support of the citizens or members. DECLINE OF THE NATION-STATE A S A CENTRAL ARENA FOR THE POLITICAL ELITES The European Integration allowing political elites to have a multilevel polity as their arena to move around. National leaders have a monopoly over the national political sphere. THE TECHNOCRATS Hired experts who are usually assigned in the executive branch of the government.
- 7. El it E Tr An sf o r mAt io n s in t h E St ud y o f Eur o pEAn Po l it ic s An d As mo t iVAt o r f o r Eur o pEAn in t Eg r At io n SECOND FIELD OF STUDY FIRST FIELD OF STUDY (LIPJHART 2012) Westminster Democracy Consociational Democracy With regards to distinct democratic systems. ELITES A S MOTIVATORS FOR EUROPEAN INTEGRATION Elites are still essential to bring Europe closer. On S upranational Policies: Elites' powers depend on the EU citizens. Permissive Consensus - citizens allowing elites to shape the nature, direction and speed of integration. Replaced by Constraining Dissensus Introduced New Challenges for Traditional Elites Euroscepticism Traditional parties' new competitors Limited Cultural Preparation Limited Capabilities of the Elites Role of Elites in keeping the quality of democracy. Three subjects for investigation.
- 8. El it E Tr An sf o r mAt io n s in t h E St ud y o f Eur o pEAn Po l it ic s An d As mo t iVAt o r f o r Eur o pEAn in t Eg r At io n SECOND FIELD OF STUDY FIRST FIELD OF STUDY (LIPJHART 2012) Westminster Democracy Consociational Democracy With regards to distinct democratic systems. ELITES A S MOTIVATORS FOR EUROPEAN INTEGRATION Elites are still essential to bring Europe closer. On S upranational Policies: Elites' powers depend on the EU citizens. Permissive Consensus - citizens allowing elites to shape the nature, direction and speed of integration. Replaced by Constraining Dissensus Introduced New Challenges for Traditional Elites Euroscepticism Traditional parties' new competitors Limited Cultural Preparation Limited Capabilities of the Elites Role of Elites in keeping the quality of democracy. Three subjects for investigation.